Contributors: M ontana Department of Agriculture Commodity Services Bureau Donna Rise, Bureau Chief Pest Management Section Kimberly Merenz State Survey Coordinator Michele Mettler Nursery & Quarantine Specialist Patricia Denke, PhD Entomologist Patrick Dougherty GIS Specialist Robert Cochran Molly Miller Zachary Hassler Morgan Rocchio Pest Survey Interns Kevin Grzebielski Survey Technician Commodity Section Andy Gray Commodity Section Supervisor Bob Bales Velda Baltrusch Robyn Cassel Chris Herron Sean Mulla Dan Poff Lori Vance Agricultural Specialists Cooperators USDA APHIS Plant Protection & Quarantine USDA Forest Service Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation Montana State University 2006 Surveys European and Asian Gypsy Moth Karnal Bunt Area- Wide Nematode Potato Wart Sudden Oak Death Cereal Leaf Beetle Cereal Leaf Beetle Biological Control Wood Boring Beetle This report was compiled by Patricia Denke, Michele Mettler, and Kimberly Merenz, with contributions from our survey interns and technician. 2006 CAPS Report Table of Contents SECTION PAGE Cereal Leaf Beetle 5 Cereal Leaf Beetle Biological Control 9 European and Asian Gypsy Moth 11 Exotic Wood Boring Insects 15 Sudden Oak Death 23 Karnal Bunt 27 Potato Wart 31 Area- Wide Nematode 37 Intern Reports Zac Hassler 39 Molly Miller 44 Morgan Rocchio 51 THIS PAGE BLANK Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema melanopus Cereal leaf beetle (CLB), pictured below, is a quarantine pest of forages and cereal grains. It is commonly found on small grains, particularly oats, barley, and spring wheat. The adults and immatures feed on the developing plants, at times causing extreme defoliation. Adult cereal leaf beetle. Approximate length 1/8 to 1/4 inch long. During 2006, as in the past, routine surveys were conducted for CLB. Up to 5 samples were taken in each of the 36 surveyed counties, with a sample consisting of two sets of 50 sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net. When choosing fields to sample, preference was given to spring planted grains. Cereal leaf beetles were found in 16 Montana counties during the 2006 sampling season. Counties that had been found positive for CLB in the past were not necessarily sampled during 2006. In total, 45 of Montana's 56 counties have had CLB detections since the discovery of the pest in the 1980's. There were no noted range expansions for this pest during 2006. Larval Cereal Leaf Beetles and Light Feeding Damage. -5 Counties Sampled for Cereal Leaf Beetle During 2006. County No. Pos. Samples/No. Samples County No. Pos. Samples/No. Samples Big Horn 6/6 Madison 0/4 Blaine 0/14 McCone 0/4 Broadwater 2/15 Mineral 2/4 Carbon 7/10 Missoula 1/1 Cascade 3/12 Petroleum 0/1 Choteau 0/18 Phillips 0/8 Daniels 0/5 Pondera 0/20 Fallon 0/3 Richland 0/1 Fergus 1/10 Roosevelt 0/6 Flathead 6/11 Rosebud 0/10 Gallatin 1/11 Sheridan 0/5 Glacier 0/20 Teton 4/9 Hill 0/24 Toole 0/24 Judith Basin 0/1 Treasure 2/4 Jefferson 0/10 Valley 0/7 Lake 3/5 Wheatland 0/10 Lewis & Clark 4/18 Wibaux 1/3 Liberty 0/27 Yellowstone 1/12 TOTAL 44/353 -6- Reported Status of CEREAL LEAF BEETLE (CL^ , OULEMA MELANOPUS in US and Puerto Rico Data retrieved from National Agricultural Fest Information System on 06/06/2006 Infestation Status ■ Established— Consensus Es tabl ished — Survey ■ Not Established Being Eradicated Eradicated Not Found c^-- The Center for Environmental and Regulatory Information Systems does not certify the accuracy or completeness of the map. Negative data spans over last 3 years only -7 THIS PAGE BLANK -8- Cereal Leaf Beetle Parasitoids Tetrastichus julis & Anaphes flavipes The Cereal leaf beetle has spread across much of Montana during the past two decades. While initial movement was accompanied by severe outbreaks and economic damage, in more recent years the outbreaks have not been as severe. This may be, in part, due to the nature of the newly infested areas, which are generally drier and therefore less hospitable for the beetle immatures. It may also be due to the presence of two parasitoids released by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine (USDA APHIS PPQ) to assist in the management of this pest. The first of these parasitoids to be released and recovered was Tetrastichus julis, an internal parasitoid of the CLB larva. The larvae of T. julis are maggot-like and bright orange in color. In some samples over 80 percent of the specimens of CLB have contained parasitoids, although this varies not only from place to place but also from day to day in the same place. Data suggest that this parasitoid is capable of movement as rapidly as CLB. The second parasitoid, Anaphes flavipes, is an egg parasitoid. Although the insect has been released at several Montana locations, the exact status has been more difficult to assess. This is due partially to the small size of the insect, and partially because CLB eggs are prone to desiccation, making it more difficult to determine when mortality was due to the parasitoid. During the survey, egg and larval samples were taken to gather information on the distribution of these two insects. Egg samples consisted of at least 25 eggs, and larval samples consisted of any larvae found in a sample. Up to 5 samples were taken in each of the 14 surveyed counties, with a sample consisting of two sets of 50 sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net. When choosing fields to sample, preference was given to spring planted grains. Counties Sampled for Cereal Leaf Beetle Parasitoids During 2006. County T.julis A. flavipes County T.julis A. flavipes Big Horn Yes N/A Missoula Yes No Blaine Yes N/A Richland No N/A Carbon Yes N/A Sanders No No Dawson No N/A Stillwater Yes N/A Hill No N/A Sweet Grass Yes N/A Gallatin No N/A Teton Yes N/A Lake Yes No Yellowstone Yes N/A -9 THIS PAGE BLANK -10 Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar (L) Gypsy moth {Lymantria dispar (L)) was initially introduced into the eastern U.S. It established rapidly, and became a serious defoliating pest of various deciduous trees. The females oviposit on various surfaces, covering the eggs with hairs or scales. This insect is frequently moved on variety of objects, such as furniture and recreational equipment that have been left outdoors. In Montana, responsibility for the trapping of gypsy moth is a multi-agency cooperative effort between the USDA APHIS PPQ, The Montana Department of Agriculture (MDA), The Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation (DNRC), and the USDA Forest Service (USDA FS). The USDA APHIS PPQ is responsible for trapping in mainly the eastern portion of the state, while the MDA traps mainly in the western part of the state. The DNRC traps in Mineral and Missoula Counties, and the USDA FS traps in a large number of campgrounds, as well as other public areas. All traps were placed by early June, and checked throughout the summer at two to three week intervals. There were no detections of gypsy moth in Montana during 2006. 11 Trapping Summary County FS MDA PPQ DNRC Total Beaverhead 12 10 22 Bighorn 2 33 35 Blaine 2 2 Broadwater 2 2 4 Carbon 13 20 33 Carter 2 2 4 Cascade 4 38 42 Choteau 2 12 14 Custer 38 38 Dawson 13 13 Deerlodge 2 7 9 Fallon 1 1 Fergus 6 7 13 Flathead 28 98 126 Gallatin 23 19 42 Glacier 21 1 22 Golden Valley 7 7 Granite 22 14 6 42 Hill 4 4 Jefferson 6 3 9 Judith Basin 4 8 12 Lake 10 78 88 Lewis &Clark 8 51 59 Liberty 4 4 Lincoln 12 49 61 Madison 10 10 Meagher 4 12 16 Mineral 6 30 36 Missoula 21 39 45 105 Musselshell 14 14 Park 19 39 58 Petroleum 6 6 Phillips 8 8 Pondera 4 4 Powder River 2 25 27 Powell 3 12 7 22 Prairie 12 12 Ravalli 6 17 23 Richland 13 13 Rosebud 2 28 30 Sanders 8 39 47 Silver Bow 2 25 27 Stillwater 8 20 28 Sweet Grass 8 16 24 Toole 5 5 Treasure 8 8 Wheatland 12 12 Wibaux 1 1 Yellowstone 54 54 292 393 560 51 1,296 -12 Reported Status of GYPSY MOTH (EUROPEAN) (GM) , LYMANTRIA DISPAR in US and Puerto Rico Data retrieved from National Agricultural Fest Information System on 15/06/2006 Infestation Status I Established— Consensus I Established— Survey ■ Not Established I Being Eradicated Eradicated Not Found C^?-' "The Center fcf Environmental and Regulatory Information Systems dees not certify the accuracy or completeness of the map. Negative data spans over last 3 years only. 13 THIS PAGE BLANK -14 Exotic Wood Boring Insects European Wood Wasp - Sirex noctilio Emerald Ash Borer - Agrilus planipennis Asian Longhorned Beetle - Anoplophora glabripennis Oak Splendor Beetle (Metallic Woodborer) - Agrilus bigutattus Constant movement of wood and wood products has created a situation in which wood boring insects from other continents can enter North America with relative ease. During the past decade, several new exotic wood boring insects have been found in North America, and at least three of these have become established. Two exotic wood borers, the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) and the emerald ash borer (EAB), have become pests of economic concern because of the decimation of tree populations they have caused in affected areas. During 2006, the Montana Department of Agriculture (MDA) participated in surveys of these exotic wood borers - the ALB, EAB, European wood wasp (EWW), and the oak splendor beetle (OSB). While none of these insects are thought to be present in Montana at the present time, all four have been noted to have an extreme impact on the areas where they have been found. Both EAB and ALB have caused tree die-off in the impacted areas. Of the four, ALB is the least host specific, infesting several species of hardwood trees, including maple, horse chestnut, buckeye, elm, birch, and willow. ALB was first detected in Brooklyn, New York in 1996, and spread to other portions of New York City. Since then, isolated populations have been detected in other cities in the eastern U.S., including Chicago (1998), where the primary treatment has been removal of infested trees. There are currently populations of ALB in New York, Illinois, and New Jersey, as well as Canada. In addition, two adult beetles were found in California in 2005, but it is not known if the insects represented an established population. At the present time, detection surveys involve not only trapping, but also visual inspection of individual trees. High value trees may be treated in an attempt to kill larvae, and infested limbs may be removed. However, total tree removal is still the optimal response for an infested tree. The life cycle of this insect takes several years to complete. EAB was first found in the Detroit, Michigan area in 2002. At that time, many of the ash trees in the area were dying. Although the initial suspicion was a disease, EAB was determined to be the cause of what was ultimately found to be a relatively widespread die-back of trees in the genus Fraxinus (ash). The life cycle of EAB takes one year to complete under most circumstances, however, a two year life cycle is possible. The insect, originally from central Asia and Eastern Europe, has spread over several states and caused total tree death in all of them. Although quarantines are in place to reduce the spread of EAB, the current distribution of the insect is unknown. The EWW was first found in North America in 2002 in a warehouse in Indiana. During 2005, a single specimen of the species was collected from a forested area in Oswego County, New York. Subsequent surveys (2005) found the EWW in adjoining areas (Cayuga and Onondaga Counties). More intensive surveys in 2006 found EWW in a large number of New York 15 counties, as well as in Pennsylvania and some areas of Canada. This insect is a pest of pine trees, although the potential for damage to North American species is unknown. It is particularly insidious because the adult female introduces a fungus to the tree, which is eaten by the larva. At present, the life cycle in North America is under investigation. The OSB is a native of Europe. The preferred host is particularly larger oak trees. The life cycle is similar to that of EAB. At present, it is not known to occur in North America, although it has been intercepted at various ports of entry in the past. This insect could potentially displace native wood borers in addition to posing a threat to various oaks and other species of trees. During 2006, MDA personnel and pest management survey interns placed 84 Lindgren funnel traps at 28 locations throughout the state. Traps were provided by the USD A FS. Each location had 3 traps, placed approximately 100 yards apart. One trap was baited with alpha pinene, one with ethanol, and one with exotic Ips lure. A mixture of 1 part propylene glycol, 1 part water, and 1 drop dish soap was added to each trap as a preservative. Traps were checked at two week intervals and the collected material was sorted to family. Siricid wasps (horntails) were identified by Nathan Schiff of the USD A FS, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research in Stoneville, MS. Buprestid beetles (metallic wood borers, including Agrilus spp.) were examined by Michael Ivie of Montana State University, as were Cerambycid (longhorned) beetles. There were no suspect species of concern collected during the survey. In addition to the Lindgren funnel traps, visual surveys for tree damage, specifically "D" shaped exit holes, were done in selected Montana cities. No suspect holes were found in any of the 2,199 trees surveyed, of which 814 were ash. 2006 EAB Visual Survey Results Tree Type City Ash Elm Poplar Other Totals Augusta 15 7 33 49 104 Billings 49 7 5 55 116 Boulder 50 0 0 0 50 Glendive 20 37 0 43 100 Great Falls 173 7 0 11 191 Hamilton 34 0 0 66 100 Helena 72 0 0 31 103 Kalispell 30 15 28 140 213 Lewistown 112 8 4 73 197 Miles City 35 20 2 46 103 Missoula 191 10 44 381 626 Poison 0 0 80 15 95 Saint Regis 0 0 66 34 100 Sidney 33 21 0 47 101 Totals 814 132 262 991 2199 -16 Traps and lure for one site. Collection container with 10 ounce cup. Typical trap location. Data collection. Trap label. 17 Legend I | North American Detections I I Introduced I I Native 0 1,500 3,000 1:191,414,000 Source: XAPPO, 2006, CABI, 2005 Created By: Dan Borchert rSDA-APHIS -PPQ-CPHS T -PERAL GCS-WGS-1934 June 15, 2006 Current range of European wood wasp, Sirex noctilio. RPTD Surveys for CT, NJd NY — Asian Longhorn Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennia 1093 — 07—17 Data retrieved from National Agricultural Pest Information System The Center for En^irr?nr County Level ■ Found by eurvey 01 Not known to be established ■ Being eradicated H Eradicated BNot found by survey No data id Ffegul^tory Inforrndti^ri Systems does no-t certify to the accuracy or wm plflton ese of this map. Current range of Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in the Northeastern U. S. A small infestation also exists in the Chicago area. -18 Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Projec EAB locations in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Maryland, Ohio and southwest Ontario, Canada August 29, 2006 10MIL "Phytophthora ramorum: A threat to our trees, woodlands, and heathlands." Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. 17 July 2006. "Phytophthora ramorum (fungus)." Global Invasive Species Database. 17 July 2006. http://www. invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology. asp?si=563&fr=l&sts=sss Blodgett, S. and C. Thorp. "Cereal Leaf Beetle." Montana State University Extension Service. 17 July 2006. Hammon, R. W., and F. B. Peairs. "Cereal Leaf Beetle: Identification, Biology, and Management." Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 17 July 2006. Forster, R.L., and B. J. Goates. "Karnal Bunt of Wheat." University of Idaho Research and Extension Center. 17 July 2006. "Karnal bunt." Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. 17 July 2006. Royter, Matthew. "Karnal Bunt." United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine. 17 July 2006. USDA Survey Manual for P. ramorum National Karnal Bunt Survey of Wheat Grain handbook prepared by the Invasive Species and Pest Management (USDA, APHIS, PPQ) -50 Survey of Exotic Wood Boring Insects Morgan Rocchio Montana Department of Agriculture Summer 2006 This survey was conducted to help determine the presence of four non-native wood boring species of insects in Montana. These insects are the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilius planipennis), European Wood Wasp (Sirex noctilio), Asian Long Horned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), and Metallic Beetle (Agrilus biguttatus) (Figure 1). Early detection of a non native wood boring species, would aid in implementing early eradication procedures, and would provide warning for surrounding areas. Figure 1 . From left to right, Asian Longhorned beetle, male European wood wasp, Emerald ash borer. Below, assorted metallic wood borers, including Agrilus biguttatus (third and fourth from left, top row.) Agrilus gueriniLac. Agrilus subauratus Gebl. -51- The Emerald Ash Borer was first discovered near Detriot, Michigan in 2002. It has since been found in Ohio, Indiana, New Jersey, Maryland and Ontario. The Asian Longhorned Beetle found its way to Brooklyn in 1996 on a crate shipped in from China. It has since been found in New York, New Jersey, Chicago, and Toronto. The Japanese Beetle, (metallic colored beetle) "was accidentally introduced to a nursery in Riverton, NJ in 1916. It's likely that the beetle larvae (white grubs) arrived in the soil ball of nursery stock. The beetle is currently present in all states east of the Mississippi River except Florida" (Held). It is important for us to be aware of wood boring insects in our state early on, for the sake of Montana's tree population and economic impacts these insects incur. The non-native wood borers lay their eggs in trees, which causes branches to die off and eventually brings death to the entire tree. Ways these insects are spread are through contaminated wood made into crates and other shipping products. This is the reason for placing traps in industrial areas. Lindgren funnel traps (Figure 2) were used for collecting insects in thirteen cities across Montana from May until August. The traps were baited with substances such as ethanol and pheromones. A diluted marine antifreeze and water mix sat in the cup at the bottom of the trap. Suspect bugs are attracted to the trap and fall down a series of funnels into the cup; waiting to be collected. All traps were marked with a GPS unit for future reference, should any questionable bugs be found. A questionnaire sheet was also filled out when the traps were initially set up noting location, GPS, surrounding wood products and similar information. Figure 2. Lindgren funnel trap similar to those used in the exotic woodboring beetle survey in Montana. LINDGREN FUNNELTRAP FOR Slrex noctilio A rotation was made around Montana to collect the insects with cups being emptied and refilled with antifreeze every two weeks. The samples were run back to Helena generally a few times a week. Traps were set up in sets of three; using three different attracting fluids. -52 Figure 3. Map showing location of traps and counties sampled in Montana during the exotic wood boring beetle survey. Montana Department of Agriculture 2006 Wood bo ring Insect Survey Ivtap Prepared By Bob Cochran Montana department of Agriculture Agricultural Sciences Division Aug2.20D6 Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Coordinate System: MT State Plane FIPS 2500 Datum: North American Datum 1983 "Because multiple traps with different lures are in close proximity one point represents multiple fraps. Legend * * Trap Locations ^] Sampled Counties Locations were usually industrial businesses with yards where the traps could hang on the fence. Locations were typically chosen based on areas that carried potentially contaminated wood supply, or at risk trees. The Montana cities were: Miles City with 3 traps, Billings with 9 traps, Sidney with 6 traps, Lewistown with 6 traps, Bozeman with 9 traps, Kalispell with 9 traps, Missoula with 9 traps, Plains with 3 traps, Sweet Grass with 3 traps, Great Falls with 9 traps, Helena with 3 traps, Butte with 6 traps and West Yellowstone with 3 traps. Fortunately, none of the target insects were found in Montana, although a rare giant lacewing was located in a Great Falls trap. This summer's job was very educational for me. I appreciate having a job where I am learning new things and am out in the field, rather than sitting at a desk all day. This study has heightened my attention to knowing about Montana's invasive species, and has prepared me to share this information with others. The most exciting moment was in Sidney, Montana where I found a giant dung beetle in one of the traps. It was surely the bug highlight of the summer! I thoroughly enjoyed traveling nearly 20,000 miles across Montana during this summer. It let me appreciate Montana's beauty, and gave me many hours to reflect on many things. I love working for the Montana Department of Agriculture and hope to come back for the summer of 2007 ! -53- References "Bored to death: examining the impact of wood boring insects. (Tree Maintenance)." Arbor Age 24.6 (June 2004): 18(4). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. MSU Bozeman Library. 29 Aug. 2006 Childs, Gina, and Steve Katovich. "Emerald ash borer update. (PEST OF THE MONTH)." Arbor Age 26.7 (July 2006): 10(1). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. MSU Bozeman Library. 29 Aug. 2006 "Emerald Ash Borer Surveillance Detects the Presence of the Insect." Grounds Maintenance (Online Exclusive) (Sept 5, 2006): NA. InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. MSU Bozeman Library. 29 Aug. 2006 Held, David. "Beetle-mania: research and careful observation dispel some long-standing beliefs regarding Japanese beetles and their control. (Insect Control: Grubs)." Landscape Management 42.4 (April 2003): 78. InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. MSU Bozeman Library. 13 Nov. 2006 Kmitta, John. "Imaging for identifying infestation. (From the Editor)." Arbor Age 24.6 (June 2004): 6(1). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. MSU Bozeman Library. 29 Aug. 2006 Louiseize, Kelly. "Bugs will cost billions; Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of forest parasites are depleting Canada's wood fibre stock, and the federal government is unprepared for what's coming: report. (SPECIAL REPORT: SAULT STE. MARIE)." Northern Ontario Business 26 A (Nov 2005): 36(1). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. MSU Bozeman Library. 29 Aug. 2006 PPQ/EDP/EP Staff. Exotic Wood Borer Bark Beetle National Survey Field Manual. 3/10/2006 -54