The IUCN Species Survival Commission 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre boo 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals EN ane @ WOR\ ON MO! RE G@ y @ x seats ae 2 2) PEOPLE'S T See birdLite foreningen Chicago Zoological Society IUCN — The World Conservation Union JUCN — The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: some 770 members in all, spread across 123 countries. As aunion, IUCN exists to serve its members — to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups. Acentral secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a range of services. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing countries. IUCN — The World Conservation Union seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world. World Conservation Monitoring Centre The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) is a joint venture between the three partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor, Caring for the Earth: \UCN — The World Conservation Union, UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF — World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world’s biological diversity. WCMC has developed a global overview database that includes threatened plant and animal species, habitats of conservation concern, critical sites, protected areas of the world, and the utilisation and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing on this database, WCNC provides an information service to the conservation and development communities, governments and the United Nations agencies, scientific institutions, the business and commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces a wide variety of specialist outputs and reports based on analyses of its data. It is also actively involved in building the capabilities of other institutions, particularly in developing countries, for promoting and planning their own biological resources. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK in association with the IUCN Species Survival Commission and BirdLife International Edited by Brian Groombridge Guest Essay by Georgina Mace and Foreword by George Rabb IUCN — The World Conservation Union 1993 The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or WCMC conceming the legal status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals was made possible by the generous support of: BirdLife International Chicago Zoological Society DEJA, Inc. National Wildlife Federation Svenska Naturskyddsféreningen (Swedish Society for the Conservation of Nature) NYZS The Wildlife Conservation Society People’s Trust for Endangered Species Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund (Sultanate of Oman) World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Wide Fund for Nature Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK IUCN The World Conservation Union WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE Copyright: (1993) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holder Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Groombridge B. (Ed.)(1993). 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, 1UCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. lvi + 286pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0194-5 Cover photo: Bufo periglenes (Golden Toad): Michael and Patricia Fogden Cover design by: IUCN Publications Services Unit Printed by: Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd., UK Available from: | IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK or IUCN Communications and Corporate Relations Division Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland The text of this book is printed on Fineblade C artridge 90gsm low-chlorine paper CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION Purpose Structure of the 1994 Red List Sources of status information and opinion The extent of status assessment Sources of taxonomic information Taxonomy and conservation Threatened animals: commentary Acknowledgements References EXPLANATORY NOTES Notes on the lists and tables IUCN threatened species categories TABLES GUEST Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994 Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group ESSAY The status of proposals to redefine the IUCN threatened species categories THE 1994 IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED ANIMALS INDEX List 1: Threatened species List 2: Extinct species List 3: Threatened genera (etc) List 4: Threatened and extinct subspecies List 5: Commercially Threatened vii XXIV Xxix XXXI xl viii Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/1994iucnredlisto94groo FOREWORD Periodically, the Red List forces us to take stock of where we are in our knowledge of the conservation status of species. Our knowledge has changed in expression through the years, as TUCN’s small book The Road to Extinction', published in 1987 testifies. For some while, members of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission have been considering the redefinition of the categories of threatened status of species in order to make them more realistic measures. The essay by Georgina Mace that follows is an up-to-date report on this process. We anticipate that the next Red List will reflect the adoption of new and redefined categories by IUCN. In the meantime we look to cooperation from all parties as systematic re-examination of the status of taxonomic groups and surveys of regional and national biotas proceed. To inform conservation actions we will need ever better specification of the population and distributional status of species the world over from people in touch with the real situations of these species. In closing her essay, Dr Mace calls attention to other dimensions, both biological and human, that should be taken into account as we determine the best responses to the threats of extinction. One need is to link a quantitative grid of population and distribution criteria such as outlined in her essay to an assessment of the relative importance of a species. The evolutionary and ecological values of a species should be factored into our prioritization of conservation action. Weighting and decision making systems such as that developed by Williams, Vane-Wright, and Humphries, lend themselves to this purpose.” The integration of such systems will, however, require cooperation by systematists and ecologists with conservation biologists to a degree not previously envisaged. Given that we can foresee a three-dimensional assessment of conservation status from a biological standpoint, it remains to factor in the human dimensions. From simple human population impact relationships on a species or its ecosystem to complexities of consumptive and non-consumptive uses of species, we need conservationists to foster collaboration by demographers, economists, and sociologists. The human domain in which issues of extinction generally will be settled is political, at local, national, and international levels. There a balance has to be struck among ethical, financial, socioeconomic, and biological considerations. We need the most cogent information to bring to the decisions in this realm, and we need it organized to best effect. To these ends, the conservation community must encourage the rapid development of systems for not only better categorizing the conservation status of species, but also for determining logical priorities for conservation action more comprehensively than we have in the past. In signing off this foreword, it is a pleasure to acknowledge and commend the diligence of WCMC staff, in particular Dr Brian Groombridge, in compiling this new Red List. They have made it a much more informative catalogue than previous editions, incorporating tabular formats developed for Global Biodiversity (WCMC, 1992)’, and have extended themselves in trying to minimize nomenclatorial confusions and choose appropriate taxonomies. I commend it to all concerned with the status of faunas worldwide, for the List makes obvious that all of us should be concerned by its magnitude and meaning for the existence of our fellow creatures. George B. Rabb Chairman, Species Survival Commission IUCN - The World Conservation Union ’ Fitter, R., and Fitter, M. (Eds.). 1987. The Road to Extinction. IUCN, Gland. ? Williams, P.H., Vane-Wright, R.I., and Humphries, C.J. (in press). Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. In, J. LaSalle and I.D. Gauld, (Eds.). Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London. vii INTRODUCTION PURPOSE The JUCN Red List of Threatened Animals includes lists of those species and subspecies known or suspected to be threatened with extinction, and those known or believed to have become extinct in the wild. The Red List complements the IUCN and IUCN/ICBP Red Data Books and the IUCN-SSC Action Plans, which contain more detailed information; it is published periodically, usually at two-year intervals. The Red List is compiled and maintained for IUCN by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) with the advice of the IUCN-SSC Specialist Groups and the assistance, with regard to birds, of BirdLife International (formerly ICBP). The present edition differs greatly from its predecessors. The contents have been rearranged, the size and layout have been redesigned to make the book easier to use, and more distribution information is given, usually including a full list of range states. We have endeavoured to update or correct information on nomenclature and distribution, to change categories as appropriate, and to add species that have been recognised as globally threatened since the last edition (a few species previously listed but now not considered threatened have been removed). For the first time in the Red List a more complete list of species known or believed to have become extinct in the wild since around 1600 AD is provided. STRUCTURE OF THE 1994 RED LIST The lists are arranged taxonomically. For each threatened species, the scientific name, IUCN status category and countries of occurrence are given (for widespread and strictly marine species a general description of the range is provided instead of a list of countries). For many species common names are indicated, usually in English but sometimes in other languages. Previous editions of the Red List contained a single list. In order to improve clarity in the present edition we have divided the material as follows: List 1: THREATENED SPECIES, comprising the central catalogue of threatened species, including species suspected to be threatened (category K); List 2: EXTINCT SPECIES, including those species categorised by IUCN as Ex or Ex? together with other species that have become extinct since around 1600 AD but have not previously been categorised in the Red List; List 3: THREATENED GENERA (etc), comprising entries for genera and other higher taxa used in previous editions that were not resolved to species level; List 4: THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES, including all threatened subspecies whatever their category and extinct subspecies; List 5: COMMERCIALLY THREATENED species. The reader is referred to the Explanatory Notes below for further discussion of the content of these lists, and of the tables derived from them. Our intention in making this rearrangement has been to provide the most sound basis possible for the next edition of the Red List, in which use of the new IUCN system of categorisation is envisaged. At the time of writing (late 1993) this is nearing its final formulation (see the Guest Essay for further discussion). Viii SOURCES OF STATUS INFORMATION AND OPINION The threatened species lists are based on information provided by numerous scientists and naturalists working in the field. The core of the present Red List consists of species known or suspected to be threatened, as identified over many years during production by IUCN, WCMC and BirdLife International of earlier Red Data Books and Red Lists. In this revised edition of the Red List we have incorporated information from two main sources: ¢ the IUCN-SSC taxonomic and regional Specialist Groups; * national Red Data Books or equivalent listings. The Specialist Groups were notified of this revision process in February 1993 and the majority of groups responded, either with recommendations for no change, or with extensive new listings and re- categorisations. Compilation was completed in early October 1993. We have added many threatened species from national Red Data Books available to us whenever we were able to determine that the species in question is endemic to that country, or virtually endemic, and so by definition globally threatened at the species level. Most such additions have been among the reptiles, amphibians or fishes; few invertebrates have been added from these sources because it has rarely been possible in the time available to determine which are single country endemics. No subspecies have been entered from national sources. BirdLife International have, as in previous editions, been responsible for the basic list of bird species considered threatened, and for their categorisation. We have in a few cases modified the nomenclature of genera and species to accord with Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). A new global assessment and listing of threatened birds is in an advanced stage of preparation by Birdlife International, and rather than attempt a partial and provisional revision of the bird section of this present Red List, which would soon be outdated by the new bird list, it has jointly been decided to retain substantially the same species treated in Birds to Watch (the 1988 ICBP world list of threatened birds). These species were subsequently given an IUCN category in the 1990 IUCN Red List. This 1990 publication, revised to take account of Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar et al., 1992), has provided the basis for the present list. We have therefore not added any threatened and endemic bird species from national sources, or changed any categories, even in the many instances where this would have been possible. There are a few minor differences between the present list and Birds to Watch in addition to those consequent upon publication of Threatened Birds of the Americas (see Explanatory Notes: List 1). The national Red Data Books and other national sources from which species have been extracted are listed in the References below. We have reviewed a large number of such sources but not all; several that have been reviewed contain no species that we were able to identify as nationally endemic; these sources are not listed. Most national Red Data Books or similar works have used IUCN status categories and, where this is so, we have entered the same category. Where other systems have been used, we have used the equivalent IUCN category where the category given was defined unambiguously; otherwise, we have used the *Insufficiently Known’ (K) category, unless sufficient background documentation was provided to allow us to assign a category independently. We have not added species from national lists which provide no category or documentation unless supporting information was available from another source. The use of multiple sources of information entails the risk of taxonomic inconsistency; we have tried to verify the nomenclature and distribution given in national sources, but it remains possible that a few species may have been listed twice under different names, or taxa may have been listed at an inappropriate rank. Our task during this revision has been primarily to gather and collate information, and to produce the listings. We have not attempted a comprehensive review of the existing list beyond revisions suggested by ix Specialist Groups, nor have we been responsible for critically reviewing proposals from the Specialist Groups, or the listings given in national Red Data Books (other than the general conditions noted above). This kind of thorough review will of necessity be undertaken when the new revised IUCN status categories come into use. We have unilaterally added a few species which were not proposed by a Specialist Group or were not derived from a national Red Data Book. An example is the recently-described Vu Quang bovid Pseudoryx nghetinhensis (Vu Van Dung et al., 1993), which, in view of its very small estimated population size and very restricted known range, we have listed as Endangered. In a very few cases we have unilaterally changed existing or proposed category designations, or removed species previously listed, where the existing criteria for a particular category, or for listing at all, were beyond dispute not satisfied. This has usually been on the basis of new evidence or opinion. In the absence of such evidence, we have left categories unchanged even where they might not withstand challenge. In one or two marginal cases, rather than risk removing a species prematurely, we have revised the existing category to indicate a lesser degree of threat, or less certainty (to Insufficiently Known). THE EXTENT OF STATUS ASSESSMENT The Red List is a global catalogue of those species that have been assessed in some degree and which meet, or are suspected to meet, the current criteria for threatened status. It is not comprehensive, because not all species have been collected and described, and the conservation status of all described species has not been evaluated. The proportion of each phylum or class that has received such assessment differs greatly between groups. Virtually all bird species have been subject to at least provisional assessment. Probably a little more than half of mammal species have been considered, although a large number of insectivores, rodents and micro- bats remain unassessed. Our best estimates suggest that around 20% of reptiles, 12% of amphibians, probably less than 10% of fishes, and an insignificant proportion of invertebrate animals have been assessed (although many species in certain invertebrate groups, such as dragonflies, butterflies and molluscs have been considered). Informal estimates of the proportion of species assessed, and the proportion threatened, in vertebrate higher taxa are shown graphically in Figure 1. It has not consistently been past practice in compiling Red Data Books or Red Lists to attempt to include each and every species that could be assigned to the categories Insufficiently Known or Rare. Such species will require attention in future if the goal is to increase the number of higher taxa that have been thoroughly assessed. One very large subset of these species is comprised of those known only from their type locality (in many instances, the type material was collected many decades ago). For example, of the 4,014 nominal species of amphibian listed in Frost (1985), around 700 are reportedly known only from the type locality. Each one of these is at least Insufficiently Known or Rare, on present information, and should be categorised as Indeterminate (ie. possibly Endangered) if habitat change has been extensive in the vicinity of the type locality. There will be no exact equivalent of the current Rare category in the proposed new Category system, and type locality only’ species are likely to be classed as Insufficiently Known until better data are available (this does not denote threatened status in the new system). SOURCES OF TAXONOMIC INFORMATION The conflicting interests of promoting stability, following the latest or best systematic opinion, and the preferences of particular SSC Specialist Groups, have resulted in some compromises. The following paragraphs note the main taxonomic sources used. We have whenever possible used recent global checklists of species for both nomenclature and sequence of taxa. There is a good deal of merit in following the practice of the world list of amphibians edited by Frost (1985), where orders, families, genera Mammals Birds Reptiles Assessed and threatened [ | Not assessed Assessed and not threatened Amphibians Fishes Figure 1. Pie charts to show the approximate percentage of species in major vertebrate groups that have been assessed for threatened status, together with the proportion of those assessed that are considered threatened or not threatened. and species are all listed alphabetically. We did not adopt this for the present revision because many users are very familiar with the traditional and supposed evolutionary sequence in mammals and birds. Familiarity also caused us to adopt the conservative higher taxonomy of Morony, Bock and Farrand (1975) rather that the somewhat radical system of Sibley and Monroe (1990), although we have followed the latter source at the species level. Throughout the Red List, familiar synonyms (and sometimes other nomenclatural comments) are given in parentheses. Mammals The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Wilson and Reeder (1993). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Species nomenclature generally also follows this source, except when a Specialist Group has expressed a very strong preference for another system, or has used nomenclature different from Wilson and Reeder and we have been unable to resolve consequent ambiguities about the population content of species and their distribution. Principal departures from Wilson and Reeder, relatively few in number, are found in the primates and bovids. Birds Nomenclature for genera and species follows Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows the more familiar system of Morony, Bock and Farrand (1975). Reptiles Turtles and tortoises generally follow Iverson (1992). The chief exception is Chelonia agassizit; recent work on mitochondrial DNA (K. Bjorndal, in litt.) has shown treatment at species rank separate from xi Chelonia mydas, which many conservationists had adopted, to be inappropriate. Crocodilians follow King and Burke (1992). Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been employed for other groups of reptiles: there is as yet no standard world species checklist for lizards, amphisbaenians or snakes. Amphibians Nomenclature and sequence consistently follow Frost (1985). Fishes The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Eschmeyer (1990). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been employed at the species level: there is as yet no published standard world species checklist for fishes. We have changed some family names given in contributions from the SSC Freshwater Fish Specialist Group in order to conform with the taxonomy of Eschmeyer. In particular, the Australasian Rainbowfish are given subfamily rank by Eschmeyer (Atherinidae: Melanotaeniinae) but family rank (Melanotaenidae) by local ichthyologists. Similarly, we have followed Eschmeyer in treating the Pseudomugilidae of Australasian sources, and the Austroglanidae used by Southern African sources, as subfamilies of Atherinidae and Bagridae, respectively. Invertebrates Parker (1982) has in general been followed for nomenclature at family level and above. Molluscs, which follow Vaughan (1989) for genera and above, are the primary exception. In one or two cases a contributor has recommended against use of a name in Parker (1982); for example, in view of current shifts in systematic opinion no family name is given for the terrestrial nemertean worms. A variety of sources, mostly listed in the references below, or cited therein, have been used for insects and other invertebrate groups. TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION The interaction of taxonomy and conservation raises many issues, including the problem of identifying the units of conservation concern, and the divergence between the need for stability of nomenclature and the pursuit of systematic excellence. In general, a threatened species tends to be given higher priority than a threatened subspecies, largely on the assumption (founded on the biological species concept) that a more distinct element of biodiversity is at risk. It is entirely legitimate, on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds, for the species to be the basic currency in global conservation action and biodiversity assessment. We have deliberately focused attention on threatened species in this Red List. Nevertheless, some difficulties must be recognised. Firstly, although the species is conceptually a real and fundamental unit in the biological hierarchy, there is no universal and operational definition of what constitutes ’a species’. The properties deemed sufficient to justify full species Status vary among taxonomists working on the same group of animals. They also of necessity vary between groups (because they possess different features that can be identified as taxonomic characters), so that a species in a family of large mammals is not the precise equivalent of a species in a family of beetles. A second difficulty is that there is an opportunity for taxonomy to take on a strategic element, and for more populations to be recognised as species than might otherwise be the case. These factors give rise to the basic truism that the delineation of species boundaries and the taxonomic rank of populations will have a fundamental impact on the conduct and efficiency of conservation actions. Similarly, they ensure that for the foreseeable future there will be a large margin of error associated with Statistical treatment of biodiversity measures and listings of threatened and extinct species. This should be recalled when considering the various tabulations provided in this book. Conservationists, particularly those involved in conservation legislation and control of illegal trade, require xii stability of nomenclature to help avoid 320 misunderstandings, both unintentional and 300 otherwise. This need underlies the Ezz] New species descriptions 280 widespread move toward use of ‘standard EZ Net gain or loss of species taxonomy’ by CITES (Convention on 260 owing to other taxonomic changes International Trade in Endangered Species 240 of Wild Fauna and Flora). One risk of this 220 approach is that it become difficult to take 200 account quickly enough of new systematic 8 evidence and opinion. Taxonomists 9 180 generate nomenclature and classifications a 160 based on current systematic philosophy, © 440 hypotheses, and research tools, which 8 120 ensures a degree of instability. Comparison E of the first and second editions of the 2 100 familiar Mammal Species of the World is 80 of interest (the former volume was adopted 60 by CITES as the standard taxonomy of 40 mammals). 20 A total of 4,170 species were listed in the 0 first edition of Mammal Species of the -20 World (Honacki et al., 1982) and 4,629 in the second (Wilson and Reeder, 1993); a net increase of 459 species. Only in the oe South American marsupial Orders Ry Didelphimorphia (63 instead of 76), & & Paucituberculata (five instead of seven) and in Hyracoidea (six instead of seven) are there fewer species listed in 1993 than in Figure 2. Changing concepts of species richness in mammals: 459 more 1982. The size of the net increase is species are recognised in the second (1993) edition of Mammals of the ‘pen ae : that | World than in the first (1982). Graph to show both (a) the number of new SUE SHV Gr AE ae un species descriptions and (b) net gain or loss of species largely or entirely are a relatively well known group, but because of changes in the taxonomic rank of populations. Note that perhaps the most interesting point is that taxonomic splitting has had greater effect on the overall increase in species new species descriptions, of which 172 are number than new species descriptions. Based on data in Wilson and Reeder recorded, comprise the lesser proportion of (1993); graph does not show Orders with trivial or no change. this total. The remaining 287 species of the total added in the second edition must be the result of taxonomic splitting (or largely so, if there is difference in the extent to which extinct species are listed, or some similar factor). Some of these changes are portrayed graphically in Figure 2. This very marked trend may be correlated with the fact that the second edition explicitly takes a far less consensual approach than the first, and so reflects closely the views of a relatively small number of mammalogists. The Orders Rodentia, Primates and Artiodactyla have increased most in species content, with in each case around 75% resulting from taxonomic splitting (and many of these primates appear in this Red List). Primates, with an additional 52 species, have undergone by far the largest percentage increase of any mammal Order (except for Notoryctemorphia, erected for Notoryctes which now has two species instead of one). Clearly, changes in opinion on species boundaries such that populations formerly given subspecies rank (or perhaps not recognised as formal taxa) come to be treated as full species, have had a major impact on our world view of mammalian diversity and will in turn have repercussions for the users of this taxonomy, including the conservation community. Some level of taxonomic change is both inevitable and desirable, if new methods and new studies are to xiii be pursued, but taxonomists sometimes appear oblivious to the needs of users of taxonomies. As just one example, sources in Wilson and Reeder (1993) note that the dormouse genus Glis Brisson 1762 is invalid and the earliest valid replacement is Myoxus Gray 1821. Adoption of this name, not used for decades, requires changing the family name from Gliridae to Myoxidae, and denies mammalogists Glis glis, a name both familiar and euphonious. The pragmatic taxonomist would not have agonised over the validity or otherwise of eighteenth century names, but kept his own counsel, or petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the familiar name under Article 79 of the Code. The case of the second Sphenodon (Tuatara), discussed by Daugherty et a/ (1990) exemplifies some practical consequences of changes in taxonomic rank of populations. This genus is of exceptional zoological interest as the only survivor of the Order Rhychocephalia, otherwise known by a wide diversity of fossil forms mainly of Triassic age. Since 1904 all extant Tuatara populations had been recognised as comprising the single species Sphenodon punctatus, restricted to offshore islands of New Zealand, although in neglected nineteenth century literature one additional extant species and one recently extinct were recognised. Recent analysis of allozymes and morphology reported by Daugherty ef a/ demonstrated that the form originally described at species level but traditionally put in the synonymy of S. punctatus is indeed sufficiently distinct to require full species status as Sphenodon guntheri. The practical consequences are that while the Tuatara was perceived as monotypic, the ‘species’ appeared relatively abundant, although localised and at risk. Some 25% of island populations are known have become extinct during the past century, and S. guntheri could very easily have disappeared with little or no notice being taken. Now guntheri is recognised as the second Tuatara species it immediately takes on a very high priority for conservation, particularly because it is restricted to 1.7 ha of scrub on North Brother Island, its single world locality. Given the general goal of maintaining biological diversity, it is in theory desirable to identify and promote the wise management of all genetically distinct populations; the existing scheme of biological taxonomy seems not in practice the best tool for identifying and cataloguing such populations, and was surely never intended to be. While a subspecific name can often serve as a useful label, and may reflect substantial genetic differences between geographically isolated populations on islands or mountain tops, where there is no correlated geographic isolation it may be a poor indicator of the magnitude of intraspecific genetic differentiation. Subspecific taxa seem too often based on small samples, arbitrary division of clinal variation, and superficial characters of pelage colour, squamation and suchlike (discussed for reptiles by Thorpe, 1980, 1984), to be universally a useful surrogate for assessment of the extent of geographic isolation and use of more direct markers of genetic differentiation. THREATENED ANIMALS: COMMENTARY Statistical data derived from the 1994 Red List are presented in Tables 1-6. Some preliminary remarks on these are provided below; the intention is to note some features of interest while further analysis of these and related data is pending. The tables include threatened full species only, together with the extinct full species treated in Table 6. Subspecies and commercially threatened (CT) species are excluded. The species assigned to genera in List 3 have usually also been taken into account, but this has not been possible in all cases. It is vital to keep in mind that these data are shaped by many factors. Some groups of species have been assessed more completely than others; some countries have carried out national assessments and produced national Red Data Books. These species and these countries will be represented in the lists more fully or more accurately than others. Further, there is significant variation in the way status categories have been interpreted and applied, and uncertainty over species boundaries and the taxonomic level of populations. However, although these data are not globally comprehensive, and have some margin of error arising from misclassification of entities into taxa or status categories, they are the best and most complete set of data available. xiv 140 120 100 Oa ee . oe Co F ee all 40 Amphibians Reptiles 30 20 10 Number of threatened species oe VF eK Ci Er Ss ychot ¥ oe this is not a bibliography of country Red Data Books; it only includes sources from which single-country endemic species have been extracted for the 1994 IUCN Red List. 3 excluding those cited in the 1990 Red List and not consulted for this revision. Xxiii EXPLANATORY NOTES NOTES ON THE LISTS AND TABLES Each entry includes: a single letter (E, V, I, K) or two (Ex, Ex?, CT) indicating the IUCN status category, the scientific name, and geopolitical distribution. Many entries also include a common name. Some marine species have a general distribution rather than a list of countries. The following annotated examples should aid interpretation of the taxon entries. E! Eulemur mongoz (Lemur mongoz)* Mongoose Lemur* Comoros’: Mwali®, Nzwani; Madagascar’ I Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. ** Caribbean and western North Atlantic R Syrmaticus reevsii Reeve’s Pheasant China [Czechoslovakia’]'° ' TUCN status category > Scientific name. * Alternative scientific name (synonym). * Common name (usually English). ° First country of occurrence. ° Island (or other area) within first country. ’ Second country of occurrence (countries separated by semi-colon). * Within birds only, an asterisk separates breeding range (left) from non-breeding range (right); vagrant records are excluded. ” Recent political events are reflected as accurately as possible but there are some entries for the former Czechoslovakia and USSR that have not been resolved in terms of new boundaries, and many entries for the former Yugoslavia retain the name of the old federation. '© Square brackets indicate introduced populations; populations that have been reintroduced within their former range are denoted by appropriate text. List 1. Threatened species This list includes those populations recognised at the species level by the taxonomic sources used that have been assessed and assigned to one of the current (non-revised) IUCN status categories. These categories are named and defined below. Only species regarded as globally threatened are included. This has the regrettable but unavoidable consequence that no attention is drawn to purely local or national problems. For example, there is great concern in India about the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura: the population, restricted to the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, has been estimated at only 300 animals. However, the species also occurs in Sri Lanka, where it widespread at a variety of altitudes and in different habitats, and is not Xxiv listed as threatened in the country (Wijesinghe er a/., 1989). Because it is not globally threatened it is not listed in the present Red List. This is just one example among very many. All species have been assigned to a single category except those from Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar =t al, 1992) that were given a dual category in that book (the reader is referred to the introduction of that volume for discussion). Very many species are given a mixed R/K category in the provisional draft of the Action Plan for Australian Reptiles made available to us, but given a policy of not using mixed categories and a recommendation not to include all potential K species from the draft, we have omitted them from this list. Confusion and possible inconsistency exists over the position of “Insufficiently Known’ (K) taxa. Some texts include this category with others which collectively denote threatened status, other texts exclude it from that group. Insufficiently Known species are commonly regarded as threatened species even though while insufficient data are available to make a firm determination they remain only suspected of being threatened, and so by definition have not actually been identified as threatened species. We feel it would have been very useful clearly to distinguish such taxa from species known to be threatened, but have retained °K’ species in the main listing, largely in deference to common usage, which tends to class ’K’ species with those more certainly threatened (R, I, V and E categories). As noted above, Insufficiently Known species are in the draft new category system explicitly not to be understood as threatened species. The few °T’ designations given in past editions, indicating that different populations of the species in question had been assigned different status categories, have all been modified by us to reflect a provisional category for the species as a whole. As noted above, it has jointly been decided by the SSC and BirdLife International that the bird listing will remain substantially the same as in the 1990 Red List (which gave categories to species listed in Birds to Watch (Collar and Andrew, 1988). The list has been revised to take account of Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar et al. 1992), which entailed the removal of many species and the addition of others. There are a few other differences between the present list and the 1990 Red List. One bird species (Dasyornis brachypterus) inadvertently omitted from the 1990 list has been included, with the status category given in The Action Plan for Australian Birds (Garnett, 1992). In two cases, populations previously treated as subspecies of species themselves categorised as ’Rare’ (R) (Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Polyplectron malacense) have been elevated to species rank in Sibley and Monroe (1992) and are here provisionally listed as ’R’. Similarly, a few taxa formerly treated at species level are given subspecific rank in Sibley and Monroe, and this is followed herein. This has had two effects on the present lists. Where other conspecifics were previously listed in the 1990 Red List there is now an appropriate revised entry in the main threatened species list (eg. Gallinula nesiotis, for the Tristan da Cunha form nesiotis, regarded as extinct, plus the Gough Island form comeri, previously listed as Rare). Where conspecifics were not listed previously there is now an entry in the subspecies list (eg. Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea for the probably extinct Jamaica Petrel, treated as E/Ex at species level P. caribbaea in Collar et al. 1992). List 2. Extinct and probably extinct species This list includes species that have been assigned to the IUCN status category Extinct (Ex) in previous editions of the Red List and in Red Data Books. This category includes species that have not definitely been located in the wild during the past 50 years. Many species have not been seen within this period, but nor have they been looked for, and there has been no attempt to list all such species here. A subset of this category (Ex?) includes species that have been seen within the past 50 years but are believed with near certainty to be extinct. Similar species that are only possibly extinct should according to the current definitions be listed as Endangered. We have also included here species that are known or believed to have become extinct since 1600 AD or thereabouts (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status category. To distinguish these they remain without a category in the list. For many of these latter species (and some of those with a category) the date shown in parentheses indicates variously the last collection, the last observation in the wild, or the time of extinction. There are 23 bird taxa which have been given the joint category "E/Ex’ by BirdLife International. Those that are treated at species level by Sibley and Monroe (1990) (not the Magdalena Tinamou or Jamaica Petrel [see notes to List 1 above]) are listed in the main threatened species list even though at least seven of the 21 species are almost certainly extinct. None is included in the Extinct species list. The full species are counted as Endangered in the tables. In almost all cases there is no positive evidence of extinction, only an accumulation of negative evidence, several species once thought recently extinct have been rediscovered and doubtless others will be in future. On the other hand, there are good grounds for believing that many species have become extinct unnoticed and sometimes undescribed. Note that changes in species level taxonomy have a significant effect on this list; a few extinct populations formerly treated as full species are now treated as conspecific with extant populations, and so do not appear below (the reverse is also possible). List 3. Entries for genera and other higher taxa This list includes entries for genera or higher taxa, entire or in part, that appeared in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and that have not been resolved to the single species level. Some previous group entries have been so resolved and now appear in the main threatened species list. The category assigned to the Lake Victoria cichlid fishes has been changed from Endangered (E) to Indeterminate (I) in the absence of adequately detailed species-specific population data for the lake as a whole (Indeterminate is an inclusive category covering inadequately known taxa that may have recently become extinct, or which are seriously declining or which may simply be Rare; see status category definitions below). There is no doubt that a very marked decline in cichlid abundance has occurred in Lake Victoria (Witte et al., 1992) linked to the introduction of a large predator (Nile Perch Lates sp.) and probably to over-fishing, but it is not possible to determine which individual species are actually Endangered. Where possible, the relevant number of species within the groups listed here are included in the tabulations. List 4. Threatened and extinct subspecies Previous editions of the Red List mixed full species and subspecies in a single list. This led to some minor confusion. Threatened populations at subspecies rank are by most standards (and all else being equal) of lesser priority than threatened species, assuming reasonable taxonomic consistency between taxa being compared. It is also evident that subspecies descriptions are not infrequently based on minor superficial features; in several cases subspecies names in common use have been demonstrated to accord only poorly with genetic differentiation assessed by biochemical and other tools. These several considerations have led us to list subspecies separately from species. In the subspecies list we have made no attempt to add subspecies other than those suggested by contributors. We have tried to ensure that, if appropriate, an entry exists in the full species list whenever all described subspecies have been proposed as threatened. The list therefore consists largely of taxa previously listed, and while some nomenclature has been revised, some outdated names and other inconsistencies are likely to remain. Subspecies have been excluded from all tables. List 5. Commercially Threatened species This contains species categorised as Commercially Threatened (CT). These species should not be regarded as threatened with extinction in the same sense that those in the main species list categorised as XXVi Endangered, Vulnerable, Indeterminate or Rare are believed to be. The CT category means that the species were considered to be threatened as a sustainable commercial resource; pending further evaluation of the full implications of listing such species we have thought it advisable to distinguish them clearly from other listed species. All species (with the exception of the Pigtail Macaque, proposed in 1993 for listing as V or CT) were previously listed as Commercially Threatened in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and have not been critically evaluated since. We have not attempted to update nomenclature or resolve marine distribution at country level. Commercially Threatened species have been excluded from all tables. Distribution information Distribution is generally given in terms of country names; it is geopolitical not purely geographic. Unless geographically very remote from each other, islands and other territories are included with the parent country; the Hawaiian Islands have been recorded separately. Many distribution entries include within- country information. This is usually when a species occurs on a few islands of an island state; occasionally when otherwise restricted, a mountain or river system is named. Although we have given general distribution information for all marine species, including cetaceans, we have not given country distribution records for cetaceans other than the freshwater and estuarine or coastal species with a relatively restricted range. In most other cases, country records for cetaceans reflect the distribution of research or whaling activity more fully than the presumed world distribution of the species. We have attempted to give complete country records for other marine animals. All country records are included in the summary tabulations above. Countries where a species is known to have become extinct in recent decades are not included. In several cases, a country name is followed by the annotation: (ex?). This indicates a significant possibility that the species is extinct in that country; this ancilliary information should not be confused with the IUCN status category. Geopolitical events during recent years have led to some inconsistency and possible errors. In the absence at the time of writing of internationally recognised boundaries and names within the former Yugoslavia, we have continued to use that name in the distribution information and in the country tabulations. Of the component republics of the former federation of Yugoslavia, only Slovenia has been distinguished herein, although there are likely to be some species occurring there for which only Yugoslavia appears in the distribution section. For most species within the boundaries of the former USSR, we have been able to determine with reasonable confidence which new state they are present in. Some unresolved USSR entries remain in the invertebrate section. Similarly, there are a few entries for the former Czechoslovakia in cases where we have been unable to determine whether a particular species occurs in the Czech Republic or Slovakia, or both. Notes on tables All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard IUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. The same applies to Madeira, the Azores, and several XXVii other islands. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry. In the distribution entries in the lists below, unconfirmed occurrence of a species is indicated by "?" after the relevant country. All such unconfirmed occurrences are counted in the tables. Note that a few species, mainly cosmopolitan marine forms, have distribution indicated in a generalised format, not country names; these are not included in the country-based tables (Tables 2 and 3). This applies to most cetaceans, three elasmobranch fishes, and very few invertebrates. It also applies to a larger number of species included in the genera recorded in List 3 (entries for genera and Lake Victoria cichlid fishes) for which country-specific data are lacking. We have retained the figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria cited in the 1990 Red List, although recent estimates suggest more than 300 haplochromine species are present, of which around 200 may be critically threatened. All these species (except in two genera for which we have no count of species number) are included in the taxonomic summary tables (Tables 1, 4 and 5). In all relevant tables we have treated the 21 E/Ex and the 78 V/R bird species given mixed categories as categories E and V, respectively. XXVili IUCN THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES EXTINCT (Ex) Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years (criterion as used by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). N.B. On a few occasions, the category Ex? has been assigned; this denotes that it is virtually certain that the taxon has recently become extinct. ENDANGERED (E) Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxa that may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild in the past 50 years. VULNERABLE (V) Taxa believed likely to move into the Endangered’ category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured; and taxa with populations that are still abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range. N.B. In practice, Endangered’ and ’Vulnerable’ categories may include, temporarily, taxa whose populations are beginning to recover as a result of remedial action, but whose recovery is insufficient to justify their transfer to another category. RARE (R) Taxa with small world populations that are not at present ‘Endangered’ or ’Vulnerable’, but are at risk. These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. INDETERMINATE (I) Taxa known to be ’Endangered’, Vulnerable’ or ’Rare’ but where there is not enough information to say which of the three categories is appropriate. INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K) Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories, because of lack of information. XXixX THREATENED (T) Threatened is a general term to denote species which are “Endangered’, ‘Vulnerable’, ‘Rare’, Indeterminate’, or “Insufficiently Known’ and should not be confused with the use of the same term by the U.S. Office of Endangered Species. In previous volumes it is has been used to identify taxa comprised of several sub-taxa which have differing status categories. COMMERCIALLY THREATENED (CT) Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, unless their exploitation is regulated. This category applies only to taxa whose populations are assumed to be relatively large. N.B. In practice, this category has only been used for marine species of commercial importance that are being overfished in several parts of their ranges. XXX Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category Class: MAMMALIA ARTIODACTYLA CARNIVORA CETACEA CHIROPTERA DASYUROMORPHIA DIPROTODONTIA HYRACOIDEA INSECTIVORA LAGOMORPHA MACROSCELIDEA MONOTREMATA PERAMELEMORPHIA PERISSODACTYLA PRIMATES PROBOSCIDEA RODENTIA SIRENIA XENARTHRA Subtotal Class: AVES ANSERIFORMES APODIFORMES APTERYGIFORMES CAPRIMULGIFORMES CHARADRIIFORMES CICONIIFORMES COLUMBIFORMES CORACIIFORMES CUCULIFORMES FALCONIFORMES GALLIFORMES GRUIFORMES PASSERIFORMES PELECANIFORMES PICIFORMES PODICIPEDIFORMES PROCELLARIIFORMES PSITTACIFORMES SPHENISCIFORMES STRIGIFORMES TINAMIFORMES TROGONIFORMES Subtotal Class: REPTILIA CROCODYLIA RHYNCHOCEPHALIA SAURIA SERPENTES TESTUDINES Subtotal Class: AMPHIBIA ANURA CAUDATA Subtotal E — Ww (oes pty = Bow cnmwnoannan = noo — N N =k et SCONWONNWANODW oO a 27 32 = — oO —s a = no ie) DWUDADO- MnO BwaoaASBanoawnorwnnrve = oo = o 1] 26 32 = w OOoNOTDOO$"0CH$+$OTOFNWAOAW 89 = =e Conomoj00NH-2+?000-0N = Dp o = = NPANMWANWDAHROOW = @ =|=WNOOD WOW — 176 10 14 SUBTOTAL’ Dw ROOD > w wor owmwo-O0 0 £OD0N0 8 208 SA AG Ae Coes oy ay OS es EN CILS Gite poy 108 31 36 Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) E v R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL Class: CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI PETROMYZONTIFORMES 0 1 2 0 3 2 5 Subtotal 0 1 2 0 3 2 5 Class: ELASMOBRANCHII ORECTOLOBIFORMES 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 Subtotal ) 0 0 1 1 3 Class: ACTINOPTERYGII ACIPENSERIFORMES 3 5 0 9 0 9 ATHERINIFORMES 5 25 41 4 75 6 81 BELONIFORMES 5 6 3 0 14 0 14 CHARACIFORMES 1 5 0 0 6 0 6 CLUPEIFORMES 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 CYPRINIFORMES 44 64 66 17 191 3 196 CYPRINODONTIFORMES 34 24 12 10 80 3 83 GASTEROSTEIFORMES 2 2 0 0 4 0 4 OPHIDIIFORMES 2 0 0 1 3 0 3 OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES 0 0 2 0 i 2 4 PERCIFORMES 25 58 88 261 432 16 448 PERCOPSIFORMES 1 2 0 0 3 0 3 SALMONIFORMES 17 14 12 2 45 2 47 SCORPAENIFORMES 1 2 5 0 8 0 8 SILURIFORMES 16 16 13 6 51 5 56 SYNBRANCHIFORMES 2 0 0 0 2 1 3 SYNGNATHIFORMES 0 1 0 2 3 0 3 Subtotal 158 224 244 303 929 41 970 Class: SARCOPTERYGII COELACANTHIFORMES 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Subtotal 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Class: ANTHOZOA ACTINIARIA 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 GORGONACEA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Subtotal 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 Class: TURBELLARIA TRICLADIDA 2 0 1 0 3 0 3 Subtotal 2 0 1 0 3 0 3 Class: ENOPLA HOPLONEMERTEA 23 0 4 0 6 0 6 Subtotal 2 0) 4 ty) 6 0 6 Class: GASTROPODA ARCHAEOGASTROPODA 0 12 5 1 18 0 18 BASOMMATOPHORA 5 2 0 20 27 0 27 MESOGASTROPODA 53 174 16 176 419 2 421 STYLOMMATOPHORA = 206 224 117 56 603 27 630 Subtotal 264 412 138 253 1067 29 1096 Class: BIVALVIA UNIONOIDA 45 8 1 54 108 1 109 VENEROIDA 0 2 0 5 7 3 10 Subtotal 45 10 1 59 115 4 119 XXxli Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) E ¥ R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL Class: POLYCHAETA EUNICIDA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Class: HIRUDINEA ARHYNCHOBDELLAE 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Subtotal 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Class: OLIGOCHAETA HAPLOTAXIDA 4 145 1 0 148 0 148 Subtotal 2 145 1 0 148 0 148 Class: MEROSTOMATA XIPHOSURA 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 Class: ARACHNIDA ARANEAE 2 1 4 TA 14 1 15 OPILIONES 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA 1 ) 0 1 2 0 Subtotal 3 2 4 8 i7é 1 18 Class: CRUSTACEA AMPHIPODA 1 0 0 49 50 0 50 ANASPIDACEA 0 1 0 2 3 2 5 ANOSTRACA 0 0 0 3 3 5 8 CALANOIDA 0 0 4) 0 3 0 3 CLADOCERA 0 0 4 0 4 0 4 DECAPODA 7 4 16 17 44 4 48 HARPACTICOIDA 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 ISOPODA 2 1 5 9 17 9 26 MYODOCOPINA 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 PODOCOPINA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 THORACICA 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 Subtotal 10 6 28 82 126 32 158 Class: INSECTA ANOPLURA 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 BLATTARIA 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 COLEOPTERA 190 24 8 154 376 2 378 COLLEMBOLA 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 DERMAPTERA 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 DIPTERA 3 0 0 15 18 0 18 EPHEMEROPTERA 0 0 1 13 14 0 14 GRYLLOBLATTARIA 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 HEMIPTERA 1 0 0 25 26 0 26 HOMOPTERA 0 3 0 18 21 0 21 HYMENOPTERA 11 5 0 70 86 3 89 LEPIDOPTERA 25 61 158 79 323 19 342 MANTODEA 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 MECOPTERA 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 NEUROPTERA 0 0 0 Uf 7 0 7 ODONATA 15 17 46 50 128 10 138 ORTHOPTERA 3 8 26 35 72 0 72 PLECOPTERA 1 0 2 12 15 0 15 THYSANURA 0 0 10) 2 2 0 2 TRICHOPTERA 0 ce 0 49 49 0 49 XXxXill Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) = v A 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL ZORAPTERA 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Subtotal 252 119 241 538 1150 34 1184 Class: ONYCHOPHORA ONYCHOPHORA 1 7 4 0 12 0 12 Subtotal 1 7 4 0 12 0 12 Class: ECHINOIDEA ECHINOIDA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 TOTAL 1184 1488 1148 1546 5366 563 5929 ' Subtotal includes species categorised E, V, R or |; these are known to be threatened species. Category K comprises those suspected to be threatened. This table does not include beetles of the genera /todacnus and Oodemas in List 3 from the Hawaiian Islands for which we do have an estimate of species number. We have used the figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria given in the 1990 Red List, although recent estimates suggest >300 species are present of which some 200 may be critically threatened. Classes are in the same taxonomic sequence as List 1; Order within Classes are in alphabetical sequence. XXXiv Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group AFRICA Algeria Angola Ascension Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote d’lvoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya’ Lesotho* Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Réunion Saint Helena Sao Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa? Sudan Swaziland Tanzania’ Togo Tunisia Uganda’ Western Sahara Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe MAMMALS BIRDS = _ _ = =_ is} WBROWNNNUINONDOHDWANANDAWUANNAOUDH ROOUDONHWONDWNWAUNDH DHA +H WHO = = ie) a -_ nN aaoaowwao — XXXV REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES = wo S$ WONOTHWUONNNNWADNONOCWOADHANADAWHOWNWHAWWRhHAWNHOWANANNH HWWOHON=H UNO = oooooocoeooc+om7008f COoo0o0o0cOH-=00000000HN0O00H00000CH00=-00000+=00000 00 nm De) nm ooootoortoocooocoocoo0o0ccocccoecceccecceCecCcCeCcCeCcCoO+cCeCCCeCeCCeCeCeCeCeCeCCeCeCcCeCcCcCCcoe INVERTS a = ie) to —- TP ENolo OME enOENiolo Ss ololmi@rlonoid a = = eno mimloiw clo = Gln ol of 4 ofom 0 wlan = NaH NONW=07°0 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands 5 0 0 0 0 0 French Southern and Antarctic Territories 3 2 0 0 0 0 ASIA Afghanistan 12 15 1 1 0 2 Armenia 2 8 2 0 0 16 Azerbaijan 3 12 1 0 0 15 Bahrain 3 2 ) 0 0 0 Bangladesh 24 24 18 0 0 0 Bhutan 24 12 1 0 0 4 British Indian Ocean Territory 0 0 2 0 0 2 Brunei 17 13 4 0 0 1 Cambodia 28 18 9 0 0 0 China 59 88 12 1 0 17 Cyprus 2 5 3 0 0 0 Georgia 4 10 6 1 0 18 Hong Kong 2 10 1 0 0 0 India 53 69 23 3 0 22 Indonesia 77 123 19 0 0 69 Iran 15 19 . 0 0 9 Iraq 8 14 0 0 0 6 Israel 11 10 4 0 0 5 Japan 20 30 10 1 0 70 Jordan 9 3 0 0 0 4 Kazakhstan 12 17 0 0 0 19 Korea D.P.R. 10 20 0 0 0 0 Korea Republic 9 20 0 0 0 0 Kuwait 5 3 2 0 0 0 Kyrgyzstan 6 7 0 0 0 3 Laos 33 23 5 0 0 0 Lebanon 5 4 1 0 0 3 Malaysia 32 36 1S 0 0 21 Maldives 0 1 2 0 0 2 Mongolia 10 15 0 0 0 6 Myanmar 29 40 18 0 0 9 Nepal 28 24 9 0 0 2 Oman 10 5 4 0 0 2 Pakistan 17 25 8 0 0 1 Papua New Guinea 38 22 8 0 0 26 Philippines 31 43 8 2 0 31 Qatar 3 2 2 0 0 0 Russia 23 42 3 0 0 40 Saudi Arabia 10 8 2 0 0 8 Singapore if 5 1 0 0 if Sri Lanka 9 8 9 0 0 6 Syria 4 8 1 0 0 6 Taiwan 9 13 2 0 0 8 Tajikistan if 12 1 0 0 3 Thailand 33 38 21 4 0 9 Turkey 5 20 12 5 0 19 Turkmenistan 12 15 1 0 0 5 Ukraine 5 9 1 0 0 33 United Arab Emirates 4 3 2 0 0 0 Uzbekistan 9 14 1 0 0 3 Viet Nam 35 40 12 1 0 7 Yemen i/ 8 2 0 0 1 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) former USSR EUROPE Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic former Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Matta MokKiova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom former Yugoslavia NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador MAMMALS PNHNAWWWANUODWHANNAFHFRRHNNNOWHDASAANOWUNWHAW=W = a= PROHNOOCOOCONOWHC00 BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES _ =k ky oad kit = WRRANOOWHDWWWHNANDAOCHH HR WWAUNAWNADONNAWOO — mMooomoo-noococH-c0c0c00co fROOCOMoOONOCOOCOOCOOCOONOCO OOO WwW ay = CON ANH ABNNNH WH +0 = O-FROAONNOMOUNDBNAUY XXXVii -~o-OWNTCOOCO$-CCCCCOCOCCCM~oCcCoOH-cOCONOCOCCCCCCCCcC eo o-r-oo+-oo-o0o000cCC oO oooooocococcoeceocococococcoocoocoecoceococccececocococ°ecoe°oec°oeo coooooo0co0c0c0co0°o0coo INVERTS a _ -momoowo/-+-o0-+-+00 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts-Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands USA USA: Hawaiian Islands® Virgin Islands of the United States OCEANIA American Samoa Australia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Line Islands Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Northern Marianas Palau Papau New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu USA Pacific Islands Vanuatu Western Samoa SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile MAMMALS w = oooonocoooHunm~H-000WOD £8 M-0N nN oy mwhROCOCOMooWnNOuUF TCO OCOCOWO FB MOCO ON 54 19 BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 5 9 0 0 5 9 7 2 0 6 3 v4 0 0 2 4 10 4 0 8 2 5 0 0 0 28 20 3 0 42 0 5 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 6 7 0 0 2 6 9 3 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 1 3 4 0 0 (0) 14 26 18 174 701 28 2 0 0 653 2 4 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 8 36 43 37 0 403 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 0 1 3 2 0 0 60 5 6 1 0 6 19 2 0 0 14 4 2 0 0 57 1 2 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 10 24 18 3 0 46 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 17 2 3 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 15 6 0 0 12 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 6 2 2 0 0 4 37 8 5 ft) 2 22 5 1 0 2 100 16 8 0 17 15 22 21 0 0 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS Colombia 30 58 15 0 0 0 Ecuador 27 48 12 0 0 30 French Guiana 9 2 6 0 0 3 Guyana 1 2 78 0 0 1 Paraguay 12 26 5 0 0 0 Peru 38 65 9 1 0 4 Suriname 9 2 5 0 0 1 Uruguay 9 1 1 0 0 1 Venezuela 18 20 12 0 0 1 ' The figure for fishes does not include 252 cichlids in Lake Victoria for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. These species are included in Table 4. The total of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria is given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 haplochromine species are present of which some 200 may be critically threatened. ? The figure for invertebrates does not include 62 earthworms of the genera Microscolex and Udeina in List 3 which occur in Lesotho and South Africa but for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. 3 The invertebrate total does not include species of the insect genera /todacnus and Oodemus for which we have been unable to determine the number of recognised species. Widespread marine cetaceans lacking full country-specific range data are excluded. All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard IUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands”, so the relevant information can be retrieved. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry. All unconfirmed occurrences (indicated in the lists by "2" after the country name) are counted in the tables. XXXIX Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category AFRICA Algeria Angola Ascension Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya’ Lesotho? Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Réunion Saint Helena Sao Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa? Sudan Swaziland Tanzania’ Togo Tunisia Uganda’ Western Sahara Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Ls _ AHDAWU WOH ONUGOUMORAWDAWADNWOUNNO= Ne = nN NNAF|HHRWONNOUMAUNWONDAAUNDND ¥ = Ls) WOBOAN=|-NOWMADONHWO ones —_ os PROOCOWNNWD— 20 -_ AMWMDWOA NDA er es nu-+-=-+O0 ok on 14 R — —_ PWNWHOHNMNNOWHROCOWUNNAADHA WH OWHR DM OWN —_ wo “+$WONWDWONNWUMN=ANNNH = no = ynoantooSaw nN ounw 1 SUBTOTAL’ = t+#-SCSCO+HFRONTOONOH=]TC00BNOH00NW — @ aN > BNNHONHW0]02= 2 0N0NH 42420 a2 wa ie} for) wo Ls) wo “~NOO+ =O+ =W is} ~“ + xl K = eek ook ROMANDADHRWHODOCARWHODNMAUNANWWIAACoOA w ANDAR OHNNOUNBDMWH =H AW TOTAL Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) E v R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands 0 1 0 0 1 4 5 French South'n Antarctic Terri 1 0 0 2 3 5 ASIA Afghanistan 4 13 i 0 24 7 31 Armenia 6 8 6 2 22 6 28 Azerbaijan 6 9 9 2 26 5 31 Bahrain 0 2 2 0 4 2 6 Bangladesh 11 22 9 13 55 11 66 Bhutan 10 11 8 4 33 8 41 British Indian Ocean Ter. 2 0 0 1 3 1 4 Brunei 5 10 7 4 26 11 37 Cambodia 15 19 8 6 48 13 61 China 34 49 46 33 162 32 194 Cyprus 2 5 3 0 10 0 10 Georgia 8 8 12 3 31 8 39 Hong Kong 1 5 4 1 11 2 13 India 26 49 45 28 148 24 172 Indonesia 38 80 120 78 316 38 354 Iran 7 18 11 3 39 13 52 Iraq 2 9 12 1 24 6 30 Israel 5 12 6 2 25 5 30 Japan 42 42 47 11 142 9 151 Jordan 3 8 3 1 15 1 16 Kazakhstan 10 18 10 3 41 8 49 Korea D.P.R. 5 13 4 4 26 4 30 Korea Republic 3 13 6 3 25 4 29 Kuwait 2 3 2 0 7 3 10 Kyrgyzstan 2 6 6 0 14 2 16 Laos 14 16 14 10 54 11 65 Lebanon 2 6 4 1 13 0 13 Malaysia 14 23 20 27 84 26 110 Maldives 2 0 1 1 4 1 5 Mongolia 5 15 i, ) 27 4 31 Myanmar 17 27 20 15 79 18 97 Nepal 16 20 6 12 54 9 63 Oman 3 Té 6 1 17 6 23 Pakistan 9 21 8 4 42 9 51 Papua New Guinea 14 40 60 17 131 1 142 Philippines 15 39 41 26 121 16 137 Qatar 2 1 1 0 4 3 Te Russia 23 38 19 12 92 20 112 Saudi Arabia 2 if 5 6 20 8 28 Singapore 2 5 1 4 12 9 31 Sri Lanka 10 25 i 2 44 7 51 Syria 4 9g 5 1 19 0 19 Taiwan 6 14 3 4 27 6 33 Tajikistan 3 10 7 0 20 3 23 Thailand 20 24 24 18 86 32 118 Turkey 14 17 19 18 68 11 79 Turkmenistan 2 15 9 0 26 8 34 Ukraine 14 17 6 5 42 9 51 United Arab Emirates 2 3 2 0 if 2 9 Uzbekistan 3 13 7 0 23 4 27 Viet Nam 19 25 18 Uz/ 79 20 99 Yemen 3 4 3 3 13 2) 18 xli Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) former USSR EUROPE Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic former Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Matta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom former Yugoslavia NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador E = = OUMOANWONANNH WH ERW v nt WOH OH-WANFH OK RONN =e ak: R o--O-0 nO = - DHOonHowwmZnwn awa anntnoonwvotaanaa= Ww = OOP NOMOCCCW-00 w OR NOMAROCHNODODLANTOHHMOUMAOOCWWH DONNER OWHA WHER = or -@mMo-+-ONO Of +00 xlii 1 SUBTOTAL’ a _ _ MPOWNWAWOU wow NNW nD ono K = = NOONDOMSONGTAHAAHAUNGDNNNONAOCMRWWRANDBHNOON Nao-nonoowooncnae TOTAL = = ow > ONWNOWNWA HOY -~W -WO Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) E Greenland 0 Grenada 4 Guadeloupe 3 Guatemala 4 Haiti 3 Honduras 5 Jamaica 6 Martinique 6 Mexico 63 Montserrat 3 Netherlands Antilles 3 Nicaragua 4 Panama 6 Puerto Rico 8 Saint Kitts-Nevis 3 Saint Lucia 6 Saint Vincent 3 Trinidad and Tobago 6 Turks and Caicos Islands 3 USA 146 USA: Hawaiian Islands’ 270 Virgin Islands of the US 4 OCEANIA American Samoa Australia 11 Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Fed. States of Micronesia Fiji French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Line Islands Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Northern Marianas Palau Papau New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu USA Pacific Islands Vanuatu Western Samoa — _ WNHHNNNAOCONUMHDARHANHWANDODWO]- HOD SOUTH AMERICA Argentina 10 Bolivia 8 Brazil 54 Chile 26 Vv =k ~ NNONNAWAWH7H-WDHOWAN F&F = W = nk nN NNO on oO PoOoOonNhkOMOCOOHfROOCOMOCHROH$UONN w -~ON-OCWNMHTOOCOROWCOMOCOCOCS = So oOoN@® = fe>) =o = — ONODOSCONFHNHTDONODOTOOCOOCONHNWOO 10 17 nN -=-O0COCf RH OH NODNONHOO 549 o8 a =A NRONNHHCOWNTDHOODONONHWOUNNODOCCOAW — xliii SUBTOTAL’ 94 on oan — wo OWH-ODOWS HR te 64 44 170 87 ie) wo O-COH00 OH UNWNODTONNWHKOOW = o 4 “"=NHNNHONHONNOWHOC HO HN HW =00 22 14 34 19 TOTAL 204 106 Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by siatus category (continued) E v R i SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL Colombia 24 39 5 21 89 17 106 Ecuador 56 31 6 10 103 14 117 French Guiana 5 8 0 1 14 6 20 Guyana 6 9 0 1 16 6 22 Paraguay vA 23 1 3 34 ) 43 Peru 28 47 3 11 89 29 118 Suriname 5 i 0 1 13 4 17 Uruguay 1 7 0 6 14 8 22 Venezuela 15 23 0 3 41 10 51 ‘The figures for Indeterminate category species in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda do not include 252 cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. These species are included in Table 4. The figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria was given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 species are present. ? The figures for Vulnerable category species in Lesotho and South Africa do not include 62 earthworms of the genera Microscolex and Udeina in List 3 for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. 3 The invertebrate total does not include species of the insect genera /todacnus and Oodemus for which we have been unable to determine the number of recognised species. Widespread marine cetaceans lacking full country-specific range data are excluded.All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard |UCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical. units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry. Unconfirmed occurrence of a species (indicated in the lists by "?” after the relevant country) are counted in the tables. Birdlife International have assigned mixed categories to many birds. There are 21 E/Ex and 78 V/R species included in the tables; in Tables 2 and 3 E/Ex categories are counted as E and V/R as V. xliv Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category E ¥ R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL MAMMALS 177 199 89 68 533 208 741 BIRDS? 188 241 257 176 862 108 970 REPTILES 47 88 79 43 257 59 316 AMPHIBIANS 32 32 55 14 133 36 169 FISHES® 158 226 246 304 934 45 979 INVERTEBRATES‘ 582 702 422 941 2647 107 2754 TOTAL 1184 1488 1148 1546 5366 563 5929 ' Subtotal includes species categorised E, V, R or |; these are known to be threatened species. Category K comprises those suspected to be threatened. ? BirdLife International have given mixed categories to many birds. In Tables 2 and 3 the 21 E/Ex species are treated as E, and 78 V/R as V. 5 Includes 252 species of Lake Victoria cichlids in List 3 with category |. The figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria was given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 species are present. * Includes 160 category E insects, 143 category V earthworms and 78 category | insects in List 3. Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994 4990 1994 MAMMALS 535 741 BIRDS 1026 970 REPTILES 169 316 AMPHIBIANS 57 169 FISHES 713 979 INVERTEBRATES 1977 2754 TOTAL 4477 5929 The figures for 1990 (1990 Red List) and 1994 (this book) are not exactly comparable; 1990 figures exclude Ex species but include Ex? and include 182 Commercially Threatened (CT) invertebrates, 1994 figures exclude all these. xlv Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group AFRICA Algeria Cape Verde Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mayotte Réunion Saint Helena Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Togo ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands ASIA China India Indonesia Israel Japan Myanmar Nepal Papua New Guinea Philippines Russia Thailand Viet Nam EUROPE Austria Denmark France Germany Iceland Italy Portugal Spain United Kingdom Yugoslavia NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Bahamas Barbados Canada Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Greenland Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica MAMMALS —s-=-NOO-cCc+-cCcC°o = —“~-=-WOO0COONCTCCOCOSO oooo-+7-o-oc00 —-~-=-Mm7O0O0+-ONUWO--— BIRDS — oooj-o0co0o+NO000 on=-oo+-00+-0 oono++_+8h0+-N0 oooj/o+/o0O22N0— xlvi REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES ocoor-roonoqmoo=+-0 ocoooooococco ooooooococococo -ooo-+-o0c0cecoeoso ooooooocoeo+-coo oooooooco+oco°o oooooococo ooooooocoocoeco oo-r-ooococococoeoco ooooococ°eco oooooococo=--oo0o=— ocooooooocooonco INVERTS = i) CON]H0HOWUDMDOOOCSO Le} cooor oo Rf O00 0 — -OOW+-"ONNOUW ooooooo0co°coco Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group (continued) MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS Martinique Mexico Puerto Rico Saint Lucia Saint Vincent USA USA: Hawaiian Islands Virgin Islands of the United States =" = oonooo-o = owunooono Oon == 40 = =O -oO0cooo0dn oo-o0oo+-0 OCEANIA American Samoa Australia Christmas Island Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia French Polynesia Guam New Caledonia New Zealand Norfolk Island Palau Solomon Islands Tonga Western Samoa =k oo-+$-0+0=$C00O0N00 oat) N SCOOCOOCOOWANODOCHRO AK =AOnNo=Bwouwoonodo orooo+-oco0 00 coe co ocoooooocoococooco°occeoso ooooo+-o0cco°cde=-0o SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador: Galapagos Islands —==00 cooo coooo cooo o-00 oon Unknown 0 — oO oO oO o The figures include species listed as Ex and Ex? They also include species that are known or believed to have become extinct since 1600AD or thereabouts (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status category. xlvii GUEST ESSAY The status of proposals to redefine the IUCN threatened species categories Georgina M. Mace Introduction The threatened species categories now used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place, with some modification, for almost 30 years (see Scott, Burton & Fitter 1987). Since their inception they have become recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications and listings, not only those produced by IUCN. Their value is that they provide an easily comprehended method for highlighting those species at risk of extinction, in order to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them. Nowadays, with the increasing recognition that the resources available for conservation are finite and limited, the categories have become applied more frequently to setting priorities for conservation action. It is this change in emphasis that has provoked recent moves to redefine the categories. The application of threatened species categories To play an effective role in conservation planning the categories need to have a number of characteristics. They need to be equally applicable across broad taxonomic groups whose basic biology and life histories differ in fundamental ways. They also need to be applicable to taxonomic levels below that of species, and to regional or national subsets. Because the amount of information about species varies widely from almost nothing (in the vast majority of cases) to full life history and distribution data (in a very few) the system used for placing taxa into categories also needs to make best use of data that are available, but should not preclude listing when information is sparse. Finally, and most importantly, the system should be based around an evaluation of how likely the taxon in question is to go extinct. In this context, the current system has some drawbacks. The definitions are merely stated in terms of ".. in danger of extinction... Without any reference to a time frame, or to the likelihood of extinction within this time frame, the definition can be interpreted in different ways by different authorities. This can result in the same species being classified quite differently, or in different taxa or different regional floras and faunas being judged by quite different standards. If conservation action is to be based upon them, threatened species categories will require an approach that is better validated. A more objective system that can be challenged and judged against an accepted set of rules is needed. A second drawback of the current system is that a number of different kinds of variables are embedded in the definitions, which complicates their application to setting priorities. Thus while Endangered and Vulnerable measure the likelihood of extinction, Rare is defined in terms of the kind of distribution a species has. Species can be rare in a number of different ways: some have always had very restricted distributions (eg. some endemic island forms), others have been reduced from a formerly wide range; some are always found in small but scattered populations, others are widely distributed but limited to very specific habitat types (see Rabinowitz et al. 1986). The relationship between these different forms of rarity and extinction risk is not simple or well understood. /nsufficiently Known is a category that simply describes the quality and quantity of information about a particular species and thus has no direct relationship to the severity of threat. Other categories that appear in some publications also measure different characteristics. For example, Commercially Threatened is a statement primarily about the cause of the extinction risk. Many other threatened species classification schemes exist, focusing on particular regional or taxonomic groups, but most use definitions that are broadly similar in nature to the IUCN ones (Munton 1987). The publication of Red Data Books and Lists has other implications. Diamond (1987), among others, has xl viii discussed how this immediately puts a limit on the number of taxa that are recognised as being under threat of extinction because only described species can be listed, and once a list exists conservationists and survey expeditions focus especially on those species. Little attention is paid to taxa that are not listed, either because they have not been described or are not listed as threatened, and their plight worsens. In addition, once a taxonomic or regional list is produced, there is an implicit message that all described taxa in that group or region have been evaluated. This is often far from the case. Even among the vertebrates only a proportion of all the described species have been evaluated by IUCN. The birds have been fully reviewed; but only a proportion of other taxa have (see Introduction above and WCMC, 1992). Despite these difficulties, threatened species categories are widely used and recognised, especially at an international level. If the existing level of credibility given to them is to continue, they need to be more soundly based and more consistently applied. New Proposals In 1990, the IUCN/SSC began a process to redefine the categories of threat used in Red Data Books. Russ Lande and I (Mace and Lande, 1991) proposed a new basis for the categories where the definitions were given explicitly and solely in terms of the estimated probability of extinction. The definitions we proposed were for three threat categories which we named Critical, Endangered and Vulnerable, which had decreasing probabilities of extinction over increasing time frames: CRITICAL: 50% probability of extinction within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is the longer. ENDANGERED: 20% probability of extinction within 20 years or 10 generations, whichever is the longer. VULNERABLE: 10% probability of extinction in 100 years We chose to vary both time scale and extinction probability for a variety of reasons. First, a shorter time scale for the most threatened forms would focus attention on the immediacy of the problem and hopefully stimulate appropriately prompt action. But such short time scales would not be appropriate for the less threatened forms which might then seem to have very low extinction probabilities. The longest time scale for the lowest level of threat was set at 100 years which seems to be generally agreed as about the longest period for effective foresight and planning of human activities while a 5 or 10% chance of extinction within this period is about the highest level that conservation biologists have recommended (eg. see Shaffer, 1981). We recognised that these definitions would be inadequate to classify species because there are no simple rules to translate from basic ecological information to extinction risk. We therefore also suggested a set of quantitative criteria which might be used operationally. The criteria that we proposed were based around population size, population structure and sub-structure, and observed or projected rates of decline. Although only a proposal, the Mace-Lande criteria (as they have become known) have been applied to a large number of species over the last couple of years, mainly through the Conservation and Assessment Management Plans (CAMPs) undertaken by the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group and various taxon specialist groups of the SSC (Seal et al., 1993). This has provided invaluable material for assessing the proposal. A number of positive and negative aspects have emerged. On the positive side it is clear that with the informed input of specialists in the CAMP workshops, it is possible to classify the majority of species using the quantitative criteria. In the latest summary tables compiled by CBSG, 3130 out of 3559 (88%) of vertebrates species were classified as Safe or in one of the three new threat categories (Seal er al., 1993). With the comprehensive review procedure that is characteristic of CAMPs the proportion of described species that are listed as threatened increases substantially from previous levels. Of the 3130 vertebrate taxa classified by CAMPs, 1345 (43%) are listed as threatened. This is much higher than the levels previously seen in IUCN Red Lists. There are some factors that may in part explain this increase. First, CAMPs have tended to focus on higher order taxa that contain many species which are of xlix conservation concern; a higher proportion of threatened forms might therefore be expected in this subset. Second, by necessity, many CAMP classifications are made on the basis of very little information, and group dynamics in workshop sessions are likely to lead to the more conservative estimates being accepted. Thus there may be a tendency for over-listing in this context, especially in the lower risk categories. Finally, CAMPs have routinely classified many sub-species which may, through restricted range and number, be more threatened than are species. However, a systematic examination of the data suggests that the increase is not simply an artefact of sub-species listing (Mace, in press). Although widely used for vertebrates it soon became clear that there were difficulties in applying the Mace- Lande criteria to other taxa. Some of the terminology used was especially inappropriate for plants and invertebrates. With this background data available, the process for developing new categories continued in 1992 and 1993. IUCN proposed criteria During the summer of 1992 a number of discussion papers were prepared presenting alternative methods for classifying species according to severity of threat. Among these was an investigation of the potential for using distribution and habitat data, and an alternative method based around management. These and some other papers provided the framework for a workshop held in November 1992, at which about 30 people representing a wide diversity of interests met to discuss the different proposals. In general, the technical workshop approved the general kinds of definitions that we had earlier proposed, but felt that additional kinds of information needed to be incorporated in the criteria. In order to formulate criteria for major taxonomic groups, four working groups were set up with responsibility for higher vertebrates, lower vertebrates, plants and invertebrates. Using the background papers as a starting point, they developed criteria appropriate for each major taxonomic grouping. At the end of the technical workshop there were four sets of criteria, all based around the categories Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable and a new lower risk category called Susceptible. The criteria drafted for plants included both population and distribution-based criteria, those for lower vertebrates and invertebrates were based around the number and status of known and suitable locations and populations, and the higher vertebrate criteria were largely population-based. A drafting group was then formed to assimilate all these criteria into a single coherent proposal. The drafting group included at least one person from each of the taxonomic working groups, and for practical reasons most were based in the UK. The group produced an interim report in March 1993 which was subsequently published in Species (Mace et al., 1992). This proposal was presented as a draft for discussion and evaluation and is reproduced in summary form here for general information (see Figures 6 and 7). Since its distribution a large number of comments have been received and a number of species have been classified. As this Red List goes to press, the precise proposal is still under active development and refinement. We expect that there will be some modifications to the criteria, to the notes for guidance and to the definitions of terms used, all of which form an integral part of the proposal. The formulation presented here should therefore be taken as a general description cnly, and should not be applied without reference to the full document (Mace et a/., 1992); the final version of the system will be available in early 1994. One of the more controversial aspects of the working group’s report was the decision to merge all the criteria from the different taxonomic working groups into a single consolidated set. This decision is worth explaining in detail. The reason that different criteria are needed for different major taxa is that there are broad life history differences between them. Thus, for example, population size can rarely be measured for a number of invertebrate groups, and even if it could be it may not provide a good predictor of extinction risk, which for many invertebrate species is more likely to be a function of a limited habitat availability. In general therefore, it is appropriate to have different criteria for different groups. However, there is not a complete correspondence between major taxonomic grouping and life history. For example, some plants and invertebrates have life histories more similar to higher vertebrates and some lower vertebrates have life histories more characteristic of plants. With the taxonomically split criteria it seemed likely that those species that were untypical for their group would be judged by inappropriate criteria. An alternative strategy, to group the criteria by broad kinds of life history patterns, was felt to be unworkable because of the difficulties of making judgements about which set of criteria to judge any particular species by. In fact, on closer inspection, the criteria provided by each of the major taxon working groups could be seen to be generally quite similar. With little substantial change it was found that it was possible to include almost all of these criteria in a single list, and this seemed to be the most conservative solution to the problem. Using this approach, a species has only to qualify under any one criterion to be listed, and the fact that other criteria are not met, or even that they are wildly inappropriate, does not matter. For example, the fact that the home range size of a single large carnivorous mammal may exceed the qualifying range area for a threat category does not invalidate the range size criterion. The large carnivorous mammals are much more appropriately judged by their population size and status, so that what matters in terms of validating the criteria is whether any one is met, not whether all are appropriate. Once the draft criteria were published, a period of about 6 months was available for comments to be submitted from all interested parties, and for trial classifications to be made using the criteria. There are still more comments coming in as this book goes to press but several major points have already emerged. The IUCN review One evident concern is over the extent to which the proposed system relies on the ability of the person undertaking the evaluation to make appropriate estimations, inferences and projections about the status of the taxon in question. The system is quantitative so that all taxa are judged against a common standard, but we recognise that sufficient data of high quality rarely exist. Therefore it will be necessary to use available information to make explicit judgements. For example, known or estimated areas for current distributions along with characteristic population densities for similar species can be used to judge whether or not the taxon is likely to have a population size falling below the numbers specified in the criteria A or B for any category, and future decline rates calculated from estimated rates of habitat loss can be used to see whether the taxon will qualify under D for any category. This kind of reasoning does not come easily to many field biologists, but as the CAMP workshops have shown, it can be done for a majority of species once the context and methodology is understood. It is however an essential component of the system we have proposed, and it is clear that we need to give more guidance on how this should be done. We are also concerned to ensure that explicit reasoning should always accompany classifications. A second issue relates to the many species that are now substantially reduced in numbers from historical levels, but which are now held relatively stable at moderate population sizes by continuing management. Depending on their current status, these species will sometimes not be listed because the category is a statement of current status and extinction risk, not a relative measure of current status compared to some previous level. We are looking at ways of highlighting these species, while recognising that effective management has limited the extent to which they are now threatened. Other systems will be needed to highlight those species that particular management authorities believe should be in greater numbers or distributed over wider areas. A third issue concerns the general applicability of the range size values under criterion C which is now under special study for different taxa as well as for aquatic species. Conclusions Some of the consequences and side-benefits that we expect to result from application of the proposed system are as follows: 1. Because the new categories are based around explicit definitions, the reasons for listing will be evident. Thus classifications will be accompanied by an indication of which criteria and sub- criteria (Figure 7) were operative. This will enable judgements to be understood, and if necessary challenged and refined. 2. With appropriate input, and informed use of estimation, inference and projection, it will be li possible to classify the great majority of taxa into one of the new categories. The new set of categories should be more applicable to conservation planning as they are more explicit about what is being measured and what actions are therefore appropriate. Where there is really very little data, taxa can be classified as /nsufficiently known. This is now not a threatened category but a separate status assessment indicating those species for which additional information is needed. Another category, again measuring a different status variable, is Not Evaluated. This is allocated to species that have not been evaluated at all against the categories. With effective use of all these categories it should be possible to arrive at useful and reliable data on many species, and summary data for particular taxa and regions should give a better idea of the status of species generally. 3. On the basis of the validations carried out so far, the proportion of threatened species in major taxa is likely to rise, although to what extent is not yet clear. The correspondence between species classified as highly threatened under the proposed and existing systems is high, but there are differences among the Vulnerable taxa. Some taxa previously listed as threatened will no longer qualify and vice versa. 4. A major benefit will be that data on fundamental species biology (population size and structure, geographical range area and decline rates) will become available. These data exist in a variety of forms and locations for many species, but are rarely collated into a useful form. The application of the new categories will result in these data being collected, stored and maintained over time, thus enabling monitoring of the status of many species. This is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective species conservation. The new categories measure the severity of threat being faced by particular taxa. But this is only one aspect of setting priorities. In practice, priority assessment needs to include an assessment of logistical, political and financial factors, as well as incorporating other aspects of biodiversity. The taxonomic distinctiveness of the species and the number of other species that will benefit from its protection are both important biological components. There is a need to develop rational methods to incorporate all this information in decision-making processes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nigel Collar and Kevin Gaston made helpful comments on an earlier draft of this essay. Along with the other members of the drafting group (Justin Cooke, Josh Ginsberg, Nigel Leader-Williams, Mike Maunder and E.J. Milner-Gulland) they have provided a great deal towards the development of the proposals. The process has been guided throughout by Simon Stuart. I am grateful to the Pew Scholars Program in Conservation and the Environment for financial support. Georgina M. Mace, PhD Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. GUEST ESSAY: REFERENCES Diamond, J.M. 1987. Extant unless proven extinct? Or extinct unless proven extant? Conservation Biology, \(1):77-79. , Mace, G.M. 1994. An investigation into methods for categorising the conservation status of species. In Large scale ecology and conservation biology (in press). Mace, G.M., Collar, N., Cooke, J., Gaston, K., Ginsberg, G., Leader-Williams, N., Maunder, M., Milner-Gulland, E.J. 1992. The development of new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List. Species, 19(Dec.):16-22. lii Mace, G.M., & Lande, R. 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a re-evaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Conservation Biology, 5(2):148-157. Munton, P. 1987. Concepts of threat to the survival of species used in Red Data Books and similar compilations. In R. Fitter, & M. Fitter (Ed.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 71-111). IUCN, Gland. Rabinowitz, D., Cairns, S., & Dillon, T. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles. In M.E. Soule (Ed.), Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (pp. 182-204). Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. Scott, P., Burton, J.A., & Fitter, R. 1987. Red Data Books: the historical background. In R. Fitter, & M. Fitter (Eds.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 1-6). IUCN, Gland. Seal, U.S., Ellis, S.A., Foose, T.J., & Byers, A.P. 1993. Conservation assessment and management plans (CAMPs) and global captive action plans (GCAPs). 4(2):5-10. Shaffer, M.L. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience, 31:131-134. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth’ s Living Resources. Chapman & Hall, London. liii Figure 6. NEW DRAFT DEFINITIONS FOR THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES EXTINCT EXTINCT IN THE WILD CRITICAL ENDANGERED VULNERABLE SUSCEPTIBLE SAFE/LOW RISK A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times, throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity, or as a naturalised population (or populations) outside the historical range. A taxon is Critical when it is facing an extremely high probability of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. A taxon is defined as Critical by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical but is facing a very high probability of extinction in the wild in the near future. A taxon is defined as Endangered by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a high probability of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future. A taxon is defined as Vulnerable by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). A taxon is Susceptible when it does not qualify for any of the categories above, but is of concern because its range area is restricted (typically less than 100 km’, and/or it is found at few locations, which render it prone to the effects of human activities. 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List 1 THREATENED SPECIES Mammals Class MAMMALIA Order MONOTREMATA Family TACHYGLOSSIDAE E Zaglossus bruijni Long-beaked Echidna Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Order DAS YUROMORPHIA Family MYRMECOBIIDAE E Myrmecobius fasciatus Numbat Australia Family DASYURIDAE E Dasycercus byrnei Kowari Australia V___CDassycercus cristicauda Mulgara Australia E Dasyurus geoffroii Chuditch Australia E Parantechinus apicalis (Antechinus apicalis) Dibbler Australia E Phascogale calura Red-tailed Phascogale Australia R Sminthopsis aitkeni Kangaroo Island Dunnart Australia R Sminthopsis butleri Carpentarian Dunnart Australia E Sminthopsis douglasi Julia Creek Dunnart Australia Vv Sminthopsis psammophila Sandhill Dunnart Australia Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Family PERAMELIDAE E Isoodon auratus Golden Bandicoot Australia Vv Macrotis lagotis Bilby Australia E Perameles bougainville Western Barred Bandicoot Australia: Bernier Island, Dorre Island Vv Perameles gunnii Eastern Barred Bandicoot Australia Family PERORYCTIDAE R Echymipera clara Clara Bandicoot Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Echymipera echinista Fly River Bandicoot Papua New Guinea E Peroryctes broadbenti Giant Bandicoot Papua New Guinea I Rhynchomeles prattorum Ceram Bandicoot Indonesia: Ceram Order DIPROTODONTIA Family VOMBATIDAE E Lasiorhinus krefftit Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat Australia Family PHALANGERIDAE V___s*Phatlanger lullulae Woodlark Island Cuscus Papua New Guinea: Woodlark Island Vv Phalanger matanim Telefomin Cuscus Papua New Guinea Vv Phalanger rothschildi Obi Cuscus Indonesia: Pulau Obi Besar R Phalanger vestitus Stein’s Cuscus Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Spilocuscus kraemeri (may be a subspecies of S. maculatus) Manus Island Spotted Cuscus Papua New Guinea: Manus Island R Spilocuscus papuensis Waigeo Spotted Cuscus Indonesia: Irian Jaya (Waigeo Island) THREATENED SPECIES V: Spilocuscus rufoniger (Phalanger rufoniger) Black-spotted Cuscus Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Family POTOROIDAE IE Bettongia lesueur Boodie Australia: Bernier Island, Dorre Island, Barrow Island Bettongia penicillata Woylie Australia Bettongia tropica (may be included in B. penicillata) Northern Bettong Australia Potorous longipes Long-footed Potoroo Australia Family MACROPODIDAE v Dendrolagus dorianus Doria’s Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Dendrolagus goodfellowi Goodfellow’s Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea Dendrolagus inustus Grizzled Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Dendrolagus matschiei Matschie’s Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea Dendrolagus scottae Scott’s Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea Dendrolagus spadix Lowland Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea Dendrolagus ursinus White-throated Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya Dorcopsis atrata Black Dorcopsis Wallaby Papua New Guinea: Goodenough Island Dorcopsulus macleayi (Dorcopsis macleayi) Macleay’s Dorcopsis Papua New Guinea Lagorchestes hirsutus Mala Australia Lagostrophus fasciatus Banded Hare-wallaby Australia: Bernier Island, Dorre Island, Dirk Hartog Island Macropus parma Parma Wallaby Australia [New Zealand: Kawau Island] Onychogalea fraenata Bridled Nailtail Wallaby Australia Petrogale lateralis Black-footed Rock-wallaby Australia Petrogale penicillata Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Australia Petrogale persephone Prosperine Rock-wallaby Australia Thylogale bruinii Southern Bush Wallaby Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Aru Islands; Papua New Guinea Thylogale calabyi Alpine Wallaby Papua New Guinea Family BURRAMYIDAE 15) Burramys parvus Mountain Pygmy-possum Australia Family PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE K Pseudocheirus caroli Weyland Ringtail Indonesia: Irian Jaya Pseudocheirus occidentalis (P. peregrinus occidentalis) Western Ringtail Australia Pseudocheirus schlegeli Indonesia: Irian Jaya Mammals Family PETAURIDAE v Dactylopsila megalura Great-tailed Troik Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Dactylopsila tatei Fergusson Island Striped Possum Papua New Guinea: Fergusson Island 1 Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Leadbeater’s Possum Australia Vv Petaurus abidi Northern Glider Papua New Guinea E Petaurus gracilis Mahogany Glider Australia Order XENARTHRA Family BRADYPODIDAE E Bradypus torquatus Maned Sloth Brazil Family DASYPODIDAE K Chlamyphorus retusus (Burmeisteria retusa) Greater Pichi Ciego Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay K Chlamyphorus truncatus Lesser Pichi Ciego Argentina Vv Priodontes maximus (P. giganteus) Giant Armadillo Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela E Tolypeutes tricinctus Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo Brazil Family MYRMECOPHAGIDAE Vv Myrmecophaga tridactyla (M. jubata) Giant Anteater Argentina; Belize (ex?); Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador?; French Guiana; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay; Venezuela Order INSECTIVORA Family SOLENODONTIDAE E Solenodon cubanus Cuban Solenodon Cuba E Solenodon paradoxus Haitian Solenodon Dominican Republic; Haiti Family TENRECIDAE K Geogale aurita Large-eared Tenrec Madagascar I Limnogale mergulus Aquatic Tenrec Madagascar K Microgale brevicaudata (includes M. occidentalis) Short-tailed Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale gracilis Gracile Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale longicaudata (includes M. majori) Lesser Long-tailed Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale parvula Pygmy Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale pulla (may be synonymous with M. parvula) Dusky Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K = Microgale thomasi Thomas’s Shrew-tenrec Madagascar E Micropotamogale lamottei Nimba Otter-shrew Cote d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia I Micropotamogale ruwenzorii Ruwenzori Otter-shrew Uganda; Zaire Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE I Amblysomus gunningi Gunning’s Golden Mole South Africa THREATENED SPECIES I Amblysomus iris Family SORICIDAE Zulu ee foie K Congosorex polli South 4 (Myosorex polli) I Amblysomus julianae Zaire ia a e : pastas SES K Crocidura ansellorum a = Zambia R Calcochloris obtusirostris K Crociturn baileyi (Chlorotalpa obtusirostris) Ethiopia Yellow Golden Mole ! Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe K Crocidura congobelgica R Chlorotalpa duthieae Duthie’s Golden Mole K Crocidura crenata South Africa Gabon I Chlorotalpa sclateri K — Crocidura eisentrauti Sclater’s Golden Mole Cameroon oe K Crocidura glassi I Chlorotalpa tytonis Ethiopia ys ee = K Crocidura grassei e Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon I Chrysochloris visagiei K Crocitara Kivuana Visagie’s Golden Mole Zaire South Africa R Chrysospalax trevelyani = Cees lannse Giant Golden Mole Pyare Zate South Africa K = Crocidura latona . Zaire Vv Chrysospalax villosus Rough-haired Golden Mole K Crocidura longipes South Africa Nigeria I Cryptochloris wintoni K Crocidura lucina De Winton’s Golden Mole Ethiopia Ss K = Crocidura ludia I Cryptochloris zyli (C. dolichura ludia) Van Zyl’s Golden Mole Zaire Afri South ra K Crocidura manengubae R Eremitalpa granti Cameroon Grant’s Golden Mole K Wenmaininag ce Namibia: Afri uassiensis unite, Somth, Africa Makwassie Musk Shrew Family ERINACEIDAE South Africa; Zimbabwe R__ Ateleric frontalis K ~~ Crocidura monax (Erinaceus frontalis) Kenya; Tanzania; Zaire South African Hedgehog Angola; Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South . Crocidura nimbae Africa; Zimbabwe Céte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia VY —s Podogymnura truei R Cr ocidura orit Mindanao Gymnure Orii’s Shrew Philippines: Mindanao Japan: Sado K —Crocidura phaeura Ethiopia Mammals Crocidura polia (C. dolichura polia) Zaire Crocidura raineyi (C. luna raineyi) Kenya Crocidura selina (C. luna selina) Uganda Crocidura stenocephala (C. littoralis stenocephala) Zaire Crocidura tansaniana Tanzania Crocidura telfordi Tanzania Crocidura thalia Ethiopia Crocidura thomensis (C. poensis thomensis) Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Crocidura usambarae Tanzania Crocidura wimmeri Cameroon; Céte d'Ivoire; Gabon; Liberia Crocidura zimmermanni Greece: Crete Sorex sadonis Sado Shrew Japan: Sado Myosorex eisentrauti Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea Myosorex geata Tanzania Myosorex longicaudatus Long-tailed Forest Shrew South Africa Myosorex schalleri Zaire Paracrocidura graueri Zaire Paracrocidura maxima Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Ruwenzorisorex suncoides (Sylvisorex suncoides) Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire K Suncus remyi Gabon Dwarf Shrew Gabon K Sylvisorex howelli T. : K Sylvisorex ollula Cameroon; Gabon; Nigeria; Zaire K Sylvisorex vulcanorum Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Family TALPIDAE Vv Desmana moschata Russian Desman Belarus; Estonia; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Russia; Turkmenistan; Ukraine V___ Galemys pyrenaicus Pyrenean Desman Andorra?; France; Portugal; Spain R Mogera tokudae Sado Mole Japan: Sado Order CHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE E Acerodon jubatus Golden-capped Fruit Bat Philippines I Aethalops alecto Pygmy Fruit Bat Brunei; Malaysia; Indonesia Alionycteris paucidentata Philippines: Mindanao Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer’s Fruit Bat Papua New Guinea Dobsonia minor Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Sulawesi; Papua New Guinea Dobsonia peronii Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat Indonesia Dyacopterus spadiceus Dyak Fruit Bat Brunei; Indonesia: Sumatra; Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao Malaysia; Epomophorus angolensis Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Namibia THREATENED SPECIES Epomophorus grandis (Micropteropus grandis) Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Congo Epomops buettikoferi Buettikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone Haplonycteris fischeri Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat Philippines Latidens salimalii India Megaerops kusnotoi Javan Tail-less Fruit Bat Indonesia: Java Micropteropus intermedius Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Zaire Myonycteris brachycephala Sao Tomé Collared Fruit Bat Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Myonycteris relicta East African Collared Fruit Bat Kenya; Tanzania Neopteryx frosti Small-toothed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Sulawesi Notopteris macdonaldii Long-tailed Fruit Bat Fiji; New Caledonia; Vanuatu Nyctimene aello Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Nyctimene cyclotis Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Nyctimene draconilla Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Nyctimene rabori Philippines Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Philippines: Negros Otopteropus cartilagonodus Philippines: Luzon Paranyctimene raptor Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Plerotes anchietae d’Anchieta’s Fruit Bat Angola; Zaire; Zambia Pteralopex acrodonta Fiji Pteralopex anceps Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands Pteralopex atrata Cusp-toothed Fruit Bat Solomon Islands Pteralopex pulchra Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal Pteropus anetianus White Flying-fox Vanuatu Pteropus dasymallus Ryukyu Flying-fox Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan Pteropus insularis Chuuk Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Pteropus leucopterus Philippines Pteropus livingstonei Comoro Black Flying-fox Comoros: Mwali (Mohéli) and Nzwani (Anjouan) Pteropus mahaganus Lesser Flying-fox Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands: Santa Isabel Pteropus mariannus Marianas Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau Pteropus molossinus Pohnpei Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk, Pohnpei Pteropus niger Greater Mascarene Flying-fox Mauritius Pteropus ornatus New Caledonia Mammals E Pteropus phaeocephalus (probably a subspecies of P. insularis) Mortlock Islands Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Vv Pteropus pselaphon Japan: Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands), Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands) Vv Pteropus pumilus Little Golden-mantled Flying-fox Indonesia: Miangas; Philippines E Pteropus rodricensis Rodrigues Flying-fox Mauritius: Rodrigues Vv Pteropus samoensis Samoa Flying-fox American Samoa; Fiji; Western Samoa R Pteropus speciosus Indonesia: Laut Kecil, Masalembu Besar, Philippines R Pteropus vetulus New Caledonia E Pteropus voeltzkowi Pemba Flying-fox Tanzania: Pemba R Syconycteris hobbit Moss-forest Blossom Bat Papua New Guinea Family CRASEONY CTERIDAE R Craseonycteris thonglongyai Kitti’s Hog-nosed Bat Thailand Family EMBALLONURIDAE E Coleura seychellensis Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat Seychelles K ~~ Emballonura furax Greater Sheath-tailed Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea K Emballonura raffrayana Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Kai Islands, Seram, Sulawesi; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands Vv Emballonura semicaudata American Samoa (ex?); Fiji; Guam; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Samoa (ex?); Vanuatu Family MEGADERMATIDAE Vv Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat Australia Family RHINOLOPHIDAE R Hipposideros papua Geelvinck Bay Leaf-nosed Bat Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, northern Moluccas Vs Hipposideros ridleyi Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah; Singapore K Rhinonicteris aurantia Orange Leaf-nosed Bat Australia Family PHY LLOSTOMIDAE K Leptonycteris curasoae (includes L. yerbabuenae = L. sanborni) Aruba; Colombia; Netherlands Antilles: Bonaire, Curacao; El Salvador, Guatemala; Mexico; USA; Venezuela Vv Leptonycteris nivalis Big Long-nosed Bat Guatemala; Mexico; USA K Phyllonycteris aphylla Jamaican Flower Bat Jamaica K __— Phyllonycteris poeyi Cuban Flower Bat Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Family MYZOPODIDAE Vv Myzopoda aurita Sucker-footed Bat Madagascar Family VESPERTILIONIDAE K Glischropus javanus Javan Thick-thumbed Bat Indonesia: Java Vs Myotis capaccinii Long-fingered Bat Algeria; Austria; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Iraq; Iran; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Lebanon; Malta; Morocco; Slovenia; Spain: including Balearic Islands; Turkey; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia THREATENED SPECIES Myotis dasycneme Pond Bat Austria; Belarus; Belgium; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine Myotis grisescens Grey Bat USA Myotis myotis Greater Mouse-eared Bat Albania; Austria; Azores; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Cyprus; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom (ex?); Yugoslavia Myotis sodalis Indiana Bat USA Plecotus townsendii Townsend’s Big-eared Bat Canada; Mexico; USA Family MYSTACINIDAE v Mystacina tuberculata New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat New Zealand Family MOLOSSIDAE K Otomops formosus Javan Mastiff Bat Indonesia: Java Otomops wroughtoni Wroughton’s Free-tailed Bat India Order PRIMATES Family CHEIROGALEIDAE E Allocebus trichotis (Cheirogaleus trichotis) Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur Madagascar Microcebus coquereli (Mirza coquereli) Coquerel’s Mouse-lemur Madagascar R Phaner furcifer Fork-marked Lemur Madagascar Family LEMURIDAE E Eulemur coronatus (Eulemur mongoz coronatus;, often included in Lemur) Crowned Lemur Madagascar Vv Eulemur macaco (Lemur macaco) Black Lemur Madagascar E Eulemur mongoz (Lemur mongoz) Mongoose Lemur Comoros: Mwali (Mohéli) (Anjouan); Madagascar Vv Eulemur rubriventer (Lemur rubriventer) Red-bellied Lemur Madagascar E Hapalemur aureus Golden Bamboo Lemur Madagascar E Hapalemur simus Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur Madagascar Vv Lemur catta Ring-tailed Lemur Madagascar E Varecia variegata Ruffed Lemur Madagascar Family MEGALADAPIDAE Vv Lepilemur dorsalis (L. mustelinus dorsalis) Grey-backed Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur edwardsi (L. mustelinus edwardsi) Milne-Edwards’ Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur leucopus (L. mustelinus leucopus) White-footed Sportive Lemur Madagascar and Nzwani Mammals R Lepilemur microdon (L. mustelinus microdon) Light-necked Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur mustelinus Greater Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur ruficaudatus (L. mustelinus ruficaudatus) Red-tailed Sportive Lemur Madagascar Vv Lepilemur septentrionalis (L. mustelinus septentrionalis) Northern Sportive Lemur Madagascar Family INDRIDAE Vv Avahi laniger (Lichanotus laniger) Woolly Lemur Madagascar E Indri indri Indri Madagascar E Propithecus diadema Diademed Sifaka Madagascar E Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned Sifaka Madagascar Vv Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux’s Sifaka Madagascar Family DAUBENTONIDAE E Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye Madagascar Family LORIDAE Vs Arctocebus calabarensis Golden Potto Angola; Cameroon; Central African Republic?; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria; Zaire? Vv Nycticebus pygmaeus Pygmy Loris Cambodia?; China; Laos; Viet Nam 11 Family GALAGONIDAE VY Galago matschiei (G. inustus, sometimes referred to Euoticus) Eastern Needle-clawed Galago Rwanda?; Uganda; Zaire K Galagoides thomasi (G. demidoff thomasi, often included in Galago) Thomas’s Galago Angola?; Cameroon; Kenya?; Nigeria?; Tanzania?; Uganda; Zaire Malawi?; Vv Galagoides zanzibaricus (G. senegalensis zanzibaricus, often included in Galago) Zanzibar Galago Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Somalia; Tanzania: including Zanzibar; Zimbabwe Family TARSIDAE I Tarsius dianae Indonesia: Sulawesi I Tarsius pumilus (T. spectrum pumilus) Lesser Spectral Tarsier Indonesia: Sulawesi K Tarsius spectrum Spectral Tarsier Indonesia: Peleng, Sangir, Savu, Seleyar, Sulawesi Family CALLITRICHIDAE R Callimico goeldii Goeldi’s Marmoset Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador?; Peru E Callithrix aurita (C. jacchus aurita) Buffy-tufted-ear Marmoset Brazil V Callithrix chrysoleuca (C. humeralifer chrysoleuca) Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset Brazil E Callithrix flaviceps (C. jacchus flaviceps) Buffy-headed Marmoset Brazil Vv Callithrix geoffroyi (C. jacchus geoffroyi) Geoffroy’s Tufted-ear Marmoset Brazil THREATENED SPECIES Callithrix intermedia (C. argentata intermedia, C. intermedia) Aripuana Marmoset Brazil Callithrix kuhli (may be included in C. jacchus) Wied’s Marmoset Brazil humeralifer Callithrix nigriceps (C. argentata nigriceps) Black-headed Marmoset Brazil Leontopithecus caissara (L. rosalia caissara, may be a form of L. [rosalia] chrysopygus) Black-faced Lion Tamarin Brazil Leontopithecus chrysomelas (L. rosalia chrysomelas) Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Brazil Leontopithecus chrysopygus (L. rosalia chrysopygus) Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin Brazil Leontopithecus rosalia (L. rosalia rosalia) Golden Lion Tamarin Brazil Saguinus leucopus White-footed Tamarin Colombia Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top Tamarin Colombia Saguinus tripartitus Golden-mantled Saddle-back Tamarin Ecuador, Peru Family CEBIDAE Vv Alouatta fusca (A. guariba, includes A. beniensis) Brown Howler Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil Alouatta pigra (A. villosa) Guatemalan Howler Belize; Guatemala; Mexico 12 Aotus brumbacki Brumback’s Night Monkey Colombia Aotus miconax (A. trivirgatus miconax) Andean Night Monkey Peru Ateles belzebuth Long-haired Spider Monkey Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed Spider Monkey Colombia; Ecuador; Panama Ateles geoffroyi Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey Belize; Colombia?; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama Ateles paniscus (includes A. chamek) Black Spider Monkey Bolivia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname Brachyteles arachnoides Muriqui Brazil Cacajao calvus (includes C. rubicundus) Bald Uakari Brazil; Peru Cacajao melanocephalus Black Uakari Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela Callicebus oenanthe Andean Titi Monkey Peru Callicebus olallae Beni Titi Monkey Bolivia Callicebus personatus Masked Titi Brazil Cebus kaapori (C. apella kaapori) Ka’apor Capuchin Monkey Brazil Chiropotes albinasus White-nosed Bearded Saki Brazil Mammals Lagothrix flavicauda (L. hendeei) Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey Ecuador?; Peru Lagothrix lagothricha Common Woolly Monkey Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Pithecia aequatorialis Equatorial Saki Ecuador, Peru Saimiri oerstedii Central American Squirrel! Monkey Costa Rica; Panama Saimiri vanzolinii (S. boliviensis vanzolinii) Blackish Squirrel Monkey Brazil Family CERCOPITHECIDAE K Allenopithecus nigroviridis (Cercopithecus nigroviridis) Allen’s Swamp Monkey Angola?; Congo; Zaire Cercopithecus diana (includes C. roloway) Diana Guenon Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone; Togo Cercopithecus dryas (C. salongo) Salongo Guenon Zaire Cercopithecus erythrogaster Red-bellied Guenon Benin?; Nigeria; Togo Cercopithecus erythrotis Russet-eared Guenon Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko Cercopithecus hamlyni Owl-faced Guenon Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Cercopithecus lhoesti (includes C. thomasi) L’Hoest’s Monkey Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Cercopithecus preussi (C. lhoesti preussi) Preuss’s Guenon Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko 13 Cercopithecus sclateri White-throated Guenon Nigeria Cercopithecus solatus Sun-tailed Guenon Gabon Colobus polykomos Wester Black-and-white Colobus Cote d'Ivoire; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Liberia; Senegal; Sierra Leone. Colobus satanas Black Colobus Cameroon; Congo; including Bioko; Gabon Equatorial Guinea: Colobus vellerosus (Colobus polykomos vellerosus) Geoffroy’s Black-and-white Colobus Benin; Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Togo Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed Macaque Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; India; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Macaca cyclopis (M. mulatta cyclopis) Taiwan Macaque Taiwan [Japan] Macaca fuscata Japanese Macaque Japan Macaca maura (M. nigra maura) Moor Macaque Indonesia: Sulawesi Macaca nigra Celebes Black Macaque Indonesia: Sulawesi Macaca silenus Lion-tailed Macaque India Macaca sylvanus Barbary Macaque Algeria; Morocco [Gibraltar] Macaca thibetana Tibetan Macaque China THREATENED SPECIES Mandrillus leucophaeus (Papio leucophaeus) Drill Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon?; Nigeria Mandrillus sphinx (Papio sphinx) Mandrill Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Nasalis concolor (Simias concolor) Pig-tailed Snub-nosed Monkey Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Nasalis larvatus Proboscis Monkey Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Presbytis comata (P. aygula) Grizzled Leaf Monkey Indonesia: Java Presbytis potenziani Mentawai Leaf Monkey Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Procolobus verus (Colobus verus) Olive Colobus Benin?; Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo? Pygathrix avunculus (Rhinopithecus avunculus) Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey Viet Nam Pygathrix brelichi (P. roxellana brelichi, sometimes referred to Rhinopithecus) Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey China Pygathrix nemaeus Douc Monkey Cambodia; China: Hainan; Laos; Viet Nam Pygathrix roxellana (Rhinopithecus roxellana) Golden Snub-nosed Monkey China; India?: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur Theropithecus gelada Gelada Baboon Ethiopia 14 E Trachypithecus francoisi (Presbytis francoisi, Semnopithecus francoist) Francois’ Leaf Monkey China; Laos; Viet Nam R Trachypithecus geei (possibly a subspecies of T. pileatus, sometimes referred to Presbytis or Semnopithecus) Golden Leaf Monkey Bhutan; India I Trachypithecus johnii (Presbytis johnii, Semnopithecus johnit) Nilgiri Leaf Monkey India Family HYLOBATIDAE E Hylobates concolor (includes H. leucogenys) Black Gibbon Cambodia; China; Laos; Viet Nam E Hylobates hoolock Hoolock Gibbon Bangladesh; China; India; Laos?; Myanmar E Hylobates klossii Mentawai Gibbon Indonesia: Mentawai Islands E Hylobates moloch (H. lar moloch) Silvery Gibbon Indonesia: Java E Hylobates pileatus (H. lar pileatus) Pileated Gibbon Cambodia; Laos; Thailand Family HOMINIDAE V Gorilla gorilla Gorilla Angola; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire V_—sPan paniscus Dwarf Chimpanzee Congo?; Zaire Vv Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Angola; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sudan; Tanzania: Uganda; Zaire [Reintroduced in Gambia] Mammals E Pongo pygmaeus Orang-utan Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Order CARNIVORA Family CANIDAE Vv Canis lupus Grey Wolf Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh (ex?); Belarus; Bhutan; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Czech Republic?; Estonia; Egypt; Finland; Greece; Greenland; India; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea D-P.R; Korea Republic?; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Mexico; Moldova; Mongolia; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Syria; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; USA; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Yemen; Yugoslavia E Canis rufus (C. niger) Red Wolf USA E Canis simensis Ethiopian Wolf Ethiopia Vv Chrysocyon brachyurus Maned Wolf Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Peru Vv Cuon alpinus Asiatic Wild Dog Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Kazakhstan?; Korea D-P.R?; Korea Republic?; Kyrgyzstan?; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Russia; Sri Lanka (ex?); Tajikistan?; Thailand; Uzbekistan?; Viet Nam V___sCDusicyon griseus (Pseudalopex griseus, includes D. fulvipes) Grey Zorro, Argentine Grey Fox Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; Peru K ~—_— Dusicyon microtis (Atelocynus microtis) Small-eared Dog Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru K ~~ Dusicyon sechurae (Pseudalopex sechurae) Sechuran Zorro Ecuador, Peru 15 Dusicyon vetulus (Pseudalopex vetulus) Hoary Zorro Brazil Fennecus zerda (Vulpes zerda) Fennec Fox Algeria; Burkina Faso?; Chad; Egypt; Israel; Kuwait; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Oman; Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara Lycaon pictus Wild Dog Algeria (ex?); Angola; Benin (ex?); Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo (ex?); Cote d'Ivoire; Ethiopia; Gabon (ex?); Ghana (ex?); Guinea; Kenya; Malawi; Mali (ex?); Mauritania?; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo (ex?); Uganda (ex?); Zaire (ex?); Zambia; Zimbabwe Speothos venaticus Bush Dog Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela Urocyon littoralis (probably conspecific with U. cinereoargentatus) Island Grey Fox USA: islands offCalifornia Vulpes bengalensis Bengal Fox Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan Vulpes cana Blanford’s Fox Afghanistan; Iran; Israel; Oman; Pakistan; Turkmenistan Vulpes corsac Corsac Fox Afghanistan; China; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Russia; Turkmenistan Vulpes pallida Pale Fox Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Guinea; Libya; Mali; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan Vulpes rueppelli Rueppell’s Fox Afghanistan; Algeria; Chad; Egypt; Ethiopia; Iraq; Iran; Libya; Morocco; Niger; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Yemen THREATENED SPECIES Family FELIDAE VV Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Afghanistan (ex?); Algeria (ex?); Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Ethiopia; Iran; Jordan (ex?); Kenya; Libya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco (ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan (ex?); Saudi Arabia (ex?); Senegal; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Western Sahara (ex?); Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Catopuma badia (Felis badia) Bay Cat Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Catopuma temmincki (Felis temmincki) Asiatic Golden Cat Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Felis bieti Chinese Desert Cat China Felis margarita Sand Cat Algeria; Egypt; Iran; Israel; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Morocco; Niger, Oman; Pakistan; Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yemen Leopardus tigrinus (Felis tigrina) Little Spotted Cat Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Nicaragua?; Paraguay?; Peru?; Suriname; Venezuela Leopardus wiedii (Felis wiedii) Margay Argentina; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador, French Guiana?; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay; Venezuela Lynx pardinus (L. lynx pardinus, sometimes included in Felis) Spanish Lynx Portugal; Spain 16 Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard Bangladesh (ex?); Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia?; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar; Nepal; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam Oncifelis colocolo (Felis colocolo) Pampas Cat, Chilean Pampas Cat Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay Oncifelis guigna (Felis guigna) Kodkod, Chilean Cat Argentina; Chile Oreailurus jacobita (Felis jacobita) Andean Cat Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru Otocolobus manul (Felis manul) Pallas’s Cat Afghanistan; Armenia; China; India; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Panthera figris Tiger Afghanistan (ex?); Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Kazakhstan; Korea D.P.R (ex?); Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Russia; Tajikistan; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam Pardofelis marmorata (Felis marmorata) Marbled Cat Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Prionailurus planiceps (Felis planiceps) Flat-headed Cat Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Thailand Prionailurus rubiginosa (Felis rubiginosa) Rusty-spotted Cat India; Sri Lanka Mammals Prionailurus viverrinus (Felis viverrinus, F. viverrina) Fishing Cat Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Bali, Java, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam Profelis aurata (Felis aurata) African Golden Cat Angola; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Caéte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Kenya; Liberia; Niger?; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo?; Uganda; Zaire Uncia uncia (Panthera uncia) Snow Leopard Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan Family HERPESTIDAE K Bdeogale jacksoni Jackson’s Mongoose Kenya; Uganda Galidictis fasciata Broad-striped Mongoose Madagascar Galidictis grandidieri (G. grandidiensis) Giant-striped Mongoose Madagascar Liberiictis kuhni Liberian Mongoose Liberia; Cote d'Ivoire; Guinea Mungotictis decemlineata Narrow-striped Mongoose Madagascar Salanoia concolor Brown-tailed Mongoose Madagascar Family HY AENIDAE v Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena Angola; Botswana; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Zimbabwe Family MUSTELIDAE K Aonyx cinerea Oriental Small-clawed Otter Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines: Palawan; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam Gulo gulo Wolverine Canada; Estonia; Finland; Mongolia; Norway; Russia; Sweden; USA Lutra felina (Lontra felina) Marine Otter Argentina; Chile; Peru Lutra perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Iraq; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Thailand; Viet Nam Lutra provocax Southern River Otter Argentina; Chile Lutra sumatrana Hairy-nosed Otter Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam Martes gwatkinsii (M. flavigula gwatkinsii) Nilgiri Marten India Melogale everetti Kinabalu Ferret-badger Malaysia: Sabah Mustela africana Tropical Weasel Brazil; Colombia?; Ecuador; Peru Mustela felipei Colombian Weasel Colombia; Ecuador THREATENED SPECIES Mustela lutreola European Mink Belarus; Estonia; Finland (ex?); France; Georgia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland (ex?); Romania; Russia; Spain Mustela lutreolina Indonesian Mountain Weasel Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Mustela nigripes Black-footed Ferret [Reintroduced in USA] Mustela strigidorsa Back-striped Weasel Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam Myanmar, Mydaus marchei Palawan Stink Badger Philippines: Palawan, Calamian Islands Pteronura brasiliensis Giant Otter Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay (ex?); Venezuela Family OTARIIDAE Vv Arctocephalus philippii Juan Fernandez Fur Seal Chile: Juan Fernandez Archipelago Arctocephalus townsendi Guadalupe Fur Seal Mexico; USA Eumetopias jubatus Steller’s Sea Lion Canada; Japan?; Russia; USA Neophoca cinerea Australian Sea Lion Australia Phocarctos hookeri Hooker’s Sea Lion New Zealand: Aukland Islands Family PHOCIDAE E Monachus monachus Mediterranean Monk Seal Albania; Algeria; Bulgaria; Cyprus (ex?): Greece; Italy: Sardinia (ex?); Lebanon (ex?); Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Portugal: Madeira, Desertas Islands; Spain: Canary Islands (ex?), Chafarinas Islands; Syria (ex?); Tunisia: La Galite (ex?); Turkey; Western Sahara; Yugoslavia 18 E Monachus schauinslandii Hawaiian Monk Seal USA: Hawaiian Islands Vv Phoca caspica Caspian Seal (Caspian Sea) Azerbaijan; Turkmenistan Family PROCYONIDAE Iran; Kazakhstan; Russia; K ___ Bassaricyon beddardi Brazil?; Guyana; Venezuela? I Bassaricyon gabbii Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Nicaragua; Panama I Bassaricyon lasius Costa Rica I Bassaricyon pauli Panama Vv Bassariscus sumichrasti Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras?; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama I Nasua nelsoni (N. narica nelsoni) Cozumel Island Coati Mexico: Cozumel Island K Nasuella olivacea Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela I Procyon insularis (P. lotor insularis) Mexico: Tres Marias Is (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) I Procyon maynardi (P. lotor maynardi) Bahamas: Nassau I Procyon minor (P. lotor minor) Guadeloupe K Procyon pygmaeus (P. lotor pygmaeus) Cozumel Island Raccoon Mexico: Cozumel Island Family URSIDAE E Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant Panda China V_ Ailurus fulgens Lesser Panda Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Nepal Mammals Helarctos malayanus (Ursus malayanus) Sun Bear Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Melursus ursinus (Ursus ursinus) Sloth Bear Bangladesh; Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka Selenarctos thibetanus (Ursus thibetanus) Asiatic Black Bear Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Iran; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Laos; Malaysia?: Peninsular Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Russia; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam Tremarctos ornatus Spectacled Bear Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Panama; Peru; Venezuela Ursus maritimus (Thalarctos maritimus) Polar Bear Canada; Greenland; Norway: Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA Family VIVERRIDAE _ Chrotogale owstoni Owston’s Palm Civet China; Laos; Viet Nam Cryptoprocta ferox Fossa Madagascar Cynogale bennettii (includes C. lowei) Otter-civet Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Singapore?; Thailand; Viet Nam Diplogale hosei Hose’s Palm Civet Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Eupleres goudotii (includes E. major) Falanouc Madagascar 19 Vv Fossa fossa (F. fossana) Malagasy Civet Madagascar K Genetta abyssinica Abyssinian Genet Djibouti; Ethiopia; Somalia E Genetta cristata (G. servalina cristata) Crested Genet Cameroon; Nigeria K — Genetta johnstoni Johnston’s Genet Cote d'Ivoire; Liberia; Guinea R Macrogalidia musschenbroekii Sulawesi Palm Civet Indonesia: Sulawesi K Mungos gambianus Gambian Mongoose Cote d'Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo Vv Paradoxurus jerdoni Jerdon’s Palm Civet India Order CETACEA Family BALAENIDAE Vv Balaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale (Arctic Ocean, Beaufort, Barents and Chukchi Seas; North Atlantic - arctic waters; North Pacific - arctic waters, Japan, Okhotsk and Bering Seas) Vv Eubalaena australis (E. glacialis australis; sometimes included in Balaena) Southern Right Whale (Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere from ca 20°S to 50°S) E Eubalaena glacialis (Balaena glacialis) Northern Right Whale (Northern temperate and sub-polar waters: North Atlantic from Florida to Greenland and from Spain to Svalbard; North Pacific from China Sea to Sea of Okhotsk and from California to Bering Sea, including Hawaiian Islands) THREATENED SPECIES Family BALAENOPTERIDAE K Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke Whale (Widespread in all oceans but rarer in the tropics; extends into polar pack ice; recorded from Baltic and Black Seas) Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale (Widespread in most oceans and seas, favouring temperate oceanic waters) Balaenoptera edeni Bryde’s Whale (Circum-equatorial in tropical and warm temperate waters between ca 40°N and 40°S) Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale (Occurs in all major oceans, especially cold and temperate waters) Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale (Occurs in all major oceans, extending to pack ice zones but rare in warmest waters at latitudes less than about 20°) Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale (Found in all major oceans from Arctic to Antarctic, but absent from pack ice zones) Family NEOBALAENIDAE K Caperea marginata Pygmy Right Whale (Temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere between ca 31°S and 52°S) Family DELPHINIDAE K Cephalorhynchus commersonii Commerson’s Dolphin (Coastal temperate waters off southern South America and some South Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean islands) Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen Islands Cephalorhynchus eutropia Black Dolphin (Cold, inshore waters of Chile, between 33°S and 55°S) Chile Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Heaviside’s Dolphin (Cold, inshore waters of Benguela current, South Atlantic) Angola?; Namibia; South Africa 20 Cephalorhynchus hectori White-headed Dolphin, Hector’s Dolphin (Coastal waters of New Zealand) New Zealand Delphinus delphis (includes Delphinus tropicalis) Common Dolphin (Recorded from all warm temperate and tropical waters, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas) Feresa attenuata (F. occulta) Pygmy Killer Whale (Recorded sporadically from warm temperate and tropical waters, including North and South Atlantic, Indian Ocean and North Pacific) Globicephala macrorhynchus (G. sieboldii) Short-finned Pilot Whale (Warm temperate and tropical waters, including Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans) Globicephala melas (Globicephala melaena; includes G. edwardii) Long-finned Pilot Whale (Occurs in two separate populations, the southern being circumpolar in cool temperate waters of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans north of the Antarctic Convergence; the North Atlantic population extending from USA and the Mediterranean to the Barents Sea. Apparently absent from North Pacific) Grampus griseus Risso’s Dolphin (Worldwide distribution in tropical and warm temperate waters) Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser’s Dolphin (Circum-equatorial in oceanic tropical waters) Lagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic White-sided Dolphin (Northern North Atlantic, including North and Baltic Seas; vagrants further south) Lagenorhynchus albirostris White-beaked Dolphin (North Atlantic and western Arctic from the USA and Spain to Svalbard, including the Baltic, Davis Strait and Barents Sea) Lagenorhynchus australis Peale’s Dolphin (Cold, coastal waters of southem South America) Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands Mammals Lagenorhynchus cruciger Hourglass Dolphin (Circumpolar in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, recorded from high southern latitudes to the edge of the pack ice) Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Pacific White-sided Dolphin (Temperate waters of the North Pacific) Lagenorhynchus obscurus (includes L. superciliosus) Dusky Dolphin (Temperate and cold temperate circumpolar waters near land masses in the Southem Hemisphere) Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen Islands; New Zealand: Campbell and Auckland Islands; Peru; South Africa Lissodelphis borealis Northern Right Whale Dolphin (Temperate waters of the North Pacific) Lissodelphis peronii Southern Right Whale Dolphin (Circumpolar in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, extending to 19°S off Chile and to Indonesia) Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy Dolphin (Coastal waters from Bay of Bengal to South-east Asia and Australia, including major rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy) Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Papua New Guinea; Philippines?; Singapore?; Thailand; Viet Nam Orcinus orca (includes O. glacialis) Killer Whale (Reported from all sea areas, especially in cooler regions; extending well into the pack ice zone) Peponocephala electra Melon-headed Whale (Widespread scattered records from warm temperate and tropical seas) Pseudorca crassidens False Killer Whale (Widespread, mainly in warm waters but strandings as far north as the Baltic) 21 Sotalia fluviatilis (includes S. brasiliensis, S. guianensis) Tucuxi (All major rivers in the Amazon system, extending to Central America) Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Peru; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela Sousa chinensis (includes S. borneensis, S. plumbea) Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin (Coastal and inshore waters of the Indian and western Pacific Occean, including Red Sea and Arabian Gulf to South-east Asia and south China coast; occurs in estuaries and occasionally lower reaches of rivers) Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia; China; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar, Malaysia: Sarawak; Mozambique; Myanmar, Oman; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen lentiginosa, S. Sousa teuszii Atlantic Hump-backed Dolphin (West coast of Africa, from Angola to Mauritania; enters rivers) Angola?; Benin; Cameroon; Congo?; Céte dIvoire; Equatorial Guinea?; Gabon?; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo; Zaire? Stenella attenuata Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Widespread in warm deep waters) Stenella clymene Helmet Dolphin, Clymene Dolphin (Tropical and subtropical waters of North Atlantic) Stenella coeruleoalba (includes S. styx) Striped Dolphin (Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate waters) Stenella frontalis (S. plagiodon, S. attenuata frontalis) Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate Atlantic) THREATENED SPECIES Stenella longirostris (includes S. microps, S. roseiventris) Long-snouted Dolphin, Spinner Dolphin (Circum-equatorial in tropical and subtropical waters, occasionally in warm temperate waters) Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed Dolphin (Widespread in tropical and warm temperate ocean areas, including Red, Caribbean, Mediterranean and North Seas) Tursiops truncatus (includes T. aduncus, T. gilli, T. nuuanu) Bottlenose Dolphin (Known from all temperate and tropical marine areas) Family MONODONTIDAE Delphinapterus leucas White Whale, Beluga (Circumpolar in Arctic and sub-Arctic with scattered records to France and Japan; often in estuaries) Canada; Greenland; Norway: including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA (excludes vagrants) Monodon monoceros Narwhal (Circumpolar and virtually confined to limits of Arctic pack ice; vagrants as far south as the United Kingdom) Canada; Greenland; Iceland; Norway: including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA (excludes vagrants) Family PHOCOENIDAE Australophocaena dioptrica (Phocoena dioptrica) Spectacled Porpoise (Coastal waters of southern South America and Southern Ocean islands) Argentina; Australia: Macquarie Island; Chile; Falkland Islands: including South Georgia; French Southem and Antarctic Territories: Kergeulen Islands; New Zealand: Auckland Islands; Uruguay Neophocaena phocaenoides Finless Porpoise (Coastal and freshwater Indo-Pacific from China and Japan to the Gulf of Arabia, including South-East Asian archipelago) Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; China; Hong Kong?; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; 22 Kuwait; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Oman; Pakistan; Philippines; Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Singapore?; South Africa?; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam Phocoena phocoena (includes P. vomerina) Common Porpoise, Harbour Porpoise (Coastal waters of North Pacific, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, from Japan and California to Chukchi Sea, and from Baffin Island to west Africa, including Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Seas) Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; Cape Verde; China?; Denmark; Faeroe Islands; Finland; France; Germany; Georgia; Greenland; Iceland; Ireland; Japan; Korea DP.R.; Korea Republic; Mauritania; Mexico; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal: including Azores; Romania; Russia; Senegal; Spain; Sweden; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; USA Phocoena sinus Vaquita (Northern half of Gulf of California) Mexico Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister’s Porpoise (Coastal South America) Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Peru; Uruguay Phocoenoides dalli Dall’s Porpoise (North Pacific from Japan and Mexico to Bering Sea) Canada; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Mexico; Russia; USA Family PHYSETERIDAE K Kogia breviceps Pygmy Sperm Whale (Recorded from nearly all subtropical and tropical waters) Kogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale (Recorded from nearly all subtropical and tropical waters) Physeter catodon (P. macrocephalus) Sperm Whale (Found in all major oceans, from Arctic to Antarctic, including semi land-locked seas such as Mediterranean) temperate, temperate, Mammals Family PLATANISTIDAE Vv Inia geoffrensis Boto, Amazon River Dolphin (Found in all major rivers of the Orinoco and Amazon systems) Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Guyana?; Peru; Venezuela E Lipotes vexillifer Baiji, Yangtse River Dolphin (Only found in the Chiangjiang River of China, may occasionally enter other rivers during times of flood) China Vv Platanista gangetica Ganges River Dolphin (Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems) Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal E Platanista minor (P. indi, P. gangetica minor) Indus River Dolphin (Indus River) Pakistan K — Pontoporia blainvillei La Plata River Dolphin (La Plata estuary and adjacent rivers and coasts) Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay Family ZIPHIIDAE K Berardius arnuxit Amoux’s Beaked Whale (Cool temperate sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters) K Berardius bairdii Baird’s Beaked Whale (Apparently confined to deep waters of North Pacific) K = _-Hyperoodon ampullatus (H. rostratus) Northern Bottlenose Whale (Deep waters of the northern North Atlantic) K = Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Bottlenose Whale (Entire Southern Ocean north to ca 30°S) K Indopacetus pacificus (Mesoplodon pacificus) Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale (Probable Indo-Pacific distribution, known only from 2 skulls found on beaches in Australia and Somalia and a possible sighting in the Seychelles) 23 Mesoplodon bidens Sowerby’s Beaked Whale (Cold temperate waters of the North Atlantic, mostly around British Isles) Mesoplodon bowdoini Splaytooth Beaked Whale, Andrews’ Beaked Whale (Temperate South Pacific and southern Indian Ocean) Mesoplodon carlhubbsi (M. bowdoini carlhubbsi) Arch-beaked Whale, Hubbs’ Beaked Whale (Cold temperate North Pacific) Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Circum-equatorial; temperate and tropical waters) Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais’ Beaked Whale (North Atlantic, where population probably concentrated in south-west) Mesoplodon ginkgodens Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (Warm temperate and tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans) Mesoplodon grayi Gray’s Beaked Whale (Circumpolar in Souther Hemisphere, south of 30°S, but mainly around New Zealand) Mesoplodon hectori Hector’s Beaked Whale (Temperate latitudes of Southern Hemisphere and temperate eastern North Pacific) Mesoplodon layardii Layard’s Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Whale (Circumpolar distribution in Southern Hemisphere between ca 30°S and Antarctic convergence) Mesoplodon mirus True’s Beaked Whale (North Atlantic and temperate waters in Southern Hemisphere) Mesoplodon peruvianus Lesser Beaked Whale (Eastern South Pacific and eastern North Pacific: cold temperate to tropical waters) Mesoplodon stejnegeri Stejneger’s Beaked Whale (Cold temperate waters of the North Pacific) THREATENED SPECIES K Tasmacetus shepherdi Shepherd’s Beaked Whale (Cooler waters of the Southem Hemisphere between 33°S and 50°S) K Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Widespread in all major oceans, but rarely found in polar regions) Order SIRENIA Family DUGONGIDAE Vv Dugong dugon Dugong (Shallow tropical and subtropical coastal and inland waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans from east Africa and the Red Sea to Vanuatu) Australia, Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; China; Comoros?; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Federated States of Micronesia: Yap; Guam; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Jordan; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar, New Caledonia; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Vanuatu; Viet Nam; Yemen Family TRICHECHIDAE Vv Trichechus inunguis Amazonian Manatee (Major rivers of the Amazon drainage basin) Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Vv Trichechus manatus Caribbean Manatee (Tropical and subtropical coastal waters and rivers of the Caribbean and Atlantic regions of the Americas) Bahamas; Belize; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Puerto Rico; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Venezuela Vv Trichechus senegalensis African Manatee (River systems of West Africa) Angola; Benin (ex?); Cameroon; Chad; Congo; Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo; Zaire 24 Order PROBOSCIDEA Family ELEPHANTIDAE E Elephas maximus Indian Elephant Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah; Myanmar, Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam Vv Loxodonta africana African Elephant Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger, Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Order PERISSODACTYLA Family EQUIDAE E Equus africanus (sometimes given the same name as the domestic donkey or ass E. asinus) African Wild Ass Ethiopia; Somalia (Free-living animals of uncertain pedigree occur elsewhere in northern Africa) E Equus grevyi Grevy’s Zebra Ethiopia; Kenya Vv Equus hemionus Asian Wild Ass (Kulan, Khur, Onager, Dziggetai) China; India; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Turkmenistan [Reintroduced in: Israel; Uzbekistan] Vs Equus zebra Mountain Zebra Angola; Namibia; South Africa Family TAPIRIDAE Vv Tapirus bairdii Central American Tapir Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico (ex?); Nicaragua; Panama Mammals E Tapirus indicus Malayan Tapir Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam E Tapirus pinchaque (T. roulini) Mountain Tapir Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Family RHINOCEROTIDAE V Ceratotherium simum White Rhinoceros South Africa; Zaire [Reintroduced in: Botswana; Kenya; Namibia; Swaziland; Zambia (ex?); Zimbabwe] E Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Didermocerus sumatrensis) Sumatran Rhinoceros Cambodia (ex?); India (ex?); Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos (ex?); Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam E Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros Angola; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African Republic (ex?); Chad (ex?); Congo (ex?); Ethiopia (ex?); Kenya; Malawi (ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria (ex?); Rwanda; South Africa; Sudan (ex?); Swaziland; Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe E Rhinoceros sondaicus Javan Rhinoceros Cambodia; Indonesia: Java; Laos; Myanmar (ex?); Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam E Rhinoceros unicornis Great Indian Rhinoceros Bhutan; India; Nepal Order HYRACOIDEA Family PROCAVIIDAE I Dendrohyrax validus Eastern Tree Hyrax Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island, Zanzibar Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE Vv Babyrousa babyrussa Babirusa Indonesia: Buru, Sula Islands, Sulawesi, Togian Islands 25 E Sus cebifrons (Sus barbatus cebifrons) Visayan Warty Pig Philippines: Cebu and Negros Islands E Sus salvanius Pygmy Hog Bhutan (ex?); India; Nepal (ex?) Vv Sus verrucosus Javan Warty Pig Indonesia: Bawean Island, Java Family TAYASSUIDAE E Catagonus wagneri Chacoan Peccary Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Vv Hexaprotodon liberiensis (Choeropsis liberiensis) Pygmy Hippopotamus Cote dIvoire; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone Family CAMELIDAE Guinea-Bissau?; V Camelus bactrianus (C. ferus) Wild Bactrian Camel China; Mongolia Vv Vicugna vicugna Vicuiia Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru, Family MOSCHIDAE E Moschus moschiferus (M. sibiricus, includes M. anhueiensis) Siberian Musk Deer China; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Mongolia; Russia Family CERVIDAE E Axis calamianensis (Axis porcinus included in Cervus) Calamian Hog Deer Philippines: Calamian Islands E_ Axis kuhlii (Axis porcinus kuhli, sometimes included in Cervus) Kuhl’s Hog Deer, Bawean Deer Indonesia: Bawean Island calamianensis, sometimes Vv Blastocerus dichotomus Marsh Deer Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Peru THREATENED SPECIES Cervus albirostris Thorold’s Deer China Cervus alfredi (C. unicolor alfredi) Visayan Spotted Deer Philippines: Visayan Islands Cervus duvauceli Swamp Deer India; Nepal Cervus eldii Thamin Cambodia; China (ex?); Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam India; Laos; Cervus mariannus Philippine Brown Deer Philippines Dama mesopotamica (Dama dama mesopotamica, sometimes included in Cervus) Persian Fallow Deer Iran; Iraq (ex?) Elaphurus davidianus Pére David’s Deer [Captive populations only, reintroduction in progress in China] Hippocamelus antisensis North Andean Huemul Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru Hippocamelus bisulcus South Andean Huemul Argentina; Chile Hydropotes inermis Chinese Water Deer China; Korea DPR; Korea Republic [France; United Kingdom] Mazama chunyi Chunyi Bolivia; Peru Muntiacus crinifrons Black Muntjac China Muntiacus feae Fea’s Muntjac China; Myanmar, Thailand Muntiacus gongshanensis Gongshan Muntjac China; Myanmar? 26 K = Ozotoceros bezoarticus Pampas Deer Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay I Pudu mephistophiles Northern Pudu Colombia; Ecuador; Peru K Pudu puda Southern Pudu Argentina; Chile Family BOVIDAE E Addax nasomaculatus Addax Algeria (ex?); Chad; Egypt (ex?); Libya (ex?); Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Sudan (ex?) Vv Ammodorcas clarkei Dibatag Ethiopia; Somalia I Ammotragus lervia Aoudad Algeria; Chad; Libya; Mali; Mauritania (ex?); Morocco (ex?); Niger; Sudan; Tunisia (ex?) [USA] V___ Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck India, Nepal, Pakistan [Argentina; USA] Vv Bison bonasus (B. bison bonasus) European Bison [Reintroduced in: Belarus; Lithuania; Moldova; Poland; Romania; Russia; Ukraine] V___sBos gaurus (alternatively given the same name as the domestic Gayal or Mithan B. frontalis) Gaur Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Vv Bos javanicus (B. banteng) Banteng Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia?; Indonesia: Bali, Java, Kalimantan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia (ex?), Sabah; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam E Bos mutus (alternatively given the same name as the domestic Yak B. grunniens) Wild Yak Afghanistan?; Bhutan?; China; India; Nepal Mammals Bos sauveli (Novibos sauveli) Kouprey Cambodia; Laos; Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Bubalus arnee (alternatively given the same name as the domestic buffalo B. bubalus) Wild Water Buffalo Bhutan; India; Nepal; Thailand (Free-living animals of uncertain pedigree occur in adjacent countries) Bubalus depressicornis (Anoa depressicornis) Lowland Anoa Indonesia: Sulawesi Bubalus mindorensis (Anoa mindorensis) Tamaraw Philippines: Mindoro Bubalus quarlesi (Anoa quarlesi) Mountain Anoa Indonesia: Sulawesi, Buton Capra caucasica (C. ibex caucasica) Kuban, West Caucasian Tur Georgia; Russia Capra cylindricornis Daghestan Tur, East Caucasian Tur Azerbaijan?; Georgia; Russia Capra falconeri Markhor Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Capra nubiana (C. ibex nubiana) Nubian Ibex Egypt; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Yemen Capra walia (C. ibex walia) Walia Ibex Ethiopia Capricornis sumatraensis (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) Mainland Serow Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam 27 Capricornis swinhoei (Naemorhedus swinhoei) Formosan Serow Taiwan Cephalophus adersi Aders’ Duiker Kenya; Tanzania: Zanzibar Cephalophus jentinki Jentink’s Duiker Cote d'Ivoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone Cepahlophus ogilbyi Ogilby’s Duiker Cameroon; Congo?; Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea?; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone Cephalophus spadix Abbott’s Duiker Tanzania Cephalophus zebra Zebra Duiker COte d'Ivoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone Connochaetes gnou Black Wildebeest Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland Damaliscus hunteri Hirola Kenya; Somalia Dorcatragus megalotis Beira Antelope Djibouti?; Ethiopia; Somalia Gazella bennetti Chinkara Afghanistan?; India; Iran; Pakistan Gazella cuvieri Cuvier’s Gazelle Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia Gazella dama Dama Gazelle Algeria (ex?); Burkina Faso; Chad; Mali; Niger, Sudan Gazella dorcas Dorcas Gazelle Algeria; Burkina Faso; Chad; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan?; Libya; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Nigeria; Saudi Arabia?; Senegal; Somalia; Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara THREATENED SPECIES Gazella gazella Mountain Gazelle Israel; Jordan; Lebanon?; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Syria?; Yemen Gazella leptoceros Slender-horned Gazelle Algeria; Chad; Egypt; Libya; Mali; Mauritania?; Niger, Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara? Gazella rufifrons Red-fronted Gazelle Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia?; Ghana?; Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan; Togo Gazella soemmerringii Soemmerring’s Gazelle Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Somalia; Sudan Gazella spekei Speke’s Gazelle Ethiopia; Somalia Hemitragus jemiahicus Himalayan Tahr China; India; Nepal Hemitragus hylocrius Nilgiri Tahr India Hemitragus jayakari Arabian Tahr Oman; United Arab Emirates?: Abu Dhabi Kobus leche Lechwe Angola; Botswana; Namibia; Zaire; Zambia [South Africa] Kobus megaceros Nile Lechwe Ethiopia; Sudan Madoqua piacentinii Silver Dikdik Somalia Naemorhedus caudatus Long-tailed Goral China; Korea DPR; Korea Republic; Laos; Russia; Thailand Oryx dammah (O. tao) Scimitar-horned Oryx Chad 28 E Oryx leucoryx Arabian Oryx [Reintroduced in Oman] K __-Procapra przewalskii Przewalski’s Gazelle China E Pseudois schaeferi (P. nayaur schaeferi) Dwarf Blue Sheep China E Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Vu Quang Ox Laos?; Viet Nam Vv Tetracerus quadricornis Four-horned Antelope India; Nepal E Tragelaphus buxtoni Mountain Nyala Ethiopia Vv Tragelaphus derbianus (Taurotragus derbianus) Giant Eland Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad?; Guinea?; Guinea Bissau; Mali?; Nigeria?; Senegal; Sudan; Uganda?; Zaire Order RODENTIA Family SCIURIDAE E Cynomys mexicanus Mexican Prairie Dog Mexico Vs Cynomys parvidens Utah Prairie Dog USA K Epixerus ebii Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone Vv Funisciurus carruthersi Carruther’s Mountain Squirrel Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire? Vv Marmota menzbieri Menzbier’s Marmot Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan E Marmota vancouverensis Vancouver Island Marmot Canada: Vancouver Island Turkmenistan; V Myosciurus pumilio African Pygmy Squirrel Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon; Nigeria Paraxerus vexillarius Tanzania Pteromys momonga Small Japanese Flying-squirrel Japan Syntheosciurus brochus Mountain Squirrel Costa Rica; Panama Family GEOMYIDAE I Zygogeomys trichopus Michoacan Pocket Gopher Mexico Family HETEROMYIDAE R Dipodomys elator Texas Kangaroo-rat USA Dipodomys gravipes San Quintin Kangaroo Rat Mexico Dipodomys ingens Giant Kangaroo Rat USA Dipodomys stephensi Stephens’ Kangaroo Rat USA Perognathus alticola (Perognathus parvus alticola) White-eared Pocket Mouse USA Family DIPODIDAE v Allactaga tetradactyla Egypt; Libya Family MURIDAE I R Abrawayaomys ruschi Brazil Aethomys silindensis Selinda Veld Rat Mozambique?; Zimbabwe Ammodillus imbellis Ethiopia; Somalia Anonymomys mindorensis Mindoro Climbing Rat Philippines: Mindoro Archboldomys luzonensis Mt Isarog Shrew-mouse Philippines: Luzon 29 Batomys granti Luzon Forest Rat Philippines: Luzon Beamys hindei Lesser Hamster-rat Kenya; Tanzania Beamys major (B. hindei major) Greater Hamster-rat Malawi; Tanzania; Zambia Chrotomys gonzalesi Mt Isarog Striped Rat Philippines: Luzon Crateromys australis Dinagat Island Cloud Rat Philippines: Dinagat Island Crateromys schadenbergi Giant Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat Philippines: Luzon Crateromys sp. Panay Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat Philippines: Panay Delanymys brooksi Delany’s Mouse Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Dendromus kahuziensis Zaire Dendroprionomys rousseloti Congo Diplothrix legatus Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant Rat Japan: Nasei-shoto Eliurus minor Madagascar Gerbillus acticola Somalia Gerbillus maghrebi (Dipodillus maghrebi) Morocco Gerbillus mauritaniae Mauritania Gerbillus muriculus (G. nanus muriculus) Sudan Gerbillus nancillus Sudan Gerbillus rosalinda Sudan THREATENED SPECIES Gymnuromys roberti Madagascar Hylomyscus baeri Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana Hylomyscus fumosus Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon Hylomyscus parvus Cameroon; Congo; Gabon Hypogeomys antimena Madagascar Juscelinomys candango Brazil Kunsia tomentosus Bolivia; Brazil Leggadina lakedownensis Lakeland Downs Mouse Australia Lemniscomys mittendorfi (L. striatus mittendorfi) Cameroon Leporillus conditor Greater Stick-nest Rat Australia: Franklin Island Lophuromys cinereus Zaire Lophuromys medicaudatus Rwanda; Zaire Lophuromys melanonyx Ethiopia Lophuromys rahmi Rwanda; Zaire Macrotarsomys ingens Madagascar Macruromys elegans Western Small-toothed Rat Indonesia: Irian Jaya Malacomys verschureni Zaire Mastomys pernanus Kenya; Rwanda; Tanzania Megadendromus nikolausi Ethiopia Melomys albidens White-toothed Melomys Indonesia: Irian Jaya 30 Microdillus peeli Somalia Microtus breweri (M. pennsylvanicus breweri) Beach Vole USA: Muskeget Island Muriculus imberbis Ethiopia Myomys ruppi (Praomys ruppi) Ethiopia Neotoma anthonyi Anthony’s Woodrat Mexico: Todos Santos Island Neotoma bunkeri (N. lepida bunkeri) Bunker’s Woodrat Mexico Neotoma martinensis San Martin Island Woodrat Mexico: San Martin Island Notomys aquilo (includes N. carpentarius) Northern Hopping-mouse Australia Notomys fuscus Dusky Hopping-mouse Australia Pelomys hopkinsi Kenya; Rwanda; Uganda Pelomys isseli Uganda: Bugala, Bunyama, Kome Islands (Lake Victoria) Phaenomys ferrugineus Brazil Phaulomys andersoni (P. imaizumii, P. niigatae, sometimes referred to Eothenomys or Clethrionomys) Wakayama Red-backed Vole Japan: Honshu Phloeomys cumingi Southern Giant Slender-tailed Cloud Rat Philippines Praomys hartwigi Cameroon; Nigeria Prionomys batesi Dollman’s Tree Mouse Cameroon; Central African Republic Mammals Pseudomys fumeus Smoky Mouse Australia Pseudomys occidentalis Western Mouse Australia Pseudomys oralis Hastings River Mouse Australia Pseudomys pilligaensis Pilliga Mouse Australia Pseudomys praeconis Shark Bay Mouse Australia Pseudomys shortridgei Heath Rat Australia Rattus giluwensis Giluwe Rat Papua New Guinea Rattus tawitawiensis Tawitawi Island Rat Philippines: Tawitawi Island Reithrodontomys raviventris Saltmarsh Harvest Mouse USA Rhagomys rufescens Brazil Rhynchomys isarogensis Mt Isarog Shrew-rat Philippines: Luzon Solomys ponceleti Poncelet’s Giant Rat Papua New Guinea: Bougainville Steatomys jacksoni Ghana; Nigeria Thamnomys venustus Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Tokudaia muenninki (T. osimensis muenninki) Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) Tokudaia osimensis Japan: Nansei-shoto (Amami-oshima) Wilfredomys oenax Brazil; Uruguay R Xenuromys barbatus Rock-dwelling Rat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Xeromys myoides False Water-rat Australia R Zelotomys woosnami Botswana; Namibia; South Africa E Zyzomys pedunculatus Central Rock-rat Australia Family ANOMALURIDAE K Zenkerella insignis Flightless Scaly-tailed Squirrel Cameroon; Central African Republic; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Family CTENODACTYLIDAE K Felovia vae Felou Gundi Mali; Mauritania; Senegal Family MYOXIDAE R Glirulus japonicus Japanese Dormouse Japan Family BATHYERGIDAE V _sCiBathyergus janetta Namibia; South Africa K Cryptomys zechi Ghana; Togo Family ERETHIZONTIDAE Vv Chaetomys subspinosus Thin-spined Porcupine Brazil Family CHINCHILLIDAE I Chinchilla brevicaudata Short-tailed Chinchilla Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru (ex?) I Chinchilla lanigera Long-tailed Chinchilla Argentina?; Chile Family DINOMYIDAE E Dinomys branickii Pacarana Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela THREATENED SPECIES Family OCTODONTIDAE Vv Octomys barrerae (Tympanoctomys barrerae) Red Vizcacha Rat Argentina Family CAPROMYIDAE E Capromys angelcabrerai (Mesocapromys angelcabrerai) Cabrera’s Hutia Cuba: Cay Ana Maria E Capromys auritus (Mesocapromys auritus) Large-eared Hutia Cuba: Cay Fragoso E Capromys garridoi (Mysateles garridoi) Garrido’s Hutia Cuba: Canarreos Archipelago I Capromys gundlachi (Mysateles gundlachi) Chapman’s Prehensile-tailed Hutia Cuba: Isle de Juventud R Capromys melanurus (Mysateles melanurus) Bushy-tailed Hutia Cuba I Capromys meridionalis (Mysateles meridionalis) Isla de la Juventud Tree Hutia Cuba: Isle de Juventud E Capromys nanus (Mesocapromys nanus) Dwarf Hutia Cuba E Capromys sanfelipensis (Mesocapromys sanfelipensis) Little Earth Hutia Cuba I Geocapromys brownii (includes G. thoracatus, sometimes included in Capromys) Jamaican Hutia Jamaica R Geocapromys ingrahami (Capromys ingrahami) Bahamian Hutia Bahamas: Plana Keys 32 R Plagiodontia aedium (includes P. hylaeuwm) Hispaniolan Hutia Dominican Republic; Haiti Order LAGOMORPHA Family OCHOTONIDAE K Ochotona forresti Forrest’s Pika Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar I Ochotona gaoligongensis Gaoligong Pika China I Ochotona iliensis Ili Pika China Vv Ochotona koslowi Kozlov’s Pika China I Ochotona muliensis I Ochotona nubrica Nubra Pika China, India, Nepal Vv Ochotona pusilla Steppe Pika, Little Pika Russia I Ochotona thomasi Thomas’ Pika China Family LEPORIDAE V___—Brachylagus idahoensis Pygmy Rabbit USA E Bunolagus monticularis Riverine Rabbit South Africa E Caprolagus hispidus Hispid Hare Bangladesh; India; Nepal I Lepus callotis White-sided Jackrabbit Mexico, USA E Lepus flavigularis Tehuantepec Jackrabbit Mexico Mammals Lepus hainanus E Sylvilagus graysoni (L. pequensis hainanus) Tres Marias Rabbit Hainan Hare Mexico: Tres Marias Islands Se E Sylvilagus insonus Lepus insularis Omilteme Rabbit Black Jackrabbit Mexico BEBE ED I Sylvilagus mansuetus Lepus othus (Sylvilagus bachmani mansuetus) (Lepus timidus othus) San Jose Brush Rabbit Alaskan Hare Mexico USA: Alaska Order MACROSCELIDEA Nesolagus netscheri : Genser Rt Family MACROSCELIDIDAE Indonesia: Sumatra V___-Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Pentalagus furnessi Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew Amami Rabbit Kenya Japan R Rhynchocyon petersi Romerolagus diazi Black-and-rufous Elephant-shrew Volcano Rabbit Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island, Mexico Zanzibar Sylvilagus dicei (S. brasiliensis dicei) Dice’s Cottontail Costa Rica; Panama 33 udietee « vm wunaniod onl Se ; a a ee eyenreen bh. nl! caiall Ceiiaiiee OC epallhs-: How oni, Toes eit PMUONF HA ‘Gvelieed coq’ - pee eeRagtan "Mnntes ‘ Weegee berail ~-- Saya ~~ & atin tage’ eas "Re ‘ € aan Cie rales ahh | Sat wg) (oh remand] (= cuit: leene) r Oubys Pan eeenca't p48 tte) mo (tm hee sai! a Mean woilte Reape Fis Litth Mts | Bawats, = Birds Class AVES Order APTERYGIFORMES Family APTERYGIDAE Vs Apteryx owenii Little Spotted Kiwi New Zealand Order TINAMIFORMES Family TINAMIDAE I Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou Colombia; Panama E/Ex Nothoprocta kalinowskii Kalinowski’s Tinamou Peru Vv Nothoprocta taczanowskii Taczanowski’s Tinamou Peru I Nothura minor Lesser Nothura Brazil I Taoniscus nanus Dwarf Tinamou Argentina (ex?); Brazil K Tinamus osgoodi Black Tinamou Colombia; Peru Order SPHENISCIFORMES Family SPHENISCIDAE VS Megadyptes antipodes Yellow-eyed Penguin New Zealand: Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, South Island, Stewart Island K Spheniscus demersus Jackass Penguin Namibia; South Africa. * Angola; Mozambique Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE E/Ex Podiceps andinus Colombian Grebe Colombia E Podiceps taczanowskii Puna Grebe Peru 35 K Tachybaptus pelzelnii Madagascar Grebe Madagascar E Tachybaptus rufolavatus Alaotra Grebe Madagascar Order PROCELLARIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE E Diomedea albatrus Short-tailed Albatross Japan: Izu Islands. * North Pacific inc. China; USA: Hawaiian Islands; Russia; Taiwan E Diomedea amsterdamensis Amsterdam Island Albatross French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Amsterdam Island Family PROCELLARIIDAE E Procellaria parkinsoni Black Petrel New Zealand. * South Pacific north to Costa Rica; Ecuador; Peru Vv Procellaria westlandica Westland Petrel New Zealand. * Australia E Pterodroma aterrima (Pseudobulweria aterrima) Mascarene Petrel Réunion E Pterodroma axillaris Chatham Islands Petrel New Zealand: Chatham Islands I Pterodroma becki (Pterodroma rostrata becki) Beck’s Petrel Papua New Guinea (ex?)?; Solomon Islands (ex?)? E Pterodroma cahow Bermuda Petrel Bermuda R Pterodroma cookii Cook’s Petrel New Zealand. * seas off South America; Chile; Peru V___s~Pterodroma defilippiana Defilippe’s Petrel Chile: Desventuradas Islands; Juan Fernandez Islands THREATENED SPECIES V/R Pterodroma feae Cape Verde Petrel Cape Verde; Portugal: Madeira. * Tropical and subtropical Atlantic Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. * Caribbean and western North Atlantic Pterodroma madeira Madeira Petrel Portugal: Madeira Pterodroma magentae Magenta Petrel New Zealand: Chatham Islands. Pacific * South Pterodroma macgillivrayi (Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi) MacGillivray’s Petrel Fiji: Gau Island Pterodroma phaeopygia (P. p. phaeopygia) Galapagos Petrel Ecuador: Galapagos Islands. * Chile; Colombia: Malpelo Island; Costa Rica; Ecuador, French Polynesia: Clipperton Island; Mexico; Panama; Peru Pterodroma pycrofti Pycroft’s Petrel New Zealand Pterodroma sandwichensis (P. phaeopygia sandwichensis) Hawaiian Petrel USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai?, Lanai, Maui, Molokai). * French Polynesia?: Marquesas Islands; Kiribati: Line Islands Puffinus auricularis Townsend’s Shearwater Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands Puffinus creatopus Pink-footed Shearwater Chile: Isla Mocha, Juan Fernandez Islands. * Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Costa Rica; Ecuador, Peru; USA Puffinus heinrothi Heinroth’s Shearwater Papua New Guinea: Bougainville, New Britain Family HYDROBATIDAE E/Ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla Guadalupe Storm-Petrel Mexico: Guadalupe Island 36 K Oceanodroma tristrami Tristram’s Storm-Petrel USA: Hawaiian Islands; Japan: Izu Islands, Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands) Family PELECANOIDIDAE V___sCPelecanoides garnotii Peruvian Diving-Petrel Chile; Peru Order PELECANIFORMES Family PELECANIDAE Vv Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Romania; Russia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Egypt; Hong Kong; India; Iraq; Lebanon; Pakistan; Syria I Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed Pelican India; Sri Lanka. * Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Family SULIDAE E Papasula abbotti (Sula abbotti) Abbott’s Booby Christmas Island; Costa Rica?: Cocos (Keeling) Islands. * Indonesia: Java Family PHALACROCORACIDAE R Phalacrocorax carunculatus Rough-faced Shag New Zealand: Cook Strait R Phalacrocorax chalconotus Bronze Shag (P. carunculatus chalconotus) New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island R Phalacrocorax harrisi (Nannopterum harrisi) Flightless Cormorant Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Femandina, Isabela R Phalacrocorax onslowi (P. carunculatus onslowi) Chatham Islands Shag New Zealand: Chatham Islands Birds K Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Halietor pygmeus) Pygmy Cormorant Albania; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq; Italy; Kazakhstan; Moldova; Romania; Russia; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Austria; Georgia; Israel Family FREGATIDAE v Fregata andrewsi Christmas Island Frigatebird Christmas Island. * Indonesia: Bali, Java, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam R Fregata aquila Ascension Frigatebird Ascension: Saint Helena. * tropical Atlantic Order CICONIIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE K = Ardea humbloti Madagascar Heron Comoros?; Madagascar. * Comoros; Mayotte E Ardea insignis (Ardea imperialis) White-bellied Heron Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Myanmar Vv Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret China; Hong Kong?; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic. * Brunei; Japan; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Philippines: Basilan, Batan, Bohol, Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Samar, Russia; Singapore; Taiwan I Egretta vinaceigula Slaty Egret Botswana; Namibia; Zambia? Vv Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night-Heron Japan. * China; Philippines; Taiwan E Gorsachius magnificus White-eared Night-Heron China: Hainan 37 Family BALAENICIPITIDAE K Balaeniceps rex Shoebill Burundi?; Central African Republic; Ethiopia; Rwanda; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda; Zaire; Zambia Family CICONIDAE E Ciconia boyciana Oriental Stork China; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic I Ciconia stormi Storm’s Stork Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra?; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Thailand. * Brunei; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia E Leptoptilos dubius Greater Adjutant Cambodia (ex?); India; Laos (ex?); Myanmar (ex?); Viet Nam (ex?). * Nepal; Thailand Vv Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China; India; Indonesia: Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Laos?; Myanmar, Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam. * Bhutan; Brunei; Singapore Vv Mycteria cinerea Milky Stork Cambodia; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Nam Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE R Geronticus calvus Bald Ibis Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland E Geronticus eremita Waldrapp Morocco. * Ethiopia; Syria; Yemen E Nipponia nippon Crested Ibis China E Platalea minor Black-faced Spoonbill China; Korea D.P.R. * Cambodia; China; Hong Kong; Japan; Taiwan; Viet Nam THREATENED SPECIES Pseudibis davisoni White-shouldered Ibis Cambodia?; China; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Laos?; Myanmar?; Viet Nam. * Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak Pseudibis gigantea Giant Ibis Cambodia (ex?); Laos Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE K Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck China; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Russia. * Taiwan [Austria; Belgium; Kingdom] Anas aucklandica Brown Teal New Zealand Netherlands; United Anas bernieri Bemier’s Teal Madagascar Anas formosa Baikal Teal Russia. * China; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) [Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii, Oahu] Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose Finland; Norway; Sweden; Russia. * Albania; Bulgaria; China; Greece; Hungary; India; Iran; Iraq; Japan; Latvia; Pakistan; Romania; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia Aythya baeri Baer’s Pochard China; Korea DP.R.?; Russia. * Bangladesh; Hong Kong; India; Japan; Myanmar, Nepal; Korea Republic; Thailand; Viet Nam Aythya innotata Madagascar Pochard Madagascar Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose Russia. * Bulgaria; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq; Kazakhstan; Romania: Turkey; Turkmenistan 38 Branta sandvicensis Nene USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui) Cairina scutulata White-winged Duck Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Dendrocygna arborea West Indian Whistling-Duck Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Turks and Caicos Islands; Virgin Islands of the United States Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal Afghanistan; Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan; China?; Egypt?; Georgia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Kazakhstan; Morocco; Pakistan?; Russia; Senegal; Spain; Tajikistan; Tunisia (ex?); Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. * Chad; Egypt; India; Mali; Morocco; Pakistan; Turkey Mergus octosetaceus Brazilian Merganser Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Mergus squamatus Scaly-sided Merganser China; Korea DP.R.; Russia Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck Afghanistan; Algeria; France: Corsica (ex?); Iran; Kazakhstan; Romania; Russia; Spain; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. * Albania; Bulgaria; China; Cyprus; Egypt: Greece; India; Iraq; Italy; Morocco; Pakistan; Syria; Tajikistan Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck Australia Tadorna cristata Crested Shelduck China?; Korea D.P.R.?; Russia. * China?: Korea Republic Order FALCONIFORMES Family CATHARTIDAE E Gymnogyps californianus California Condor [Reintroduced to USA] Birds Family ACCIPITRIDAE R Accipiter brachyurus New Britain Sparrowhawk Papua New Guinea: New Britain V/R_ Accipiter gundlachi Gundlach’s Hawk Cuba Accipiter imitator Imitator Sparrowhawk Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands: Choiseul, Santa Isabel Accipiter nanus Small Sparrowhawk Indonesia: Sulawesi Aegypius monachus Cinereous Vulture Afghanistan, Albania (ex?); Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria?; China; Cyprus?; Georgia; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Portugal; Russia; Spain: including Balearic Islands: Mallorca; Syria?; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Egypt; Hong Kong; India; Italy; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Morocco; Myanmar, Nepal; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Thailand Aquila adalberti Adalbert’s Eagle Portugal; Spain Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle Albania?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Cyprus; Czechoslovakia; Georgia; Greece; Hungary; Tran; Kazakhstan; Moldova; Romania; Russia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Hong Kong; India; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen Buteo galapagoensis Galapagos Hawk Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Buteo ridgwayi Ridgway’s Hawk Dominican Republic; Haiti Buteo solitarius Hawaiian Hawk USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) 39 Erythrotriorchis radiatus (Accipiter radiatus) Red Goshawk Australia Eutriorchis astur Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Madagascar Gyps coprotheres Cape Griffon Botswana; Lesotho; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa. * Swaziland Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle Albania (ex?); Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; Iran; Israel; Japan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Mongolia; Nepal; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; France; Faeroe Islands; India; Israel; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Nepal; Pakistan; Taiwan; Tajikistan; USA; Uzbekistan [Reintroduced to United Kingdom] Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas’s Sea-Eagle Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Russia?; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan. * Afghanistan Haliaeetus pelagicus Steller’s Sea-Eagle Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PR.?; Korea Republic Haliaeetus vociferoides Madagascar Fish-Eagle Madagascar Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay Harpyopsis novaeguineae New Guinea Eagle Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Henicopernis infuscatus Black Honey-buzzard Papua New Guinea: New Britain V/R Leucopternis lacernulata White-necked Hawk Brazil THREATENED SPECIES Leucopternis occidentalis Grey-backed Hawk Ecuador, Peru Milvus milvus Red Kite Algeria (ex?); Armenia?; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Cape Verde; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Iran; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Morocco; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia (ex?); Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Austria; Bulgaria; Gibraltar; Greece; Liechtenstein; Turkey Pithecophaga jefferyi Great Philippine Eagle Philippines: Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar Spilornis elgini Andaman Serpent-Eagle India: Andaman Islands Spilornis kinabaluensis Mountain Serpent-Eagle Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Spizaetus bartelsi Javan Hawk-Eagle Indonesia: Java Spizaetus nanus Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand Family FALCONIDAE K Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon Australia Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel Afghanistan; Albania?; Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia?; France; Georgia; Gibraltar; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq?; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon?; Libya; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Poland?: Portugal; Romania; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Spain; Switzerland?; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Angola; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Céte dIvoire; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau?; India; Iraq; Kenya; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Lesotho; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Malta; Mauritania; Mozambique; Myanmar, Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Qatar; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone?; South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo?; Turkey; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Western Sahara?; Yemen; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Falco punctatus Mauritius Kestrel Mauritius Micrastur buckleyi Buckley’s Forest-Falcon Brazil; Colombia?; Ecuador, Peru Micrastur plumbeus Plumbeous Forest-Falcon Colombia; Ecuador Order GALLIFORMES Family MEGAPODITIDAE R Aepypodius bruijnii Bruijn’s Brush-turkey Indonesia: Waigeo Island Leipoa ocellata Malleefow1 Australia Macrocephalon maleo Maleo Indonesia: Lembeh, Sulawesi Megapodius bernsteinii Sula Scrubfow! Indonesia: Banggai (ex?), Sula Megapodius laperouse Micronesian Scrubfowl Northern Marianas; Palau Megapodius nicobariensis Nicobar Scrubfowl India: North Nicobar Islands Megapodius pritchardii Niuafo’ou Scrubfowl Tonga: Niuafo’ou Megapodius wallacei Moluccan Scrubfowl Indonesia: Ambon, Bacan, Buru, Halmahera, Haruku, Misool, Seram, Ternate Birds Family CRACIDAE E Arborophila ardens 5 Hainan Partridge E Crax alberti China Blue-knobbed Curassow Colombia R Arborophila cambodiana R — Crax blumenbachii pre ior res eee Red-billed Curassow . Brazil R Arborophila charltonii Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah; Thailand; Viet Nam I Arborophila davidi Orange-necked Partridge I Crax globulosa Wattled Curassow Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru E Mitu mitu Alagoas Curassow Brazil Viet Nam > - R Arborophila gingica V/R_ Oreophasis derbianus White-necklaced Partridge Homed Guan China E Arborophila rufipectus Sichuan Partridge Guatemala; Mexico E Pauxi pauxi Helmeted Curassow Colombia; Venezuela —_ tive : E Catreus wallichii V/R_ Pauxi unicornis Cheer Phen Horned Curassow a ! ; Peru; Bolivia India; Nepal; Pakistan Vv Crossoptilon crossoptilon E Penelope albipennis White Fared ‘Pheasant White-winged Guan China Peru E Crossoptilon mantchuricum V/R_ Penelope barbata een ePheacet Bearded Guan China Ecuador, Peru E Dendrortyx barbatus Bearded Wood-Partridge Mexico V/R_ Penelope ochrogaster Chestnut-bellied Guan Brazil R Francolinus camerunensis Cameroon Francolin Cameroon R Penelope perspicax Cauca Guan Colombia Vv Francolinus gularis Swamp Francolin Bangladesh; India; Nepal R Francolinus nahani V/R_ Pipile jacutinga Black-fronted Piping-Guan Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay E Pipile pipile ne Soe Nahan’s Francolin Trinidad Piping-Guan sande Zain Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad am e : E Francolinus ochropectus Spa CN ee 5 Ochre-breasted Francolin fropavo congensis Djibouti Congo Peafowl mM Zaire I Francolinus swierstrai E Agelastes meleagrides ee sErancont White-breasted Guineafowl ee Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana (ex?); Liberia; Sierra E Lophophorus lthuysii Leone Chinese Monal China 41 THREATENED SPECIES V/R Lophophorus sclateri Sclater’s Monal China; India; Myanmar Lophura bulweri Bulwer’s Pheasant Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Lophura diardi Siamese Fireback Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam Lophura edwardsi Edwards’s Pheasant Viet Nam Lophura hatinhensis Vietnamese Pheasant Viet Nam Lophura ignita Crested Fireback Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand Lophura imperialis Imperial Pheasant Laos?; Viet Nam Lophura inornata Salvadori’s Pheasant Indonesia: Sumatra Lophura swinhoii Swinhoe’s Pheasant Taiwan Odontophorus strophium Gorgeted Wood-Quail Colombia Pavo muticus Green Peafowl Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia; China; India: Indonesia: Java; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Perdicula manipurensis Manipur Bush-Quail Bangladesh; India Polyplectron emphanum Palawan Peacock-Pheasant Philippines: Palawan Polyplectron germaini Germain’s Peacock-Pheasant Laos?; Viet Nam 42 Polyplectron malacense Malayan Peacock-Pheasant Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Thailand Polyplectron schleiermacheri (P. malacense schleiermacheri) Bornean Peacock-Pheasant Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Rheinardia ocellata (includes R. nigrescens) Crested Argus Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Nam Syrmaticus ellioti Elliot’s Pheasant China Syrmaticus humiae Hume’s Pheasant China; India; Myanmar; Thailand Syrmaticus mikado Mikado Pheasant Taiwan Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves’s Pheasant China [Czechoslovakia] Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Caucasian Grouse Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran; Russia; Turkey Tragopan blythii Blyth’s Tragopan Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar Tragopan caboti Cabot’s Tragopan China Tragopan melanocephalus Western Tragopan China; India; Nepal?; Pakistan Order GRUIFORMES Family MESITORNITHIDAE K Mesitornis unicolor Brown Roatelo Madagascar Mesitornis variegata White-breasted Roatelo Madagascar Birds R Monias benschi Monias Madagascar Family TURNICIDAE I Turnix everetti Sumba Buttonquail Indonesia: Sumba Turnix melanogaster Black-breasted Buttonquail Australia Turnix olivii Buff-breasted Buttonquail Australia Turnix worcesteri Worcester’s Buttonquail Philippines: Luzon Family PEDIONOMIDAE K Pedionomus torquatus Plains-wanderer Australia Family GRUIDAE E Grus americana Whooping Crane Canada. * USA Grus carunculatus (Bugeranus carunculatus) Wattled Crane Angola; Botswana; Ethiopia; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Tanzania; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Grus japonensis Red-crowned Crane China; Japan; Russia; Mongolia. * Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic Grus leucogeranus Siberian Crane China; Mongolia?; Russia. * Afghanistan; India; Iran; Pakistan Grus monacha Hooded Crane Russia. * Japan; Republic; Taiwan Korea D.PR.; Korea Grus nigricollis Black-necked Crane China; India. * Bhutan; Myanmar, Viet Nam Grus vipio White-naped Crane China; Mongolia; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic 43 Family RALLIDAE K Amaurornis olivieri Sakalava Rail Madagascar I Aramidopsis plateni Snoring Rail Indonesia: Sulawesi R Aflantisia rogersi Inaccessible Rail Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island R Coturnicops exquisitus Swinhoe’s Rail China; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic I Coturnicops notatus Speckled Rail Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Paraguay; Uruguay; Venezuela R Crex crex Corn Crake Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan (ex?); Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Ireland; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstejn; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey?; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Algeria; Azerbaijan; Botswana; Egypt; Ethiopia; Ghana; Iraq; Israel; Kenya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Portugal; Saudi Arabia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Uganda; United Kingdom: Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey); Uzbekistan; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe I Cyanolimnas cerverai Zapata Rail Cuba K =‘ Fulica cornuta Horned Coot Argentina; Bolivia; Chile I Gallinula nesiotis Tristan Moorhen Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island I Gallinula silvestris San Cristobal Moorhen Solomon Islands: San Cristobal THREATENED SPECIES I Gallirallus lafresnayanus (Tricholimnas lafresnayanus) New Caledonian Rail New Caledonia (ex?) Vv Gallirallus okinawae (Rallus okinawae) Okinawa Rail Japan: Okinawa Vv Gallirallus owstoni (Rallus owstoni) Guam Rail Guam E Gallirallus sylvestris (Tricholimnas sylvestris) Lord Howe Rail Australia: Lord Howe Island I Gymnocrex rosenbergii Bald-faced Rail Indonesia: Peleng, Sulawesi I Habroptila wallacii Invisible Rail Indonesia: Halmahera Vs Laterallus levraudi Rusty-flanked Crake Venezuela E Laterallus tuerosi (L. jamaicensis tuerosi) Junin Rail Peru V/R_ Laterallus xenopterus Rufous-faced Crake Brazil; Paraguay I Lewinia mirificus (Dryolimnas mirificus, Rallus mirificus) Brown-banded Rail Philippines: Luzon E Nesoclopeus poecilopterus Bar-winged Rail Fiji: Viti Levu, Ovalau E Porphyrio mantelli (Notornis mantelli) Takahe New Zealand: South Island R Porzana atra (Nesophylax ater) Henderson Island Crake Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island I Porzana spiloptera Dot-winged Crake Argentina; Uruguay E/Ex Rallus antarcticus Austral Rail Argentina; Chile V/R_ Rallus semiplumbeus Bogota Rail Colombia; Ecuador? E Rallus wetmorei Plain-flanked Rail Venezuela I Sarothrura ayresi White-winged Flufftail Ethiopia (ex?); South Africa I Sarothrura watersi Waters’s Flufftail Madagascar Family HELIORNITHIDAE Vs &Heliopais personata Masked Finfoot Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Myanmar; Thailand?; Viet Nam. * Cambodia?; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Thailand; Viet Nam Family RHYNOCHETIDAE E Rhynochetos jubatus Kagu New Caledonia Family OTIDIDAE Vv Ardeotis nigriceps Indian Bustard India; Pakistan. * Pakistan? Vv Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard Afghanistan?; Algeria; China; Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Libya; Mauritania; Mongolia; Morocco; Oman; Pakistan; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Spain: Canary Islands; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara; Yemen. * Afghanistan; Bahrain; India; Kuwait; Qatar, United Arab Emirates E _ Eupodotis bengalensis (Houbaropsis bengalensis) Bengal Florican Bhutan?; Cambodia?; India; Nepal; Viet Nam E Eupodotis indica (Sypheotides indica) Lesser Florican India; Nepal. * Bangladesh?; Nepal; Pakistan Birds R Otis tarda Great Bustard Austria; China; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Portugal: Romania; Russia; Spain; Syria?; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Iraq; Syria; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia R Tetrax tetrax Little Bustard Albania?; Algeria; China; France; Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Morocco; Portugal; Russia; Spain; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan. * Azerbaijan?; Egypt; Georgia; Israel; Libya; Pakistan; Romania; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia Order CHARADRITFORMES Family RECUR VIROSTRIDAE E Himantopus novaezelandiae Black Stilt New Zealand: South Island. * New Zealand: North Island Family GLAREOLIDAE I Rhinoptilus bitorquatus (Cursorius bitorquatus) Jerdon’s Courser India Family CHARADRIIDAE V/R_ Charadrius melodus Piping Plover Canada; USA. * Bahamas; Barbados; Bermuda; British Virgin Islands; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Mexico; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands of the United States E Charadrius novaeseelandiae (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) Shore Plover New Zealand: Chatham Islands (Rangatira Island) K Charadrius rubricollis Hooded Plover Australia R Charadrius sanctaehelenae Saint Helena Plover Saint Helena R Charadrius thoracicus Black-banded Plover Madagascar R Vanellus gregarius (Chettusia gregaria) Sociable Lapwing Kazakhstan; Russia. * Ethiopia; India; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Kyrgyzstan; Oman; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yemen I Vanellus macropterus Javanese Lapwing Indonesia: Java (ex?) Family SCOLOPACIDAE K Calidris paramelanotos Cox’s Sandpiper not known, possibly Russia R Coenocorypha aucklandica (includes C. pusilla) Subantarctic Snipe New Zealand: Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands, Chatham Islands, Snares Island I Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spoonbill Sandpiper Russia. * Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong; India; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Singapore I Gallinago nemoricola Wood Snipe Bhutan; China; India; Nepal. * Pakistan R Limnodromus semipalmatus Asian Dowitcher China; Mongolia; Russia. * Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Philippines: Cebu, Luzon, Olango, Simunul; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam E/Ex Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew Canada; USA?: Alaska. * Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Suriname V/R Numenius tahitiensis Bristle-thighed Curlew USA: Alaska. * American Samoa; Fiji; French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago; Tonga; USA: Hawaiian Islands; Marshall Islands; Western Samoa K Numenius tenuirostris Slender-billed Curlew Russia. * Greece; Hungary; Italy; Morocco; Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; Yugoslavia THREATENED SPECIES Prosobonia cancellatus Tuamotu Sandpiper French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago Scolopax celebensis Sulawesi Woodcock Indonesia: Sulawesi Scolopax rochussenii Moluccan Woodcock Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera?, Obi, Ternate? Tringa guttifer Nordmann’s Greenshank Russia. * Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China; Japan; Korea D.PR.; Korea Republic; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines: Cebu, Luzon; Thailand Family LARIDAE Vv Chlidonias albostriatus (Sterna albostriata) Black-fronted Tern New Zealand: South Island Larus atlanticus Olrog’s Gull Argentina. * Brazil; Uruguay Larus audouinii Audouin’s Gull Algeria; Cyprus; France: Corsica; Greece; Italy: Sardinia: Morocco; Spain; Tunisia; Turkey. * Gibraltar; Libya; Western Sahara Larus leucophthalmus White-eyed Gull Egypt; Ethiopia; Saudi Arabia; Somalia: Sudan; Yemen Larus relictus Relict Gull China; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * Korea Republic Larus saundersi Saunders’s Gull China. * Hong Kong; Japan; Korea D.P.R.?: Korea Republic?; Taiwan; Viet Nam Sterna balaenarum Damara Tern Angola?; Namibia; South Africa. * Angola; Cameroon; Gabon; Ghana; Nigeria; Zaire? Sterna bernsteini Chinese Crested Tern China? Sterna virgata Kerguelen Tern French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands; South Africa: Prince Edward Island Family ALCIDAE Vv Synthliboramphus wumizusume Japanese Murrelet Japan: including Izu Islands. * Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Russia Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE R Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon Cambodia; India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: South Sentinal; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Viet Nam E/Ex Claravis godefrida Purple-winged Ground-Dove Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Columba argentina Silvery Wood-Pigeon Indonesia: Anamba Islands (ex?), Kalimantan (ex?), Karimata Islands (ex?), Lingga Archipelago (ex?), Mentawai Islands (ex?), Natuna Islands (ex?), Riau Archipelago (ex?), Simeulue (ex?), Sumatra Columba bollii Bolle’s Pigeon Spain: Canary Islands Columba caribaea Ring-tailed Pigeon Jamaica Columba elphinstonii Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon India Columba inornata Plain Pigeon Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Puerto Rico Columba junoniae Laurel Pigeon Spain: Canary Islands Columba mayeri (Nesoenas mayeri) Pink Pigeon Mauritius Birds Columba oenops Peruvian Pigeon Peru Columba oliviae Somali Pigeon Somalia Columba pallidiceps Yellow-legged Pigeon Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Islands (ex?) Columba punicea Pale-capped Pigeon China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Columba thomensis Maroon Pigeon Sao Tomé and Principe: So Tomé Columba torringtoni Ceylon Wood-Pigeon Sri Lanka Columba trocaz Trocaz Pigeon Portugal: Madeira Columbina cyanopis Blue-eyed Ground-Dove Brazil Didunculus strigirostris Tooth-billed Pigeon Western Samoa: Savaii, Upolu Drepanoptila holosericea Cloven-feathered Dove New Caledonia Ducula aurorae Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon French Polynesia: Tahiti, Makatea Ducula galeata Marquesan Imperial-Pigeon French Polynesia: Nukuhiva Ducula goliath New Caledonian Imperial-Pigeon New Caledonia Ducula mindorensis Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon Philippines: Mindoro Ducula pickeringii Grey Imperial-Pigeon Indonesia: Miangas, Talaud; Malaysia: Sabah; Philippines 47 V/R Ducula whartoni Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon Christmas Island Gallicolumba erythroptera Polynesian Ground-Dove French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago Gallicolumba hoedtii Wetar Ground-Dove Indonesia: Timor, Wetar Gallicolumba keayi Negros Bleeding-heart Philippines: Negros Gallicolumba menagei Sulu Bleeding-heart Philippines: Sulu Archipelago, Tawitawi Gallicolumba platenae Mindoro Bleeding-heart Philippines: Mindoro Gallicolumba rubescens Marquesan Ground-Dove French Polynesia: Hatutu, Fatuhuku Gallicolumba salamonis Thick-billed Ground-Dove Solomon Islands: Malaita, San Cristobal Gallicolumba santaecrucis Santa Cruz Ground-Dove Solomon Islands: Tinakula, Utupua; Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo Goura cristata Western Crowned-Pigeon Indonesia: Batanta, Irian Jaya, Salawati, Waigeo Misool, Goura scheepmakeri Southern Crowned-Pigeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Goura victoria Victoria Crowned-Pigeon Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, Yapen; Papua New Guinea Leptotila conoveri Tolima Dove Colombia Leptotila ochraceiventris Ochre-bellied Dove Ecuador, Peru Leptotila wellsi Grenada Dove Grenada THREATENED SPECIES Ptilinopus arcanus Negros Fruit-Dove Philippines: Negros Ptilinopus dohertyi Red-naped Fruit-Dove Indonesia: Sumba Ptilinopus granulifrons Carunculated Fruit-Dove Indonesia: Obi Ptilinopus huttoni Rapa Fruit-Dove French Polynesia: Tubuai Islands (Rapa) Ptilinopus roseicapilla Marianas Fruit-Dove Guam; Northern Marianas Starnoenas cyanocephala Blue-headed Quail-Dove Cuba Treron capellei Large Green-Pigeon Brunei; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand Treron psittacea Timor Green-Pigeon Indonesia: Roti, Semau, Timor Treron teysmannii Sumba Green-Pigeon Indonesia: Sumba Zenaida graysoni Socorro Dove Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands Order PSITTACIFORMES Family LORIIDAE I Charmosyna diadema New Caledonian Lorikeet New Caledonia (ex?) Charmosyna toxopei Blue-fronted Lorikeet Indonesia: Buru Eos cyanogenia Black-winged Lory Indonesia: Biak, Manim, Meos Num, Numfor Eos histrio Red-and-blue Lory Indonesia: Miangas, Ruang, Sangihe, Siau, Talaud 48 Eos reticulata Blue-streaked Lory Indonesia: Babar, Tanimbar [Indonesia: Damar, Kai Islands] Lorius domicella Purple-naped Lory Indonesia: Ambon, Seram [Indonesia: Buru] Vini kuhlii Kuhl’s Lorikeet French Polynesia: Rimitara, Tubuai? (Kiribati: Kiritimati, Tabuaeran, Teraina] Vini peruviana Tahitian Lorikeet Cook Islands: [Aitutaki]?; French Polynesia: Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago Vini stepheni Stephen’s Lorikeet Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island Vini ultramarina Ultramarine Lorikeet French Polynesia: Nukuhiva, Uapou [French Polynesia: Uahuka] Family CACATUIDAE E Cacatua alba White Cockatoo Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera, Obi, Ternate, Tidore Cacatua goffini Tanimbar Cockatoo Indonesia: Tanimbar Islands [Indonesia: Kai Islands (Tual)] Cacatua haematuropygia Philippine Cockatoo Philippines Cacatua moluccensis Salmon-crested Cockatoo Indonesia: Haruku, Seram, Saparua [Indonesia: Ambon; Singapore] Cacatua sulphurea Yellow-crested Cockatoo Indonesia: Alor, Besar, Butung, Flores, Kalao, Kalaotoa, Kayunadi, Komodo, Lombok, Madu, Muna, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Padar, Pantar, Penida, Rinca, Salembu, Seman, Sumba, Tanahjampea, Timor, Tukanbesi [Hong Kong; Singapore] Birds Family PSITTACIDAE R VIR V/R V/R E/Ex V/R Agapornis nigrigenis Black-cheeked Lovebird Botswana; Namibia?; Zambia; Zimbabwe (ex?) Amazona arausiaca Red-necked Parrot Dominica Amazona barbadensis Yellow-shouldered Parrot Aruba (ex?); Netherlands Antilles: Bonaire; Venezuela Amazona brasiliensis Red-tailed Parrot Brazil Amazona guildingii Saint Vincent Parrot Saint Vincent Amazona imperialis Imperial Parrot Dominica Amazona oratrix Yellow-headed Parrot Belize; Guatemala?; Mexico [Puerto Rico] Amazona pretrei Red-spectacled Parrot Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay Amazona rhodocorytha Red-browed Parrot Brazil Amazona versicolor Saint Lucia Parrot Saint Lucia Amazona vinacea Vinaceous Parrot Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Amazona viridigenalis Red-crowned Parrot Mexico [Puerto Rico; USA] Amazona vittata Puerto Rican Parrot Puerto Rico Anodorhynchus glaucus Glaucous Macaw Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Hyacinth Macaw Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay 49 V/R V/R V/R Anodorhynchus leari Indigo Macaw Brazil Ara glaucogularis (A. caninde misapplied) Blue-throated Macaw Argentina?; Bolivia; Paraguay? Ara rubrogenys Red-fronted Macaw Bolivia Aratinga auricapilla Golden-capped Parakeet Brazil Aratinga euops Cuban Parakeet Cuba Aratinga guarouba (Guaruba guarouba) Golden Parakeet Brazil Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons Rufous-fronted Parakeet Colombia Cyanopsitta spixii Little Blue Macaw Brazil Cyanoramphus unicolor Antipodes Parakeet New Zealand: Antipodes Islands Forpus xanthops Yellow-faced Parrotlet Peru Hapalopsittaca amazonina Rusty-faced Parrot Colombia; Venezuela Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (H. amazonina fuertesi) Indigo-winged Parrot Colombia Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops (H. amazonina pyrrhops) Red-faced Parrot Ecuador, Peru Leptosittaca branickii Golden-plumed Parakeet Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Loriculus catamene Sangihe Hanging-Parrot Indonesia: Sangihe THREATENED SPECIES Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot Australia: Tasmania. * Australia Neophema splendida Scarlet-chested Parrot Australia Ognorhynchus icterotis Yellow-eared Parrot Colombia; Ecuador Pezoporus occidentalis (Geopsittacus occidentalis) Night Parrot Australia (ex?) Pezoporus wallicus Ground Parrot Australia Polytelis alexandrae Alexandra’s Parrot Australia Prioniturus luconensis Green Racquet-tail Philippines: Luzon, Marinduque Prioniturus mada Buru Racquet-tail Indonesia: Buru Psephotus chrysopterygius Golden-shouldered Parrot Australia Psephotus dissimilis Hooded Parrot Australia Psephotus pulcherrimus Paradise Parrot Australia (ex?) Psittacula caniceps Nicobar Parakeet India: Nicobar Islands Psittacula echo Mauritius Parakeet Mauritius Psittacula intermedia Intermediate Parakeet India? Psittaculirostris salvadorii Salvadori’s Fig-Parrot Indonesia: Irian Jaya Pyrrhura albipectus White-necked Parakeet Ecuador 50 V/R V/R V/R V/R V/R Pyrrhura calliptera Brown-breasted Parakeet Colombia Pyrrhura cruentata Blue-throated Parakeet Brazil Pyrrhura orcesi El Oro Parakeet Ecuador Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Thick-billed Parrot Mexico [USA] Rhynchopsitta terrisi Maroon-fronted Parrot Mexico Strigops habroptilus Kakapo New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island Touit melanonotus Brown-backed Parrotlet Brazil Touit stictoptera Spot-winged Parrotlet Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Touit surda Golden-tailed Parrotlet Brazil Triclaria malachitacea Blue-bellied Parrot Argentina; Brazil Order CUCULIFORMES Family MUSOPHAGIDAE EB Tauraco bannermani Bannerman’s Turaco Cameroon Tauraco ruspolii Ruspoli’s Turaco Ethiopia Family CUCULIDAE K Carpococcyx radiceus Sunda Ground-Cuckoo Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Centropus chlororhynchus Green-billed Coucal Sri Lanka Sumatra; Birds Centropus nigrorufus Sunda Coucal Indonesia: Java, Sumatra? Centropus rectunguis Short-toed Coucal Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak Centropus steerii Black-hooded Coucal Philippines: Mindoro Chrysococcyx rufomerus Green-cheeked Bronze-Cuckoo Indonesia: Damar, Romang Hyetornis rufigularis Rufous-breasted Cuckoo Dominican Republic; Haiti Neomorphus radiolosus Banded Ground-Cuckoo Colombia; Ecuador Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus Red-faced Malkoha Sri Lanka Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE I Phodilus prigoginei Congo Bay-Owl Burundi?; Zaire Tyto aurantia Bismarck Masked-Owl Papua New Guinea: New Britain Tyto inexspectata Minahassa Masked-Owl Indonesia: Sulawesi Tyto nigrobrunnea Taliabu Masked-Owl Indonesia: Taliabu Tyto sororcula Lesser Masked-Owl Indonesia: Buru, Tanimbar Islands Tyto soumagnei Madagascar Red Owl Madagascar (ex?) Family STRIGIDAE I Athene blewitti Forest Owlet India (ex?) 51 Glaucidium albertinum Albertine Owlet Rwanda; Zaire Ketupa blakistoni (Bubo blakistoni) Blakiston’s Fish-Owl China; Japan: Hokkaido; Russia Otus angelinae Javan Scops-Owl Indonesia: Java Otus hartlaubi Sao Tomé Scops-Owl Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé, Principe? Otus ireneae Sokoke Scops-Owl Kenya; Tanzania? Otus mindorensis Mindoro Scops-Ow! Philippines: Mindoro Otus pauliani Comoro Scops-Owl Comoros: Grand Comoro Otus sagittatus White-fronted Scops-Owl Indonesia: Sumatra?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand Scotopelia ussheri Rufous Fishing-Owl Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone Xenoglaux loweryi Long-whiskered Owlet Peru Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family PODARGIDAE K Batrachostomus harterti Dulit Frogmouth Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak Family CAPRIMULGIDAE E Caprimulgus candicans White-winged Nightjar Brazil; Paraguay? Caprimulgus centralasicus Vaurie’s Nightjar China Caprimulgus maculosus Cayenne Nightjar French Guiana THREATENED SPECIES R Caprimulgus noctitherus E Acestrura bombus Puerto Rican Nightjar Little Woodstar Puerto Rico Ecuador, Peru I Caprimulgus pulchellus I Aglaeactis aliciae Salvadori’s Nightjar Purple-backed Sunbeam Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Peru K Eleothreptus anomalus Vv Amazilia boucardi Sickle-winged Nightjar Mangrove Hummingbird Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Costa Rica I Eurostopodus diabolicus Vs Amazilia castaneiventris Satanic Eared-Nightjar Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird Indonesia: Sulawesi Colombia E/Ex Siphonorhis americanus Vv Amazilia distans Jamaican Poorwill Tachira Emerald Jamaica Venezuela Order APODIFORMES E Amazilia luciae ’ Honduran Emerald Family APODIDAE Hoidinas z Apus acuticauda V/R_ Campylopterus ensipennis Sa a Sa White-tailed Sabrewing ia Trinidad and Tobago: Tobago; Venezuela R_— Collocalia elaphra V/R_ Coeligena prunellei Seychelles Swiftlet Black Inca Seychelles Colombia OS Geos Eae ie) Sg a a T ise-thr arcade urquoise-throated Puffleg Colombia; Ecuad French Polynesia: Tahiti olombia, Ecuador R Eriocnemis mirabilis R Collocalia sawtelli , Colourful Puffleg (Aerodramus sawtelli) Galnmibin Atiu Swiftlet Cook Islands: Atiu E Eriocnemis nigrivestis Black- I Cypseloides lemosi oa Buttes White-chested Swift Colombia; Ecuador? K — Eulidia yarrellii hil I Hydrochous gigas be ae a Waterfall Swift ‘ Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan?, Sumatra: V_—- Eupherusa cyanophrys Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Blue-capped Hummingbird Sarawak? Mexico I Schoutedenapus schoutedeni VY Eupherusa poliocerca Schouteden’s Swift White-tailed Hummingbird Zaire Mexico Family TROCHILIDAE V/R_ Haplophaedia lugens E Acestrura berlepschi Hovey Punks Pemiecildas Weerstar Colombia; Ecuador Ecuador K _—-Heliangelus regalis Royal Sunangel Peru 52 Birds V/R Hylonympha macrocerca Scissor-tailed Hummingbird Venezuela I Lepidopyga lilliae Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird Colombia Vv Loddigesia mirabilis Marvelous Spatuletail Perm E Lophornis brachylopha Short-crested Coquette Mexico R Metallura baroni Violet-throated Metaltail Ecuador R Metallura odomae Neblina Metaltail Peru I Popelairia letitiae Coppery Thorntail Bolivia? V/R_ Ramphodon dohrnii (Glaucis dohrnii) Hook-billed Hermit Brazil Vv Selasphorus ardens Glow-throated Hummingbird Panama V/R_ Sephanoides fernandensis Juan Fernandez Firecrown Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands Vv Taphrolesbia griseiventris Grey-bellied Comet Peru I Thalurania ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph Mexico Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE I Euptilotis neoxenus Eared Trogon Mexico; USA 53 Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE I Actenoides bougainvillei (Halcyon bougainvillei) Moustached Kingfisher Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal (ex?) Actenoides hombroni (Halcyon hombroni) Blue-capped Kingfisher Philippines: Mindanao Alcedo hercules Blyth’s Kingfisher Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; Myanmar; Nepal?; Viet Nam Tanysiptera riedelii Biak Paradise-Kingfisher Indonesia Todirhamphus australasia (Halcyon australasia) Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher Indonesia: Lombok, Sumba, Timor, Wetar and small islands east to Tanimbar Todirhamphus gambieri (Halcyon gambieri) Tuamotu Kingfisher French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago (Niau) Todirhamphus godeffroyi (Halcyon godeffroyi) Marquesan Kingfisher French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Hivaoa, Tahuata) Todirhamphus ruficollaris (Halcyon ruficollaris, H. mangaia) Mangaia Kingfisher Cook Islands: Mangaia Family MOMOTIDAE K Electron carinatum Keel-billed Motmot Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua Family BRACHYPTERACIIDAE R Atelornis crossleyi Rufous-headed Ground-Roller Madagascar THREATENED SPECIES R Brachypteracias leptosomus Family CAPITONIDAE Short-legged Ground-Roller Vv Capito hypoleucus Madagascar ie z ae White-mantled Barbet R Brachypteracias squamigera Colombia Scaly Ground-Roller R — Megalaima javensis a Black-banded Barbet R Uratelornis chimaera Indonesia: Java ee ee I Pogoniulus makawai Meee White-chested Tinkerbird Family BUCEROTIDAE Zambia R_ Aceros corrugatus Family INDICATORIDAE Wrinkled Hornbill Brunei; Indonesia: Batu Islands, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Thailand K Melignomon eisentrauti Yellow-footed Honeyguide Cameroon; Céte d’Ivoire?; Ghana; Guinea?; Liberia ar AECOAVETERE NS Family RAMPHASTIDAE (Rhyticeros everetti) Sumba Hornbill K Aulacorhynchus huallagae Indonesia: Sumba Yellow-browed Toucanet Peru R Aceros narcondami Narcondam Hornbill Family PICIDAE ESiesacomdam E/Ex Campephilus imperialis R Aceros nipalensis Imperial Woodpecker Rufous-necked Hornbill Mexico Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; E/Ex Campephilus principalis a med wswrses Myanmar, Nepal (ex?); Thailand; Viet Nam Tvory-billed! Woadipeckeh I Aceros subruficollis Cuba; USA Plain-pouched Hornbill India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Myanmar; Thailand d Colaptes fernandinae Femandina’s Flicker R Anthracoceros montani Cuba Sulu Hornbill Philippines: Jolo, Tawitawi VR Dryocopus galeatus Helmeted Woodpecker I Buceros vigil Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Riingpias aiss Helmeted Hom EB Pleodes borealis Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; ae oes Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand I Picus rabieri Order PICIFORMES oo Family GALBULIDAE E Sapheopipo noguchii K — Galbula pastazae Okinawa Woodpecker Coppery-chested Jacamar Japan: Okinawa Brazil?; Colombia; Ecuador E Jacamaralcyon tridactyla Order PASSERIFORMES fee teed Tacariar Family EURYLAIMIDAE Brazil R Pseudocalyptomena graueri Grauer’s Broadbill Uganda; Zaire 54 Birds Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE V_ Xiphocolaptes falcirostris (includes X. franciscanus) Moustached Woodcreeper Brazil Family FURNARIIDAE K = Aphrastura masafuerae Mas Afuera Rayadito Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands K___Asthenes anthoides Austral Canastero Argentina; Chile I Asthenes berlepschi Berlepsch’s Canastero Bolivia I Asthenes luizae Cip6é Canastero Brazil E Automolus ruficollis Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner Ecuador, Peru Vv Cinclodes palliatus White-bellied Cinclodes Peru I Hylocryptus erythrocephalus (Automolus erythrocephalus) Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner Ecuador, Peru E Leptasthenura xenothorax White-browed Tit-Spinetail Peru K Megaxenops parnaguae Great Xenops Brazil E Philydor novaesi Alagoas Foliage-gleaner Brazil V/R_ Premnoplex tatei (Margarornis tatei) White-throated Barbtail Venezuela E Simoxenops Striatus Bolivian Recurvebill Bolivia K Synallaxis cherriei Chestnut-throated Spinetail Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru 55 I Synallaxis courseni Apurimac Spinetail Peru V/R_ Synallaxis infuscata Pinto’s Spinetail Brazil Vv Synallaxis kollari Hoary-throated Spinetail Brazil E Synallaxis tithys Blackish-headed Spinetail Ecuador, Peru Vv Synallaxis zimmeri Russet-bellied Spinetail Peru V/R_ Thripophaga berlepschi Russet-mantled Softtail Peru Vv Thripophaga cherriei Orinoco Softtail Venezuela V/R_ Thripophaga macroura Striated Softtail Brazil Family FORMICARIIDAE V/R_ Biatas nigropectus White-bearded Antshrike Argentina; Brazil Vv Cercomacra carbonaria Rio Branco Antbird Brazil E Clytoctantes alixii Recurve-billed Bushbird Colombia; Venezuela I Clytoctantes atrogularis Rondonia Bushbird Brazil V/R_ Dysithamnus occidentalis Bicolored Antvireo Colombia; Ecuador V/R_ Dysithamnus plumbeus (Thamnomanes plumbeus) Plumbeous Antvireo Brazil Vv Formicarius rufifrons Rufous-fronted Antthrush Peru THREATENED SPECIES E/Ex E/Ex V/R V/R V/R Formicivora erythronotos Black-hooded Antwren Brazil Formicivora theringi Narrow-billed Antwren Brazil Formicivora littoralis Restinga Antwren Brazil Grallaria alleni Moustached Antpitta Colombia Grallaria chthonia Tachira Antpitta Venezuela Grallaria gigantea Giant Antpitta Colombia; Ecuador Grallaria milleri Brown-banded Antpitta Colombia Grallaria rufocinerea Bicolored Antpitta Colombia Grallaricula cucullata Hooded Antpitta Colombia; Venezuela Herpsilochmus parkeri Ash-throated Antwren Peru Herpsilochmus pectoralis Pectoral Antwren Brazil Myrmeciza griseiceps Grey-headed Antbird Ecuador, Peru Myrmeciza ruficauda Scalloped Antbird Brazil Myrmotherula fluminensis Rio de Janeiro Antwren Brazil Myrmotherula grisea Ashy Antwren Bolivia Myrmotherula snowi Alagoas Antwren Brazil Pithys castanea White-masked Antbird Peru Pyriglena atra Fringe-backed Fire-eye Brazil Rhopornis ardesiaca Slender Antbird Brazil Terenura sharpei Yellow-rumped Antwren Bolivia; Peru Terenura sicki Alagoas Antwren Brazil Xenornis setifrons Speckled Antshrike Colombia; Panama Family RHINOCRYPTIDAE I Merulaxis stresemanni Stresemann’s Bristlefront Brazil Scytalopus novacapitalis Brasilia Tapaculo Brazil Scytalopus psychopompus Chestnut-sided Tapaculo Brazil Family COTINGIDAE E/Ex Calyptura cristata V/R V/R V/R Kinglet Calyptura Brazil Carpodectes antoniae Yellow-billed Cotinga Costa Rica; Panama Carpornis melanocephalus Black-headed Berryeater Brazil Cephalopterus glabricollis Bare-necked Umbrellabird Costa Rica; Panama Cotinga maculata Banded Cotinga Brazil Todopleura pipra Buff-throated Purpletuft Brazil Birds V/R_ Lipaugus lanioides Cinnamon-vented Piha Brazil E Pachyramphus spodiurus Slaty Becard Ecuador, Peru R Tijuca condita Grey-winged Cotinga Brazil R Xipholena atropurpurea White-winged Cotinga Brazil K Zaratornis stresemanni (Ampelion stresemanni) White-cheeked Cotinga Peru Family PIPRIDAE I Pipra vilasboasi Golden-crowned Manakin Brazil VR Piprites pileatus Black-capped Piprites Argentina; Brazil Family TYRANNIDAE V/R_ Agriornis andicola (A. albicauda) White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Ecuador; Peru Vv Alectrurus risora (Yetapa risora) Strange-tailed Tyrant Argentina; Brazil (ex?); Paraguay; Uruguay (ex?) E Anairetes alpinus Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant Bolivia; Peru E Attila torridus Ochraceous Attila Colombia; Ecuador; Peru V/R_ Lathrotriccus griseipectus (Empidonax griseipectus) Grey-breasted Flycatcher Ecuador, Peru I Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Rufous-sided Pygmy-Tyrant Bolivia; Brazil; Suriname Vv Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant Peru 57 V/R V/R V/R V/R Hemitriccus furcatus (Ceratotriccus furcatus) Fork-tailed Tody-Tyrant Brazil Hemitriccus kaempferi (Idioptilon kaempferi) Kaempfer’s Tody-Tyrant Brazil Hemitriccus mirandae Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant Brazil Phylloscartes ceciliae Alagoas Tyrannulet Brazil Phylloscartes lanyoni Antioquia Bristle-Tyrant Colombia Phylloscartes paulistus Sao Paulo Tyrannulet Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay Phylloscartes roquettei Minas Gerais Tyrannulet Brazil Platyrinchus leucoryphus Russet-winged Spadebill Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus Dinelli’s Doradito Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay Todirostrum senex Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher Brazil Tyrannus cubensis Giant Kingbird Cuba; Turks and Caicos Islands Family PHYTOTOMIDAE E Phytotoma raimondii Peruvian Plantcutter Peru Family PITTIDAE I Pitta anerythra Black-faced Pitta Papua New Guinea: Bougainville Solomon Islands: Santa Isabel (ex?) Pitta elliotii Bar-bellied Pitta Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam (ex?); THREATENED SPECIES E Pitta gurneyi Gumey’s Pitta Myanmar (ex?); Thailand I Pitta kochi Whiskered Pitta Philippines: Luzon R Pitta nympha Fairy Pitta China; Japan; Korea Republic: Cheju Do and nearby islands; Taiwan. * Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak; Viet Nam E Pitta schneideri Schneider’s Pitta Indonesia: Sumatra R Pitta steerii Azure-breasted Pitta Philippines: Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar I Pitta superba Superb Pitta Papua New Guinea: Manus Family XENICIDAE E_ Xenicus longipes Bush Wren New Zealand (ex?) Family PHILEPITTIDAE I Neodrepanis hypoxanthus Yellow bellied Asity Madagascar Family ATRICHORNITHIDAE E Atrichornis clamosus Noisy Scrub-bird Australia R Atrichornis rufescens Rufous Scrub-bird Australia Family ALAUDIDAE I Spizocorys fringillaris Botha’s Lark South Africa E Alauda razae Raso Lark Cape Verde: Raso Island I Heteromirafra archeri Archer’s Lark Somalia I Heteromirafra ruddi Rudd’s Lark Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland 58 Heteromirafra sidamoensis Sidamo Lark Ethiopia Mirafra ashi Ash’s Lark Somalia Mirafra degodiensis Degodi Lark Ethiopia Family HIRUNDINIDAE R Hirundo megaensis White-tailed Swallow Ethiopia Hirundo perdita Red Sea Swallow Sudan? Pseudochelidon sirintarae White-eyed River-Martin Thailand Family MOTACILLIDAE K Anthus chloris Yellow-breasted Pipit Lesotho; South Africa Anthus nattereri Ochre-breasted Pipit Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Anthus sokokensis Sokoke Pipit Kenya; Tanzania (ex?) Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Vv Campephaga lobata Ghana Cuckooshrike Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone Coracina coerulescens Blackish Cuckooshrike Philippines: Luzon Coracina sula Sula Cicadabird Indonesia: Sula Islands Coracina newtoni Réunion Cuckooshrike Réunion Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckooshrike Philippines: Guimaras, Negros, Panay Coracina schistacea Slaty Cuckooshrike Indonesia: Banggai, Peleng, Sula Birds v Coracina typica Mauritius Cuckooshrike Mauritius Family PYCNONOTIDAE Vv Chlorocichla prigoginet Prigogine’s Greenbul Zaire Criniger olivaceus Yellow-bearded Bulbul Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Senegal; Sierra Leone Ixos siquijorensis (Hypsipetes siquijorensis) Streak-breasted Bulbul Philippines: Romblon, Siquijor, Tablas Phyllastrephus apperti Appert’s Greenbul Madagascar Phyllastrephus cinereiceps Grey-crowned Greenbul Madagascar Phyllastrephus leucolepis Liberian Greenbul Liberia Phyllastrephus tenebrosus Dusky Greenbul Madagascar Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii Blue-wattled Bulbul Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra Family LANIDAE K Laniarius liberatus Bulo Burti Boubou Somalia Lanius newtoni Newton’s Fiscal Shrike Sao Tomé and Principe: S40 Tomé (ex?) Malaconotus alius Uluguru Bushshrike Tanzania Malaconotus monteiri Monteiro’s Bushshrike Angola; Cameroon (ex?); Kenya Malaconotus gladiator Green-breasted Bushshrike Cameroon; Nigeria? 59 I Prionops gabela Angola Helmetshrike Angola I Telophorus kupeensis (Malaconotus kupeensis) Serle’s Bushshrike Cameroon Family VANGIDAE R Xenopirostris damii Van Dam’s Vanga Madagascar R Xenopirostris polleni Pollen’s Vanga Madagascar Family CINCLIDAE K Cinclus schulzi Rufous-throated Dipper Argentina; Bolivia Family TROGLODYTIDAE V/R_ Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Catherpes sumichrasti) Slender-billed Wren Mexico R Cistothorus apolinari Apolinar’s Wren Colombia V/R_ Ferminia cerverai Zapata Wren Cuba I Thryothorus nicefori Niceforo’s Wren Colombia Family MIMIDAE E Mimodes graysoni Socorro Mockingbird Mexico: Socorro E Nesomimus trifasciatus Charles Mockingbird Ecuador: Galapagos Gardner E Ramphocinclus brachyurus White-breasted Thrasher Martinique; Saint Lucia Family MUSCICAPIDAE V___sAcrocephalus familiaris (includes A. kingi) Millerbird USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa) Islands: Champion, THREATENED SPECIES K ___ Acrocephalus paludicola R Arcanator orostruthus Aquatic Warbler (Modulatrix orostruthus) Austria; Belarus; Germany; Hungary; Latvia; Dapple-throat Lithuania; Moldova; Poland; Russia; Ukraine. Mozambique; Tanzania * France; Iran; Italy; Latvia; Mali; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal; Senegal; Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom K Batis minima Verreaux’s Batis Cameroon; Gabon E Acrocephalus rehsei E Bebrornis rodericanus Nauru Reed-Warbler pet Ce (Acrocephalus rodericanus) Bit Rodriguesz Brush-Warbler R_ Acrocephalus sorghophilus Mauritius: Rodrigues Streaked Reed-Warbler R Bebrornis sechellensis China. * Philippines (Acrocephalus sechellensis) V___Alcippe variegaticeps Seychelles Brush-Warbler Gold-fronted Fulvetta Seychelles: Cousin mare I Brachypteryx hyperythra E Alethe choloensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing Cholo Alethe China; India a oe K Bradypterus grandis Amaurocichla bocagii Ja River Scrub-Warbler Bocage’s Longbill Cameroon; Gabon Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Vitara ersaed K ~~ Amytornis barbatus Grauer’s Scrub-Warbler Grey Grasswren Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Australia R Bradypterus major K = Amytornis dorotheae Long-billed Bush-Warbler Carpentarian Grasswren China; India; Pakistan Australia . . K Chaetornis striatus Amytornis goyderi Bristled Grassbird Eyrean Grasswren Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan Australia us R Chloropeta gracilirostris K = Amytornis textilis Thin-billed Flycatcher-Warbler Thick-billed Grasswren Burundi; Kenya; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire; Australia Zambia R Apalis argentea Vv Chrysomma altirostre Kungwe Apalis (Moupinia altirostris) Burundi; Rwanda; Tanzania; Zaire Jerdon’s Babbler roe ences India; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; Pakistan White-winged Apalis I Cisticola haesitatus Kenya (ex?); Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania Island Cisticola R Apalis kaboboensis Yemen: Socotra Kabobo Apalis K Cisticola restrictus Zaire Tana River Cisticola K _ Apalis karamojae Kenya; Somalia? Karamoja Apalis R Clytorhynchus hamlini Tanzania; Uganda Rennell Shrikebill K__ Aphelocephala pectoralis Solomon Islands: Rennell Chestnut-breasted Whiteface Australia Birds Cochoa azurea Javan Cochoa Indonesia: Java Cochoa beccarii Sumatran Cochoa Indonesia: Sumatra Copsychus cebuensis Black Shama Philippines: Cebu Copsychus sechellarum Seychelles Magpie-Robin Seychelles: Aride, Fregate Cossypha heinrichi White-headed Robin-Chat Angola; Zaire Crocias langbianis Grey-crowned Crocias Viet Nam Crossleyia xanthophrys Yellow-browed Oxylabes Madagascar Cyornis herioti Blue-breasted Flycatcher Philippines: Catanduanes, Luzon Cyornis ruckii Rueck’s Blue-Flycatcher Indonesia: Peninsular Malaysia Cyornis sanfordi Matinan Flycatcher Indonesia: Sulawesi Dasyornis brachypterus Easter Bristlebird Australia Dasyornis longirostris Western Bristlebird Australia Eremomela turneri Turner’s Eremomela Kenya; Uganda; Zaire Ficedula bonthaina Lompobattang Flycatcher Indonesia: Sulawesi Ficedula harterti Sumba Flycatcher Indonesia: Sumba Ficedula henrici Damar Flycatcher Indonesia: Damar Sumatra (ex?); Malaysia?: 61 Ficedula timorensis Black-banded Flycatcher Indonesia: Timor Garrulax bieti White-speckled Laughingthrush China Garrulax cinereifrons Ashy-headed Laughingthrush Sri Lanka Garrulax milleti Black-hooded Laughingthrush Viet Nam Garrulax sukatschewi Snowy-cheeked Laughingthrush China Garrulax yersini Collared Laughingthrush Viet Nam Humblotia flavirostris Humblot’s Flycatcher Comoros: Grand Comoro Hypothymis coelestis Celestial Monarch Philippines: Basilan, Dinagat, Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Sibuyan Luzon, Hypothymis helenae Short-crested Monarch Philippines: Dinagat, Luzon, Mindanao, North Camiguin, Polillo Islands, Samar Jabouilleia danjoui Shori-tailed Scimitar-Babbler Viet Nam Kupeornis gilberti (Lioptilus gilberti) White-throated Mountain-Babbler Cameroon; Nigeria Liocichla omeiensis Omei Shan Liocichla China Luscinia obscura (Erithacus obscurus) Black-throated Blue Robin China Luscinia ruficeps (Erithacus ruficeps) Rufous-headed Robin China THREATENED SPECIES Macrosphenus pulitzeri Pulitzer’s Longbill Angola Malacocincla perspicillata (Trichastoma perspicillatum) Black-browed Babbler Indonesia: Kalimantan Malacocincla vanderbilti (Trichastoma vanderbilti) Vanderbilt’s Babbler Indonesia: Sumatra Malurus coronatus Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Australia Megalurus albolimbatus Marsh Grassbird China; Japan; Mongolia? Megalurus pryeri Marsh Grassbird, Japanese Marsh Warbler China; Japan; Mongolia? Melaenornis annamarulae West African Black-Flycatcher Céte dIvoire; Liberia Metabolus rugensis Chuuk Monarch Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Monarcha boanensis Black-chinned Monarch Indonesia: Boano Monarcha brehmii Biak Monarch Indonesia: Biak Monarcha everetti White-tipped Monarch Indonesia: Tanahjampea Muscicapa lendu Chapin’s Alseonax Kenya; Uganda; Zaire Myadestes lanaiensis Olomao USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Myadestes myadestinus Kamao USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Myadestes palmeri Puaiohi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) 62 Myiagra atra Biak Flycatcher Indonesia: Biak, Numfor Myiagra freycineti Guam Flycatcher Guam Myiophonus blighi Ceylon Whistling-Thrush Sri Lanka Napothera rabori Rabor’s Wren-Babbler Philippines: Luzon Nesillas aldabrana Aldabra Bush-warbler Seychelles: Aldabra (ex?) Newtonia fanovanae Red-tailed Newtonia Madagascar Orthotomus moreaui (Apalis moreaui) Long-billed Tailorbird Mozambique; Tanzania Pachycephala meyeri Vogelkop Whistler Indonesia: Irian Jaya Pachycephala rufogularis Red-lored Whistler Australia Paradoxornis davidianus Short-tailed Parrotbill China; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam. Paradoxornis flavirostris Black-breasted Parrotbill Bangladesh; India; Myanmar, Nepal (ex?) Paradoxornis przewalskii Rusty-throated Parrotbill China Paradoxornis ruficeps Rufous-headed Parrotbill Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar; Viet Nam Paradoxornis zappeyi Grey-hooded Parrotbill China Pellorneum palustre Marsh Babbler Bangladesh; India Birds Petroica traversi Chatham Robin [Reintroduced to Mangere and Rangatira, Chatham Islands, New Zealand] Phylloscopus amoenus Sombre Leaf-Warbler Solomon Islands: Kulambangra Picathartes gymnocephalus White-necked Rockfowl Céte d’Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone Picathartes oreas Grey-necked Rockfowl Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: continental?; Gabon; Nigeria Bioko, Platysteira laticincta Banded Wattle-eye Cameroon Pomarea dimidiata Rarotonga Monarch Cook Islands: Rarotonga Pomarea iphis Iphis Monarch French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Uahuka) Pomarea mendozae Marquesan Monarch French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Tahuata (ex?), Nukuhiva (ex?), Mohotani, Uapoa, Hivaoa) Pomarea nigra Tahiti Monarch French Polynesia: Tahiti Pomarea whitneyi Fatuhiva Monarch French Polynesia: Fatuhiva Prinia burnesii Rufous-vented Prinia India; Pakistan Prinia fluviatilis River Prinia Cameroon; Chad; Mali; Senegal Pseudocossyphus bensoni (Monticola bensoni) Benson’s Rock-Thrush Madagascar Psophodes nigrogularis Western Whipbird Australia 63 Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle-Flycatcher Philippines: Guimaras, Negros Rhinomyias brunneata Brown-chested Jungle-Flycatcher China; India: Nicobar Islands. * Malaysia?: Peninsular Malaysia; Thailand Rhinomyias colonus Henna-tailed Jungle-Flycatcher Indonesia: Mangole, Peleng, Sanana, Sulawesi Rhipidura malaitae Malaita Fantail Solomon Islands: Malaita (ex?) Rhyacornis bicolor Luzon Water-Redstart Philippines: Luzon Saxicola dacotiae Canary Islands Chat Spain: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura, Alegranza?, Montafia Clara?) Saxicola gutturalis White-bellied Bushchat Indonesia: Roti, Semau, Timor Saxicola insignis White-throated Bushchat Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * China?; India; Nepal Saxicola macrorhyncha White-browed Bushchat India; Pakistan Scepomycter winifredae (Bathmocercus winifredae) Mrs Moreau’s Warbler Tanzania Sheppardia gabela (Erithacus gabela) Gabela Akalat Angola Sheppardia gunningi (Erithacus gunningi) East Coast Akalat Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania Sheppardia lowei (Dryocichloides lowei) Iringa Akalat Tanzania Sheppardia montana (Dryocichloides montanus) Usambara Akalat Tanzania THREATENED SPECIES Spelaeornis badeigularis K Turdus haplochrous Rusty-throated Wren-Babbler Unicolored Thrush India Bolivia K Spelaeornis caudatus K Turdus menachensis Rufous-throated Wren-Babbler Yemen Thrush Bhutan; India; Nepal Saudi Arabia; Yemen R Spelaeornis longicaudatus R Turdus swalesi Tawny-breasted Wren-Babbler La Selle Thrush India Dominican Republic; Haiti R Sphenocichla humei R Zoothera everetti Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler Everett’s Thrush China; India; Myanmar Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Vs Stachyris grammiceps R Zoothera guttata White-breasted Babbler Spotted Ground-Thrush Indonesia: Java Malawi; Mozambique?; South Africa; Sudan; R___ Stachyris herberti Zaire. * Kenya; Tanzania Sooty Babbler I Zoothera kibalensis Laos (Turdus kibalensis) Kibale Ground-Thrush Vs Stachyris nigrorum Negros Striped-Babbler Uganda Philippines: Negros, Panay R_— Zoothera machiki Fawn-breasted Thrush : Stachyris oglei Indonesia: Larat, Yamdena Snowy-throated Babbler India R Zoothera major R Stachyris rodolphei Tae = re Deignan’s Babbler as mas Thailand R Zoothera oberlaenderi (Turdus oberlaenderi) Oberlaender’s Ground-Thrush Uganda; Zaire V Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler Philippines: Negros, Panay R Zoothera peronii Orange-banded Thrush Indonesia: Babar, Damar, Romang, Timor, Wetar R Swynnertonia swynnertoni Swynnerton’s Robin Mozambique; Tanzania; Zimbabwe R Terpsiphone corvina 5 Seychelles Paradise-Flycatcher - -oothens ser is Seychelles: Felicite?, La Digue, Praslin y-backed ‘Thms eychelles cite?, La Digue, Pras lane Tantei Tri t di \ richastoma woodi Family PARIDAE (Leonardina wood) Bagobo Babbler Vv Parus holsti Philippines: Mindanao Yellow Tit E Trichocichla rufa Taiwan Long-legged Thicketbird Vs Parus nuchalis Fiji: Viti Levu, Vanua Levu White-naped Tit V Turdoides hindei ae Hinde’s Pied-Babbler Family SITTIDAE Kenya R Sitta formosa K Turdus feae Beautiful Nuthatch Grey-sided Thrush China; India; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand: Viet China. * India; Myanmar, Thailand Nam Birds Sitta ledanti Algerian Nuthatch Algeria Sitta magna Giant Nuthatch China; Myanmar, Thailand Sitta solangiae Yellow-billed Nuthatch China; Viet Nam Sitta victoriae White-browed Nuthatch Myanmar Sitta yunnanensis Yunnan Nuthatch China Family RHABDORNITHIDAE R Rhabdornis grandis Long-billed Rhabdomis Philippines: Luzon Family DICAEIDAE R Dicaeum everetti Brown-backed Flowerpecker Indonesia: Kalimantan, Natuna Islands, Riau Archipelago; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak Dicaeum quadricolor Four-coloured Flowerpecker Philippines: Cebu Pardalotus quadragintus Forty-spotted Pardalote Australia: Tasmania Family NECTARINIIDAE v Aethopyga duyvenbodei Elegant Sunbird Indonesia: Sangihe, Siau Anthreptes pallidigaster Amani Sunbird Kenya; Tanzania Anthreptes rubritorques Banded Sunbird Tanzania Nectarinia buettikoferi Apricot-breasted Sunbird Indonesia: Sumba Nectarinia prigoginei Prigogine’s Double-collared Sunbird Zaire 65 Nectarinia rockefelleri Rockefeller’s Sunbird Zaire Nectarinia rufipennis Rufous-winged Sunbird Tanzania Nectarinia thomensis (Dreptes thomensis) Sao Tomé Sunbird Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Family ZOSTEROPIDAE R Heleia muelleri Spot-breasted White-eye Indonesia: Timor Madanga ruficoilis Rufous-throated White-eye Indonesia: Buru Rukia longirostra Long-billed White-eye Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Rukia ruki Truk White-eye Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk (Tol Island, Polle?, Onei?, Pata?) Speirops brunneus Fernando Po Speirops Equatorial Guinea: Bioko Speirops leucophoeus Principe Speirops Sao Tomé and Principe: Principe Woodfordia lacertosa Sanford’s White-eye Solomon Islands: Ndeni Island Zosterops albogularis White-chested White-eye Norfolk Island Zosterops anomalus Lemon-throated White-eye Indonesia: Sulawesi Zosterops chloronothos Mauritius Olive White-eye Mauritius Zosterops flavus Javan White-eye Indonesia: Java, Sarawak Kalimantan; Malaysia: Zosterops kuehni Ambon Yellow White-eye Indonesia: Ambon, Seram? THREATENED SPECIES Zosterops luteirostris Splendid White-eye Solomon Islands: Gizo, Ranongga Zosterops meeki White-throated White-eye Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island Zosterops modestus Seychelles Grey White-eye Seychelles: Mahé Zosterops mouroniensis Comoro White-eye Comoros: Grand Comoro Zosterops sanctaecrucis Santa Cruz White-eye, Nendo White-eye Solomon Islands: Nendo Zosterops uropygialis Golden-bellied White-eye Indonesia: Kai Islands Family MELIPHAGIDAE Vv Apalopteron familiare Bonin Honeyeater Japan: Haha-jima and possibly offshore islands Lichmera notabilis Black-chested Honeyeater Indonesia: Wetar Melidectes princeps Long-bearded Melidectes Papua New Guinea Meliphaga vicina Tagula Honeyeater Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island Moho bishopi Bishop’s Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Moho braccatus Kauai Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Myzomela kuehni Crimson-hooded Myzomela Indonesia: Wetar (ex?) Notiomystis cincta Stitchbird New Zealand: Little Barrier Island Philemon brassi Brass’s Friarbird Indonesia: Irian Jaya Philemon fuscicapillus Dusky Friarbird Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai Xanthomyza phrygia Regent Honeyeater Australia Family EMBERIZIDAE I E/Ex VR V/R V/R V/R E/Ex Altlapetes flaviceps Olive-headed Brush-Finch Colombia Altlapetes pallidiceps Pale-headed Brush-Finch Ecuador Bangsia aureocincta (Buthraupis aureocincta) Gold-ringed Tanager Colombia Bangsia melanochlamys (Buthraupis melanochlamys) Black-and-gold Tanager Colombia Buthraupis aureodorsalis (Bangsia aureodorsalis) Golden-backed Mountain-Tanager Peru Buthraupis wetmorei Masked Mountain-Tanager Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Calyptophilus frugivorus Chat Tanager Dominican Republic; Haiti Camarhynchus heliobates Mangrove Finch Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Isabela Chlorochrysa nitidissima Multicolored Tanager Colombia Chlorospingus flavovirens Yellow-green Bush-Tanager Colombia; Ecuador Conothraupis mesoleuca Cone-billed Tanager Brazil Dacnis berlepschi Scarlet-breasted Dacnis Colombia; Ecuador Fermandina, Birds V/R V/R E/Ex V/R V/R V/R Dacnis nigripes Black-legged Dacnis Brazil Diglossa venezuelensis Venezuelan Flowerpiercer Venezuela Emberiza sulphurata Yellow Bunting Japan. * China; Hong Kong; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Philippines; Taiwan Gubernatrix cristata Yellow Cardinal Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay (ex?); Uruguay Hemispingus goeringi Slaty-backed Hemispingus Venezuela Incaspiza ortizi Grey-winged Inca-Finch Peru Junco insularis (J. hyemalis insularis) Guadalupe Junco Mexico: Guadalupe Island Nemosia rourei Cherry-throated Tanager Brazil Nesospiza acunhae Nightingale Finch Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, Middle Island, Stoltenhoff Island, Tristan da Cunha Nesospiza wilkinsi Wilkins’s Finch Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island Oreothraupis arremonops Tanager Finch Colombia; Ecuador Poospiza alticola Plain-tailed Warbling-Finch Peru Poospiza baeri Tucuman Mountain-Finch Argentina Poospiza cinerea Cinereous Warbling-Finch Brazil 67 V/R VR VIR VIR E/Ex E/Ex V/R V/R Poospiza garleppi Cochabamba Mountain-Finch Bolivia Poospiza rubecula Rufous-breasted Warbling-Finch Peru Pseudodacnis hartlaubi (Dacnis hartlaubi) Turquoise Dacnis-Tanager Colombia Rowettia goughensis Gough Finch Saint Helena: Gough Island Saltator rufiventris Rufous-bellied Saltator Argentina; Bolivia Sporophila falcirostris Temminck’s Seedeater Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Sporophila frontalis Buffy-fronted Seedeater Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay Sporophila hypochroma Grey-and-chestnut Seedeater Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay Sporophila insulata Tumaco Seedeater Colombia: Tumaco Island Sporophila melanops Hooded Seedeater Brazil Sporophila nigrorufa Black-and-tawny Seedeater Bolivia; Brazil Sporophila palustris Marsh Seedeater Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay Sporophila zelichi Narosky’s Seedeater Argentina Tangara cabanisi Azure-rumped Tanager Guatemala; Mexico Tangara fastuosa Seven-colored Tanager Brazil Tangara meyerdeschauenseei Green-capped Tanager Peru THREATENED SPECIES VIR V/R VIR Tangara peruviana Black-backed Tanager Brazil Tangara phillipsi Sira Tanager Peru Torreornis inexpectata Zapata Sparrow Cuba Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron Orange-throated Tanager Ecuador, Peru Xenospingus concolor Slender-billed Finch Chile; Peru Xenospiza baileyi (Ammodramus baileyi) Sierra Madre Sparrow Mexico Family PARULIDAE I VIR E/Ex E/Ex V/R Basileuterus griseiceps Grey-headed Warbler Venezuela Conirostrum tamaragense Tamarugo Conebill Chile; Peru Dendroica chrysoparia Golden-cheeked Warbler USA. * Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua Dendroica kirtlandii Kirtland’s Warbler Canada?; USA. * Bahamas; Turks and Caicos Islands Geothlypis speciosa Black-polled Yellowthroat Mexico Leucopeza semperi Semper’s Warbler Saint Lucia Myioborus pariae Yellow-faced Redstart Venezuela Vermivora bachmanii Bachman’s Warbler USA. * Cuba? Xenoligea montana White-winged Warbler Dominican Republic; Haiti Family DREPANIDIDAE E Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai (ex?), Maui) Hemignathus wilsoni (H. munroi) Akiapolaau USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hemignathus obscurus Akialoa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Loxioides bailleui Palila USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Loxops coccineus Akepa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Molokai) Melamprosops phaeosoma Poo-uli USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Oreomystis bairdi Kauai Creeper USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Palmeria dolei Akohekohe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Creeper USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Pseudonestor xanthophrys Maui Parrotbill USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Psittirostra psittacea Ou USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai) Telespiza cantans Laysan Finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) [USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hermes Reef, Pearl)] Telespiza ultima Nihoa Finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa) [USA: Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate Shoals)] Birds Family VIREONIDAE E Vireo atricapillus Black-capped Vireo Mexico; USA I Vireo caribaeus Saint Andrew Vireo Colombia: San Andrés Island Family ICTERIDAE Vv Agelaius flavus (Xanthopsar flavus) Saffron-cowled Blackbird Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay E Agelaius xanthomus Yellow-shouldered Blackbird Puerto Rico K Cacicus koepckeae Selva Cacique Peru E Curaeus forbesi Forbes’s Blackbird Brazil I Gymnostinops cassini (Psarocolius cassini) Chestnut-mantled Oropendola Colombia I Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Red-bellied Grackle Colombia E Icterus bonana Martinique Oriole Martinique I Sturnella militaris (S. defilippii) Pampas Meadowlark Argentina; Brazil?; Uruguay. * Brazil?; Uruguay Family FRINGILLIDAE E Carduelis cucullata Red Siskin Colombia; Venezuela [Puerto Rico] R Carduelis johannis (Acanthis johannis) Warsangli Linnet Somalia Vv Carduelis siemiradzkii Saffron Siskin Ecuador, Peru? 69 V/R Carduelis yarrellii Yellow-faced Siskin Brazil; Venezuela Fringilla teydea Teydefinch Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife, Gran Canaria) Neospiza concolor Sao Tomé Canary Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé (ex?) Serinus ankoberensis Ankober Serin Ethiopia Serinus flavigula Yellow-throated Seedeater Ethiopia Family ESTRILDIDAE R Amandava formosa (Estrilda formosa) Green Avadavat India Chloebia gouldiae Gouldian Finch Australia Erythrura coloria Red-eared Parrotfinch Philippines: Mindanao Erythrura kleinschmidti Pink-billed Parrotfinch Fiji: Viti Levu Erythrura viridifacies Green-faced Parrotfinch Philippines: Luzon Estrilda nigriloris Black-faced Waxbill Zaire Estrilda poliopareia Fawn-breasted Waxbill Nigeria Family PLOCEIDAE E Foudia flavicans Yellow Fody Mauritius: Rodrigues Foudia rubra Mauritius Fody Mauritius Foudia sechellarum Seychelles Fody Seychelles: Cousin, Cousine, Fregate THREATENED SPECIES Malimbus ballmanni Ballmann’s Malimbe Céte d’Ivoire?; Liberia; Sierra Leone Malimbus flavipes (Ploceus flavipes) Yellow-legged Malimbe Zaire Malimbus ibadanensis Ibadan Malimbe Nigeria Ploceus aureonucha Golden-naped Weaver Zaire Ploceus bannermani Bannerman’s Weaver Cameroon; Nigeria? Ploceus batesi Bates’s Weaver Cameroon Ploceus golandi Clarke’s Weaver Kenya Ploceus megarhynchus Yellow Weaver India Ploceus nicolli Usambara Weaver Tanzania Ploceus nigrimentum Black-chinned Weaver Angola; Congo? Ploceus ruweti Ruwet’s Masked-Weaver Zaire Ploceus subpersonatus Loango Weaver Angola; Gabon; Zaire Ploceus victoriae Victoria Masked-Weaver Uganda Family STURNIDAE E Aplonis cinerascens Rarotonga Starling Cook Islands: Rarotonga Aplonis santovestris Mountain Starling Vanuatu: Espirito Santo 70 Basilornis galeatus Helmeted Myna Indonesia: Banggai Islands, Sula Islands Cinnyricinclus femoralis Abbott’s Starling Kenya; Tanzania Leucopsar rothschildi Bali Myna Indonesia: Bali Streptocitta albertinae Bare-eyed Myna Indonesia: Sula Islands Family ORIOLIDAE R Oriolus isabellae Isabela Oriole Philippines: Mindanao, Luzon Oriolus mellianus Silver Oriole China. * Thailand Family DICRURIDAE R Dicrurus fuscipennis Comoro Drongo Comoros: Grand Comoro Dicrurus waldenii Mayotte Drongo Mayotte Family CALLAEIDAE E Callaeas cinerea Kokako New Zealand Philesturnus carunculatus (Creadion carunculatus) Saddleback New Zealand Family PTILONORHYNCHIDAE K = Amblyornis flavifrons Golden-fronted Bowerbird Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Sericulus bakeri Fire-maned Bowerbird Papua New Guinea Family PARADISAEIDAE Vs Astrapia mayeri Ribbon-tailed Astrapia Papua New Guinea Birds Epimachus fastuosus Black Sicklebill Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Paradigalla carunculata Long-tailed Paradigalla Indonesia: Irian Jaya Paradisaea decora Goldie’s Bird-of-paradise Papua New Guinea: Fergusson, Normanby Parotia wahnesi Wahnes’s Parotia Papua New Guinea Family CORVIDAE R Corvus florensis Flores Crow Indonesia: Flores Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaiian Crow USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Corvus kubaryi Mariana Crow Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota 71 Corvus unicolor Banggai Crow Indonesia: Banggai Crypsirina cucullata Hooded Treepie Myanmar Cyanolyca mirabilis White-throated Jay Mexico Cyanolyca nana Dwarf Jay Mexico Perisoreus internigrans Sichuan Jay China Urocissa ornata Ceylon Magpie Sri Lanka Zavattariornis stresemanni Stresemann’s Bush-Crow Ethiopia PC, esa As wus > ee tees We) a __j eavexiash wedonahtlietes lidstiae tal > eee) Maine - we) begged Cite 4 Voenme” | seman tneaneianl coring) ape ee ripsoatiets a7 ee a —ern Ceendarrereued Ee siqaatt dato. 5 Starting pon portend SS ——- vera « Tear rot neil nae 1 i Wiwin exinest > = Y ant i awn 3 nt z Bente tal tatarrdy- ond 8: “= ites to nif a” a ] chose oie! sxaict) wohl aw 4 waht Miedate rare! ’ ironfuw t ‘ : ’ ere’ per aati coir serait) | Comant vonage ert 7 emo: Cruel | ; s Nererat —a'f Pal —— ) eae =f) - ‘ BPejyve - ret enity CARLALROA! ~~ a 0 mena (ior eR eT) Reptiles Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINES Family KINOSTERNIDAE R Kinosternon angustipons Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle Costa Rica; Nicaragua; Panama Kinosternon creaseri Creaser’s Mud Turtle Mexico: Yucatan Peninsula Kinosternon depressum (Sternotherus depressus, Sternotherus minor depressus) Flattened Musk Turtle USA: Black Warrior River system Kinosternon dunni Dunn’s Mud Turtle Colombia Kinosternon oaxacae Oaxaca Mud Turtle Mexico Family DERMATEMYDIDAE v Dermatemys mawii Central American River Turtle Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico Family CHELYDRIDAE Vv Macroclemys temminckii Alligator Snapping Turtle USA Family EMYDIDAE K Annamemys annamensis Annam Leaf Turtle Viet Nam Batagur baska Batagur Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia; Myanmar, Singapore?; Thailand; Viet Nam? Callagur borneoensis Painted Terrapin Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak; Thailand Clemmys muhlenbergii Bog Turtle USA 73 Cuora galbinifrons (Cistoclemmys galbinifrons, includes Cuora hainanensis) Indochinese Box Turtle China: Hainan Island; Viet Nam Cuora yunnanensis (Cyclemys yunnanensis) Yunnan Box Turtle China: Yunnan Geoclemys hamiltonii (Damonia hamiltonii) Black Pond Turtle Bangladesh; India; Nepal?; Pakistan Geoemyda silvatica (Heosemys silvatica) Cochin Forest Cane Turtle India Graptemys barbouri Barbour’s Map Turtle USA: Apalachicola-Chipola River system Graptemys caglei Cagle’s Map Turtle USA: Guadelupe-San Antonio River system Graptemys flavimaculata Yellow-blotched Map Turtle USA: Pascagoula River system Graptemys oculifera Ringed Map Turtle USA: Pearl River system Heosemys depressa Arakan Forest Turtle Myanmar: Arakan hills Heosemys leytensis Leyte Pond Turtle Philippines: Leyte, Palawan Heosemys spinosa (Geoemyda spinosa) Spiny Turtle Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar?; Thailand Kachuga kachuga Red-crowned Roofed Turtle Bangladesh; India; Nepal Kachuga sylhetensis Assam Roofed Turtle Bangladesh; India: Assam THREATENED SPECIES Kachuga trivittata Burmese Roofed Turtle Myanmar Melanochelys tricarinata (Geoemyda or Nicoria tricarinata) Three-keeled Land Tortoise Bangladesh; India; Nepal? Morenia ocellata Burmese Eyed Turtle Myanmar Orlitia borneensis Malaysian Giant Turtle Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak Pseudemys alabamensis Alabama Red-bellied Turtle USA: Mobile Bay area Rhinoclemmys rubida Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle Mexico Terrapene coahuila Aquatic Box Turtle Mexico: Cuatro Cienegas basin Terrapene nelsoni Spotted Box Turtle Mexico Trachemys decorata (Trachemys stejnegeri decorata) Hispaniolan Slider Dominican Republic; Haiti Family TESTUDINIDAE Vv Geochelone chilensis (Chelonoides chilensis, includes Geochelone donosobarrosi, Geochelone petersi) Argentine Tortoise Argentina; Paraguay Geochelone elephantopus (G. nigra) Galapagos Giant Tortoise Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Geochelone gigantea (Aldabrachelys elephantina, Dipsochelys elephantina) Aldabra Giant Tortoise Seychelles: Aldabra [several introduced populations in region] Geochelone platynota Burmese Starred Tortoise Myanmar 74 I Geochelone radiata Radiated Tortoise Madagascar [Mauritius; Réunion] Geochelone yniphora Madagascar Tortoise Madagascar: near Baly Bay Gopherus agassizii (Gopherus polyphemus agassizii, Scaptochelys or Xerobates agassizit) Desert Tortoise Mexico; USA Gopherus berlandieri (Gopherus polyphemus berlandieri, Scaptochelys or Xerobates berlandieri) Texas Tortoise Mexico; USA Gopherus flavomarginatus Bolson Tortoise Mexico Gopherus polyphemus Gopher Tortoise USA Homopus bergeri Berger’s Cape Tortoise Namibia Indotestudo elongata (Geochelone elongata) Elongated Tortoise Bangladesh; Cambodia; China: Guangxi; India; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Indotestudo forstenii (includes Geochelone travancorica and Geochelone forstenii) Travancore Tortoise India; Indonesia: Halmahera, Sulawesi Malacochersus tornieri Pancake Tortoise Kenya; Tanzania Manouria emys (Geochelone emys, includes Testudo nutapundi) Asian Giant Tortoise Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China?; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam? Reptiles K Manouria impressa (Geochelone impressa) Impressed Tortoise Cambodia?; China?: Hainan; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Vv Psammobates geometricus (Testudo geometrica) Geometric Tortoise South Africa I Pyxis arachnoides Spider Tortoise Madagascar I Pyxis planicauda (Acinixys planicauda, Testudo planicauda) Madagascar Flat-shelled Tortoise Madagascar: Andranomena forest Vv Testudo hermanni Albania; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Italy; Romania; Spain: Balearic Islands; Turkey; Yugoslavia [Malta; Spain: mainland] Vv Testudo kleinmanni Egyptian Tortoise Egypt; Israel; Libya R Testudo marginata Marginated Tortoise Albania; Greece [Italy] Family CHELONIIDAE Vv Caretta caretta Loggerhead (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical, subtropical and temperate seas [Atlantic, Caribbean, Indian, Mediterranean, Pacific]. Wandering individuals recorded in temperate and arctic waters.) Angola?; Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Belize; Brazil; British Virgin Islands; Cape Verde?; Cayman Islands; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Cyprus; Dominican Republic; Egypt; Greece; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; India?; Indonesia; Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Libya; Madagascar, Mexico; Montserrat; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar?; Namibia; New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Oman; Panama; Papua New Guinea?; Paracel Islands; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Senegal; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Saint Lucia; Turkey; Turks and Caicos Islands; USA; Venezuela 75 EB Chelonia mydas (includes C. agassizii) Green Turtle (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and subtropical seas [Atlantic, Caribbean, Indian, Mediterranean, Pacific]; wandering individuals recorded in temperate waters. Most numerous in Australia and Indonesia, large nesting populations also in Costa Rica and at several sites around the Indian Ocean.) American Samoa; Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Ascension; Australia; Bahamas?; Bangladesh; Belize; Benin?; Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Cambodia?; Cameroon?; Cape Verde?; Chile?; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo?; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Céte d’Ivoire?; Cuba Cyprus; Djibouti?; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador, Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Ethiopia; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Guiana; French Polynesia; Gabon?; Ecuador: Galapagos Islands; Ghana?; Grenada; Guadeloupe?; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras?; India; Indonesia; Iran; Israel (ex?); Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati; Kuwait; Liberia?; Line Islands: north; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius: Saint Brandon; Mayotte; Mexico; Montserrat?; Mozambique; Myanmar; Netherlands Antilles; New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Nigeria?; Niue; Norther Marianas; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Qatar?; Réunion: Europa, Glorieuses, Juan de Nova, Tromelin; Sao Tomé and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal: Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent; Sudan?; Suriname; Taiwan?; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo?; Tokelau; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Turkey; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; United Arab Emirates; USA: including Hawaiian Islands; Virgin Islands of the United States; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Western Sahara?; Western Samoa?; Yemen; Zaire? THREATENED SPECIES E E Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and subtropical seas [Atlantic, Caribbean, Indian, Pacific]. Wandering individuals occasionally recorded in temperate waters.) American Samoa; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Cambodia; Cameroon?; Cape Verde?; China?; Colombia; Comoros; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Céte d’Ivoire?; Cuba; Djibouti?; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador?; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Ethiopia; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Guiana; French Polynesia?; Gabon?; Ghana?; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati?; Kuwait?; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania?; Mayotte; Mexico; Montserrat; Mozambique; Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles; New Caledonia?; Nicaragua; Nigeria?; Northern Marianas?; Oman; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Qatar, Réunion: Iles Glorieuses; S40 Tomé and Principe?; Saudi Arabia; Senegal?; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan?; Tanzania; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga?; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu?; United Arab Enmirates?; USA: including Hawaiian Islands; US Pacific Islands?; Virgin Islands of the United States; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam?; Western Sahara?; Western Samoa; Yemen Lepidochelys kempii Kemp’s Ridley (Virtually all nesting occurs at Rancho Nuevo on the Gulf coast of Mexico [Tamaulipas State]. Single or sparse nesting elsewhere in Mexico, Colombia and USA. At sea, most frequently recorded in the Gulf of Mexico, also regular in Atlantic waters, particularly along the coast of North America, and very occasionally in the Mediterranean.) (USA: attempts are being made to establish a nesting colony at Padre Island]. Mexico; USA 76 E v Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and subtropical seas [Atlantic, Indian, Pacific]. Major mass nesting occurs in India, Costa Rica and Mexico.) Angola; Australia; Bangladesh; Brazil; Costa Rica; El Salvador, French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Kenya; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak; Mexico; Mozambique; Myanmar, Nicaragua; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Senegal; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Tanzania; Thailand; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela Natator depressus Flatback (Nests in Australia; recorded at sea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) Australia; Indonesia; Papua New Guinea Family DERMOCHELYIDAE E Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and subtropical seas [Atlantic, Indian, Pacific]. Notable nesting in Mexico, Irian Jaya, Malaysia and French Guiana. Foraging populations regularly occur in cool temperate waters.) Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Australia; Brazil; British Virgin Islands; Colombia?; Costa Rica; Céte d’Ivoire; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador, Fiji; French Guiana; Ghana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Israel (ex?); Liberia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Martinique; Mexico; Montserrat; Mozambique; Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles; Nicaragua; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru?; Puerto Rico; Senegal; Solomon Islands; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent; Suriname; Thailand; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Virgin Islands of the United States; Venezuela?; Zaire Family CARETTOCHELYIDAE K Carettochelys insculpta Pig-nosed Turtle Australia; Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Reptiles Family TRIONYCHIDAE R___ Aspideretes nigricans (Trionyx nigricans) Black Soft-shell Turtle Bangladesh: Nasirabad near Chittagong Family PELOMEDUSIDAE I Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Podocnemis madagascariensis, madagascariensis) Madagascar Sideneck Turtle Madagascar Dumerilia K Pelusios seychellensis Seychelles Mud Turtle Seychelles K Podocnemis erythrocephala (Podocnemis cayennensis) Red-headed Sideneck Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela E Podocnemis expansa South American River Turtle Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Guyana; Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela I Podocnemis lewyana Magdalena River Turtle Colombia: Rio Magdalena basin K Podocnemis sextuberculata Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle Brazil; Colombia; Peru Vs Podocnemis unifilis Yellow-headed Sideneck Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela Family CHELIDAE K _— Acanthochelys macrocephala (Platemys macrocephala) Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay R Acanthochelys pallidipectoris (Platemys pallidipectoris) Chaco Sideneck Turtle Argentina; Bolivia?; Paraguay K Acanthochelys spixii (Platemys spixii) Spix’s Sideneck Turtle Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay Vv Elseya sp. Namoi River Elseya Australia 77 Vv Emydura signata Bellinger River Emydura Australia I Phrynops dahli Dahl’s Toad-headed Turtle Colombia: Sincelejo I Phrynops hogei Hoge’s Sideneck Turtle Brazil K _~Phrynops rufipes Red-footed Sideneck Turtle Brazil; Colombia; Peru? K _~Phrynops zuliae (Batrachemys zuliae) Zulia Toad-headed Turtle Venezuela E Pseudemydura umbrina Western Swamp Turtle Australia: near Perth V Rheodytes leukops Fitzroy Turtle Australia Order CROCODYLIA Family ALLIGATORIDAE E Alligator sinensis Chinese Alligator China: Yangtze River system Vs Melanosuchus niger Black Caiman Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Venezuela Family CROCODYLIDAE Vv Crocodylus acutus American Crocodile Belize?; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador, El Salvador; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; USA: Florida; Venezuela Vv Crocodylus cataphractus African Slender-snouted Crocodile Angola: Cabinda; Benin; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia (ex?); Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal (ex?); Sierra Leone; Tanzania; Togo; Zaire; Zambia THREATENED SPECIES Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco Crocodile Colombia; Venezuela Crocodylus mindorensis Mindoro or Philippines Crocodile Philippines Crocodylus palustris Mugger Bangladesh (ex?); India; Iran; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia; India; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar: Irrawaddy Delta; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Thailand (ex?); Vanuatu; Viet Nam Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban Crocodile Cuba Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile Brunei?; Cambodia; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Sarawak?; Myanmar?; Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Tomistoma schlegelii False Gharial Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak; Myanmar?; Thailand (ex?) Family GAVIALIDAE E Gavialis gangeticus Gharial Bangladesh; Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Pakistan Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA Family SPHENODONTIDAE E Sphenodon guntheri Brother’s Island Tuatara New Zealand: North Brother Island Sphenodon punctatus Cook Strait Tuatara New Zealand: offshore islands Order SAURIA Family GEKKONIDAE R Afroedura hawequensis Hawequa Flat Gecko South Africa 78 Christinus guentheri Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island Goniosaurus kuroiwae (Eublepharis kuroiwae) Kuroiwa’s Ground Gecko Japan: Nansei-shoto Heteropholis rudis Rough Gecko New Zealand Homonota penai (Garthia pefai) Chile Homopholis mulleri Muller’s Velvet Gecko South Africa Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus Gold-striped Gecko New Zealand Hoplodactylus duvauceli Duvaucel’s Gecko New Zealand Hoplodactylus kabutarae Black-eyed Gecko New Zealand Hoplodactylus rakiurae Harlequin Gecko New Zealand Hoplodactylus stephensi Stephen’s Island Gecko New Zealand Lepidodactylus listeri Christmas Island Lygodactylus methueni Methuen’s Dwarf Gecko South Africa Nactus coindemerensis Mauritius: Gunner’s Quoin Nactus serpensinsula (Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula) Serpent Island Gecko Mauritius: Round Island, Serpent Island Nephrurus deteani Australia Phelsuma guentheri Round Island Day Gecko Mauritius: Round Island Reptiles R Phelsuma ocellata Namaqua Day Gecko Namibia; South Africa I Phelsuma standingi Standing’s Day Gecko Madagascar Vv Phyllodactylus europaeus European Leaf-toed Gekko France; Italy; Tunisia K Phyllodactylus heterurus Chile K Phyllodactylus melanostictus Scarce Ground Gecko Thailand R Phyllodactylus microlepidotus Small-scaled Leaf-toed Gecko South Africa I Phyllodactylus peringueyi Peringueyi’s Leaf-toed Gecko South Africa? E Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Monito Gecko Puerto Rico: Monito Island Vv Underwoodisaurus sphyurus Australia Family PYGOPODIDAE E Aprasia aurita Australia Vs Aprasia pseudopulchella Flinders Ranges Worm-lizard Australia WY Delma impar Striped Legless Lizard Australia Vv Delma labialis Striped Tailed Delma Australia Vv Delma torquata Collared Delma Australia Vv Ophidiocephalus taeniatus Bronzeback Snake-lizard Australia Vv Paradelma orientalis Brigalow Scaly-foot Australia 79 Family XANTUSHDAE R Xantusia riversiana (Klauberina riversiana) Island Night Lizard USA Family AGAMIDAE Vv Ceratophora tennentii Tennent’s Leaf-nosed Lizard Sri Lanka Vv Ctenophorus yinnietharra Yinnietharra Rock Dragon Australia K Gonocephalus abbotti Abbott’s Crested Lizard Thailand Vv Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sail-fin Lizard Philippines Family CHAMAELEONIDAE R Bradypodion nemorale Zululand Dwarf Chamaeleon South Africa R Bradypodion setaroi Setaro’s Dwarf Chamaeleon South Africa E Bradypodion taeniabronchum Smith’s Dwarf Chamaeleon South Africa R Bradypodion thamnobates Natal Midland Dwarf Chamaeleon South Africa Family IGUANIDAE R= Amblyrhynchus cristatus Galapagos Marine Iguana Ecuador: Galapagos Islands E Anolis roosevelti Culebra Island Giant Anole Puerto Rico: Isla Culebra (ex?) Vv Brachylophus fasciatus Fiji Banded Iguana Fiji; Tonga [Vanuatu] V___Brachylophus vitiensis Fiji Crested Iguana Fiji R Conolophus pallidus Barrington Land Iguana Ecuador: Galapagos Islands THREATENED SPECIES Conolophus subcristatus Galapagos Land Iguana Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Cyclura carinata Turks and Caicos Ground Iguana Bahamas: Booby Cay; Turks and Caicos Islands Cyclura collei (Cyclura lophoma) Jamaica Ground Iguana Jamaica Cyclura cornuta (includes Cyclura stejnegeri) Rhinoceros Iguana Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico: Isla Mona; USA: Navassa Island (ex?) Cyclura cyclura (includes Cyclura baelopha, Cyclura figginsi, Cyclura inornata) Andros Ground or Rock Iguana Bahamas Cyclura nubila Gncludes Cyclura caymanensis, Cyclura macleayi) Cuban Ground Iguana Cayman Islands; Cuba [Puerto Rico: Isla Magueyes] Cyclura pinguis Anegada Ground Iguana British Virgin Islands: Anegada Island Cyclura ricordi Hispaniolan Ground Iguana Dominican Republic; Haiti Cyclura rileyi Acklin’s Ground Iguana Bahamas Gambelia silus (Crotaphytus silus, Crotaphytus wislizenii silus) Blunt-nosed or San Joaquin Leopard Lizard USA Iguana delicatissima Lesser Antillean Iguana, West Indian Iguana Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Dominica; Guadeloupe; Netherlands Antilles: Saint Eustatius, Saint Maarten; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Martinique Liolaemus constanzae Chile Liolaemus curis Chile 80 R Liolaemus donosi Chile Vv Liolaemus fuscus Argentina; Chile E Liolaemus gravenhorstii Chile R Liolaemus hellmichi Chile R Liolaemus huacahuasicus Argentina: Cumbres Calchaquies mountains Vv Liolaemus kuhlmanni Chile Vv Liolaemus lemniscatus Argentina; Chile Vv Liolaemus leopardinus Chile R Liolaemus lorenzmuelleri Chile K Liolaemus lutzae Brazil Vv Liolaemus nitidus Chile R Liolaemus paulinae Chile I Liolaemus rabinoi Argentina: Lago Nihuil K Liolaemus walkeri Chile Vv Liolaemus zapallarensis Chile R__Pristidactylus alvaroi Chile R Pristidactylus valeriae Chile K Tropidurus tarapacensis Chile Vv Uma inornata Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard USA Family LACERTIDAE K Archaeolacerta monticola Iberian Rock Lizard Portugal; Spain E Gallotia simonyi Hierro Giant Lizard Spain: Canary Islands (Hierro) Reptiles Lacerta australis Southern Rock Lizard South Africa Lacerta clarkorum Georgia; Turkey Lacerta rupicola Soutpansberg Rock Lizard South Africa Lacerta schreiberi Portugal; Spain Podarcis lilfordi Lilford’s Wall Lizard Spain: Mallorca, Menorca Podarcis pityusensis Ibiza Wall Lizard Spain: Formentera, Ibiza (Spain: Mallorca] Family CORDYLIDAE Vv Cordylus cataphractus Armadillo Girdled Lizard South Africa Cordylus giganteus Giant Girdled Lizard South Africa Cordylus lawrencei Lawrence’s Girdled Lizard South Africa Cordylus mclachlani McLachlan’s Girdled Lizard South Africa Gerrhosaurus typicus Namaqua Plated Lizard South Africa Platysaurus relictus Soutpansberg Flat Lizard South Africa Pseudocordylus langi Lang’s Crag Lizard Lesotho; South Africa Pseudocordylus spinosus Spiny Crag Lizard South Africa Tetradactylus breyeri Breyer’s Long-tailed Seps South Africa 81 Family TEIIDAE E Ameiva polops Saint Croix Ground Lizard Virgin Islands of the United States: Green Cay, Protestant Key, [Buck Island] Vv Callopistes maculatus Chile Vv Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Orange-throated Whiptail Mexico; USA Vv Cnemidophorus vanzoi Saint Lucia: Maria Islands Family SCINCIDAE R Acanthiops lineatus Woodbush Legless Skink South Africa Vs Anomalopus mackayi Long-legged Worm-skink Australia R Barkudia insularis Legless Skink India Vv Coeranoscincus reticulatus Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink Australia E Ctenotus lancelini Lancelin Island Skink Australia: Lancelin Island Vv Ctenotus zastictus Hamelin Ctenotus Australia Vv Cyclodina alani Robust Skink New Zealand Vv Cyclodina macgregori MacGregor’s Skink New Zealand K Cyclodina oliveri Marbled Skink New Zealand Vv Cyclodina whitakeri Whitaker’s Skink New Zealand Vv Egernia kintorei Great Desert Skink Australia THREATENED SPECIES E Eulamprus leuraensis Blue Mountain Water Skink Australia R Eumeces kishinouyei Kishinouve’s Giant Skink Japan: Nansei-shoto K Isopachys gyldenstolpei Gyldenstolpe’s Worm Skink Thailand E Leiolopisma bomalonotum Chevron Skink New Zealand V____ Leiolopisma grande Grand Skink New Zealand Leiolopisma microlepis Small-scaled Skink New Zealand Leiolopisma notosaurus Southern Skink New Zealand K _ Leiolopisma otagense Otago Skink New Zealand K Leiolopisma striatum Striped Skink New Zealand R____Leiolopisma telfairii Round Island Skink Mauritius: Round Island E Lerista allanae Allan’s Lerista Australia Vv Lerista vittata Mount Cooper Striped Lerista Australia K Lygosoma haroldyoungi Banded Supple Skink Thailand K ___Lygosoma koratense Korat Supple Skink Thailand Vv Neoseps reynoldsi Sand Skink USA Vv Niveoscincus palfreymani Pedra Branca Skink Australia: Pedra Branca Island 82 Phoboscincus bocourti New Caledonia Pseudemoia lichenigera Lord Howe Island Skink Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island Scelotes guentheri Giinther’s Dwarf Burrowing Skink South Africa Scelotes kasneri Kasner’s Dwarf Burrowing Skink South Africa Scelotes gronovii Gronovi’s Dwarf Burrowing Skink South Africa Tiliqua adelaidensis Pygmy Bluetongue Australia Tribolonotus ponceleti Solomon Islands: Shortland Island Typhlosaurus lomii Lomi’s Blind Legless Skink South Africa Family ANGUIDAE Abronia montecristoi E! Salvador Celestus duquesneyi Jamaica Celestus fowleri Jamaica Celestus microblepharis Jamaica Diploglossus anelpistus Dominican Republic Diploglossus carruai Dominican Republic Diploglossus montisserrati Montserrat Diploglossus warreni Dominican Republic Gerrhonotus panamintus Panamint Alligator Lizard USA Family HELODERMATIDAE Heloderma horridum Beaded Lizard Guatemala; Mexico Reptiles Vv Heloderma suspectum Gila Monster Mexico; USA Family VARANIDAE I Varanus flavescens Yellow Monitor Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan R Varanus komodoensis Komodo Dragon Indonesia: Komodo and adjacent islands R Varanus olivaceus (Varanus grayi) Gray’s Monitor Philippines: Luzon Order SERPENTES Family TYPHLOPIDAE Vv Ramphotyphlops exocoeti ~ Christmas Island Blind Snake Christmas Island R Typhlops monensis Mona Blind Snake Puerto Rico: Isla Mona Family ANILIIDAE K Anomochilus leonardi Leonard’s Pipe Snake Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia Family BOIDAE K ~— Acrantophis dumerili Dumeril’s Boa Madagascar [Réunion]? K _ Acrantophis madagascariensis Madagascar Boa Madagascar E Aspidites ramsayi Woma Australia E Casarea dussumieri Round Island Keel-scaled Boa Mauritius: Round Island I Epicrates angulifer Cuban Tree Boa Cuba K Epicrates inornatus Puerto Rican Boa Puerto Rico 83 Epicrates subflavus Jamaican Boa Jamaica Python molurus Indian Python Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Laos; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam Sanzinia madagascariensis Madagascar Tree Boa Madagascar Family COLUBRIDAE R Achalinus werneri Amami Takachiho Snake Japan: Nansei-shoto Adelphicos daryi Guatemala Alsophis antiguae Antiguan Racer Antigua and Barbuda: Great Bird Island Alsophis ater Black Racer Jamaica Alsophis rijersmai Leeward Island Racer Anguilla; Guadeloupe: including Saint Martin; Netherlands Antilles: Sint Maarten (ex?) Alsophis rufiventris Red-bellied Racer Netherlands Antilles: Saba, Saint Eustatius; Saint Kitts-Nevis Calamaria pfefferi (synonym of the widespread C. pavimentata?) Pfeffer’s Reed Snake Japan Chironius vincenti Saint Vincent Coluber cypriensis Cyprus Elachistodon westermanni Indian Egg-eating Snake Bangladesh; India; Nepal Elaphe situla Leopard Snake Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Italy; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Malta; Homoroselaps dorsalis Striped Harlequin Snake South Africa; Swaziland THREATENED SPECIES Iguanognathus werneri R Thamnophis hammondi Indonesia: Sumatra (Thamnophis couchi hammondi) Se gevgics Two-striped Garter Snake R Lamprophis Siskii Mexico: USA Fisk’s House Snake South Africa R Thermophis baileyi 4 China: Tibet R Lamprophis fuscus Yellow-bellied House Snake R Xenocalamus transvaalensis South Africa Transvaal Quillsnout Snake M bique; South Africa R __ Lamprophis swazicus ozambique: Swazi Rock Snake Family ELAPIDAE aes Swaziland VY Austrelaps labialis E Liophis cursor Pygmy Copperhead Martinique: Rocher de Diamant Australia E Liophis ornatus V___sCDenisonia maculata Saint Lucia: Maria Major Island Ornamental Snake Liophis perfuscus Aus Barbados V___s Echiopsis atriceps Natrix megalocephala oe - Large-headed Water Snake Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey Vv Echiopsis curta R Oligodon nikhili Australia India: Palni Hills Vs Elapognathus minor R Opheodrys herminae Br - : 5 : Australia (Liopeltis herminae) Sakashima Green Snake Vv Furina dunmalli Japan: Nansei-shoto Dunmall’s Snake E Opisthotropis kikuzatoi ei (Liopeltis kikuzatoi) Vv Hoplocephalus bungaroides Kikuzato’s Brook Snake Broad-headed Snake Japan: Nansei-shoto Australia K Opisthotropis spenceri K Naja oxiana Smith’s Mountain Keelback Central Asian or Oxus Cobra Thailand Afghanistan; India; Iran; Pakistan; Tajikistan; K __Parahelicops boonsongi Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Boonsong’s Keelback I Ogmodon vitianus Thailand Fiji Snake R__‘Pareas iwasakii eae Iwasaki’s Snail-eater E Simoselaps calonotus Japan: Nansei-shoto Black-striped Snake V___s~Philodryas chamissonis os Chile Family HYDROPHIIDAE R Thamnophis gigas R Laticauda crockeri (Thamnophis couchi gigas) Solomon Islands: Lake Te-Nggana, Rennell Giant Garter Snake Island USA 84 Reptiles Family VIPERIDAE R Bitis inornata Plain Mountain Adder South Africa Bitis schneideri Namaqua Dwarf Adder Namibia; South Africa Bothrops insularis Golden Lancehead Brazil: Queimada Island Crotalus unicolor (Crotalus durissus unicolor) Aruba Island Rattlesnake Aruba Trimeresurus cornutus Viet Nam Trimeresurus mangshanensis China: Mt Mang, Hunan Province Vipera albizona (V. xanthina albizona) Turkey Vipera bornmuelleri (V. xanthina bornmuelleri) Lebanon; Syria Vipera bulgardaghica Turkey 85 Vipera darevskii (V. kaznakovi darevskii) Armenia; Georgia Vipera dinniki (V. kaznakovi dinniki) Georgia; Russia Vipera kaznakovi Caucasian Viper Georgia; Russia; Turkey Vipera latifii Latifi’s Viper Iran: Lar Valley in Elburz Mts. Vipera pontica Georgia?; Turkey Vipera raddei (Vipera xanthina raddei) Armenian Viper Armenia; Iran; Turkey Vipera schweizeri (Macrovipera schweizeri, Vipera schweizeri) Cyclades Blunt-nosed Viper lebetina Greece: Kimolos, Milos, Polyaigos, Siphnos Vipera wagneri Iran; Turkey Amphibians Class AMPHIBIA Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE R Bufo amatolica Amatola Toad South Africa Vv Bufo atacamensis Chile Vv Bufo chilensis Chile R Bufo exsul (Bufo boreas exsul) Black Toad USA E Bufo houstonensis Houston Toad USA E Bufo periglenes Golden Toad Costa Rica: Cordillera de Tilaran (ex?) V_—«Bufo retiformis Sonoran Green Toad Mexico; USA R Capensibufo rosei Cape Mountain Toad South Africa Vv Nectophrynoides occidentalis (Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis) Mt. Nimba Viviparous Toad Cote d’Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia? I Pedostibes kempi Garo Hill Tree Toad India: Assam, Garo Hills I Pedostibes tuberculosus Malabar Tree Toad India V___sCPeltophryne lemur Puerto Rican Crested Toad British Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE E Alytes muletensis (Baleaphryne muletensis) Ferreret Spain: Mallorca R Discoglossus jeanneae (Discoglossus galganoi jeanneae) Spain 87 R Discoglossus montalentii France: Corsica Family HELEOPHRYNIDAE E Heleophryne hewitti Hewitt’s Ghost Frog South Africa: Elandsberg Mountains E Heleophryne rosei Table Mountain Ghost Frog South Africa: Table Mountain Family HYLIDAE K Ayla albolineata Brazil R Hyla andersonii Pine Barrens Tree Frog USA K Hyla izecksohni Brazil K = Hyla langei Brazil K Hyla secedens Brazil lf Hyla vasta Dominican Republic; Haiti K Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog Australia V___Litoria brevipalmata Green-thighed Frog Australia K Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog Australia K Litoria castanea Yellow-spotted Tree Frog Australia K _ Litoria lesueuri Lesueur’s Frog Australia Vv Litoria nannotis Torrent Tree Frog Australia E Litoria nyakalensis Nyakala Frog Australia Vv Litoria pearsoniana Pearson’s Frog Australia THREATENED SPECIES K Litoria piperata Peppered Tree Frog Australia Litoria raniformis Southern Bell Frog Australia Litoria rhencola Creek Frog Australia Litoria spenceri Spotted Frog Australia Litoria verreauxii Whistling Tree Frog Australia Nyctimystes dayi Day’s Frog Australia Phrynomedusa fimbriata Brazil Family HYPEROLIDAE R Afrixalus aureus Golden Dwarf Reed Frog Mozambique; South Africa; Swaziland Hyperolius pickersgilli Pickersgill’s Reed Frog South Africa Leptopelis xenodactylus Long-toed Tree Frog South Africa Tachycnemis seychellensis (Megalixalus seychellensis, infrarufus) Seychelle Islands Tree Frog Seychelle Islands Family LEIOPELMATIDAE R Leiopelma archeyi Archey’s Frog New Zealand: North Island (Coromandel Peninsula) Leiopelma hamiltoni Hamilton’s Frog New Zealand: Stephen Island, Maud Island Leiopelma hochstetteri Hochstetter’s Frog New Zealand: North Island Megalixalus 88 Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE R Alsodes barrioi Chile E Alsodes montanus Chile E Alsodes nodosus Chile E Alsodes tumultuosos Chile Vv Alsodes vanzolinii Chile K = Atelognathus grandisonae Chile I Atelognathus nitoi Argentina: Laguna Verde R Atelognathus reverberii Argentina: Somuncurd plateau R Atelognathus solitarius Argentina: Las Bayas stream K Batrachophrynus macrostomus Lake Junin (Giant) Frog (Lake Junin) Bolivia; Peru Vv Caudiverbera caudiverbera Chile I Eleutherodactylus cavernicola Jamaica R Eleutherodactylus fuscus Jamaica R Eleutherodactylus jasperi Golden Coqui Frog Puerto Rico I Eleutherodactylus junori Jamaica E Eleutherodactylus karlschmidtii Puerto Rico I Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Haiti R Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus Jamaica R Eupsophus insularis Chile E Eupsophus migueli Chile Amphibians E Insuetophrymus acarpicus Chile K Leptodactylus marambaiae Brazil I Paratelmatobius gaigeae Brazil: Serra da Bocaina Vv Somuncuria somuncurensis (Telmatobius somuncurensis) Somuncura Frog Argentina: Somuncura plateau E Telmatobius atacamensis Argentina R Telmatobius halli Chile R Telmatobius pefauri Chile Vv Telmatobius peruvianus Chile R Telmatobius zapahuirensis Chile R Telmatobufo australis Chile R Telmatobufo bullocki Chile R Telmatobufo venustus Chile Family MICROHYLIDAE Vv Breviceps gibbosus Cape Rain Frog South Africa R Breviceps macrops Desert Rain Frog Namibia?; South Africa K Hyophryne histrio Brazil I Melanobatrachus indicus Black Microhylid India: Kerala Family MYOBATRACHIDAE K Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog Australia E Geocrinia alba White-bellied Frog Australia 89 Geocrinia vitellina Yellow-bellied Frog Australia Heleioporus albopunctatus Wester Spotted Frog Australia Lechriodus fletcheri Fletcher's Frog Australia Mixophyes balbus Stuttering Frog Australia Mixophyes fasciolatus Great Barred Frog Australia Mixophyes fleayi Fleay’s Frog Australia Mixophyes iteratus Souther Barred Frog Australia Philoria frosti Baw-baw Frog Australia: Mt. Baw Baw Pseudophyrne australis Red-crowned Toadlet Australia Pseudophryne bibronii Bibron’s Toadlet Australia Pseudophryne corroboree Corroboree Frog Australia Rheobatrachus silus Gastric Brooding Frog Australia: Conondale and Blackall Ranges (ex?) Rheobatrachus vitellinus Northern Gastric-brooding Frog Australia: Eungella National Park (ex?) Taudactylus acutirostris Sharp-nosed Torrent Frog Australia Taudactylus diurnus Mount Glorious Torrent Frog Australia Taudactylus eungellensis Eungella Torrent Frog Australia THREATENED SPECIES Taudactylus liemi Liem’s Frog Australia Taudactylus pleione Pleione’s Torrent Frog Australia Taudactylus rheophilus Tinkling Frog Australia Uperoleia marmorata Marbled Toadlet Australia Uperoleia orientalis Alexandra Toadlet Australia Family PIPIDAE E Xenopus gilli Cape Platanna South Africa Family RANIDAE R Anhydrophryne rattrayi Hogsback Frog South Africa: Amatola Mountains Cacosternum capense Cape Caco South Africa Cacosternum poyntoni Poynton’s Caco South Africa Conraua goliath (Rana goliath, Gigantorana goliath) Goliath Frog Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea Microbatrachella capensis Micro Frog South Africa Platymantis insulatus Philippines: South Gigante Platymantis spelaeus Philippines: Negros Platymantis vitiensis Fijian Ground Frog Fiji Rana aenea Doichang Frog Thailand 90 R Rana dracomontana Drakensberg Frog Lesotho; South Africa? K = Rana fasciculispina Spiny-breasted Giant Frog Thailand Vv Rana holsti (Babina holsti) Holst’s Frog Japan: Nansei-shoto R Rana holtzi Turkey: Cilician Taurus Vv Rana ishikawae Ishikawa’s Frog Japan: Nansei-shoto K Rana kohchangae Kohchang Frog Thailand VV Rana latastei Italian Agile Frog Italy; Slovenia; Switzerland R Rana namiyei Namiye’s Frog Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) Vv Rana subaspera (Babina subaspera) Otton Frog Japan: Nansei-shoto K Rana tasanae Smith’s Wrinkled Frog Thailand R Rana vertebralis Water Frog Lesotho; South Africa Family RHINODERMATIDAE Vv Rhinoderma darwinii Darwin’s Toad Chile E Rhinoderma rufum Chile Family SOOGLOSSIDAE R Nesomantis thomasseti Thomasset’s Seychelles Frog Seychelles: Mahé, Silhouette R Sooglossus gardineri Gardiner’s Seychelles Frog Seychelles: Cerf, Mahé R Amphibians Sooglossus sechellensis Seychelles Frog Seychelles: Mahé, Silhouette Order CAUDATA Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE R Ambystoma lermaense (Ambystoma lermaensis) Lake Lerma Salamander Mexico: Lake Lerma Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Mexico: Lake Xochimilco region Family CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE I Andrias davidianus (Megalobatrachus davidianus) Chinese Giant Salamander China: tributaries of Yangzi, Yellow and Pearl Rivers Andrias japonicus (Megalobatrachus japonicus) Japanese Giant Salamander Japan: south-west Honshu, central Kyushu Family HYNOBIIDAE K E Batrachuperus mustersi Afghanistan Hynobius abei Abe’s Salamander Japan: Honshu Hynobius dunni Oita Salamander Japan: Kyushu Hynobius hidamontanus Hakuba Salamander Japan Hynobius okiensis Oki Salamander Japan: Oki Island Hynobius stejnegeri Amber-coloured Salamander Japan: Kyushu Hynobius takedai Hokuriku Salamander Japan: Honshu Family PLETHODONTIDAE E Batrachoseps aridus Desert Slender Salamander USA 91 Batrachoseps simatus Kern Canyon Slender Salamander USA Batrachoseps stebbinsi Tehachapi Slender Salamander USA Eurycea nana San Marcos Salamander USA Hydromantes brunus Limestone Salamander USA Hydromantes shastae Shasta Salamander USA Phaeognathus hubrichti Red Hills Salamander USA Plethodon larselli Larch Mountain Salamander USA Plethodon neomexicanus Jemez Mountains Salamander USA Plethodon nettingi (Plethodon richmondi nettingi) Cheat Mountain Salamander USA Plethodon shenandoah Shenandoah Salamander USA Plethodon stormi Siskiyou Mts Salamander USA Speleomantes flavus (Hydromantes flavus) Italy: Sardinia Speleomantes genei (Hydromantes genei) Sardinian or Brown Cave Salamander Italy: Sardinia Speleomantes imperialis (Hydromantes imperialis) Italy: Sardinia Speleomantes supramontes (Hydromantes supramontes) Italy: Sardinia THREATENED SPECIES Typhlomolge rathbuni (Eurycea rathbuni) Texas Blind Salamander USA Typhlotriton spelaeus Grotto Salamander USA Family PROTEIDAE Vv Proteus anguinus Olm Italy; Slovenia; Yugoslavia [France; Italy] Family SALAMANDRIDAE I Chioglossa lusitanica Gold-striped Salamander Portugal; Spain Euproctus platycephalus Sardinian Brook Salamander Italy: Sardinia Mertensiella caucasica Caucasian Salamander Georgia; Turkey 92 Mertensiella luschani Lycian Salamander Greece; Turkey Neurergus crocatus Turkey Neurergus strauchi Turkey Paramesotriton deloustali (Mesotriton deloustali) Vietnamese Salamander Viet Nam: near Hanoi Salamandra aurorae (S. atra aurorae) Golden Salamander Italy: Val d’Assa Salamandra lanzai (S. atra lanzai) Large Alpine Salamander France; Italy Fishes Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Family PETROMYZONTIDAE Vv Eudontomyzon hellenicus Gavéhelo Greece R Lampetra hubbsi Kern Brook Lamprey USA R Lampetra macrostoma Lake Lamprey Canada K = Mordacia lapicida Chile K Mordacia praecox Non-parasitic Lamprey Australia Class ELASMOBRANCHIL Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES Family RHINCODONTIDAE I Rhincodon typus Whale Shark (Tropical & warm temperate seas) Order LAMNIFORMES Family LAMNIDAE K Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark (Sub-tropical & warm temperate seas) Family CETORHINIDAE K Cetorhinus maximus Basking Shark (Temperate waters) Class ACTINOPTERYGII Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Family ACIPENSERIDAE V___sCAccipenser brevirostrum Shortnose Sturgeon Canada; USA Vs Acipenser fulvescens Lake Sturgeon Canada; USA 93 Acipenser schrencki Amur Sturgeon (Amur River) China; Russia Acipenser sturio Common Sturgeon Albania; Algeria; Belgium (ex?); Finland (ex?); France; Germany (ex?); Greece; Iceland (ex?); Ireland (ex?); Italy; Morocco; Netherlands (ex?); Norway (ex?); Poland (ex?); Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain (ex?); Sweden (ex?); Switzerland?; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia (ex?) Huso dauricus Kaluga (Amur River) China; Russia Scaphirhynchus albus Pallid Sturgeon USA Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Alabama Sturgeon USA: Mobile Bay drainage Family POLYODONTIDAE Vv Polyodon spathula Paddlefish USA Psephurus gladius Chinese Paddlefish China Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE K Arapaima gigas Pirarucu Brazil; Guyana; Peru Scleropages formosus Asian Bonytongue Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malayasia, Sabah, Sarawak; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam Scleropages leichhardti Southern Saratoga Australia Family NOTOPTERIDAE R Notopterus blanci Indochina Featherback Cambodia; Thailand THREATENED SPECIES Order CLUPEIFORMES Family CLUPEIDAE R Clupeoides papuensis Toothed River Herring Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Family ENGRAULIDAE K Thryssa scratchleyi Freshwater Anchovy Australia Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE I Acanthorutilus anatolicus Yaz Baligi Turkey I Acanthorutilus crassus Turkey E Acanthorutilus handlirschi Cigek Turkey: Lake Egridir I Acanthorutilus meandricus Turkey Barbus calidus Clanwilliam Redfin South Africa Barbus capensis Clanwilliam Yellowfish South Africa Barbus comiza Portugal; Spain Barbus erubescens Twee River Redfin South Africa Barbus euboicus Petrépsaro Greece Barbus guiraonis Spain Barbus haasi Spain Barbus halei Malaysia; Thailand Barbus hospes Namaquab Barb Namibia; South Africa I Acanthorhodeus elongatus China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) E Acheilognathus longipinnis Itasenpara Bitterling Vv Barbus kimberleyensis Largemouth Yellowfish Namibia; South Africa Japan: Honshu Island R Barbus microcephalus Portugal; Spain I Alburnus akili ' Turkey Barbus motebensis Marico Barb I Anabarilius polylepis South Africa China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) E Anaecypris hispanica Spain; Portugal E Aulopyge hugeli Dalmatian Barbelgudgeon Yugoslavia I Balantiocheilos melanopterus Silver Shark Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Thailand Vv Barbus andrewi Cape Whitefish South Africa R Barbus brevipinnis Shortfin Barb South Africa 94 Barbus prespensis Briana Greece Barbus serra Sawfin South Africa Barbus somphongsi Thailand Barbus treurensis Treur River Barb South Africa Barbus trevelyani Border Barb South Africa Caecobarbus geertsi African Blind Barb Fish Zaire Fishes Caecocypris basimi Iraq Capoeta antalyensis Turkey Cephalokompsus pachycheilus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Chalcalburnus tarichi Incikefali Baligi Turkey: Lake Van Chela caeruleostigmata Thailand Chondrostoma lemmingii Portugal; Spain Chondrostoma lusitanicum Portugal Chondrostoma willkommii Portugal; Spain Cyprinella bocagrande Sardinita Bocagrande Mexico Cyprinella caerulea Blue Shiner USA Cyprinella callitaenia Bluestripe Shiner USA Cyprinella formosa Beautiful Shiner Mexico; USA Cyprinella monacha Turquoise Shiner USA Cyprinella panarcys Conchos Shiner Mexico Cyprinella proserpina Proserpine Shiner Mexico; USA Cyprinella santamariae Sardinita de Santa Maria Mexico Cyprinella xanthicara Cuatro Cienegas Shiner Mexico Cyprinella sp. Sardinita Nazas Mexico 95 Cyprinus micristius China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) Danio pathirana Barred Danio Sri Lanka Dionda diaboli Devil’s River Minnow Mexico; USA Dionda dichroma Sardinita de Rio Verde Mexico Dionda mandibularis Sardinita Quijarrona Mexico Eremichthys acros Desert Dace USA Garra barreimiae Bahrain; Oman Garra dunsirei Oman Garra phillipsi Philipps’ Garra Sri Lanka Gila alvordensis Alvord Chub USA Gila boraxobius Borax Lake Chub USA Gila cypha Humpback Chub USA Gila ditaenia Charalito Sonorense Mexico; USA Gila elegans Bonytail Chub Mexico; USA Gila intermedia Gila Chub Mexico; USA Gila modesta Charalito Saltillo Mexico Gila nigrescens Charalito Chihuahua Mexico; USA THREATENED SPECIES Gila purpurea Yaqui Chub Mexico; USA Gobio hettitorum Derekaya Baligi Turkey Hemigrammocapoeta kemali Turkey Hemitremia flammea Flame Chub USA Hybognathus amarus Rio Grande Minnow USA Hybopsis cahni Slender Chub USA Hybopsis gelida Sturgeon Chub USA Hybopsis meeki Sicklefin Chub USA Iberocypris palaciosi Spain Totichthys phlegethontis Least Chub USA Tranocypris typhlops Tran Labeo fisheri Green Labeo Sri Lanka Labeo seeberi Calnwilliam Sandfish South Africa Ladigesocypris ghigii Ghizéni Greece: Rhodes Lepidomeda albivallis White River Spinedace USA Lepidomeda vittata Little Colorado Spinedace USA Leuciscus carolitertii Portugal?; Spain 96 Mandibularca resinus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Meda fulgida Spikedace USA Moapa coriacea Moapa Dace USA Notropis aguirrepequenoi Sardinita del Pilon Mexico Notropis buccula Smalleye Shiner USA Notropis cahabae Cahaba Shiner USA Notropis hubbsi Bluehead Shiner USA Notropis imeldae Sardinita de Rio Verde Mexico Notropis jemezanus Rio Grande Shiner USA Notropis mekistocholas Cape Fear Shiner USA Notropis melanostomus Blackmouth Shiner USA Notropis moralesi Sardinita de Tepelmene Mexico Notropis oxyrhynchus Sharpnose Shiner USA Notropis perpallidus Colorless Shiner USA Notropis saladonis Sardinita de Salado Mexico Notropis semperasper Roughhead Shiner USA Fishes Notropis simus Bluntnose Shiner USA Notropis snelsoni Ouachita Mountain Shiner USA Notropis welaka Bluenose Shiner USA Oregonichthys crameri Oregon Chub USA Oregonichthys kalawatseti Umpqua chub USA Ospatulus palaemophagus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Ospatulus truncatus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Pararhodeus meandri Ot Baligi Turkey Phenacobius teretulus Kanawha Minnow USA Phoxinellus fahirae Incilevrek Baligi Turkey Phoxinus cumberlandensis Mountain Blackside Dace USA Phoxinus tennesseensis Tennessee Dace USA Plagopterus argentissimus Woundfin USA Pogonichthys macrolepidotus Sacramento Splittail USA Probarbus jullieni Ikan Temoleh Cambodia; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Thailand; Viet Nam Pseudobarbus afer Eastern Cape Redfin South Africa 97 Pseudobarbus asper Smallscale Redfin South Africa Pseudobarbus burchelli Burchell’s Redfin South Africa Pseudobarbus burgi Berg River Redfin South Africa Pseudobarbus phlegethon Fiery Redfin South Africa Pseudobarbus quathlambae Maluti Minnow Lesotho Pseudobarbus tenuis Slender Redfin South Africa Pseudophoxinus beoticus Paskéviza Greece Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus Daska Greece Ptychocheilus lucius Colorado Squafish USA Puntius amarus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Puntius asoka Asoka Barb Sri Lanka Puntius baoulan Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Puntius cataractae Philippines Puntius clemensi Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Puntius cumingii Two Spot Barb Sri Lanka Puntius disa Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Puntius flavifuscus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Puntius herrei Philippines THREATENED SPECIES Vv Puntius katalo Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Vv Puntius lanaoensis Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) R Puntius lindong Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Vs Puntius mamalak Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Vs Puntius nigrofasciatus Black Ruby Barb Sri Lanka V __s«Puntius pleurotaenia Side Striped Barb Sri Lanka R Puntius sirang Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) E Puntius srilankensis Sri Lanka Vs Puntius titteya Cherry Barb Sri Lanka Vs Puntius tras Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) R Puntius tumba Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Vv Rasbora vaterifloris Vateria Flower Rasbora Sri Lanka R Relictus solitarius Relict Dace USA R Rutilus lemmingii Portugal?; Spain R Semotilus lumbee Sandhills Chub USA R Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus China Vv Spratellicypris palata Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) E Tanakia tanago Tokyo Bitterling Japan Vv Tiaroga cobitis Loach Minnow USA 98 Tylognathus klatti Saz Baligi Turkey Typhlobarbus nudiventris China Typhlogarra widdowsoni Traq Varicorhinus alticorpus Taiwan Vimba melanops Malamida Greece Family COBITIDAE Vv I Cobitis calderoni Portugal; Spain Cobitis haasi Spain Cobitis paludica Portugal; Spain Cobitis stephanidisi Greece Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi Spotted Loach Sri Lanka Leptobotia curta Ayumodoki Japan Family BALITORIDAE Vv Acanthocobitis urophthalmus Banded Mountain Loach Sri Lanka Nemacheilus troglocataractus Thailand: Tham Sai Yok Noi Nemacheilus gejiuensi China: Bajianjing, Yunnan Province Nemacheilus smithi Iran: Baq-e-Loveh pool, Zagros Mountains Nemacheilus xianggensis China: Xiangxi, Hunan Province Oreonectes anophthalmus China Schistura jarutanini Thailand: Amphoe Sri Sawat, Kanchanaburi Province R E Fishes Schistura oedipus Thailand: Tham Nam Lang, Mae Hong Son Province Schistura sijuensis India Sundoreonectes tiomanensis Malaysia Troglocobitis starostini Turkmenistan: Kugitangtau mountains Yunnanilus nigromaculatus China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) Family CATOSTOMIDAE Vv Catostomus bernardini Yaqui Sucker Mexico; USA Catostomus cahita Matalote Cahita Mexico Catostomus conchos Matalote Conchos Mexico Catostomus leopoldi Matalote del Bavispe Mexico Catostomus microps Modoc Sucker USA Catostomus santaanae Santa Ana Sucker USA Catostomus snyderi Klamath largescale sucker USA Catostomus warnerensis Warner Sucker USA Catostomus wigginsi Matalote Opata Mexico Catostomus sp. Salish Sucker Canada; USA Chasmistes brevirostris Shortnose Sucker USA Chasmistes cujus Cui-ui USA 99 Cycleptus elongatus Blue Sucker Mexico; USA Deltistes luxatus Lost River Sucker USA Moxostoma ariommumm Bigeye Jumprock USA Moxostoma atripinne Blackfin Sucker USA Moxostoma congestum Gray Redhorse Mexico; USA Moxostoma hamiltoni Rustyside Sucker USA Moxostoma hubbsi Copper Redhorse Canada Moxostoma sp. Bighead Redhorse USA Xyrauchen texanus Razorback Sucker USA Order CHARACIFORMES Family CHARACIDAE E Vv Catabasis acuminatus Brazil Cheirodon australe Chile Cheirodon galusdae Chile Cheirodon kiliani Chile Cheirodon pisciculus Chile Gymnocharacinus bergi Naked Characin Argentina Order SILURIFORMES Family DIPLOMYSTIDAE E Diplomystes camposensis Chile THREATENED SPECIES E Diplomystes chilensis Tollo de Agua Dulce Chile Diplomystes nahuelbutensis Chile Family ICTALURIDAE R Ictalurus australis Bagre del Panuco Mexico Ictalurus lupus Bagre Lobo Mexico; USA Ictalurus mexicanus Bagre de Rio Verde Mexico Ictalurus pricei Bagre de Yaqui Mexico Ictalurus sp. Bagre de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Noturus baileyi Smoky Madtom USA Noturus flavipinnis Yellowfin Madtom USA Noturus furiosus Carolina Madtom USA Noturus gilberti Orangefin Madtom USA Noturus lachneri Ouachita Madtom USA Noturus munitus Frecklebelly Madtom USA Noturus placidus Neosho Madtom USA Noturus stanauli Pygmy Madtom USA Noturus taylori Caddo Madtom USA 100 E Noturus trautmani Scioto Madtom USA E Prietella phreatophila Bagre de Muzquiz Mexico Vv Satan eurystomus Widemouth Blindcat USA Vv Trogloglanis pattersoni Toothless Blindcat USA Family BAGRIDAE E Austroglanis barnardi Barnard’s Rock-catfish South Africa R Austroglanis gilli Clanwilliam Rock-catfish South Africa I Austroglanis sclateri Rock-catfish South Africa E Coreobagrus ichikawai Nekogigi Japan I Leiocassis medianalis China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) R Pardiglanis tarabinii Giant Catfish Somalia: Jubba River E Pseudobagrus sp. Gibachi Japan: Kyushu Island Family SILURIDAE K Silurus mento China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) Family PANGASIIDAE V___‘~Pangasianodon gigas Giant Catfish Cambodia; China: Yunnan Province; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam R Pangasius sanitwongsei Pla Thepa Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam Family AMBLYCIPITIDAE I Liobagrus nigricauda China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) Fishes Family SISORIDAE I Oreoglanis siamensis Thailand Family CLARIIDAE E Clarias cavernicola Cave Catfish Namibia R Horaglanis krishnai Cave Catfish India Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAE Vv Heteropnuestes microps Sri Lanka Family ARIIDAE K Ancharius brevibarbus Madagascar Vv Arius taylori Taylor’s Catfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea K Cinetodus froggatti Small Mouthed Catfish Australia I Tetranesodon conorhynchus Lorentz Catfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Family PLOTOSIDAE R Neosilurus sp. 1 Dalhousie Catfish Australia R Neosilurus sp. 2 Cooper Creek Tandan Australia K Neosilurus sp. 3 False Spine Catfish Australia Vs Oloplotosus torobo Kutubu Tandan Papua New Guinea R Tandanus sp. Belinger River Tandan Australia Family MOCHOKIDAE Vv Chiloglanis bifurcus Incomati Rock Catlet South Africa 101 K Chiloglanis swierstrai Lowveld Rock Catlet Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe Family PIMELODIDAE V Rhamdia reddelli Juil Ciego Mexico Family TRICHOMY CTERIDAE V Bullockia maldonadoi Chile I Eremophilus mutisii Colombia: Bogota area E Nematogenys inermis Chile Vv Trichomycterus areolatus Chile E Trichomycterus chiltoni Chile E Trichomycterus chungarensis Chile E Trichomycterus laucaensis Chile E Trichomycterus rivulatus Chile Order SALMONIFORMES Family UMBRIDAE R Novumbra hubbsi Olympic Mudminnow USA Family LEPIDOGALAXIIDAE R Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Salmanderfish Australia Family OSMERIDAE Vs Hypomesus transpacificus Delta Smelt USA R Osmerus spectrum Pygmy Smelt Canada; USA Family SALANGIDAE E Neosalanx regani Ariakehimeshirauo Japan: Kyushu Island THREATENED SPECIES Family RETROPINNIDAE Vv Prototroctes maraena Australian Grayling Australia: Tasmania Family GALAXIIDAE K Vv Aplochiton marinus Chile Brachygalaxias bullocki Chile Brachygalaxias gothei Chile Galaxias fontanus Swan Galaxias Australia: Tasmania Galaxias fuscus Barred Galaxias Australia Galaxias globiceps Chile Galaxias gracilis Dwarf Inanga New Zealand Galaxias johnstoni Clarence Galaxias Australia: Tasmania Galaxias parvus Small Pedder Galaxias Australia: Tasmania Galaxias pedderensis Pedder Galaxias Australia: Tasmania Galaxias postvectis Shortjawed Kokopu New Zealand Galaxias rostratus Murray Jollytail Australia Galaxias sp. New Zealand: Waipori River Galaxias tanycephalus Saddled Galaxias Australia: Tasmania Galaxiella nigrostriata Black-Striped Minnow Australia 102 Vv Galaxiella pusilla Dwarf Galaxias Australia: Tasmania Vv Neochanna burrowsius Canterbury Mudfish New Zealand R Neochanna diversus Black Mudfish New Zealand R Paragalaxias mesotes Arthurs Paragalaxias Australia Family SALMONIDAE R Coregonus artedii Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus canadensis Atlantic Whitefish (Great Lakes) Canada; USA R Coregonus heyi Bloater (Great Lakes) Canada; USA Vv Coregonus kiyi Kiyi (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus nigripinnis Blackfin Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus oxyrhynchus Houting Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; United Kingdom E Coregonus reighardi Shortnose Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus zenithicus Shortjaw Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA EB Coregonus sp. | Opeongo Whitefish Canada Fishes Vv Coregonus sp. 2 VY «~Ambliyopsis spelaea Squanga Whitefish Northern Cavefish Canada USA E Hucho hucho E Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Danube Salmon Alabama Cavefish Austria; Czech Republic; France; Germany; USA Italy; Moldavia?; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Order OPHIDIFORMES Vs Onchorhynchus apache Family BYTHITIDAE Apache Trout I _—_ Lucifuga spelaeotes USA New Providence Cusk-eel V —_ Onchorhynchus chrysogaster raat Mermaids Pool, New Providence Mexican Golden Trout Mexico E Typhliasina pearsei Vs Onchorhynchus gilae Dama Ciega Blanca Gila Trout Mexico USA E Typhliasina sp. E Onchorhynchus ishikawai Nueva Dama Ciega Satsukimasu Salmon Mexico aes Westra Reet, Siesta ae Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES E Onchorhynchus iwame Family APLOCHEILIDAE Iwame Trout Japan E — Campellolebias brucei Santa Catarina Sabrefin R Onchorhynchus sp. Brazil Trucha de Yaqui Mexico R Cynolebias boitonei Brasilia Lyrefin I Salmo platycephalus Bravil Ala Balik Turkey V_——Cynolebias constanciae Brazil E Salmothymus obtusirostris Adriatic Salmon E Cynolebias marmoratus Yugoslavia Ginger Pearlfish Brazil R Salvelinus anaktuvukensis Angayukaksurak Char I Cynolebias minimus USA Minute Pearlfish Brazil I Salvelinus confluentus Bull Trout E Cynolebias opalescens Canada; USA Opalescent Pearlfish Brazil E Salvelinus japonicus Kirikuchi Char E Cynolebias splendens Japan: Totsukawa River, Honshu Island Splendid Pearlfish Brazil Order PERCOPSIFORMES > E Nothobranchius sp. Family AMBLYOPSIDAE Caprivi Killifish Vv Amblyopsis rosae Namibia Ozark Cavefish K = Pachypanchax homalonotus USA Madagascar K ~~ Pachypanchax sakaramyi Madagascar 103 THREATENED SPECIES Rivulus marmoratus Rivulus USA Rivulus robustus Rivulus Almirante Mexico Family CYPRINODONTIDAE I Aphanius anatolias Dislisazancik Baligi Turkey Aphanius burduricus Turkey Aphanius chantrei Dislisazancik Baligi Turkey Aphanius iberus Spain Crenichthys baileyi White River Springfish USA Crenichthys nevadae Railroad Valley Springfish USA Cualac tessellatus Cachorrito de Media Luna Mexico Cyprinodon alvarezi Perrito de Potosi Mexico Cyprinodon atrorus Perrito del Bolson Mexico Cyprinodon beltrani Cachorrito Lodero Mexico Cyprinodon bifasciatus Perrito de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Cyprinodon bovinus Leon Springs Pupfish USA Cyprinodon diabolis Devils Hole Pupfish USA Cyprinodon elegans Comanche Springs Pupfish USA 104 Cyprinodon fontinalis Perrito de Carbonera Mexico Cyprinodon labiosus Cachorrito Cangrejero Mexico Cyprinodon macrolepis Largescale Pupfish Mexico Cyprinodon maya Cachorrito Gigante Mexico Cyprinodon meeki Cachorrito de Mezquital Mexico Cyprinodon nazas Cachorrito del Aguanaval Mexico Cyprinodon pachycephalus Cachorrito Cabezon Mexico Cyprinodon pecosensis Pecos Pupfish USA Cyprinodon radiosus Owens Pupfish USA Cyprinodon simus Cachorrito Boxeador Mexico Cyprinodon tularosa White Sands Pupfish USA Cyprinodon verecundus Cachorrito de Dorsal Larga Mexico Fundulus julisia Barrens Topminnow USA Fundulus lima Killifish Mexico Fundulus waccamensis Waccamaw Killifish USA Lucania interioris Sardinilla Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Fishes Vv Kosswigichthys asquamatus Scaleless Killifish Turkey E Megupsilon aporus Cachorrito Enano de Potosi Mexico I Micropanchax schoelleri Egypt E Orestias chungarensis Chile E Orestias cuvieri Bolivia E Orestias laucaensis Chile E Orestias parinacotensis Chile K = Pantanodon madagascariensis Madagascar E Valencia hispanica Valencia Toothcarp Spain E Valencia letourneuxi Zournds Greece Family GOODEIDAE E Allotoca maculata Opal Goodeid Mexico E Ameca splendens Goodeid Mexico E Ataeniobius toweri Striped Goodeid Mexico Vv Characodon audax Bold Characodon Mexico E Characodon lateralis Rainbow Goodeid Mexico E Girardinichthys multiradiatus Mexico E Girardinichthys viviparus Mexclapique Mexico Vv Goodea gracilis Mexico 105 Hubbsina turneri Mexico Skiffia francesae Tiro Mexico Xenoophorus captivus Solo Goodeido Mexico Family POECILIIDAE I Vv Gambusia aestiputeus Colombia: San Ardrés Gambusia alvarezi Guayacon de San Gregorio Mexico Gambusia eurystoma Guayacon Bocon Mexico Gambusia gaigei Big Bend Gambusia USA Gambusia heterochir Clear Creek Gambusia USA Gambusia hurtadoi Guayacon de Hacienda Dolores Mexico Gambusia krumholzi Mexico Gambusia longispinis Guayacon de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Gambusia nobilis Pecos Gambusia USA Gambusia senilis Guayacon Pinto Mexico; USA Gambusia speciosa USA Poecilia latipunctata Molly del Tamesi Mexico Poecilia sulphuraria Molly del Teapa Mexico Poecilia vetiprovidentiae Colombia: Isla de Providencia THREATENED SPECIES I Poeciliopsis monacha Mexico R Poeciliopsis occidentalis Charalito Mexico; USA R Xiphophorus clemenciae Espada de Clemencia Mexico E Xiphophorus couchianus Platy Monterrey Mexico E Xiphophorus gordoni Platy Cuatro Cienegas Mexico E Xiphophorus meyeri Platy de Muzquiz Mexico Order BELONIFORMES Family ADRIANICHTHYIDAE E Adrianichthys kruyti Duck-billed Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Rake Poso) Vv Oryzias marmoratus Indonesia: Sulawesi Vv Oryzias matanensis Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Vs Oryzias nigrimas Black Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Oryzias orthognathus Sharp-jawed Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) V Oryzias profundicola Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) E Xenopoecilus oophorus Egg-carrying Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Xenopoecilus poptae Popta’s Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Xenopoecilus sarasinorum Indonesia: Sulawesi Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Vv Dermogenys megarramphus Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Vs Dermogenys weberi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) 106 R Nomoramphus celebensis Poso Halfbeak Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) R Zenarchopterus alleni Allen’s River Garfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Zenacrchopterus robertsi Robert’s River Garfish Papua New Guinea Order ATHERINIFORMES Family ATHERINIDAE Vv Austromenidia gracilis Chile Vv Basilichthys australis Chile E Basilichthys microlepidotus Chile K __ Bedotia geayi Madagascar K Bedotia longianalis Madagascar K Bedotia madagascariensis Madagascar R Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides Caims Rainbowfish Australia Vs Cauque mauleanum Chile R Chilatherina axelrodi Axelrod’s Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papau New Guinea R Chilatherina bleheri Bleher’s Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R__ Chilatherina bulolo Bulolo Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Chilatherina sentaniensis Sentani Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Chirostoma bartoni Charal de la Caldera Mexico E Chirostoma regani Charal del Valle de Mexico Mexico Fishes Craterocephalus amniculus Darling River Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus centralis Finke River Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus dalhousiensis Dalhousie Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus fluviatillis Murray Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus gloveri Glovers Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus helenae Drysdale Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus kailolae Kailola’s Hardyhead Papua New Guinea Craterocephalus lacustris Kutubu Hardyhead Papua New Guinea Craterocephalus lentiginosus Prince Regent Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus marianae Magela Hardyhead Australia Craterocephalus pimatuae Pima Hardyhead Papua New Guinea Glossolepis incisus Red Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Glossolepis maculosus Spotted Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Glossolepis pseudoincisus Tami River Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Glossolepis ramuensis Ramu Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Glossolepis wanamensis Lake Wanam Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea 107 Kiunga ballochi Glass Blue-Eye Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Ajamaru Lakes Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia angfa Yakati Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia arfakensis Arfak Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia boesemani Boeseman’s Rainbowfish Indonesia: Iriar Jaya Melanotaenia catherinae Waigeo Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia corona Corona Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia exquisita Exquisite Rainbowfish Australia Melanotaenia gracilis Slender Rainbowfish Australia Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi Lake Tebera Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia iris Strickland Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia lacustris Lake Kutubu Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia maylandi Mayland’s Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia misoolensis Misool Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia monticola Mountain Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia ogilbyi Ogilby’s Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya THREATENED SPECIES Vv Melanotaenia oktediensis Oktedi Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Melanotaenia papuae Papuan Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Melanotaenia parva Lake Kurumoi Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Melanotaenia pimanensis Pima River Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Melanotaenia praecox Dwarf Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Melanotaenia pygmaea Pygmy Rainbowfish Australia Vv Melanotaenia sexlineata Fly River Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Melanotaenia vanheurni Van Heurn’s Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Vv Menidia conchorum Key Silverside USA Vv Menidia extensa Waccamaw Silverside USA V___s‘Poblana alchichica Charal de Alchichica Mexico R Poblana ferdebueni Mexico Vv Poblana letholepis Charal de la Preciosa Mexico Vv Poblana squamata Charal de Quechulac Mexico R Pseudomugil connieae Popondetta Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea R Pseudomugil furcatus Forktail Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea 108 I Pseudomugil majusculus Cape Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea Vv Pseudomugil mellis Honey Blue-eye Australia Vv Pseudomugil paskai Paska’s Blue-Eye Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Vv Rheocles alaotrensis Katrana Madagascar R Rheocles lateralis Madagascar: Nosivolo River I Rheocles pellegrini Madagascar: near Andapa E Rheocles sikorae Sardine d’eau douce Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River E Rheocles wrightae Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River K Teramulus kieneri Madagascar E Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Red-finned Blue-eye Australia Family PHALLOSTETHIDAE I Phallostethus dunckeri Malaysia Family TELMATHERINIDAE Vv Paratherina cyanea Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Vv Paratherina labiosa Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Vv Paratherina striata Indonesia: Sulawesi Vv Paratherina wolterecki Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Vv Telmatherina abendanoni Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Vv Telmatherina bonti Indonesia: Sulawesi Vv Telmatherina celebensis Indonesia: Sulawesi Fishes R Telmatherina ladigesi Celebes Rainbow Indonesia: Sulawesi Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Family GASTEROSTEIDAE Vv Gasterosteus sp. 1 Giant Stickleback Canada Vv Gasterosteus sp. 2 Enos Stickleback Canada E Pungitius hellenicus Ellinopygésteos Greece E Pungitius sp. Musashitomiyo Japan: near Kumagaya city Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Family SYNGNATHIDAE v Hippocampus capensis Knysna Seahorse South Africa I Microphis caudocarinatus Slender Pipefish Indonesia: Irian Jaya I Microphis spinachoides Spinach Pipefish Papua New Guinea Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Family SYNBRANCHIDAE K Ophisternon candidum Blind Cave Eel Australia E Ophisternon infernale Anguila Ciega Mexico Family MASTACEMBELIDAE E Macrognathus aral Spiny Eel Sri Lanka Order SCORPAENIFORMES Family COTTIDAE R Cottus asperrimus Rough Sculpin USA 109 Cottus extensus Bear Lake Sculpin USA Cottus greenei Shoshone Sculpin USA Cottus leiopomus Wood River Sculpin USA Cottus princeps Klamath Lake Sculpin USA Cottus pygmaeus Pygmy Sculpin USA Cottus tenuis Slender Sculpin USA Myoxocephalus quadricornis Fourhorm Sculpin Canada Order PERCIFORMES Family AMBASSIDAE R Ambassis agassiz Agassiz’s Perchlet Australia Ambassis elongatus Yellow-Fin Perchlet Australia Parambassis altipinnis High-Finned Glass Perchlet Indonesia: Irian Jaya Tetracentrum caudovittatus Kokoda Glass Perchlet Papua New Guinea Family PERCICHTH YIDAE Vv Edelia obscura Yarra Pygmy Perch Australia Maccullochella ikei Eastern Freshwater Cod Australia Maccullochella macquariensis Trout Cod Australia Maccullochella sp. 1 Mary River Cod Australia THREATENED SPECIES E Maccullochella sp. 2 Clarence River Cod Australia K = Macquaria australasica Macquarie Perch Australia R Nannatherina balstoni Balston’s Pygmy Perch Australia Vs Nannoperca oxleyana Oxleyan Pygmy Perch Australia Vv Nannoperca variegata Ewen’s Pygmy Perch Australia E Percichthys melanops Chile Vv Percilia gillissi Chile E Percilla irwini Chile Family TERAPONTIDAE R Hannia greenwayi Greenway’s Grunter Australia Vs Hephaestus adamsoni Adamson’s Grunter Papua New Guinea R Hephaestus epirrhinos Long-Nose Sooty Grunter Australia I Hephaestus obtusifrons Striped Grunter Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Hephaestus trimaculatus Threespot Grunter Papua New Guinea R Leiopotherapon aheneus Fortescus Grunter Australia R Leiopotherapon macrolepis Large-Scale Grunter Australia K __~Pingalla gilberti Gilberts Grunter Australia 110 R Pingalla midgleyi Midgley’s Grunter Australia K Scortum hilli Leathery Grunter Australia R Scortum parviceps Small-Headed Grunter Australia K Scortum sp. Angalarri Grunter Australia K Syncomistes kimberleyensis Kimberley Grunter Australia R Syncomistes rastellus Drysdale Grunter Australia R Varia jamoerensis Jamur Lake Grunter Indonesia: Irian Jaya Family KHULIDAE K Kuhlia marginata Spotted Flagtail Australia Family CENTRARCHIDAE R Ambloplites cavifrons Roanoke Bass USA R Micropterus notius Suwannee Bass USA R Micropterus treculi Guadalupe Bass USA Family ELASSOMATIDAE R Elassoma boehlkei Carolina Pygmy Sunfish USA R Elassoma okatie Bluebarred Pygmy Sunfish USA Vv Elassoma sp. Spring Pygmy Sunfish USA Fishes Family PERCIDAE R Ammocrypta asprella Crystal Darter USA Vs Ammocrypta pellucida Eastern Sand Darter Canada; USA R Etheostoma acuticeps Sharphead Darter USA Vv Etheostoma aquali Coppercheek Darter USA E Etheostoma australe Dardo de Conchos Mexico Vv Etheostoma boschungi Slackwater Darter USA R Etheostoma cinereum Ashy Darter USA R Etheostoma cragini Arkansas Darter USA Vv Etheostoma ditrema Coldwater Darter USA E Etheostoma fonticola Fountain Darter USA R Etheostoma grahami Rio Grande Darter Mexico; USA R Etheostoma kanawhae Kanawha Darter USA R Etheostoma luteovinctum Redband Darter USA R Etheostoma maculatum Spotted Darter USA R Etheostoma mariae Pinewoods Darter USA 111 Etheostoma moorei Yellowcheek Darter USA Etheostoma nianguae Niangua Darter USA Etheostoma nuchale Watercress Darter USA Etheostoma okaloosae Okaloosa Darter USA Etheostoma osburni Finescale Saddled Darter USA Etheostoma pallididorsum Paleback Darter USA Etheostoma pottsi Mexican Darter Mexico Etheostoma rubrum Bayou Darter USA Etheostoma striatulum Striated Darter USA Etheostoma trisella Trispot Darter USA Etheostoma tuscumbia Tuscumbia Darter USA Etheostoma wapiti Boulder Darter USA Etheostoma sp. Dardo de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Perca schrenki Balkhash Perch China?; Kazakhstan; Kirgizia? Percina antesella Amber Darter USA Percina aurolineata Goldline Darter USA THREATENED SPECIES R Percina burtoni Family TOXOTIDAE Bliss Toseert K Toxotes oligolepis USA Large-Scale Archerfish R Percina cymatotaenia Australia Bluestripe Darter Family CICHLIDAE USA Et Sie fer R Chetia brevis E Percina jenkinsi enced Tenveratt Conasauga Logperch ia th Africa USA E Cichlasoma bartoni V__sCPercina lenticula Mojarra Caracolera Freckled Darter Mesico USA 2 E Cichlasoma labridens V___sCPercina macrocephala Moma Longhead Darter gion USA E Cichlasoma minckleyi MS Mojarra Caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas Longnose Darter USA Mexico V___sCPercina pantherina ‘ cae Peep stiche Leopard Darter Micxies USA 5 R Cichlasoma steindachneri E Percina rex Mean Roanoke Logperch ae USA E Cichlasoma sp. ¥ Peecien Mpa Mojarra Caracolera de Media Luna Snail Darter Mexico USA R Percina uranidea y Se Ge Stargazing Darter = n aaa sc Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Vv Konia eisentrauti E Romanichthys valsanicola Konye Asprete 3 Romania Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo 5 Vv Myaka myaka E ie an Myaka myaka France Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo 2 R Oxylapia polli Vs Zingel streb la - Madagascar: Marolambo Rapids, Nosivolo Austria; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Germany; River Hungary; Moldavia?; Slovakia; Switzerland; Vs‘ Paratilapia polleni Uksaine; Yugoslavia Marakely Family SCIAENIDAE Madagascar E —_ Totoaba macdonaldi K Paretroplus dami Damba Totoaba Mexico Madagascar K Paretroplus kieneri Kotsovato Madagascar 112 Fishes Paretroplus maculatus Masovoatoaka Madagascar Paretroplus petiti Kotso Madagascar Ptychochromoides betsileanus Trondo Mainty Madagascar Ptychochromoides sp. Madagascar: Nosivolo River Pungu maclareni Pungu Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Sarotherodon caroli Fissi Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Sarotherodon linnellii Unga Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Sarotherodon lohbergeri Leka Keppe Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Sarotherodon steinbachi Kululu Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Serranochromis meridianus Lowveld Largemouth South Africa Stomatepia mariae Nsess Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Stomatepia mongo Mongo Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Stomatepia pindu Pindu Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Tilapia bakossiorum Cameroon: Lake Bermin Tilapia bemini Cameroon: Lake Bermin Tilapia bythobathes Cameroon: Lake Bermin Tilapia flava Cameroon: Lake Bermin 113 E Tilapia guinasana Otjikoto Tilapia Namibia R Tilapia gutturosa Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia imbriferna Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia snyderae Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia spongotroktis Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia thysi Cameroon: Lake Bermin Family MUGILIDAE R Liza luciae Saint Lucia Mullet South Africa R Myxus capensis Freshwater Mullet South Africa Family CLINIDAE R Clinus spatulatus Bot River Klipfish South Africa Family ELEOTRIDAE R Bostrichthys aruensis Island Gudgeon Indonesia: Aru Islands I Bostrichthys zonatus Barred Gudgeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Eleotris sandwicensis Oopu USA R Gobiomorphus alpinus Tarndale Bully New Zealand R = Hypseleotris aurea Golden Gudgeon Australia R Hypseleotris dayi Golden Sleeper South Africa K Hypseleotris ejuncida Slender Gudgeon Australia THREATENED SPECIES Hypseleotris kimberleyensis Barnett River Gudgeon Australia Hypseleotris regalis Prince Regent Gudgeon Australia Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi Mitchell Gudgeon Australia Kimberleyeleotris notata Drysdale Gudgeon Australia Milyeringa veritas Blind Gudgeon Australia Mogurnda adspersa Purple Spotted Gudgeon Australia Mogurnda furva Black Mogurnda Papua New Guinea Mogurnda lineata Kokoda Mogurnda Papua New Guinea Mogurnda orientalis Eastern Mogurnda Papua New Guinea Mogurnda spilota Blotched Mogurmda Papua New Guinea Mogurnda variegata Variegated Mogurnda Papua New Guinea Mogurnda vitta Striped Mogurnda Papua New Guinea Mogurnda sp. 1 False-Spotted Gudgeon Australia Mogurnda sp. 2 Flinders Ranges Gudgeon Australia Mogurnda sp. 3 Karamui Gudgeon Papua New Guinea Mogurnda sp. 4 Wau Gudgeon Papua New Guinea 114 v Mogurnda sp. 5 Highlands Gudgeon Papua New Guinea Mogurnda sp. 6 Malas Gudgeon Papua New Guinea Oxyeleotris wisselensis Paniai Gudgeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya Ratsirakia legendrei Madagascar Family GOBIIDAE R Awaous stamineus Oopu Nakea USA Chlamydogobius sp. 1 Elizabeth Springs Goby Australia Chlamydogobius sp. 2 Edgbaston Goby Australia Chlamydogobius sp. 3 Dalhousie Goby Australia Croilia mossambica Burrowing Goby South Africa Economidichthys trichonis Nanogovidés Greece Eucyclogobius newberryi Tidewater Goby USA Glossogobius hoesei Hoese’s Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya Glossogobius intermedius Indonesia: Sulawesi Glossogobius matanensis Indonesia: Sulawesi Glossogobius sp. 1 Mountain Goby Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 2 Irian Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya Fishes Glossogobius sp. 3 Robert’s Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 4 Bluntsnout Goby Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 5 Sentani Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya Glossogobius sp. 6 Fly River Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 7 Kutubu Goby Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 8 Bighead Goby Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 9 Ramu Goby Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 10 Mulgrave Goby Australia Gobius tigerellus Tiger Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya Knipowitschia goerneri Greece Knipowitschia milleri Greece Knipowitschia punctatissima Greece Knipowitschia thessala Thessalogovinés Greece Loentipes concolor Oopu Alamoo USA Mistichthys luzonensis Sinarapan Philippines Mugilogobius latifrons Indonesia: Sulawesi Mugilogobius sp. Indonesia: Sulawesi Padogobius nigricans Greece 115 Pandaka pygmaea Dwarf Pygmy Goby Philippines: Malabon River Pseudogobiopsis sp. Red-spotted Goby Papua New Guinea Redigobius dewaali Checked Goby Mozambique; South Africa Schismatogobius deraniyagalai Redneck Goby Sri Lanka Sicydium stimpsoni Oopu Nopili USA Sicyopterus halei Red-tailed Goby Sri Lanka Sicyopus jonklaasi Lipstick Goby Sri Lanka Silhouettea sibayi Sibayi Goby South Africa Stupidogobius flavipinnis Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Taenioides jacksoni Bearded Goby South Africa Tamanka sarasinorum Sarasin’s Goby Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Weberogobius amadi Poso Bungu Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Family ANABANTIDAE E Sandelia bainsii Eastern Province Rocky South Africa Family BELONTIIDAE R Belontia signata Combtail Sri Lanka Malpulutta kretseri Ornate Paradisefish Sri Lanka THREATENED SPECIES Class SARCOPTERYGIL Order COELACANTHIFORMES Family LATIMERIIDAE Vv Latimeria chalumnae Coelacanth Comoros; South Africa 116 Invertebrates Phylum CNIDARIA R____ Katechonemertes nightingaleensis Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha Class ANTHOZOA E Pantinonemertes agricola Order GORGONACEA Bermuda Bae akan Gea Phylum MOLLUSCA K Eunicella verrucosa Broad Sea Fan Class GASTROPODA (Mediterranean Sea; N.E. Atlantic Ocean) der ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Order ACTINIARIA Ores ee Family NERITIDAE Family EDWARDSIDAE See I Neritilia hawaiiensis E Edwardsia ivelli Anchialine Pool Snail Ivell’s Sea Anemone USA: Hawaiian Islands United Kingdom Vv Theodoxus transversalis Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; Starlet Sea Anemone Moldova; Romania; Slovakia; Ukraine; Canada; United Kingdom; USA Vv Nematostella vectensis Yugoslavia? Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Family HYDROCENIDAE Vv Georissa biangulata Class TURBELLARIA Guam Order TRICLADIDA V___ Georissa elegans Guam ao ee Vv Georissa laevigata R Kenkia rhynchida Guam Malheur Cave Planarian ; 4 USA R Georissa laseroni Australia: New South Wales E Sphalloplana holsingeri Vv Georixoarenfile eS al Scand water Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei eae Vs Monterissa gowerensis E Sphalloplana subtilis pe ieee Grarniienter Plata Australia: Lord Howe Island USA Family HELICINIDAE VY =‘ Ogasawarana arata Phylum NEMERTEA Japan: Ogasawara Class ENOPLA of ORE COE EMIS Order HOPLONEMERTEA VY Ogasawarana comes E___ Antiponemertes allisonae Japan: Ogasawara New Zealand R _ Ogasawarana discrepans R Argonemertes hillii Japan: Ogasawara Australia R Ogasawarana microtheca R___ Argonemertes stocki Japan: Ogasawara Australia R —- Ogasawarana nitida R Geonemertes rodericana Japan: Ogasawara Mauritius: Rodrigues R Ogasawarana ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara 117 THREATENED SPECIES Ogasawarana optima Japan: Ogasawara Sturanyella carolinarum Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Sturanyella epicharis Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Lukunor) Order MESOGASTROPODA Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Vv Craspedoma costata Spain: Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Gomera) Vv Craspedoma hespericum Portugal: Azores R Craspedoma lyonnetianum Portugal: Madeira R Ditropis whitei Australia: Queensland (Islands off Cape York Peninsula) Family POTERIIDAE Vv Kondoraphe kiyokoae Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Vv Ostodes brazieri Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Vv Paramiella incisa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands VY s~Paramiella kondoi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Moen, Fefan) Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE Vv Diplommatina alata Palau: Ngemelis Vv Diplommatina aurea Palau: Koror V__—sCDiplommatinaa crassilabris Palau: Koror VY sCDiplommatina gibboni Palau: Koror V___—sCDiplommatina hyalina Guam V___sCODiplommatina inflatula Palau: Peleliu Vv Diplommatina lamellata Palau: Peleliu Vv Diplommatina lutea Palau: Koror 118 Diplommatina pyramis Palau: Peleliu Diplommatina ringens Palau: Peleliu Hungerfordia pelewensis Palau: Koror Palaina albata Palau: Koror Palaina dimorpha Palau: Peleliu Palaina dohrni Palau: Palau Palaina doliolum Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palaina kubaryi Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palaina moussoni Palau: Ngcheangel Palaina ovatula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palaina patula Palau: Koror, Peleliu Palaina platycheilus Palau: Koror Palaina pupa Palau: Peleliu Palaina pusilla Palau: Peleliu Palaina rubella Palau: Koror Palaina scalarina Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palaina strigata Palau: Peleliu Palaina striolata Palau Palaina taeniolata Guam Palaina wilsoni Palau Palaina xiphidium Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Pseudopalaina polymorpha Palau: Peleliu Invertebrates: Family PUPINIDAE R Hedleya coxeni (Signepupina coxent) Australia: Queensland Hedleya macleayi Australia: Queensland Hedleya pfeifferi (Signepupina pfeifferi) Australia: Queensland Pupina brenchleyi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Lukunor) Pupina complanata Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei; Marshall Islands: Jaluit, Ebon Pupina difficilis Palau Pupina splendens (Suavocallia splendens) Australia: Queensland (Lizard Islands) Family LIAREIDAE R Cytora hirsutissima New Zealand Family VIVIPARIDAE I Lioplax cyclostomaformis Cylindrical Lioplax USA Tulotoma magnifica Tulotoma USA Viviparus acerosus Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Romania; Slovakia Hungary; Family VALVATIDAE E Valvata utahensis Utah Valvata USA Family POMATIASIDAE R E R Pomatias raricosta Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Tropidophora articulata Mauritius: Rodrigues Tropidophora deburghiae Madagascar 119 Family ACICULIDAE R Acicula norrisi Gibraltar R Platyla foliniana France R Renea gormonti France R Renea paillona France Family HYDROBIDAE VV Alzoniella hartwigschuetti Austria I Antrobia breweri USA I Antrobia culveri Tumbling Creek Cavesnail USA I Apachecoccus arizonae Bylas Springsnail USA I Aphaostracon asthenes Blue Spring Hydrobe USA I Aphaostracon monas Wekiwa Hydrobe USA I Aphaostracon pycnum Dense Hydrobe USA I Aphaostracon xynoelictus Fenney Spring Hydrobe USA I Arganiella exilis France K — Avenionia brevis France; Belgium; Netherlands; Germany V _—sCBeddomeia angulata Australia: Tasmania Vv Beddomeia averni Australia: Tasmania Vv Beddomeia bellii Australia: Tasmania Vv Beddomeia bowryensis Australia: Tasmania Vv Beddomeia briansmithi Australia: Tasmania molluscs THREATENED SPECIES Beddomeia camensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia capensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia fallax Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia forthensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia franklandensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia fromensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia fultoni Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia gibba Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia hallae Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia hermansi Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia hullii Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia inflata Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia kershawi Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia kessneri Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia krybetes Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia launcestonensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia lodderae Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia mesiboyi Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia minima Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia petterdi Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia phasianella Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia protuberata Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia ronaldi Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia salmonis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia tasmanica Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia topsiae Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia trochiformis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia tumida Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia turnerae Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia waterhouseae Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia wilmotensis Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia wiseae Australia: Tasmania Beddomeia zeehanensis Australia: Tasmania Belgrandiella austriana Austria Belgrandiella fuchsi Austria Belgrandiella komenskyi Czech Republic Belgrandiella lacheineri Austria Belgrandiella parreyssi Austria Belgrandiella pupula Austria Belgrandiella pyrenaica France Belgrandiella styriaca Austria Bythinella badensis Germany Bythinella bavarica Germany Bythinella bicarinata France Invertebrates: molluscs Bythinella carinulata France Bythinella compressa Germany Bythinella cylindrica Austria Bythinella dunkeri Belgium; Germany Bythinella pupoides France; Switzerland Bythinella reyniesii Andorra; France Bythinella vesontiana France Bythinella viridis Belgium; France Bythiospeum acicula Germany Bythiospeum alpinum Switzerland Bythiospeum articense France Bythiospeum bressanum France Bythiospeum cisterciensorum Austria Bythiospeum diaphanum France, Switzerland Bythiospeum elseri Austria Bythiospeum garneri France Bythiospeum geyeri Austria Bythiospeum noricum Austria Bythiospeum quenstedti Germany Bythiospeum reisalpense Austria Bythiospeum sandbergeri Germany Cincinnatia helicogyra Crystal Siltsnail USA 121 Cincinnatia mica Ichetucknee Siltsnail USA Cincinnatia monroensis Enterprise Siltsnail USA Cincinnatia parva Pygmy Siltsnail USA Cincinnatia ponderosa Ponderous Siltsnai! USA Cincinnatia vanhyningi Seminole Siltsnail USA Cincinnatia wekiwae Wekiwa Siltsnail USA Clappia cahabensis Cahaba Pebblesnail USA Coahuilix hubbsi Coahuilix de Hubbs Snail Mexico Cochliopa texana Phantom Cavesnail USA Cochliopina milleri Miller’s Snail Mexico Coxiella striata Australia: Tasmania Durangonella coahuilae Durangonella de Coahuila Snail Mexico Fissuria boui France Fluminicola avernalis Moapa Pebblesnail USA Fluminicola columbiana Columbia Pebblesnail USA Fluminicola merriami Pahranagat Pebblesnail USA Fluvidona anodonta Australia: Queensland THREATENED SPECIES Fluvidona dunrobinensis Australia: Tasmania Fluvidona dulvertonensis Australia: Tasmania Fluvidona dyeriana Australia: Tasmania Fluvidona elongatus Australia: Tasmania Fluvidona grampianensis Australia: Victoria Fluvidona petterdi Australia: New South Wales Fluvidona pontvillensis Australia: Tasmania Fluvidona simsoniana Australia: Tasmania Fluviopupa gracilis Australia: Lord Howe Island Fluviopupa ramsayi Australia: Lord Howe Island Fonscochlea accepta Australia Fonscochlea aquatica Australia Fonscochlea conica Australia Fonscochlea billakalina Australia Fonscochlea zeidleri Australia Fontigens holsingeri Tapered Cavesnail USA Fontigens turretella Greenbrier Cavesnail USA Hauffenia kerschneri Austria Hauffenia minuta France; Switzerland Hemistoma beaumonti Australia: Lord Howe Island Hemistoma flexicolumella Australia: Lord Howe Island Hemistoma gemma Australia: Lord Howe Island 122 Hemistoma minutissima Australia: Lord Howe Island Hemistoma pusillior Australia: Lord Howe Island Hemistoma whiteleggei Australia: Lord Howe Island Heterocyclus perroquini New Caledonia Heterocyclus petiti New Caledonia Hydrobia scamandri France Jardinella acuminata Australia Jardinella carnarvonensis Australia Jardinella colmani Australia Jardinella coreena Australia Jardinella corrugata Australia Jardinella edgbastonensis Australia Jardinella eulo Australia Jardinella exigua Australia Jardinella isolata Australia Jardinella jesswiseae Australia Jardinella pallida Australia Jardinella zeidlerorum Australia Lepyrium showalteri Flat Pebblesnail USA Litthabitella elliptica France Lobaunia danubialis Austria Mexipyrgus carranzae Mexipyrgus de Carranza Snail Mexico Invertebrates: molluscs Mexipyrgus churinceanus Mexipyrgus de Churince Snail Mexico Mexipyrgus escobedae Mexipyrgus de Escobeda Snail Mexico Mexipyrgus lugoi Mexipyrgus de Lugo Snail Mexico Mexipyrgus mojarralis Mexipyrgus de West El Mojarral Snail Mexico Mexipyrgus multilineatus Mexipyrgus de East El Mojarral Snail Mexico Mexithauma quadripaludium Mexithauma de Cienegas Snail Mexico Moitessieria juvenisanguis France Moitessieria lineolata France Moitessieria locardi France Moitessieria puteana France Moitessieria rayi France Moitessieria rolandiana France Moitessieria simoniana France; Spain Nanocochlea monticola Australia: Tasmania Nanocochlea pupoides Australia: Tasmania ‘Nanocochlea’ parva Australia: Tasmania Neohoratia minuta Switzerland Nymphophilus minckleyi Nymphophilus de Minckley Snail Mexico Palacanthilhiopsis vervierti France Paladilhia hungarica Hungary 123 Paladilhia pleurotoma France Paladilhiopis bourguignati France Paludinella conica Guam; Norther Marianas: Saipan Paludinella minima Japan: Ogasawara Paludinella semperi Marshall Islands: Jaluit; Palau Paludinella vitrea Palau: Peleliu Paludiscala caramba Paludiscala de Oro Snail Mexico Phrantela annamurrayae Australia: Tasmania Phrantela conica Australia: Tasmania Phrantela kutikina Australia: Tasmania Phrantela marginata Australia: Tasmania Phrantela pupiformis Australia: Tasmania Phrantela richardsoni Australia: Tasmania Phrantela umbilicata Australia: Tasmania Phreatodrobia imatata Mimic Cavesnail USA Plagigeyeria conilis France Potamopyrgus oscitans Australia: Lord Howe Island Pseudamnicola anteisensis France Pseudamnicola klemmi France Pseudamnicola melitensis Malta Pseudotricula eberhardi Australia: Tasmania THREATENED SPECIES Pyrgulopsis agarhecta Ocmulgee Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis bacchus Grand Wash Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Bruneau Hot Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis castor Beaver Pond Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Fontelicella chupaderae) Chupadera Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis conicus Kingman Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis cristalis Crystal Spring Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis davisi (Fontelicella davisi) Davis County Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis erythopoma Ash Meadows Pebblesnail USA Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Fairbanks Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis gilae (Fontelicella gilae) Gila Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis glandulosus Verde Rim Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis idahoensis (Fontelicella idahoensis) Idaho Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis isolatus Elongate-gland Springsnail USA 124 Pyrgulopsis metcalft (Fontelicella metcalfi) Presidio County Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis micrococcus Oasis Valley Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Montezuma Well Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Page Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis nanus Distal-gland Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Socorro Snail USA Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe Royal Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis olivacea Olive Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Ozark Pyrg USA Pyrgulopsis pachyta Armored Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Pyrgulopsis fontelicella) Pecos Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis pisteri Median-gland Nevada Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis robusta Jackson Lake Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Fontelicella roswellensis) Roswell Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis simplex Fossil Springsnail USA Invertebrates: molluscs Pyrgulopsis solus Brown Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Fontelicella thermalis) New Mexico Hotspring Snail USA Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Huachuca Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Fontelicella trivialis) Three Forks Springsnail USA Sadleriana pannonica Hungary; Slovakia Somatogyrus amnicoloides Oachita Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus aureus Goldend Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus biangulatus Angular Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus constrictus Knotty Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus coosaensis Coosa Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus crassilabris Thick-lipped Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrsus crassus Stocky Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus currierianus Tennessee Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus deciphens Hidden Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus excavatus Ovate Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus hendersoni Fluted Pebblesnail USA 125 Somatogyrus hinkleyi Granite Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus humerosus Atlas Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus nanus Dwarf Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus obtusus Moom Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus parvulus Sparrow Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Tallapoosa Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus pygmaeus Pygmy Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus quadrulus Quadrate Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus sergenti Mud Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus strengi Rolling Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus tenax Savannah Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus tennesseensis Opaque Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus wheeleri Channeled Pebblesnail USA Stiobia nana Sculpin Snail USA Trochidrobia punicea Australia Trochidrobia smithi Australia Trochidrobia inflata Australia THREATENED SPECIES V Trochidrobia minuta Australia Tryonia adamantina Diamond Y Springsnail USA E Tryonia alamosae Alamosa Springsnail USA Tryonia angulata Sportingoods Tryonia USA Tryonia brunei Brune’s Tryonia USA Tryonia cheatumi Phantom Tryonia USA Tryonia clathrata Grated Tryonia USA Tryonia elata Point of Rocks Tryonia USA Tryonia ericae Minute Tryonia USA Tryonia gilae Gila Tryonia USA Tryonia imitator Mimic Tryonia USA Tryonia kosteri Koster’s Tryonia USA Tryonia quitobaquitae Quitabaquito Tryonia USA Tryonia stocktonensis Gonzales Spring Tryonia USA Tryonia variegata Amargossa Tryonia USA Vv Victodrobia burni Australia: Victoria Vv Victodrobia elongata Australia: Victoria 126 Victodrobia millerae Australia: Victoria Victodrobia victoriensis Australia: Victoria Yaquicoccus bernardinus San Bernadino Springsnail USA Family TRUNCATELLIDAE v Vv v Vv v Taheitia alata Guam Taheitia lamellicosta Guam Taheitia mariannarum Guam Taheitia parvula Guam Truncatella guerinii Japan: Ogasawara Family ASSIMINEIDAE I Assiminea infirma Badwater Snail USA Assiminea palauensis Palau Assiminea pecos Pecos Assiminea USA Austroassiminea letha Australia Heteropoma fulvum Guam Heteropoma glabratum Guam Heteropoma pyramis Guam Heteropoma quadrasi Guam Heteropoma tuberculatum Guam Heteropoma turritum Guam Kubaryia pilikia Palau: Koror Omphalotropis albocarinata Australia: Norfolk Island Invertebrates: molluscs Omphalotropis carolinensis Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Lukunor) Omphalotropis cheynei Palau Omphalotropis cookei Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan Omphalotropis elegans Guam Omphalotropis elongatula Guam Omphalotropis erosa Guam Omphalotropis exquisita Australia: Lord Howe Island Omphalotropis fragilis Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei Omphalotropis gracilis Guam Omphalotropis guamensis Guam Omphalotropis howeinsulae Australia: Lord Howe Island Omphalotropis innesi Australia: Lord Howe Island Omphalotropis laevigata Guam Omphalotropis laticosta Guam Omphalotropis latilabris Guam Omphalotropis mutica Palau Omphalotropis ochthogyra Guam Omphalotropis picta Guam Omphalotropis pilosa Guam Omphalotropis quadrasi Guam Omphalotropis semicostata Guam Omphalotropis striatipila Palau 127 Vv Vv Omphalotropis submaritima Guam Omphalotropis suturalis Guam Omphalotropis suteri Australia: Norfolk Island Omphalotropis tumidula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Ponapella pihapiha Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Quadrasiella clathrata Guam Quadrasiella mucronata Guam Thaanumella angulosa Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Thaanumella cookei Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Wrayanna soluta Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Family MELANOPSIDAE Vv Fagotia esperi Austria; Belarus; Hungary; Moldova; Slovakia; Ukraine Family PLEUROCERIDAE I Anculosa ampla (Leptoxis ampla) Round Rocksnail USA Anculosa compacta (Leptoxis compacta) Oblong Rocksnail USA Anculopsis crassa (Leptoxis crassa) Boulder Snail USA Anculosa formosa (Leptoxis formosa) Maiden Rocksnail USA Anculosa melanoidus (Leptoxis melanoidus) Black Mudalia USA THREATENED SPECIES Anculosa minor (Leptoxis minor) Knob Mudalia USA Anculosa picta (Leptoxis picta) Spotted Rocksnail USA Anculosa plicata (Leptoxis plicata) Plicate Rocksnail USA Anculosa taeniata (Leptoxis taeniata) Painted Rocksnail USA Anculosa virgata (Leptoxis virgata) Smooth Rocksnail USA Goniobasis albanyensis (Elimia albanyensis) Black-crest Elimia USA Goniobasis ampla (Elimia ampla) Ample Elimia USA Goniobasis annettae (Elimia annettae) Lily Shoals Elimia USA Goniobasis annulifera (Elimia annulifera) USA Goniobasis bellula (Elimia bellula) Walnut Elimia USA Goniobasis boykiniana (Elimia boykiniana) Flaxen Elimia USA Goniobasis brevis (Elimia brevis) Short-spired Elimia USA 128 Goniobasis cahawbensis (Elimia cahawbensis) Cahaba Elimia USA Goniobasis capillaris (Elimia capillaris) Spindle Elimia USA Goniobasis crenatella (Elimia crenatella) Lacy Elimia USA Goniobasis fascinans (Elimia fascinans) Banded Elimia USA Goniobasis gerhardti (Elimia gerhardti) Coldwater Elimia USA Goniobasis haysiana (Elimia haysiana) Silt Elimia USA Goniobasis hydei (Elimia hydei) Gladiator Elimia USA Goniobasis interrupta (Elimia interrupta) Knotty Elimia USA Goniobasis interveniens (Elimia interveniens) Slowwater Elimia USA Goniobasis nassula (Elimia nassula) Round-rib Elimia USA Goniobasis olivula (Elimia olivula) Caper Elimia USA Goniobasis showalteri (Elimia showalteri) Compact Elimia USA Invertebrates: molluscs Goniobasis vanuxemiana I Pleurocera curta (Elimia vanuxemiana) Shortspire Hornsnail Cobble Elimia USA ES I Pleurocera foremani Goniobasis variata Rough Hornsnail (Elimia variata) USA a a I Pleurocera posteri Broken Hornsnail To fluvialis USA SH pa ou I Pleurocera pyrenella Skirted Hornsnail Lithasia armigera USA i iv I Pleurocera showalteri Upland Hornsnail Lithasia curta USA ae Rocksnail I Pleurocera walkeri Telescope Hornsnail Lithasia duttoniana USA a oe Order BASOMMATOPHORA Lithasia geniculata Family ACROLOXIDAE Ornate Rocksnail I Acroloxus coloradensis USA Rocky Mountain Capshell Lithasia jayana ee Rugose Rocksnail Family LYMNAEIDAE USA : : E Erinna carinata Lithasia lima Réunion Wi Rocksnail ee of Vs Myxas glutinosa Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Czech Republic; Lithasia salebrosa Estonia; Finland; Germany; Kazakhstan; Muddy Rocksnail Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; USA Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Ukraine; Lithasia verrucosa United Kingdom Varicose Rocksnail I Stagnicola utahensis USA Thickshell Pondsnail Pleurocera alveare USA Rugged Hornsnail Family LANCIDAE A ue E Lanx sp. Pleurocera annulifera Banbury Springs Limpet Ringed Hornsnail USA US Family GLACIDORBIDAE P byi See ain ve Vv Aaa occidentalis USA aera Pleurocera corpulenta E hes eC WP ela Corpulent Hornsnail ustralia: Tasmania USA 129 I Glacidorbis pedderi Australia: Tasmania THREATENED SPECIES Family PHYSIDAE I Physa microstriata (Physella microstriata) Fish Lake Physa USA Es‘ Physa natricina Snake River Physa Snail USA I Physa spelunca (Physella spelunca) Cave Physa USA I Physa utahensis (Physella utahensis) Utah Physa USA I Physa zionis (Physella zionis) Wet Rock Physa USA Family PLANORBIDAE E_ Ancylastrum cumingianus Australian Freshwater Limpet Australia: Tasmania I Glyptophysa petiti New Caledonia I Helisoma jacksonense Jackson Lake Snail USA E Miratesta celebensis Indonesia: Sulawesi I Planorbella magnifica Magnificent Ramshor USA I Planorbella multivolvis Acorn Ramshorn USA Family NEOPLANORBIDAE I Amphigyra alabamensis Shoal Sprite USA I Neoplanorbis carinatus USA I Neoplanorbis smithi USA I Neoplanorbis tantilus USA 130 I Neoplanorbis umbilicatus USA Family ANCYLIDAE I Ferrissia meneili Hood Ancylid USA Rhodacmaea elatior Domed Ancylid USA Rhodacmaea filosa Wicker Ancylid USA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ACHATINELLIDAE E E Achatinella apexfulva USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella bellula USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella bulimoides USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella byronii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella cestus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella concavospira USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella curta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella decipiens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella fulgens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella fuscobasis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella leucorrhaphe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella lila USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella lorata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella mustelina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella phaeozona USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Invertebrates: molluscs Achatinella pulcherrima USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella pupukanioe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella sowerbyana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella stewartii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella swiftii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella taeniolata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella turgida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella viridans USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella vulpina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Auriculella ambusta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Auriculella castanea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Auriculella crassula USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Auriculella malleata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Auriculella perpusilla USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Auriculella pulchra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Auriculella tenella USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Elasmias kitaiwojimanum Japan: Ogasawara Elasmias quadrasi Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota Gulickia alexandri USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Lamellidea biplicata Japan: Ogasawara Lamellidea microstoma Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota Lamellidea ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara 131 Lamellidea subcylindrica Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Partulina confusa USA: Hawaiian Islands Partulina dolei USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina dubia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Partulian dwightii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Partulina fusoidea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina kaaeana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina mighelsiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Partulina nattii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina perdix USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina physa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Partulina porcellana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina proxima USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Partulina redfieldi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Partulina semicarinata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) Partulina splendida Splendid Partulina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina talpina USA: Hawaiian Islands Partulina tappaniana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina terebra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina tessellata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Partulina ustulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina variabilis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) THREATENED SPECIES E Vv Partulina virgulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Perdicella carinella USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Perdicella helena USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Perdicella kuhnsi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Perdicella ornata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Tornatellinops ponapensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Family COCHLICOPIDAE K E E Cochlicopa nitens Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bulgaria; Denmark; Estonia; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Switzerland; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia Cryptazeca monodonta France; Spain Cryptazeca subcylindrica France Hypnophila remyi France: Corsica Family AMASTRIDAE E E Amastra cylindrica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra micans USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra rubens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra spirizona USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Armsia petasus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Laminella sanguinea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Leptachatina lepida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Leptachatina sp. 1 USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Leptachatina sp. 2 USA: Hawaiian Islands 132 Tropidoptera heliciformis (Pterodiscus heliciformis) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Family PUPILLIDAE Lauria fanalensis Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla callathiscus Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla cheiligona Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla concinna Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla corneocostata Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla degenerata Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla ferraria Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla filicum Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla fusca Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla laevigata Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla laurinea Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla monticola Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla relevata Portugal: Madeira Leiostyla vincta Portugal: Madeira Pupilla ficulnea Australia: Northern Territory Pupilla pupula Réunion Family VALLONIIDAE R E Acanthinula spinifera Spain: Canary Islands (La Palma) Spelaeodiscus tatricus Slovakia Vallonia allamanica Germany Invertebrates: molluscs Vv Vallonia declivis Vv Vertigo geyerii Austria; France; Germany; Poland; Slovakia; Austria; Czech Republic; Denmark, Finland; Switzerland Germany; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; United K Vallonia enniensis Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; JOSE Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Poland; I Vertigo hebardi Romania; Russia; Spain: including Balearic USA Islands, Canary Islands; Slovakia; Switzerland; ; Dikeaine Family ORCULIDAE E Vallonia suevica ui OE GEE Germany Austria Family VERTIGINIDAE R pS aes tee K Cylindrovertilla kingi i Australia: New South Wales v OE aS I Gastrocopta boninensis Family CHONDRINIDAE Japan: Ogasawara I Solatopupa guidoni R Gyliotrachela catherina France: Corsica: Italy: Sardinia Australia: Northern Territory Vv INESU peepee poe I Solatopupa psarolena Palan France; Italy 5 Family BULIMINIDAE Vv Nesopupa ponapica Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Boninena callistoderma Vv Nesopupa quadrasi JE OSE Guam Vv Boninena hiraseana Vv Ptychalaea dedecora Ee Japan: Ogasawara E Boninena ogasawarae Vs Pupisoma orcula Japan: Ogasawara Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, R ’Napaeus’ alabastrinus Pohnpei Portugal: Azores I Sterkia clementina V = Napaeus isletae Insular Birddrop Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria) ee R Napaeus nanodes K Truncatellina atomus Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) I Namseuseyentens I Vertigo alabamensis Spain: Canary Islands (La Gomera) USA I Napaeus tagmichensis K Vertigo angustior Spain: Canary Islands (La Gomera) Armenis, ae arctan Bea I Napaeus tagulichensis Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Spain: Canary Islands (La\Gomera) Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; ‘ Treland,; Italy; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; R Napaeus tarnerianus Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; , Ukraine; United Kingdom lamba eer = a R Boettgeria obesiuscula Vv Vertigo genesii Portia eden Finland; Germany; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom V_—_sCharpentieria dyodon Italy; Switzerland 133 THREATENED SPECIES R Lamnifera pauli France; Spain E Lampedusa imitratix Malta E Lampedusa melitensis Malta R Muticaria macrostoma Malta Family PARTULIDAE E Eua zebrina American Samoa: Tutuila E Partula arguta French Polynesia: Huahine V___s‘*Partula calypso Palau: Peleliu E Partula dentifera French Polynesia: Raiatea Vv Partula emersoni Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Partula faba French Polynesia: Raiatea E Partula gibba Fat Guam Partula Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Vv Partula guamensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Partula hebe French Polynesia: Raiatea E Partula labrusca French Polynesia: Raiatea E Partula langfordi Northern Marianas: Aguijan Vv Partula leucothoe Palau Vv Partula martensiana Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae V___s~Partula radiolata Radiolate Partula Guam E Partula rosea French Polynesia: Huahine Vv Partula thetis Palau: Koror E Partula varia French Polynesia: Huahine 134 E E Samoana annectens French Polynesia: Huahine Samoana attenuata French Polynesia: BoraBora, Moorea, Tahiti, Raiatea Samoana conica American Samoa: Tutuila Samoana diaphana French Polynesia: Moorea Samoana fragilis Guam Samoana solitaria French Polynesia: Moorea Samoana thurstoni American Samoa: Ofu Family ORTHALICIDAE Vv Vv Vv Bothriembryon angasianus Australia: South Australia Bothriembryon brazieri Australia: Western Australia Bothriembryon glauerti Australia: Western Australia Bothriembryon irvineanus Australia: Western Australia Bothriembryon praecelcus Australia: Western Australia Bothriembryon spenceri Australia: Northern Territory Bothriembryon tasmanicus Australia: Tasmania Bulimulus adelphus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus akamatus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus alethorhytidus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus amastroides Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus blombergi Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus calvus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus cavagnaroi Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Invertebrates: molluscs Bulimulus darwini E Leuchocharis pancheri Ecuador: Galapagos Islands New Caledonia Bulimulus eos v Orthalicus reses Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Stock Island Tree Snail Bulimulus eschariferus Ue Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Vv Placostylus ambagiosus Bulimulus hirsutus a ae ‘ies sue Ecuador: Galapagos Islands mM Bulimulus jacobi CS eet aS Ecuador: Galapagos Islands New Zealand Bulimulus lycodus a ‘ Vs Placostylus hongii Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Pupil raceLeselesaseen Bulimulus nesioticus New Zealand Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus nux Family FERUSSACIIDAE Ecuador: Galapagos Islands : Be meric it Ga Santo) Tete Cataeee Ce a a ee peracid ire idea I Conlaiias connollyi ee cere ae ia Bulimulus sculpturatus R __ Sculptiferussacia clausiliaeformis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus sp. 1 Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Spain: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura) Family COELIAXIDAE Bulimulus sp. 2 I Pyrgina umbilicata Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Sao Tomé and Principe: Sdo Tomé I Thomea newtoni Bulimulus sp. 3 Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Bulimulus sp. 4 Family THYROPHORELLIDAE Ecuador: Galapagos Islands I Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Thyrophorella thomensis Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Family STREPTAXIDAE Bulimulus sp. 5 Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Bulimulus tanneri Vv Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Gonospira bourguignati Réunion Bulimulus unifasciatus Vv Gonospira cylindrella Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Réunion Bulimulus ustulatus E Gonospira deshayesi Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Réunion Bulimulus wolfi E Gonospira duponti Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Mauritius 135 THREATENED SPECIES Vv Gonospira funicula Réunion Vv Gonospira turgidula Réunion E Gonospira uvula Réunion Vv Gulella plantii South Africa E Imperturbatia violescens Seychelles Family CARYODIDAE E Anoglypta launcestonensis Granulated Tasmanian Snail Australia: Tasmania Family MEGOMPHICIDAE I Ammonitella yatesii Tight Coin USA Family RHYTIDIDAE Vv Delos oualanensis Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae R Ougapia spaldingi (Torresiropa spaldingi) Australia: Queensland (Cape York & Torres Strait Islands) R Paryphanta busbyi Kauri Snail, Pupurangi New Zealand V__—sCParyphanta gilliesi Gillies’ Land Snail New Zealand Vv Paryphanta hochstetteri Hochstetter’s Land Snail New Zealand VY s‘Paryphanta lignaria Woodformed Land Snail New Zealand Vv Paryphanta rossiana Ross’ Land Snail New Zealand V_—sCParyphanta traversi Travers’ Land Snail New Zealand R Rhytida clarki (Wainuia clarki) New Zealand 136 Vv Rhytida lamproides (Tasmaphena lamproides) Australia: Tasmania, Victoria R Rhytida oconnori New Zealand Vv Victaphanta atramentaria Australia: Victoria Vv Victaphanta compacta Australia: Victoria Family ENDODONTIDAE Vs Aaadonta angaurana Palau: Angaur Vv Aaadonta constricta Palau Vv Aaadonta fuscozonata Palau Vs Aaadonta irregularis Palau: Peleliu Vv Aaadonta kinlochi Palau: Angaur Vs Aaadonta pelewana Palau: Koror, Peleliu Vv Anguispira picta Painted Snake-coiled Forest Snail USA E Cookeconcha sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands E Endodonta sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands I Helicodiscus diadema USA I Helicodiscus hexodon USA E Hirasea acutissima Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea diplomphalus Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea insignis Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea operculina Japan: Ogasawara E Thaumatodon hystricelloides Western Samoa: Upolu Invertebrates: molluscs I I Theskelomensor creon Australia: Queensland Theskelomensor lizardensis Australia: Queensland (Lizard Island) Family PUNCTIDAE v Pasmaditta jungermanniae Australia: Tasmania Family CHAROPIDAE Vv v Allocharopa erskinensis Australia: Victoria Allocharopa okeana Australia: Victoria Allocharopa tarravillensis Australia: Victoria Bischoffena bischoffensis Australia: Tasmania Coenocharopa yessabahensis Australia: New South Wales Cralopa colliveri Australia: Victoria Cralopa kaputarensis Australia: New South Wales Dipnelix pertricosa Australia: South Australia Discocharopa mimosa Australia: Tasmania Dupucharopa millestriata Australia: Western Australia Geminoropa scindocataracta Australia: Victoria Hedleyoconcha ailaketoae Australia: Queensland Helenoconcha relicta Saint Helena Himeroconcha fusca Guam Himeroconcha lamlanensis Guam Himeroconcha quadrasi Guam Himeroconcha rotula Guam Jokajdon callizonus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei 137 Jokajdon tumidulus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Kubaryiellus kubaryi Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Ladronellum mariannarum Guam Letomola barrenensis Australia: Bass Strait islands Letomola contortus Australia: New South Wales Negairea murphyi Australia: New South Wales Oreokera cumulus Australia: Queensland Oreokera nimbus Australia: Queensland Oreomava cannfluviatilus Australia: Victoria Oreomava otwayensis Australia: Victoria Palikirus cosmetus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palikirus ponapicus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palline micramyla Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palline notera Palau Pernagera gatliffi Australia: Victoria Pillomena aemula Australia: Northern Territory Pilsbrycharopa tumida Australia: Western Australia Pilula praetumida Réunion Planilaoma luckmanii Australia: Tasmania Rhophodon kempseyensis Australia: New South Wales Rhophodon problematica Australia: Victoria Roimontis tolotomensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei THREATENED SPECIES Vs Russatus nigrescens Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Vv Semperdon heptaptychius Guam Vv Semperdon kororensis Palau: Koror Vv Semperdon rotanus Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Vv Semperdon uncatus Palau Vv Semperdon xyleborus Palau R Setomedea nudicostata Australia: Queensland Vv Sinployea kusaieana Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Vv Trukcharopa trukana Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Tol, Lukunor) Family DISCIDAE R Discus engonata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) E Discus macclintocki Towa Pleistocene Snail USA K Discus marmorensis Marbled Disc USA R Discus scutula Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family OREOHELICIDAE Vv Oreohelix jugalis Boulder Pile Mountain Snail USA R Oreohelix vortex Whorled Mountain Snail USA I Oreohelix waltoni Lava Rock Mountain Snail USA Vv Radiocentrum avalonense Catalina Mountain Snail USA Family SUCCINEIDAE I Boninosuccinea ogasawarae Japan: Ogasawara 138 E Vv Boninosuccinea punctulispira Japan: Ogasawara Catinella arenaria Belgium; France; Germany; Ireland; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom Oxyloma kanabense Kanab Amber Snail USA Succinea chittenangoensis Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail USA Succinea philippinica Palau Succinea piratarum Guam Succinea quadrasi Guam Succinea sanctaehelenae Saint Helena Family EUCONULIDAE Vv V Palaua babelthuapi Palau: Babeldaob Palaua margaritacea Palau Palaua minor Palau Palaua ngarduaisi Palau: Babeldaob Palaua straminea Palau: Angaur Palaua wilsoni Palau Caldwellia boryi Mauritius Caldwellia imperfecta Mauritius; Réunion Ctenophila caldwelli Mauritius Ctenophila salaziensis Réunion Ctenophila setiliris Réunion Ctenophila vorticella Réunion Invertebrates: molluscs Dendrotrochus ponapensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Diastole matafaoi American Samoa: Tutuila Hacrochlamys lineolatus Japan: Ogasawara Harmogenanina argentea Réunion Harmogenanina detecta Réunion Harmogenanina implicata Mauritius Helixarion australis (Helicarion australis) Australia: New South Wales, Queensland Helixarion leopardina (Helicarion leopardina) Australia: New South Wales Helixarion porrectus (Helicarion porrectus) Australia: New South Wales Helixarion rubicundus (Helicarion rubicundus) Australia: Tasmania Helixarion semoni (Fastosarion semoni) Australia: Queensland Helixarion submissus (Peloparion submissus) Australia: New South Wales Kusaiea frivola Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Lamprocystis denticulata Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipa, Rota Lamprocystis fastigata Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Lamprocystis hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara Lamprocystis hornbosteli Norther Marianas: Tinian Lamprocystis misella Guam Liardetia boninensis Japan: Ogasawara Liardetia tenuisculpta Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei E Plegma caelatura Réunion Plegma rodriguezensis Mauritius: Rodrigues Ryssota pachystoma Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Tengchiena euroxestus (Echonitor euroxestus) Australia: South Australia Thapsia snelli Mauritius: Rodrigues Trochochlamys ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara Family TROCHOMORPHIDAE Vv 139 Brazieria entomostoma Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) Brazieria erasa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) Brazieria lutaria Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) Brazieria minuscula Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Tol) Brazieria obesa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Tol) Brazieria velata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Hongolua kondorum Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Moen, Dublon) Kondoa kondorum Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) Trochomorpha apia American Samoa: Tutuila Trochomorpha approximata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) Trochomorpha carolinae Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Trochomorpha conoides Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei THREATENED SPECIES Vv Trochomorpha contigua Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Trochomorpha kuesteri Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Trochomorpha melvillensis Australia: Northern Territory Trochomorpha nigritella Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Videna electra Palau: Peleliu Videna oleacina Palau: Peleliu Videna pagodula Palau: Peleliu Videna pumila Palau: Peleliu Family VITRINIDAE R R R R K Insulivitrina machadoi Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria) Insulivitrina mascaensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Insulivitrina reticulata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Insulivitrina tuberculata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Phenacolimax atlantica Portugal: Azores Vitrea pseudotrolli France; Italy Vitrea striata Spain: Ibiza Family ZONITIDAE I E Glyphyalinia pecki USA Oxychilus agostinhoi Portugal: Azores Oxychilus basajauna Spain Paravitrea clappi USA Retinella stabilei Italy 140 Family PARMACELLIDAE Vv Parmacella tenerifensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family MILACIDAE Vv Tandonia nigra Switzerland Family LIMACIDAE K Vv Deroceras fatrense Slovakia Malacolimax wiktori Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family POLYGYRIDAE I Ashmunella pasonis Franklin Mountain Woodland Snail USA Cryptomastix magnidenta Mission Creek Oregonian USA Mesodon archeri Archer’s Toothed Land Snail USA Mesodon clenchi Clench’s Middle-toothed Land Snail USA Mesodon jonesianus Jones’ Middle-toothed Land Snail USA Mesodon magazinensis Magazine Mountain Middle-toothed Snail USA Polygyra hippocrepis USA Polygyra peregrina Strange Many-whorled Land Snail USA Polygyriscus virginianus Virginia Fringed Mountain Snail USA Stenotrema hubrichti USA Stenotrema pilsbryi Pilsbry’s Narrow-apertured Land Snail USA Triodopsis occidentalis Western Three-toothed Land Snail USA Invertebrates: molluscs Triodopsis platysayoides Flat-spired Three-toothed Snail USA Vespericola karokorum Karok Hesperion USA Family CAMAENIDAE R E Amphidromus cognatus Australia: Northern Territory Amplirhagada astuta Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) Amplirhagada elevata Australia: Western Australia Amplirhagada herbertena Australia: Western Australia Amplirhagada montalivetensis Australia: Western Australia (Montalivet Island) Amplirhagada novelta Australia: Western Australia Amplirhagada questroana Australia: Western Australia Austrochloritis ascensa Australia: New South Wales Austrochloritis pusilla Australia: Queensland Baccalena squamulosa Australia: Northern Territory Badistes benneti (Meridolum benneti) Australia: Queensland Badistes corneovirens (Meridolum corneovirens) Australia: New South Wales Badistes depressa (Meridolum depressa) Australia: New South Wales Badistes marshalli (Meridolum marshalli) Australia: New South Wales Baudinella baudinensis Australia: Western Australia (Baudin Island) Carinotrachia carsoniana Australia: Western Australia Cooperconcha centralis Australia: South Australia 141 Craterodiscus pricei Australia: Queensland Cristilabrum bubulum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum buryillum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum grossum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum isolatum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum monodon Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum primum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum rectum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum simplex Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum solitudum Australia: Western Australia Cristilabrum spectaculum Australia: Western Australia Cupedora broughami Australia: South Australia Cupedora evandaleana Australia: South Australia Cupedora luteofusca Australia: South Australia Cupedora marcidum Australia: New South Wales Cupedora nottensis Australia: South Australia Cupedora sutilosa Australia: Kangaroo Island Cupedora tomsetti Australia: Kangaroo Island Damochlora millepunctata Australia: Western Australia Damochlora spina Australia: Western Australia Divellomelon hillieri Australia: Northern Territory Glyptorhagada asperrima (Eximiorhagada asperrima) Australia: South Australia THREATENED SPECIES Glyptorhagada bordaensis Australia: Kangaroo Island Glyptorhagada euglypta Australia: South Australia Glyptorhagada janaslini Australia: South Australia Glyptorhagada kooringensis Australia: South Australia Glyptorhagada silveri Australia: South Australia Glyptorhagada tattawuppana Australia: South Australia Granulomelon grandituberculatum Australia: Northern Territory Hadra wilsoni Australia: Western Australia Jacksonena delicata Australia: Queensland Jacksonena rudis Australia: Queensland Kimboraga exanimus Australia: Western Australia Kimboraga koolanensis Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) Kimboraga micromphala Australia: Western Australia Kimboraga yammerana Australia: Western Australia Lacustrelix minor Australia: South Australia Lacustrelix yerelinana Australia: South Australia Mandarina anijimana Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina aureola Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina exoptata Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina hirasei Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina mandarina Japan: Ogasawara 142 Mandarina polita Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina ponderosa Japan: Ogasawara Mandarina suenoae Japan: Ogasawara Meliobba shafferyi Australia: Queensland Mesodontrachia desmonda Australia: Northern Territory Mesodontrachia fitzroyana Australia: Northern Territory Mouldingia occidentalis Australia: Western Australia Mouldingia orientalis Australia: Western Australia Mussonena campbelli Australia: Queensland Ningbingia australis Australia: Western Australia Ningbingia bulla Australia: Western Australia Ningbingia dentiens Australia: Western Australia Ningbingia laurina Australia: Western Australia Ningbingia octava Australia: Western Australia Ningbingia res Australia: Western Australia Noctepuna muensis Australia: Queensland Occirhenea georgiana Australia: Western Australia. Offachloritis dryanderensis Australia: Queensland Ordtrachia australis Australia: Northern Territory Ordtrachia elegans Australia: Western Australia Ordtrachia septentrionalis Australia: Northern Territory Papuexul bidwilli Australia: New South Wales, Queensland Invertebrates: molluscs Papustyla pulcherrima Papua New Guinea: Manus Island Planispira wesselensis (Cristigibba wesselensis) Australia: Northern Territory Pleuroxia arcigerens Australia: Northern Territory Pleuroxia hinsbyi Australia: New South Wales Pleuroxia italowiana Australia: South Australia Posorites turneri Australia: Queensland Prototrachia sedula Australia: Northern Territory Prymnbriareus nimberlinus Australia: Western Australia Rhagada gibbensis Australia: Western Australia Rhagada harti Australia: Western Australia Semotrachia euzyga Australia: Northern Territory Semotrachia sublevata Australia: Northern Territory Semotrachia winneckeana Australia: Northern Territory Setobaudinia collingii Australia: Western Australia (Parry Island) Setobaudinia victoriana Australia: Northern Territory Sinumelon bednalli Australia: Northern Territory Sphaerospira macleayi Australia: Queensland (Whitsunday Islands) Sphaerospira rockhamptonensis Australia: Queensland Sphaerospira whartoni Australia: Queensland (Holbourne Island) Thersites mitchellae Australia: New South Wales Torresitrachia crawfordi Australia: Western Australia Torresitrachia funium Australia: Northern Territory 143 W Vv Torresitrachia thedana Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus aslini Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus christenseni Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus costus Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus depressus Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus foramenus Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus opiranus Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus pagodula Australia: Western Australia Turgenitubulus tanmurrana Australia: Western Australia Vidumelon wattii Australia: Northern Territory Westraltrachia alterna Australia: Western Australia Westraltrachia inopinata Australia: Western Australia Westraltrachia lievreana Australia: Western Australia Westraltrachia porcata Australia: Western Australia Westraltrachia recta Australia: Western Australia Westraltrachia subtila Australia: Western Australia Westraltrachia turbinata Australia: Western Australia Family HYGROMIIDAE Vv Petasina subtecta Austria Plentusia vendia Spain Trichia biconica Switzerland Trichia caelata Switzerland Trichia gramnicola Germany THREATENED SPECIES E Trichia oreinos Austria Family HELICELLIDAE I Vv R Candidula setubalensis Portugal Cyrnotheba corsica France: Corsica Trochoidea gharlapsi Malta Trochoidea spratti Malta Family HELICIDAE Vv v Actinella actinophora Portugal: Madeira Actinella anaglyptica Portugal: Madeira Actinella armitageana Portugal: Madeira Actinella carinofausta Portugal: Madeira Actinella effugiens Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Actinella fausta Portugal: Madeira Actinella giramica Portugal: Madeira Actinella laciniosa Portugal: Madeira Actinella obserata Portugal: Madeira Actinella robusta Portugal: Madeira Canariella leprosa Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Canariella pthonera Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Caseolus abjectus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Caseolus calculus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Caseolus commixtus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Caseolus consors Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) 144 Caseolus hartungi Portugal: Madeira Caseolus leptostictus Portugal: Madeira Caseolus subcalliferus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Chilostoma cingulellum Poland; Slovakia Chilostoma rossmaessleri Poland; Slovakia Codringtonia codringtonii Rock Snail Greece Cylindrus obtusus Austria Discula bicarinata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula bulweri Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula cheiranticola Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula echinulata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula leacockiana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula oxytropis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula tabellata Portugal: Madeira Discula tectiformis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula testudinalis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Discula turricula Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Disculella maderensis Portugal: Madeira Disculella spirulina Portugal: Madeira Elona quimperiana France; Spain Geomitra moniziana Portugal: Madeira Geomitra tiarella Portugal: Madeira Invertebrates: molluscs Gittenbergeri turriplana Portugal Helix ceratina France: Corsica Helix godetiana Greece: Cyclades Hemicycla adansoni Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Hemicycla berkeleyi Spain: Canary Islands Hemicycla glyceia Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Hemicycla inutilis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Hemicycla mascaensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Hemicycla modesta Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Hemicycla plicaria Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Hemicycla pouchet Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Idiomela subplicata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Lampadia webbiana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Lemniscia calva Portugal: Madeira Lemniscia galeata Portugal: Madeira Lemniscia michaudi Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Leptaxis furva Portugal: Madeira Leptaxis portosancti Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Leptaxis wollastoni Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Pseudocampylaea portosanctana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Spirorbula latens Portugal: Madeira Spirorbula obtecta Portugal: Madeira R Spirorbula squalida Portugal: Madeira I Tacheocampylaea raspaili France: Corsica Vv Tacheocampylaea tacheoides Italy R Trissexodon constrictus France; Spain R Tyrrheniella josephi Italy Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE K Eremarionta immaculata White Desrt Snail USA K Eremarionta millepalmarum Thousand Palms Desert Snail USA K Eremarionta morongoana Morongo Desert Snail USA R Helminthoglypta allynsmithi Merced Canyon Shoulderband USA I Helminthoglypta callistoderma Kern Shoulderband USA K Helminthoglypta coelata Mesa Shoulderband USA K Helminthoglypta mohaveana Victorville Shoulderband USA E Helminthoglypta walkeriana Morro Shoulderband USA K Micrarionta facta Santa Barbara Island Snail USA E Micrarionta feralis San Nicolas Island Snail USA K = Micrarionta gabbi San Clemente Island Snail USA K Micrarionta opuntia Prickly Pear Island Snail USA THREATENED SPECIES Monadenia circumcarinata Keeled Sideband USA Monadenia setosa Trinity Bristle Snail USA Monadenia troglodytes Shasta Sideband USA Sonorella eremita Sax Xavier Talus Snail USA Sonorella metcalfi Franklin Mountain Talus Snail USA Xerarionta intercisa Plain Cactus Snail USA Xerarionta redimita Wreathed Cactus Snail USA Xerarionta tryoni Bicolor Cactus Snail USA Family ARIONIDAE R K Arion obesoductus Austria Arion vejdorskyi Czech Republic Binneya notabilis Santa Barbara Shelled Slug USA Geomalacus maculosus Ireland; Portugal; Spain Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA Family MARGARITIFERIDAE E Margaritifera auricularia Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; United Kingdom Margaritifera hembeli Louisiana Pearlshell USA 146 Margaritifera margaritifera Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Iceland; Ireland; Luxembourg; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Russia: Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom Margaritifera marrianae Alabama Pearl Shell USA Margaritifera monodonta (Cumberlandia monodonta) Spectacle Case USA Family UNIONIDAE I Alasmidonta arcula Altamaha Arcmussel USA Alasmidonta atropurpurea Cumberland Elktoe USA Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf Wedge Mussel USA Alasmidonta raveneliana Appalacian Elktoe USA Alismodonta varicosa Brook Floater USA Alasmidonta wrightiana Ochlockonee Arcmussel USA Amblema neislerii Fat Threeridge USA Anodonta californensis California Floater USA Arkansia wheeleri Ouachita Rock Pocketbook USA Carunculina cylindrellus (Toxolasma cylindrellus) Pale Lilliput USA Carunculina lividus (Toxolasma lividus) Purple Lilliput USA Invertebrates: molluscs Carunculina pullus (Toxolasma pullus) Savannah Lilliput USA Cyprogenia aberti Western Fan-shell USA Cyprogenia stegaria Fanshell USA Dromus dromas Dromedary Pearly Mussel USA Dysnomia brevidens (Epioblasma brevidens) Cumberlandian Combshell USA Dysnomia capsaeformis (Epioblasma capsaeformis) Oyster Mussel USA Dysnomia metastriata (Epioblasma metastriata) Upland Combshell USA Dysnomia othcaloogensis (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) Southern Acornshell USA Dysnomia penita (Epioblasma penita) Southern Combshell USA Dysnomia triquetra (Epioblasma triquetra) Snuffbox USA Dysnomia turgidula (Epioblasma turgidula) Turgid-blossom USA Elliptio jayensis Flat Spike USA Elliptio lanceolata Yellow Lance USA Elliptio marsupiobesa Cape Fear Spike USA Elliptio nigella Winged Spike USA Elliptio shepardiana Altamaha Lance USA Elliptio spinosa Altamaha Spinymussel USA Elliptio steinstansana Tar River Spinymussel USA Elliptio waccamawensis Waccamaw Spike USA Fusconaia cor Shiny Pigtoe USA Fusconaia cuneolus Fine-rayed Pigtoe USA Fusconaia escambia Narrow Pigtoe USA Fusconaia masoni Atlantic Pigtoe USA Hemistena lata Cracking Pearlymussel USA Lampsilis abrupta Pink Mucket USA Lampsilis altilis Fine-lined Pocketbook USA Lampsilis australis Southern Sandshell USA Lampsilis binominata Lined Pocketbook USA Lampsilis cariosa Yellow Lampmussel USA Lampsilis fullerkati Waccamaw Fatmucket USA THREATENED SPECIES Lampsilis higginsii Higgin’s Eye USA Lampsilis perovalis Orangenacre Mucket USA Lampsilis powellii Arkansas Fatmucket USA Lampsilis rafinesqueana Neosho Mucket USA Lampsilis salinasensis (Disconaias salinasensis) Salina Mucket USA Lampsilis streckeri Speckled Pocketbook USA Lampsilis subangulata Shinyrayed Pocketbook USA Lampsilis virescens Alabama Lampmussel USA Lasmigona decorata Carolina Heelsplitter USA Lasmigona holstonia Tennessee Heelsplitter USA Lasmigona subviridis Green Floater USA Leguminaia compressa (Microcondylaea compressa) Italy; Switzerland; Yugoslavia Lemiox rimosus Birdwing Pearlymussel USA Leptodea leptodon Scaleshell USA Lexingtonia dolabelloides Slabside Pearlymussel USA Medionidus acutissimus Alabama Moccasinshell USA Medionidus parvulus Coosa Moccasinshell USA Nephronaias sloatianus (Elliptoideus sloatianus) Purple Bankclimber USA Obovaria retusa Ring Pink USA Obovaria rotulata Round Ebonyshell USA Pegias fabula Littlewing Pearlymussel USA Plethobasus cicatricosus White Wartyback USA Plethobasus cooperianus Orangefoot Pimpleback USA Pleurobema clava Clubshell USA Pleurobema collina James River Spinymussel USA Pleurobema curtum Black Clubshell USA Pleurobema decisum Southern Clubshell USA Pleurobema furvum Dark Pigtoe USA Pleurobema georgianum Southern Pigtoe USA Pleurobema gibberum Cumberland Pigtoe USA Pleurobema marshalli Flat Pigtoe USA Pleurobema oviforme Tennessee Clubshell USA Invertebrates: molluscs Pleurobema perovatum Ovate Clubshell USA Pleurobema plenum Rough Pigtoe USA Pleurobema pyriforme Oval Pigtoe USA Pleurobema rubellum Warrior Pigtoe USA Pleurobema rubrum Pyramid Pigtoe USA Pleurobema taitianum Heavy Pigtoe USA Pleurobema verum True Pigtoe USA Potamilus amphiehaenus Texas Heelsplitter USA Potamilus capax Fat Pocketbook USA Potamilus inflatus Alabama Heelsplitter USA Pseudanodonta complanata Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; Slovakia; Ukraine; United Kingdom Ptychobranchus greenii Triangular Kidneyshell USA Ptychobranchus jonesi Southern Kidneyshell USA Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Rough Rabbitsfoot USA Quadrula fragosa Winged Mapleleaf USA Quadrula intermedia Cumberland Monkeyface USA Quadrula sparsa Appalachian Monkeyface USA Quadrula stapes Stirrupshell USA Quincuncina mitchelli False Spike USA Simpsoniconcha ambigua (Simpsonaias ambigua) Salamander Mussel USA Truncilla cognata Mexican Fawnsfoot USA Unio cariei (Nodularia cariei) Réunion Unio crassus Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova: Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine Unio elongatulus France; Italy; Spain; Switzerland; Yugoslavia Unio turtoni France: Corsica Villosa choctawensis Choctaw Bean USA Villosa fabalis Rayed Bean USA Villosa ortmanni Kentucky Creekshell USA Villosa perpurpurea Purple Bean USA Villosa trabalis Cumberland Bean USA THREATENED SPECIES Family HYRIDAE oe : F Giant Clam I Hyridella moretonicus (Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea, (Velesunio moretonicus) Coral Sea) Australia: Tasmania Order VENEROIDA Family TRIDACNIDAE I Hippopus hippopus Australia: Queensland, Western; Federated States of Micronesia: Lamotrek Atoll, Wesy Fagu; Fiji (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Ryukyu Islands (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Myanmar; New Bear Paw Clam (Indo-Pacific: including Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, East China Sea, Coral Sea) American Samoa (ex?); Australia: Queensland, Westem; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji Caledonia (ex?); Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Solomon Islands; Taiwan (ex?); Thailand; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (ex?) [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian (ex?); Guam (ex?); India?: Andaman and Islands] Nicobar Islands; Indonesia; Japan: Ogasawara- K Titian momen shoto (Bonin Islands) (ex?), Ryukyu Islands Small Giant Clam (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Malaysia; (Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean) Marshall Islands; Myanmar; New Caledonia; American Samoa; Australia: including Lord Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Philippines; Howe Island; British Indian Ocean Territory: Papua New Guinea; Paracel Islands?; Samoa Chagos Archipelago; China; Cook Islands: (ex?); PEELS Solomon Islands; Taiwan Egypt; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; (ex?); Thailand?; Tonga (ex?); Tuvalu; French Polynesia; Guam; India: Andaman and Vanuatu Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep; Indonesia: Hippopus porcellanus Japan; Kenya; Kiribati: Gilbert, Phoenix, Line China Clam Islands; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; (Indo-Pacific: including Flores Sea, South Marshall Islands; Mauritius, Mozambique; China Sea) Myanmar, New Caledonia; Northern Marianas; Indonesia; Palau; Philippines: Sulu Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Archipelago, Masbate Island; South China Sea Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island; Samoa; reefs Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon r Islands; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Tridacna crocea Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; USA ee a Pacific Islands; Vanuatu; Viet Nam (Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea, Coral Sea) I Tridacna squamosa Australia, Guam (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Malaysia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Tuvalu?; Vanuatu?; Viet Nam Tridacna derasa Southern Giant clam (Indo-Pacific: Coral Sea) Australia: Queensland; Cocos (Keeling) Islands?; Fiji; French Polynesia?: Tuamotu Archipelago; Guam (ex?); Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Taka Bone Rate in Sulawesi; New Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Solomon Islands; Tonga: Tongatapu; Tuvalu?; Vanuatu? [American Samoa; Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Marshall Islands] 150 Scaly Clam, Fluted Clam (Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean) American Samoa; Australia; British Indian Ocean Territory: Chagos Archipelago; Egypt; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago; India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep; Indonesia; Japan (ex?); Kenya; Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar; New Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian Islands] Invertebrates K Tridacna tevoroa Tevoro Clam (South Pacific) Fiji: Lau Islands; Tonga: Ha’apai and Vava’u Groups Family PISIDIDAE I Pisidium sanguinichristi USA I Pisidium ultramontanum Montane Peaclam USA Phylum ANNELIDA Class POLYCHAETA Order EUNICIDA Family EUNICIDAE K Eunice viridis Palolo Worm (South Pacific) Class HIRUDINEA Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE Family HIRUDINIDAE I Hirudo medicinalis Medicinal Leech Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Class OLIGOCHAETA Order HAPLOTAXIDA Family KOMAREKIONIDAE Vv Komarekiona eatoni USA Family LUTODRILIDAE R Lutodrilus multivesiculatus USA 151 Family MEGASCOLECIDAE E Driloleirus americanus (Megascolides americanus) Washington Giant Earthworm USA E Driloleirus macelfreshi (Megascolides macelfreshi) Oregon Giant Earthworm USA Vv Megascolides australis Giant Gippsland Earthworm Australia Phylum ARTHROPODA Class MEROSTOMATA Order XIPHOSURA Family LIMULIDAE K Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand K Limulus polyphemus Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - Canada; Mexico; USA K Tachypleus gigas Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore; Thailand K Tachypleus tridentatus Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Philippines; Taiwan; Viet Nam Class ARACHNIDA Order ARANEAE Family THERAPHOSIDAE K = Euathlus smithi (Brachypelma smithi) Red-kneed Tarantula Mexico Family HEX ATHELIDAE I Macrothele cretica Greece: Crete THREATENED SPECIES Family CTENIZIDAE I Cyclocosmia torreya Torreya Trap-door Spider USA Family GRADUNGULIDAE I Spelungula cavernicola Nelson Cave Spider New Zealand Family LEPTONETIDAE E Leptoneta myopica Tooth Cave Spider USA Family LINYPHIIDAE R Troglohyphantes gracilis Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia R Troglohyphantes similis Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia R Troglohyphantes spinipes Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia Family ARANEIDAE I Meta dolloff Dolloff Cave Spider USA Family GNAPHOSIDAE I Cesonia irvingi Key Gnaphosid Spider Bahamas; USA Family LYCOSIDAE E Adelocosa anops No-eyed Big-eyed Wolf Spider USA: Hawaiian Islands I Lycosa ericeticola Rosemary Wolf Spider USA R Pardosa diuturna Glacier Bay Wolf Spider USA I Sosippus placidus Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider USA 152 Family ASAURIDAE Vv Dolomedes plantarius Great Raft Spider Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Denmark; France; Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Order PPEUDOSCORPIONIDA Family NEOBISIDAE I Microcreagris imperialis Empire Cave Pseudoscorpion USA E Microcreagris texana Tooth Cave Pseudoscorpion USA Order OPILIONES Family PHALANGODIDAE Vv Banksula melones Melones Cave Harvestman USA Class CRUSTACEA Order CLADOCERA Family DAPHNIDAE R Daphnia jollyi Water Flea Australia: Western Australia R Daphnia occidentalis Water Flea Australia: Western Australia R Daphnia nivalis Water Flea Australia: New South Wales Family CHYDORIDAE R Rhynchochydorus australiensis Water Flea Australia: New South Wales Order ANOSTRACA Family ARTEMIIDAE I Artemia monica Mono Lake Brine Shrimp USA Family BRANCHINECTIDAE I Branchinecta gigas Giant Fairy Shrimp Canada; USA Invertebrates: crustaceans Family BRANCHIPODIDAE I Parartemia contracta Brine Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Family THAMNOCEPHALIDAE K Branchinella apophysata Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella basispina Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella denticulata Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella simplex Brine Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella wellardi Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Order MYODOCOPINA Family CYPRIDINIDAE K Zonocypretta kalimna Seed Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Family NOTODROMADIDAE K Newnhamia fuscata Seed Shrimp Australia: New South Wales K Newnhamia insolita Seed Shrimp Australia: New South Wales Order PODOCOPINA Family LIMNOCYTHERIDAE K ___Limnocythere porphyretica Seed Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Order CALANOIDA Family CENTROPAGIDAE R Boeckella nyoraensis Australia R Calamoecia australica Australia: Victoria R Calamoecia elongata Australia: Western Australia Order HARPACTICOIDA Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE K Canthocamptus echinopyge Australia: Tasmania K Canthocamptus dedeckkeri Australia: Victoria K Canthocamptus tasmaniae Australia: Tasmania K Canthocamptus longipes Australia: Victoria K Canthocamptus mammillifurca Australia: Victoria K Canthocamptus sublaevis Australia: Victoria K __ Fibulacamptus gracilior Australia: Victoria K Fibulacamptus bisetosus Australia: Western Australia Order THORACICA Family BALANIDAE I Armatobalanus nefrens USA I Balanus aquila USA Order ANASPIDACEA Family ANASPIDIDAE I Allanaspides helonomus Syncarid Shrimp Australia: Tasmania V_Allanaspides hickmani Syncarid Shrimp Australia: Tasmania K ~~ Anaspides sp. Syncarid Shrimps Australia: Tasmania I Paranaspides lacustris Great Lake Shrimp Australia: Tasmania Family PPAMMASPIDIDAE K ~~ Eucrenonaspides oinotheke Australia: Tasmania THREATENED SPECIES Order ISOPODA Family CIROLANIDAE V___ Antrolana lira Madison Cave Isopod USA I Arubolana imula Aruba K Mexilana saluposi Mexico K __ Speocirolana affinis Mexico K Speocirolana interstitialis Mexico K Speocirolana thermydromis Mexico Family SPHAEROMATIDAE K Thermosphaeroma dugesi Mexico K =‘ Thermosphaeroma milleri Mexico K =‘ Thermosphaeroma smithi Mexico K Thermosphaeroma subequalum Mexico E Thermosphaeroma thermophilum Socorro Isopod USA Family TRICHONISCIDAE K = Metatrichoniscoides celticus United Kingdom Family STYLONISCIDAE I Styloniscus sp. Australia: Tasmania Family ARMADILLIDAE I Echinodillo cavaticus Australia: Tasmania Family PHREATOICIDAE I Mesacanthotelson setosis Australia: Tasmania R Onchotelson brevicaudatus Australia: Tasmania R Onchotelson spatulatus Australia: Tasmania 154 R Uramphisopus pearsoni Australia: Tasmania Family ASELLIDAE I Caecidotea barri Clifton Cave Isopod USA I Caecidotea macropoda Bat Cave Isopod USA I Caecidotea nickajackensis Nickajack Cave Isopod USA I Lirceus culveri Rye Cove Cave Isopod USA E Lirceus usdagalun Lee County Cave Isopod USA Family STENASELLIDAE I Mexistenasellus coahuila Mexico R = Mexistenasellus parzefalli Parzefall’s Stenasellid Mexico R Mexistenasellus wilkensi Wilken’s Stenasellid Mexico Order AMPHIPODA Family GAMMARIDAE I Gammarus acheronytes Illinois Cave Amphipod USA I Gammarus bousfieldi Bousfield’s Amphipod USA I Gammarus desperatus Noel’s Amphipod USA I Gammarus hyalieioides Diminutive Amphipod USA I Gammarus pecos Pecos Amphipod USA Invertebrates: crustaceans Family ORCHESTODAE I Spelasorchestia koloana Kaui Cave Amphipod USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CRANGONY CTIDAE I Allocrangonyx hubrichti Central Missouri Cave Amphipod USA I Allocrangonyx pellucidus Oklahoma Cave Amphipod USA I Crangonyx dearolfi Pennsylvania Cave Amphipod USA I Crangonyx grandimanus Florida Cave Amphipod USA I Crangonyx hobbsi Hobb’s Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus araeus Tidewater Interstitial Amphipod USA I Stygobromus arizonensis Arizona Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus balconius Balcones Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus barri Barr’s Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus bifurcatus Bifurcated Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus bowmani Bowman’s Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus clantoni Clanton’s Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus conradi Burnsville Cove Cave Amphipod USA I Stygobromus cooperi Cooper’s Cave Amphipod USA 155 Stygobromus dejectus Cascade Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus elatus Elevated Spring Amphipod USA Stygobromus emarginatus Greenbrier Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus ephemerus Ephemeral Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus flagellatus Ezell’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus gradyi Grady’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus hadenoecus Devil’s Sinkhole Amphipod USA Stygobromus harai Hara’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus hayi Hay’s Spring Amphipod USA Stygobromus heteropodus Pickle Springs Amphipod USA Stygobromus hubbsi Malheur Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus identatus Tidewater Stygonectid Amphipod USA Stygobromus longipes Long-legged Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus mackenziei Mackenzie’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus montanus Mountain Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus morrisoni Morrison’s Cave Amphipod USA THREATENED SPECIES Stygobromus mundas Bath County Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus nortoni Norton’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus onondagaensis Onondaga Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus ozarkensis Ozark Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus parvus Minute Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus pecki Peck’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus pizzinii Pizzini’s Amphipod USA Stygobromus putealis Wisconsin Well Amphipod USA Stygobromus reddelli Reddell’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus smithii Alabama Well Amphipod USA Stygobromus spinatus Spring Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus stellmacki Stellmack’s Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus subtilis Subtle Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus wengerorum Wengeror’s Cave Amphipod USA Order DECAPODA Family ATYIDAE Palaemonias alabamae Alabama Cave Shrimp USA 156 E Palaemonias ganteri Kentucky Cave Shrimp USA E Syncaris pacifica California Freshwater Shrimp USA I Typhlatya monae Mona Cave Shrimp Puerto Rico Family PALAEMONIDAE I Palaemonetes antrorum Balcones Cave Shrimp USA Vv Palaemonetes cummingi Squirrel Chimney Cave Shrimp USA Family CAMBARIDAE I Cambarus batchi Bluegrass Crayfish USA I Cambarus bouchardi Big South Fork Crayfish USA I Cambarus catagius Greenshomm Burrowing Crayfish USA I Cambarus chasmodactylus New River Crayfish USA E Cambarus extraneus Chickamanga Crayfish USA I Cambarus obeyensis Obey Crayfish USA E Cambarus zophonastes Hell Creek Crayfish USA I Orconectes jeffersoni Louisville Crayfish USA E Orconectes shoupi Nashville Crayfish USA I Procambarus acherontis Orlando Cave Crayfish USA Invertebrates: crustaceans Procambarus connus Corrollton Crayfish USA Procambarus lepidodactylus Pee Dee Iotic Crayfish USA Family ASTACIDAE v Astacus astacus Noble Crayfish Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Ukraine; Yugoslavia [Cyprus; Italy; Switzerland] Austropotamobius pallipes White-clawed Crayfish Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Hungary?; Ireland; Italy; Portugal; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Austropotamobius torrentium Stone Crayfish Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Hungary; Slovakia; Switzerland; Yugoslavia Pacifastacus fortis Shasta Crayfish USA Family PARASTACIDAE I Astacoides madagascariensis Madagascar Freshwater Crayfish Madagascar Astacopsis gouldi Giant Tasmanian Lobster Australia: Tasmania Cherax tenuimanus Marron Australia: Western Australia Engaeus australis Lilly Pilly Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria Engaeus mallacoota Mallacoota Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria Engaeus martigener Furmmeaux Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Flinders Island K Engaeus orramakunna Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Tasmania R_ Engaeus phyllocercus Narracan Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria R Engaeus rostrogaleatus Strzelecki Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria Vv Engaeus spinicaudatus Scottsdale Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Tasmania Vv Engaeus sternalis Warragul Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria E Engaewa similis Australia I Euastacus armatus Murray River Cray Australia R Euastacus bindal Australia: Queensland I Euastacus bispinosus Glenelg River Cray Australia: Victoria R Euastacus eungella Australia: Queensland R Euastacus fleckeri Australia: Queensland R Euastacus hystricosus Australia: Queensland R Euastacus jagara Australia: Queensland R Euastacus maidae Australia: Queensland R Euastacus monteithorum Australia: Queensland R Euastacus robertsi Australia: Queensland R Euastacus setosus Australia: Queensland R Euastacus urospinosus Australia: Queensland Family COENOBITIDAE R Birgus latro Coconut Crab (Indo-Pacific) 157 THREATENED SPECIES Family PINNOTHERIDAE Family OLIGONEURIDAE K Parapinnixa affinis I Homoeoneuria cahabensis Californian Bay Pea Crab Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly USA USA I Homoeoneuria dolani Class INSECTA Blackwater Sand-filtering Mayfly Order THYSANURA USA oe I Pseudirion meridionalis I Machiloides heteropus aes Hawaiian Long-palp Bristletail sees Blackwater Mayfly USA: Hawaiian Islands US I Machiloides perkinsi Family BEHNINGIIDAE Perkin’s Club-palp Bristletail I Dolania americana USA: Hawaiian Islands American Sand-burrowing Mayfly Order COLLEMBOLA Ws Family NEANURIDAE FE ; I Ephemera compar 1 icemanune desde Colorado Burrowing Mayfly Australia: Tasmania USA I Acanthanura sp. Australia: Tasmania I Ephemera triplex West Virginia Burrowing Mayfly I Megalanura tasmaniae USA Australia: Tasmania Family EP LLIDAE I Womersleymeria bicornis iusto} ee : I Ceratella frisoni Australia: Tasmania Frison’s Mayfly I Womersleymeria sp.1 USA puistralia: ‘Eas I Ceratella spiculosa I Womersleymeria sp.2 Spicluose Mayfly Australia: Tasmania USA Order ERPHEMEROPTERA I Ephemerella argo Argo Ma: Family SIPHLONURIDAE a /\ yily i Ameletus falsus = Family CAENID. False Mayfly saa sa USA I Brachycercus flavus Yellow Mayfl I Isonychia diversa Sea ais Diverse Mayfly USA Order ODONATA R Tasmanophlebia lacus-coerulei Family AMPHIPTERYGIDAE Large Blue Lake Mayfl pha ae I Amphipteryx agrioides Australia . Belize; El Salvador, Guatemala; Honduras; Family BAETIDAE Mexico I Heterocleon berneri Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE Bermer’s Two-winged Mayfl USA Yeas se I Rhinocypha hageni Philippines: Jolo 158 Invertebrates: insects I Rhinocypha latimaculata Philippines: Tawi Tawi Family HEMIPHLEBIIDAE R Rhinocypha ogasawarensis Japan: Ogasawara R Rhinocypha uenoi Japan: Iriomote Family CALOPTERYGIDAE R Calopteryx angustipennis USA E Calopteryx syriaca Jordan; Syria; Turkey I Hetaerina rudis Guatemala; Mexico Family SYNLESTIDAE R Chlorolestes apricans South Africa: eastern Cape R Chlorolestes draconicus South Africa R Ecchlorolestes nylephtha South Africa R Ecchlorolestes peringueyi South Africa Vv Phylolestes ethelae Dominican Republic Family LESTIDAE R Hemiphlebia mirabilis Australia Family COENAGRIONIDAE Aciagrion rarum Angola Argiagrion leoninum Sierra Leone Argiocnemis solitaria Mauritius Argiocnemis umbargae Cameroon Boninagrion ezoin Japan: Ogasawara Ceriagrion mourae Mozambique Coenagrion mercuriale Southern Damselfly ?Albania; Algeria; Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Hungary?; Italy; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal; Romania?; Slovakia?; Spain; Switzerland; Tunisia; Ukraine?; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia? Enallagma camerunense Cameroon iS i leres Pecionnss Enallagma polychromaticum Lae ieks South Africa Family MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE E Amanipodagrion gilliesi Tanzania I Heteragrion eboratum Enallagma recurvatum Barrens Bluet Damselfly USA Ischnura gemina Guatemala; Honduras San Francisco Forktail Damselfly I Heteragrion tricellulare = Guatemala; Mexico Megalagrion adytum I Hypolestes clara daciyguin, Dauser ty Jamaica I Hypolestes trinitatis USA: Hawaiian Islands Megalagrion leptodemas Leptodemas Damselfly Cube USA: Hawaiian Islands I Paraphlebia zoe 2 Mesica Megalagrion nigrohamatum R Rhipidolestes okinawanus Japan: Okinawa I Thaumatoneura inopinata Costa Rica; Panama 159 Nigrohamatum Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands Megalagrion nigrolineatum Black-lined Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) THREATENED SPECIES I Megalagrion oahuense Oahu Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Megalagrion oceanicum Oceanic Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Megalagrion pacificum Pacific Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion xanthomelas Orange-black Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands E Mortonagrion hirosei Japan Vv Nehalennia pallidula USA K Pseudagrion quadrioculatum Zaire Family PLATYCNEMIDIDAE I Metacnemis angusta South Africa E __— Platycnemis mauriciana Mauritius Family PLATYSTICTIDAE I Palaemnema chiriquita Costa Rica I Palaemnema gigantula Costa Rica I Palaemnema melanota Costa Rica I Palaemnema paulicoba Mexico i Palaemnema reventazoni Costa Rica Family PPEUDOSTIGMATIDAE Vv Mecistogaster asticta Brazil E Mecistogaster pronoti Brazil Family EPIOPHLEBIDAE V__Epiophlebia laidlawi Relict Himalayan Dragonfly India; Nepal 160 Family AESHNIDAE K R Vv R Acanthaeshna victoria Australia Aeshna meruensis Tanzania Aeshna persephone USA Aeshna viridis Austria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; Germany; Hungary; Lithuania?; Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia?; Sweden; Yugoslavia? Aeshna williamsoniana Mexico Cephalaeschna acutifrons India Oligoaeschna kunigamiensis Japan: Okinawa Family GOMPHIDAE R Vv Asiagomphus yayeyamensis Japan: Yayeyama Burmagomphus sivalikensis India Cornigomphus guineensis Equatorial Guinea Diaphlebia pallidistylus Costa Rica Epigomphus camelus Costa Rica Epigomphus clavatus Guatemala Epigomphus crepidus Mexico Epigomphus paulsoni Mexico Epigomphus subsimilis Costa Rica Epigomphus verticornis Costa Rica Erpetogomphus lampropeltis USA Gomphurus consanguis Cherokee Clubtail Dragonfly USA Gomphurus lynnae USA Latvia?; Russia; Invertebrates: insects Gomphurus modestus Gulf Clubtail USA Gomphus diminutus Diminutive Clubtail USA Gomphus graslini France; Spain Gomphus hodgesi Hodges’ Clubtail USA Gomphus sandrius Tennessee Clubtail Dragonfly USA Gomphus septima Septima’s Clubtail Dragonfly USA Hylogomphus geminatus Twin-Striped Clubtail USA Hylogomphus parvidens USA Isomma hieroglyphicum Madagascar Leptogomphus yayeyamensis Japan: Ishigaki, Iriomote Onychogomphus assimilis Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Turkey Onychogomphus macrodon Israel; Jordan; Turkey Ophiogomphus acuminatus USA Ophiogomphus anomalus Canada; USA Ophiogomphus cecilia Austria; Belarus?; Bulgaria; China; Czech Republic; Denmark, Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine? Ophiogomphus howei Howe’s Midget Snaketail Dragonfly USA Ophiogomphus incurvatus USA Paragomphus sinaiticus Egypt; Niger, Oman; Saudi Arabia; Sudan R Progomphus bellei Belle’s Sand Clubtail USA I Progomphus risi Mexico Vv Stylurus potulentus Yellow-sided Clubtail USA R Stylurus townesi Bronze Clubtail Dragonfly USA Family PETALURIDAE K Petalura pulcherrima Australia Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE E Cordulegaster mzymtae Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Turkey R Chlorogomphus iriomotensis Japan: Iriomote E Zoraena sayi Florida Spiketail Dragonfly USA Family CORDULUDAE I Antipodochlora braueri New Zealand Vv Austrocordulia leonardi Australia R Hemicordulia ogasawarensis Japan: Ogasawara R Hemicordulia okinawensis Japan: Okinawa, Amami I Libellulosoma minuta Madagascar R Macromia ishidai Japan: Yayeyama R Macromia kubokaiya Japan: Okinawa R Macromia margarita USA R Macromia splendens Shining Macromia Dragonfly France; Portugal; Spain R Macromia urania Japan: Yayeyama Russia?; THREATENED SPECIES Oxygastra curtisii Orange-spotted Emerald Belgium; France; Germany; Italy; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom Somatochlora brevicincta Canada Somatochlora calverti Calverts’ Emerald USA Somatochlora hineana Ohio Emerald Dragonfly USA Somatochlora incurvata Canada; USA Somatochlora margarita Big Thicket Emerald Dragonfly USA Somatochlora ozarkensis USA Williamsonia lintneri Banded Bog Skimmer Dragonfly USA Family LIBELLULIDAE K K K R E Aethiothemis watuliki Congo Allorhizucha campioni Sierra Leone Anectothemis apicalis Zaire Boninthemis insularis Japan: Ogasawara Brachythemis fuscopalliata Iraq; Israel; Turkey Brachythemis liberiensis Guinea-Bissau; Liberia Congothemis longistyla Zaire Leucorrhinia albifrons Austria; Belarus?; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine? I Leucorrhinia caudalis Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Czech Republic?; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Netherlands; Norway; Ukraine?; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Yugoslavia? E Libellula angelina Japan K Libellula jesseana Purple Chaser USA R Lyriothemis tricolor Japan: Iriomote Vv Monardithemis flava Angola; Zambia Vv Orthetrum rubens South Africa I Palpopleura albifrons Gabon I Trithemis hartwigi Equatorial Guinea I Trithemis nigra Sao Tomé and Principe: Principe Vv Urothemis luciana South Africa K Urothemis thomasi Ethiopia; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Somalia Order BLATTARIA Family BLATTIDAE I Aspiduchus cavernicola Tuna Cave Roach Puerto Rico Order MANTODEA Family MANTIDAE E Apteromantis aptera Spain Order GRYLLOBLATTARIA Family GRYLLOBLATTIDAE Vv Grylloblatta chirurgica Mount St. Helens’ Grylloblattid USA Invertebrates: insects Order ORTHOPTERA Family STENOPELMATIDAE I Ammopelmatus kelsoensis Kelso Jerusalem Cricket USA I Ammopelmatus muwu Port Conception Jerusalem Cricket USA Vv Deinacrida carinata Herekopare Island Weta New Zealand Vv Deinacrida fallai Poor Knights Weta New Zealand Vv Deinacrida heteracantha Wetapunga New Zealand Vv Deinacrida parva Kaikoura Weta New Zealand \Y Deinacrida rugosa Stephens Island Weta New Zealand Vv Deinacrida sp. Mahoenui Giant Weta New Zealand I Deinacrida tibiospina Nelson Alpine Weta New Zealand E Hemiandrus sp. Tusked Weta New Zealand E Hemidaina ricta Banks Peninsula Weta New Zealand I Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis Coachella Valley Jerusalem Cricket USA I Stenopelmatus navajo Navajo Jerusalem Cricket USA Family RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE I Daihinibaenetes arizonensis Arizona Giant Sand Treader Cricket USA I Macrobaenetes kelsoensis Kelso Giant Sand Treader Cricket USA 163 Macrobaenetes valgum Coachelia Giant Sand Treader Cricket USA Pristoceuthophilus sp. Samwell Cave Cricket USA Tasmanoplectron isolatum Australia: Tasmania Utabaenetes tanneri Tanner’s Black Camel Cricket USA Family TETTIGONIDAE R Vv Austrosaga spinifer Australia: Wester Australia Baetica ustulata Spain Banza nihoae Nihoa Banza Conehead Katydid USA: Hawaiian Islands Belocephalus micanopy Big Pine Key Conehead Katydid USA Belocephalus sleighti Keys Short-winged Conehead Katydid USA Conocephaloides remotus Remote Conehead Katydid USA: Hawaiian Islands Hemisaga elongata Australia: Norther Territory Hemisaga lucifer Australia: Western Australia Hemisaga vepreculae Australia: Western Australia Idiostatus middlekaufi Middlekauf’s Shieldback Katydid USA Tsophya harzi Carpathian Basin Ixalodectes flectocercus Australia: Western Australia Kawanphila pachomai Australia: Western Australia Metrioptera domogledi Carpathian Basin Nanodectes bulbicercus Australia: South Australia THREATENED SPECIES R R Neduba longipennis Santa Monica Shieldback Katydid USA Onconotus servillei Carpathian Basin Pachysaga munggai Australia: Western Australia Pachysaga strobila Australia: Western Australia Phasmodes jeeba Australia: Western Australia Psacadonotus insulanus Australia: Kangaroo Island Psacadonotus seriatus Australia: Western Australia Saga pedo Predatory Bush Cricket ?Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; China?; Czech Republic; France; Georgia; Germany?; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia Throscodectes xederoides Australia: Western Australia Throscodectes xiphos Australia: Western Australia Windbalea viride Australia: Western Australia Zaprochilus ninae Australia: New South Wales Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE I Gryllotalpa major Prairie Mole Cricket USA Family GRYLLIDAE I Caconemobius howarthi Howarth’s Cave Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands Caconemobius schauinslandi Schauinsland’s Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands Caconemobius varius Kaumana Cave Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands 164 Cycloptilum irregularis Keys Scaly Cricket USA Leptogryllus deceptor Oahu Deceptor Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands Oecanthus laricis Laricis Tree Cricket USA Thaumatogryllus cavicola Volcanoes Cave Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands Thaumatogryllus variegatus Kauai Thin-footed Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands Family EUMASTACIDAE I Eumorsea pinaleno Pinaleno Monkey Grasshopper USA Psychomastatix deserticola Desert Monkey Grasshopper USA Family ACRIDIDAE I Acrolophitus pulchellus Idaho Point-headed Grasshopper USA Appalachia arcena Michigan Bog Grasshopper USA Chloaeltis aspasma Siskiyou Chloealtis Grasshopper USA Chortippus acroleucus Carpathian Basin Miramella irena Carpathian Basin Odontopodisma montana Carpathian Basin Odontopodisma rubripes Hungary Podismopsis transsylvanica Carpathian Basin Schayera baiulus (Calliptamus baiulus) Australia: Tasmania Spharagemon superbum USA Invertebrates: insects R Stenobothrodes eurasius Carpathian Basin R Zubovskia banatica Carpathian Basin Family TETRIGIDAE R Bienkotetrix transsylvanicus Carpathian Basin I Tetrix sierrana Sierra Pygmy Grasshopper USA it Tettigidea empedonepia Torreya Pygmy Grasshopper USA Order DERMAPTERA Family LABIDURIDAE E Labidura herculeana Saint Helena Earwig Saint Helena Order PLECOPTERA Family NEMOURIDAE I Lednia tumana Meltwater Stonefly USA I Nemours wahkeena Wahkeena Falls Flightless Stonefly USA Family NOTONEMOURIDAE I Kimminsoperla biloba Australia: Tasmania I Kimminsoperla williamsi Australia: Tasmania Family CAPNIIDAE I Capnia lacustra Lake Tahoe Benthic Stonefly USA Family LEUCTRIDAE I Leuctra szczytkoi Schoolhouse Springs Stonefly USA Family TAENIOPTER YGIDAE I Taeniopteryx starki Leon River Stonefly USA 165 Family PERLIDAE I Beloneuria georgiana Georgia Stonefly USA I Beloneuria jamesae Cheaha Stonefly USA I Hansonoperla appalachia Hanson’s Appalachian Stonefly USA Family PELTOPERLIDAE I Soliperla fenderi Fender’s Stonefly USA Family EUSTHENIIDAE E Eusthenia nothofagi Otway Stonefly Australia I Eusthenia reticulata Australia: Tasmania Family GRIPOPTERYGIDAE R Leptoperla cacuminis Mount Kosciusko Wingless Stonefly Australia R Riekoperla darlingtoni Mount Donna Buang Wingless Stonefly Australia Order ZORAPTERA Family ZOROTYPIDAE I Zorotypus swezeyi Swezey’s Zoroapteran USA: Hawaiian Islands Order ANOPLURA Family HAEMATOPINIDAE E Haematopinus oliveri Pygmy Hog Sucking Louse India Order HEMIPTERA Family BELOSTOMATIDAE I Belostoma saratogae Saratoga Springs Bug USA THREATENED SPECIES Family NAUCORIDAE E Ambrysus amargosus Ash Meadows Bug USA I Pelocoris shoshone Amargosa Bug USA Family MESOVELIIDAE I Cavaticovelia aaa Aaa Water Treader Bug USA Family MACROVELIIDAE I Oravelia pege Dry Creek Cliff Strider Bug USA Family MIRIDAE I Cyrtopeltis phyllostegiae Mirid Leaf Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Kalania hawaiiensis Lanai Leaf Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family REDUVIIDAE I Empicoris pulchrus Pulchrus Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes ana Ana Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes insularis Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes roberti Robert’s Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes selium Selium Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Siacella smithi Smith’s Reduviid Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LYGAEIDAE I Metrarga obscura Mauna Loa Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands 166 Neseis alternatus Kauai Band-legged Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Neseis haleakalae Mount Haleakala Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesocryptias villosa Villosan Flightless Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Nysius frigatensis French Frigate Shoal Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Nysius neckerensis Necker Goosefoot Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Nysius nihoae Nihoae Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Nysius sulfusus Necker Bunchgrass Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Oceanides bryani Bryan’s Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Oceanides perkensi Perkin’s Oceanides Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Oceanides rugosiceps Rough-headed Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family RHOPALIDAE I Ithamar annectans Annectans Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Ithamar hawaiiensis Hawaiian Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HOMOPTERA Family CIXIDAE I Oliarus consimilis Kauai Parti-coloured Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Oliarus discrepans Wild Cotton Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Oliarus lanaiensis Lanai Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Invertebrates: insects Oliarus lihue Lihue Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Oliarus myoporicola Barber’s Point Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Family DELPHACIDAE I Nesorestias filicicola Mt Tantalus Shortwing Fern Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne acuta Tao Valley Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne bridwelli Bridewell’s Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne cyrtandrae Nahiku Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne cyrtandricola Glenwood Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne kuschei Kusche’s Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne leahi Diamond Head Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne longipes Long-footed Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesosydne sulcata Keanae Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CICADIDAE Vv Magicicada cassini Cassini Periodical Cicada USA Magicicada septendecim Decim Periodical Cicada Canada Magicicada septendecula Decula Periodical Cicada USA 167 I Maoricicada myersi Myers’ Cicada New Zealand Family TETTIGARCTIDAE I Tettigarcta tormentosa Australia: Tasmania Family CICADELLIDAE I Felexamia rubranura Red-veined Prairie Leafhopper USA Family APHIDIDAE I Ceriferella leucopogonis Australia: Tasmania Order NEUROPTERA Family ITHONIDAE I Oliarces clara USA: California, Hawaiian Islands Family HEMEROBIIDAE I Nesothauma halakalae Haleakala Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra cookeorum Cooke’s Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra lobipennis Lobe-wing Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra swezeyi Swezey’s Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra usingeri Usinger’s Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family MYRMELEONTIDAE I Eidoleon perjurus Molokai Antlion USA: Hawaiian Islands Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE I Agonum belleri Beller’s Ground Beetle USA E Aplothorax burchelli Saint Helena THREATENED SPECIES Vv Carabus intricatus I Agabus clypealis Blue Ground Beetle Denmark; Germany; Poland; Russia; Sweden Albania; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; E Agabus discicollis Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ethiopia Italy: including Sicily; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Sweden; Switzerland; E Agabus hozgargantae United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Spain: Andalucia E Carabus olympiae I Agabus rumppi France; Italy Death Valley Agabus Diving Beetle Sales USA Vv Elaphrus viridis Delta Green Ground Beetle I Aglymbus bimaculatus USA Brazil Vv Mormolyce phyllodes I Aglymbus bromeliarum Ghost Walker Beetle Trinidad and Tobago Malaysia I Colymbetes piceus E Rhadine persephone Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Saudi Arabia al Groans E Deronectes aljibensis o Spain: Andalucia Soe) SCE I Deronectes costipennis I Cicindela arenicola Portugal; Spain nee Lene ee I Deronectes depressicollis Spain: Andalucia I Cicindela cazieri : Cazier’s Tiger Beetle d eS hl TBE USA ff E Cicindela columbica : ts aera Columbia River Tiger Beetle P USA I Desmopachria conchramis I Ciandalalmarerages Fig Seed Diving Beetle ; USA Tiger Beetle USA R Dytiscus latissimus I Cicindela marginipennis decrees Finland; Germany; Poland; Siberia; Cobblestone Tiger Beetle USA R Graptodytes delectus I Cicindela puritana Spain: Canary Islands Puritan Tiger Beetle I Haideoporus texanus USA Texas Cave Beetle Family HALIPLIDAE USA 5 : I Hydaticus decorus I Brychius hungerfordi : : a . Hungerford’s Crawling Water Beetle Egypt; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Yemen USA I Hydaticus okalehubyi I Haliplus nitens Indonesia: Irian Jaya Disjunct Crawling Water Beetle I Hydroporus elusivus USA Elusive Diving Beetle Family DYTISCIDAE jeter. I Hydroporus folkertsi Folkert’s Diving Beetle USA i Acilius duvergeri Algeria; Italy; Morocco; Portugal; Spain 168 Invertebrates: insects Hydroporus hirsutus I Lacconectus javanicus Woolly Diving Beetle Indonesia: Java ee I Lacconectus laccophiloides Hydroporus humilis Philippines Egypt: Sinai I Lacconectus minutus Hydroporus leechi Indonesia: Sumatra ae Sige naus Rect I Lacconectus muluensis Malaysia: Sarawak Hydroporus mariannae Teel I Lacconectus oceanicus rae! Indonesia: Mentawai Islands BT I Lacconectus pulcher Egypt Malaysia: Sabah Tere ye P foductas I Lacconectus punctatus Soa bam Viet Nam Hingeano rus snes cles I Lacconectus punctipennis Spangler’s Diving Beetle USA Hydroporus sulphurius Sulphur Springs Diving beetle Indonesia: Bali, Java I Lacconectus ritsemae Indonesia: Java USA I Lacconectus sabahensis Hydroporus utahensis avai eia saben Utah Diving Beetle E Meladema imbricata USA Spain: Canary Islands Hydrotarsus compunctus I Meladema lanio Spain: Canary Islands Portugal: Madeira Hydrotarsus pilosus I Platynectes buruensis Spain: Canary Islands Indonesia: Buru Hygrotus curvipes I Platynectes decastigma Curved-foot Diving Beetle Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Moluccas; Philippines? Sere I Pleurodytes dineutoides Hygrotus diversipes Indonesia; Malaysia ee ERE Ae R —- Potamonectes canariensis Spain: Canary Islands Hygrotus fontinalis a Travertine Band-thigh Diving Beetle Sat 655s cae Spain: Andalucia USA I Potamonectes insignis Hygrotus sylvanus af 2 A Sylvan Diving Beetle Unis SEE UL USA I Potamonectes lanceolatus Fiyphyiiresdcea Egypt; Saudi Arabia Indonesia: Irian Jaya I Potamonectes walkeri Lacconectus birmanicus Egypt Myanmar I Rhantus crypticus Ecuador Lacconectus corayi Singapore E Rhantus limbatus Lacconectus heinerta Asgentina, Brazil; Uruguay Thailand 169 THREATENED SPECIES R Rhithrodytes agnus Portugal I Sandracottus baeri Malaysia: Sabah; Philippines: Balabac I Sandracottus bizonatus Malaysia: Sabah I Sandracottus chevrolati Indonesia: Sumbawa, Timor I Sandracottus maculatus Indonesia: Java; Malaysia: Penang I Sandracottus rotundatus Indonesia: Sulawesi Family GYRINIDAE I Spanglerogyrus albiventris Red Hills Unique Whirligig Beetle USA Family HYDRAENIDAE I Gymnochthebius maureenae Maureen’s Minute Moss Beetle USA I Hydraena maureenae Maureen’s Moss Beetle USA I Limnebius aridus Animas Minute Moss Beetle USA I Limnebius texanus Texas Minute Moss Beetle USA I Limnebius utahensis Utah Minute Moss Beetle USA I Ochthebius crassalus Wing-shoulder Minute Moss Beetle USA I Ochthebius putnamensis Indiana Minute Moss Beetle USA I Ochthebius recticulus Wilbur Springs Minute Moss Beetle USA Family LEIODIDAE I Glacicavicola bathysciodes Blind Cave Beetle USA 170 Family SILPHIDAE E Nicrophorus americanus American Burying Beetle Canada; USA Family HY DROPHILIDAE I Chaetarthria leechi Leech’s Water Scavenger Beetle USA Chaetarthria utahensis Utah Water Scavenger Beetle USA Cymbiodyta arizonica Arizona Water Scavenger Beetle USA Hydrochara rickseckeri Ricksecker’s Water Scavenger Beetle USA Paracymus seclusus Seclusive Water Scavenger Beetle USA Family LUCANIDAE E v Vv Apterocychus honoluluensis Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands Dorcus auriculatus New Zealand Dorcus ithaginis New Zealand Family TROGIDAE Vv Trox howelli Caracara Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Family GEOTRUPIDAE Vv Typhaeus hiostius Italy: Sardinia Family SCARABAEIDAE I Aegialia concinna Ciervo Scarab Beetle USA Aegialia crescenta Cresent Dune Scarab Beetle USA Aegialia haroyi Hardy’s Scarab Beetle USA Invertebrates: insects Aegialia magnifica Large Scarab Beetle USA Anomala exigua Exiguous Scarab Beetle USA Anomala eximia Archbold Scarab Beetle USA Anomala tibialis Tibial Scarab Beetle USA Aphodius fordi Ford’s Beetle USA Aphodius troglodytes Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Ataenius superficialis Big Pine Key Dung Beetle USA Ataenius woodruffi Woodruff’s Dung Beetle USA Copris gopheri Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Cyclocephala miamiensis Miami Roundhead Scarab Beetle USA Glaresis arenata Kelso Dune Scarab Beetle USA Gronocarus multispinosus Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab Beetle USA Lichnanthe albopilosa White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle USA Lichnanthe ursina Pacific Sand Bear Scarab Beetle USA Mycotrupes pedester Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab Beetle USA Onthophagus polyphemi Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Oryctes chevrolati Réunion Osmoderma eremita Hermit Beetle Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania?; Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Peltotrupes youngi Ocala Burrowing Scarab Beetle USA Polylamina pubescens Woody Gulf Dune Scarab Beetle USA Polyphylla anteronivea Saline Valley Snow-front Scarab USA Polyphylla avittata Spotted Warner Valley Dunes Scarab USA Polyphylla barbata Barbate Scarab Beetle USA Polyphylla nubila Atascodera Scarab Beetle USA Prodontria lewisi Cromwell Chafer New Zealand Pseudocotalpa giulianii Giuliani’s Dune Scarab Beetle USA Serica frosti Frost’s Spring Scarab Beetle USA Serica tantula Tantula Scarab Beetle USA Trigonopelastes floridana Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab Beetle USA Family BUPRESTIDAE Buprestis splendens Goldstreifiger Albania; Austria; Belarus?; Denmark?; Finland; Greece; Poland?; Russia?; Spain; Sweden?; Yugoslavia? THREATENED SPECIES Family ELMINTHIDAE I Atractelmis wawona Wawawona Riffle Beetle USA I Cylloepus parkeri Parker’s Riffle Beetle USA I Dubiraphia brunnescens Brownish Riffle Beetle USA I Dubiraphia giulianii Giuliani’s Riffle Beetle USA I Dubiraphia parva Little Riffle Beetle USA I Dubiraphia robusta Robust Riffle Beetle USA I Heterelmis stephani Stephan’s Riffle Beetle USA I Microcylloepus browni Brown’s Riffle Beetle USA I Optioservus browni Brown’s Riffle Beetle USA I Optioservus canus Pinnacles Riffle Beetle USA I Optioservus phaeus Scott Riffle Beetle USA I Stenelmis douglasensis Douglas Riffle Beetle USA I Stenelmis gammoni Gammon’s Riffle Beetle USA I Zaitzeva thermae Warm Spring Riffle Beetle USA Family PSEPHENIDAE I Acneus beeri Beer’s False Water Penny Beetle USA I Acneus burnelli Burnell’s False Water Penny Beetle USA I Alabamaubria starki Stark’s False Water Penny Beetle USA I Dicranopselaphus variegatus Variegated False Water Penny Beetle USA I Psephenus arizonensis Arizona Water Penny Beetle USA I Psephenus montanus White Mountains Water Penny Beetle USA Family ELATERIDAE Vv Amychus candezei Chatham Island Amychus New Zealand: Chatham Island VY « Amychus granulatus Cook Strait Amychus New Zealand I Eanus hatchi Hatch’s Click Beetle Canada; USA Family EUCNEMIDAE I Paleoxenus dohmi Dohrn’s Elegant Eucnemid Beetle USA Family LAMPYRIDAE I Micronaspis floridana Florida Intertidal Firefly USA Family ANOBIIDAE I Holcobius pikoensis Piko Anobiid Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CUCUJIDAE E Cucujus cinnaberinus Austria; Czech Republic?; Estonia?; Finland; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Yugoslavia Family TENEBRIONIDAE I Coelus globosus Globose Dune Beetle Mexico; USA Invertebrates: insects I Coelus gracilis I Dryobius sexnotatus San Joaquin Dune Beetle Six-banded Longhorn Beetle USA USA R Polposipus herculeanus K = Macrodontia cervicornis Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle Brazil; Peru Beseuciics E Morimus funereus Family MELOIDAE ?Belgium; Czech Republic?; Germany?; . ° 49° sa) I Fyfe kopranet i eee Romania; Slovakia?; Hopping’s Blister Beetle He USA I Necydalis rudei 3 Rude’s Longhorn Beetle I Lytta inseperata ‘ = Mojave Desert Blister Beetle BS EES USA E Nesithmysus bridwelli I Lyin mirifica USA: Hawaiian Islands Anthony Blister Beetle E Nesithmysus frobesi Mexico; USA USA: Hawaiian Islands I Lytta moesta E Nesithmysus haasi Moestan Blister Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands hee E Nesithmysus swezeyi I Lytta molesta USA: Hawaiian Islands Gee SUSEY LSE E Rosalia alpina Rosalia Longicom I Lytta morrisoni Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Morrison’s Blister Beetle USA Family ANTHICIDAE I Anthicus antiochensis Antioch Dunes Beetle USA Anthicus sacramento Sacramento Beetle USA Family CERAMBYCIDAE E E Aeschrithmysus dubautianus USA: Hawaiian Islands Aeschrithmysus swezeyi USA: Hawaiian Islands Aeschrithmysus terryi USA: Hawaiian Islands Cerambyx cerdo Cerambyx Longicorn Algeria, Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Georgia?; Hungary; Iran; Moldova?; Morocco; Poland; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia; Turkey?; Ukraine; United Kingdom? 173 Belgium?; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark?; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; lIran?; Israel; Jordan?; Lebanon?; Liechtenstein; Morocco; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Tunisia; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Family CHRYSOMELIDAE I Donacia idola Bog Idol Leaf Beetle USA Family CURCULIONIDAE v Anagotus fairburni Flax Weevil New Zealand Anagotus stephenensis Stephen’s Island Weevil New Zealand Anagotus turbotti Turbott’s Weevil New Zealand Deinocossonus nesiotes Oahu Nesiotes Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands THREATENED SPECIES Dysticheus rotundicollis Antioch Dune Weevil USA Vv Gymnopholus lichenifer Lichen Weevil Papua New Guinea Vv Hadramphus spinipennis Coxella Weevil New Zealand: Chatham Is Vv Hadramphus stilbocarpae Knobbled Weevil New Zealand E Heteramphus filicum USA: Hawaiian Islands Vv Heterexis seticostatus New Zealand Vv Karocolens pittospori New Zealand V___Lyperobius huttoni Wellington Speargrass Weevil New Zealand Vv Megacolabus sculpturatus New Zealand R Microcryptorhynchus orientissimus Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island Miloderes nelsoni Nelson’s Weevil USA Miloderes rulieni Rulien’s Weevil USA Nesotocus giffordi Gifford’s Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesotocus kauaiensis Kauai Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesotocus munroi Munro’s Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands E_ Nothaldonis peaci New Zealand Vv Oclandius laeviusculus New Zealand Onchobarus langei Lange’s El Segundo Dune Weevil USA 174 I Pentarthrum obscura Obscure Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands E Pentarthrum pritchardias USA: Hawaiian Islands R Rhyncogonus hendersoni Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island I Stenotrupis pritchardiae Nihoa Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands I Trigonoscuta brunnotesselata Brown-tassel Weevil USA I Trigonoscuta doyeni Doyen’s Dune Weevil USA Vv Unas piceus New Zealand Order MECOPTERA Family APTEROPANORPIDAE I Apteropanorpa tasmanica Australia: Tasmania Order DIPTERA Family PSYCHODIDAE I Nemapalpus nearcticus Sugarfoot Moth fly USA Family MYCETOPHILIDAE I Arachnocampa tasmaniensis Australia: Tasmania Family BLEPHAROCERIDAE E Edwardsina gigantea Giant Torrent Midge Australia E Edwardsina tasmaniensis Tasmanian Torrent Midge Australia: Tasmania Family TABANIDAE I Apatalestea rossi Ross’s Apatalestes Tabanid Fly USA I Asaphomyia floridensis Florida Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly USA Invertebrates: insects I Asaphomyia texanus Texas Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly USA E Brennania belkini Belkin’s Dune Tabanid Fly Mexico; USA I Merycomyia brunnea Brown Merycomyian Tabanid Fly USA Family ACROCERIDAE I Eulonchus marialiciae Mary Alice’s Small-headed Fly USA Family ASILIDAE I Cophura hurdi Antioch Robberfly USA I Efferia antiochi Antioch Robberfly USA I Metapogon hurdi Hurd’s Robberfly USA Family APIOCERIDAE I Raphiomydas triochilus Valley Mydas Fly USA Family EMPIDIDAE I Chersodromia hawaiiensis Hawaiian Dance Fly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family SYRPHIDAE I Mixogaster delongi Delong’s Flower Fly USA Family ASTEIDDAE I Bryania bipunctata Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid Fly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family EPHYDRIDAE I Paracoenia calida Wilber Springs Shore Fly USA Order TRICHOPTERA Family RHYACOPHILIDAE I Rhyacophila alexandra Alexander’s Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila colonus Obrien Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila fenderi Fender’s Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila haddocki Haddock’s Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila lineata Castle Crags Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila mosana Bilobed Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila spinata Spiny Caddisfly USA Rhyacophila unipunctata One-spot Caddisfly USA Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE I Agapetus artesus Artesian Caddisfly USA Agapetus denningi Denning’s Caddisfly USA Agapetus medicus Arkansas Caddisfly USA Protoptila arca San Marcos Caddisfly USA Family HYDROPTILIDAE I 175 Hydroptila decia Knoxville Micro Caddisfly USA THREATENED SPECIES I Neotrichia kitae Kite’s Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia alsea Alsea Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia contorta Contorted Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia phenosa Deschutes Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia provosti Provost’s Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia vertreesi Vertree’s Micro Caddisfly USA I Oxyethira florida Florida Micro Caddisfly USA Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE I Dolophilodes oregona Oregon Caddisfly USA Family STENOPSYCHIDAE I Stenopsychodes lineata Australia: Tasmania Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE I Tasmanoplegas spilota Australia: Tasmania Family LIMNEPHILIDAE I Apatania tavala Cascades Caddisfly USA I Archaeophylax vernalis Australia: Tasmania I Cryptochia excella Kings Canyon Caddisfly USA I Cryptochia neosa Blue Mountains Caddisfly USA I Ecclisomyia bilera King’s Creek Caddisfly USA Farula davisi Green Springs Mountain Caddisfly USA Farula jewetti Mount Hood Caddisfly USA Farula reaperi Tombstone Prairie Caddisfly USA Glyphopsyche missouri Missouri Caddisfly USA Limnephilus alconura Kiamath Caddisfly USA Limnephilus atercus Fort Dick Caddisfly USA Neothramma andersoni Colombian Gorge Caddisfly USA Oligophlebodes mostbento Tombstone Prairie Oligophlebodes USA Philocasca oron Clatsop Caddisfly USA Family LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE I Lepidostoma fischeri Fischer’s Caddisfly USA Lepidostoma goedeni Goeden’s Caddisfly USA Family KOKIRIDAE I I Taskiria mccubbini Australia: Tasmania Taskropsyche lacustris Australia: Tasmania Family PLECTROTARSIDAE I Nanoplectrus truchnasi Australia: Tasmania Family SERICOSTOMATIDAE I Agarodes ziczac Zigzag Blackwater Caddisfly USA Invertebrates: insects Family ODONTOCERIDAE I Psilotreta hansoni USA Family PHILORHEITHRIDAE I Ramiheithrus kocinus Australia: Tasmania Family LEPTOCERIDAE I Ceraclea floridana Florida Longhom Caddisfly USA I Ceraclea vertreesi Vertree’s Caddisfly USA I Oecetis parva Little Longhorn Caddisfly USA I Westriplectes pedderensis Australia: Tasmania Order LEPIDOPTERA Family HEPIALIDAE Vv Leto venus Silver Spotted Ghost Moth South Africa Vv Zelotypia stacyi Bent Wing Swift Moth Australia Family GRACILLARIIDAE I Petrochroa neckerensis Necker Leaf-miner Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands E Phildoria wilkesiella USA: Hawaiian Islands Family GELECHIIDAE Vv Kiwaia jeanae New Zealand Family CARPOSINIDAE I Heterocrossa viridis Green Carposinid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands Family SESIDAE I Synanthedon castaneae Chestnut Clearwing Moth USA 177 Family TORTRICIDAE R Grapholitha edwardsiana San Francisco Tree Lupine USA I Spheterista oheoheana Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands I Spheterista pterotropiana Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands I Spheterista reynoldsiana Wallupe Leaf-Roller Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands Family COCHYLIDAE I Carolella busckana Busk’s Gall Moth USA Family HESPERIDAE R Dalla octomaculata Eight-Spotted Skipper Costa Rica; Panama R Epargyreus antaeus Jamaica R Epargyreus spana Dominican Republic K ~~ Euscheman rafflesia Australia E Hesperia dacotae Dakota Skipper Canada; USA Vv Kedestes chaca South Africa V_ Metisella syrinx Bamboo Sylph South Africa Vv Panoquina errans Wandering Skipper Mexico; USA I Problema bulenta Rare Skipper USA I Syrichtus cribrellum Spinose Skipper Georgia; Moldavia?; Romania; Russia; Ukraine THREATENED SPECIES K Syrichtus tessellum Tessellated Skipper ?Armenia; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; Georgia?; Greece; Iran; Romania?; Russia; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Vv Tsitana dicksoni Dickson’s Sylph South Africa Family MEGATHYMIDAE I Stallingsia maculosus Manfreda Giant Skipper Mexico; USA Family PAPILIONIDAE R Archon apollinaris Armenia; Bulgaria; Greece; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Romania; Syria; Turkey; Turkmenistan I Atrophaneura atropos Philippines: Palawan Vs Atrophaneura jophon Sri Lankan Rose Sri Lanka R ~— Atrophaneura luchti Indonesia: Java K Atrophaneura palu Indonesia: Sulawesi VV‘ Atrophaneura schadenbergi Philippines: Luzon R Baronia brevicornis Short-horned Baronia Mexico Vv Battus zetides Zetides Swallowtail Dominican Republic; Haiti K Bhutanitis ludlowi Ludlow’s Bhutan Swallowtail Bhutan: Tashiyangsi Valley R Bhutanitis mansfieldi Mansfield’s Three-tailed Swallowtail China: Sichuan, Yunnan R Bhutanitis thaidina Chinese Three-tailed Swallowtail China Vs Eurytides iphitas Yellow Kite Swallowtail Brazil 178 Eurytides marcellinus Jamaican Kite Jamaica Graphium aurivilliusi Zaire Graphium epaminondas Andamans Swordtail India: Andaman Islands Graphium idaeoides Philippines Graphium levassori Comoro Islands Graphium meeki Meek’s Graphium Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands Graphium megaera Philippines: Palawan Graphium mendana Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands Graphium procles Malaysia: Sabah Graphium sandawanum Philippines: Mindanao Graphium stresemanni Indonesia: Moluccas Luehdorfia chinensis Chinese Luehdorfia China Luehdorfia japonica Japanese Luehdorfia Japan; Taiwan Ornithoptera aesacus Indonesia: Obi Ornithoptera alexandrae Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing Papua New Guinea: Popondetta in Northern Province of New Guinea Ornithoptera chimaera Chimaera Birdwing Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Ornithoptera croesus Indonesia: Moluccas Ornithoptera meridionalis Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Invertebrates: insects Ornithoptera paradisea Paradise Birdwing Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Ornithoptera rothschildi Rothschild’s Birdwing Indonesia: Arfak Mountains in Irian Jaya Ornithoptera tithonus Indonesia: Irian Jaya Papilio acheron Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Papilio antimachus African Giant Swallowtail Angola; Benin?; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Togo?; Uganda; Zaire Papilio aristophontes Comoro Islands Papilio aristor Scarce Haitian Swallowtail Dominican Republic; Haiti Papilio benguetanus Philippines: Luzon Papilio caiguanabus Poey’s Black Swallowtail Cuba Papilio carolinensis Philippines: Mindanao Papilio chikae Philippines: Luzon Papilio esperanza Mexico Papilio garleppi Bolivia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname Papilio grosesmithi Madagascar Papilio himeros Argentina; Brazil Papilio homerus Homerus Swallowtail Jamaica Papilio hospiton Corsican Swallowtail France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia 179 Papilio jordani Jordan’s Swallowtail Indonesia: Sulawesi Papilio leucotaenia Cream-banded Swallowtail Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda Papilio mangoura Madagascar Papilio manlius Mauritius Papilio maraho Taiwan Papilio maroni French Guiana Papilio moerneri Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Papilio morondavana Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail Madagascar Papilio neumoegeni Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands Papilio osmana Philippines Papilio phorbanta Papillon La Pature Réunion Papilio sjoestedti Kilimanjaro Swallowtail Tanzania Papilio toboroi Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands Papilio weymeri Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Parides ascanius Fluminense Swallowtail Brazil Parides burchellanus Brazil Parides coelus French Guiana Parides hahneli Hahnel’s Amazonian Swallowtail Brazil Parides klagesi Venezuela THREATENED SPECIES Parides pizarro Brazil; Peru Parides steinbachi Bolivia Parnassius apollo Apollo Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; China: Xinjiang Uygur, Czechoslovakia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary?; Italy: including Sicily; Iraq; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Liechtenstein; Mongolia; Netherlands?; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Parnassius autocrator Afghanistan; Tajikistan Teinopalpus aureus Golden Kaiser-I-Hind China: Guangdong; Viet Nam? Teinopalpus imperialis Kaiser-I-Hind Bhutan; China: Hubei, Myanmar, Nepal Sichuan; India; Troides andromache Malaysia: Sabah, Kalimantan Troides dohertyi Talaud Black Birdwing Indonesia: Talaud Islands Sarawak; Indonesia?: Troides prattorum Indonesia: Buru Family PIERIDAE I E R Artogeia virginiensis West Virginia White Canada; USA Belenois orgygia South Africa Mylothris carcassoni Zimbabwe Family LYCAENIDAE R Acrodipsas illidgei Illidge’s Ant-Blue Australia Agriades zullichi Spain Alaena margaritacea South Africa 180 Aloeides caledoni South Africa Aloeides carolynnae South Africa Aloeides dentatis Lesotho; South Africa Aloeides egerides South Africa Aloeides kaplani South Africa Aloeides lutescens South Africa Aloeides merces South Africa Aloeides nollothi South Africa Aloeides nubilus South Africa Aloeides pringlei South Africa Aloeides rossouwi South Africa Arawacus aethesa Brazil Aslauga australis South Africa Capys penningtoni South Africa Chrysoritis cotrelli South Africa Chrysoritis oreas Drakensburg Copper South Africa Cyanophrys bertha Brazil Cyclyrius mandersi Mauritius Erikssonia acraeina South Africa Tolaus aphnaeoides (Epamera aphnaeoides) South Africa Tolaus lulua (Pseudiolaus lulua) White Spotted Sapphire South Africa Joiceya praeclarus Brazil Lepidochrysops bacchus Wineland Blue South Africa Lepidochrysops badhami South Africa Lepidochrysops balli South Africa Lepidochrysops jefferyi South Africa Lepidochrysops littoralis South Africa Lepidochrysops loewensteini South Africa Lepidochrysops lotana South Africa Lepidochrysops oosthuizen South Africa Lepidochrysops outeniqua South Africa Lepidochrysops penningtoni South Africa Lepidochrysops pephredo South Africa Lepidochrysops poseidon South Africa Lepidochrysops pringlei South Africa Lepidochrysops quickelbergei South Africa Lepidochrysops swanepoeli South Africa Lepidochrysops titei South Africa Lepidochrysops victori South Africa Lepidochrysops wykehami South Africa Lycaena dispar Large Copper Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Mongolia?; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; 181 Invertebrates: insects Slovakia; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine; Yugoslavia; Lycaena hermes Hermes Copper Mexico; USA Maculinea alcon (including M. rebeli) Alcon Large Blue Albania?; Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Lithuania; Moldova?; Netherlands; Poland?; Romania; Russia; Slovakia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Maculinea arion Large Blue Albania?; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria?; China; Czech Republic; Denmark, Estonia?; Finland; France: including Corsica; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Hungary?; Iran?; Italy; Japan?; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Moldova?; Poland; Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Maculinea arionides Greater Large Blue China; Japan; former USSR Maculinea nausithous Dusky Large Blue Armenia?; Austria; Bulgaria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan?; Moldova?; Poland; Romania?; Russia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Maculinea teleius Scarce Large Blue Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; Spain?; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Notarthrinus binghami India Nirodia belphegor Brazil Orachrysops ariadne (Lepidochrysops ariadne) South Africa Orachrysops niobe South Africa THREATENED SPECIES Oreolyce dohertyi Naga Hedge Blue India Oxychaeta dicksoni Dickson’s Copper South Africa Paralucia spinifera Bathurst Copper Australia Phasis pringlei South Africa Plebejus emigdionis San Emigdio Blue USA Poecilmitis adonis South Africa Poecilmitis aureus South Africa Poecilmitis azurius South Africa Poecilmitis balli South Africa Poecilmitis daphne South Africa Poecilmitis endymion South Africa Poecilmitis henningi South Africa Poecilmitis hyperion South Africa Poecilmitis irene South Africa Poecilmitis kaplani South Africa Poecilmitis lyncurium Tsomo River Copper South Africa Poecilmitis lyndseyae South Africa Poecilmitis orientalis South Africa Poecilmitis pan South Africa Poecilmitis penningtoni South Africa 182 Poecilmitis pyramus South Africa Poecilmitis rileyi South Africa Poecilmitis stepheni South Africa Poecilmitis swanepoeli South Africa Poecilmitis trimeni South Africa Poecilmitis wykehami South Africa Polyommatus humedasae Piedmont Anomalous Blue Italy Polyommatus galloi Higgin’s Anomalous Blue Italy Polyommatus golgus (Plebicula golgus) Sierra Nevada Blue Spain Spindasis collinsi Tanzania Strymon avalona Avalon Hairstreak USA Styx infernalis Peru Thestor brachycerus South Africa Thestor compassbergae South Africa Thestor dryburghi South Africa Thestor kaplani Kaplan’s Thestor South Africa Thestor pringlei South Africa Thestor rossouwi South Africa Thestor stepheni South Africa Thestor strutti South Africa Invertebrates: insects Vv Thestor swanepoeli South Africa Thestor tempe South Africa Thestor yildizae South Africa Trimenia wallengrenii Wallengren’s Copper South Africa Uranothauma usambarae Tanzania Family DANAIDAE R R Amauris comorana Comoro Islands Amauris nossima Comoro Islands; Madagascar Amauris phoedon Mauritius Anetia briarea Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Anetia cubana Cuba Anetia jaegeri Dominican Republic; Haiti Anetia pantheratus Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Danaus cleophile Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica Euploea albicosta Indonesia: Irian Jaya Euploea blossomae Philippines Euploea caespes Indonesia Euploea configurata Indonesia: Sulawesi Euploea cordelia Indonesia: Sulawesi Euploea dentiplaga Indonesia Euploea doretta Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Euploea eboraci Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago 183 Euploea eupator Indonesia: Sulawesi Euploea euphon Mauritius; Réunion; Rodrigues Euploea gamelia Indonesia: Java Euploea lacon Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Euploea latifasciata Indonesia: Sulawesi Euploea magou Indonesia: Sulawesi Euploea martinii Indonesia: Sumatra Euploea mitra Seychelles Euploea tobleri Philippines Euploea tripunctata Indonesia: Irian Jaya Idea electra Philippines Idea iasonia Sri Lanka Idea malabarica India Idea tambusisiana Sulawesi Tree Nymph Indonesia: Sulawesi Ideopsis hewitsonii Indonesia: Irian Jaya Ideopsis klassika Indonesia Ideopsis oberthurii Indonesia Parantica albata Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Parantica clinias Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Parantica crowleyi Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Parantica dannatti Philippines Parantica davidi Philippines THREATENED SPECIES Parantica garamantis Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands Parantica kirbyi Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Parantica kuekenthali Indonesia: Sulawesi Parantica marcia Indonesia: Irian Jaya Parantica menadensis Indonesia: Sulawesi Parantica milagros Philippines Parantica nilgiriensis India Parantica philo Indonesia Parantica phyle Philippines Parantica pseudomelaneus Indonesia: Java Parantica pumila New Caledonia Parantica rotundata Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Parantica schoenigi Philippines Parantica sulewattan Indonesia: Sulawesi Parantica taprobana Sri Lanka Parantica tityoides Indonesia: Sumatra Parantica toxopei Indonesia: Sulawesi Parantica wegneri Indonesia Parantica weiskei Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Protoploea apatela Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Tiradelphe schneideri Solomon Islands 184 Tirumala euploeomorpha Solomon Islands Tirumala gautama China: Hainan; India: Nicobar Islands; Malaysia: Langkawi Islands; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Family SATYRIDAE E Coenonympha oedippus False Ringlet Austria; Belgium; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Liechtenstein; Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine Erebia christi Raetzer’s Ringlet Italy; Switzerland Erebia gorgone Gavarnie Ringlet France; Spain Erebia ottomana Ottoman Brassy Ringlet Albania; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Italy; Turkey; Yugoslavia Erebia scipio Larche Ringlet France; Italy Erebia sthennyo False Dewy Ringlet France; Spain Erebia sudetica Sudeten Ringlet Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Hungary; Italy; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Switzerland Lethe distans Scarce Red Forester India; Myanmar Lethe margaritae Bhutan; India Lethe ramadeva Bhutan; India; Myanmar Lethe satyavati India Stygionympha dicksoni Dickson’s Brown South Africa Invertebrates: insects Family NYMPHALIDAE I Anaea floridalis Florida Leafwing USA I Antanartia borbonica Madagascar, Mauritius; Réunion R Apaturopsis kilusa Madagascar R Apaturopsis pauliani Madagascar E Boloria acrocnema Uncompahgre Fritillary Butterfly USA R Charaxes cowani Madagascar Vv Charaxes marieps South Africa Vv Charaxes usambarae Tanzania Vv Cymothoe amaniensis Tanzania R Cymothoe aurivillii Tanzania Vv Cymothoe magambae Tanzania R Cymothoe melanjae Malawi Vv Cymothoe teita Kenya I Euryphura achlys Mottled Green Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; South Africa; Tanzania; Zimbabwe I Euthalia malapana Taiwan R Euxanthe madagascariensis Madagascar Vv Fabriciana elisa Corsican Fritillary France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia E Heliconius nattereri Natterer’s Longwing Brazil 185 E Hypodryas maturna Scarce Fritillary Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Kazakhstan?; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Yugoslavia Vv Hypolimnas antevorta Tanzania R Neptis manasa Pale Hockeystick Sailer China; India R Neptis nycteas India: Sikkim E —Phalanta philiberti Seychelles E Phyciodes batesi Tawny Crescent Butterfly USA I Salamis angustina Salamis Retrecie Madagascar, Mauritius; Réunion I Sasakia charonda Japan; Taiwan R Smerina manoro Madagascar I Speyeria idalia Regal Fritillary Canada; USA Family ACRAEIDAE R Acraea hova Madagascar R Acraea sambavae Madagascar Family PYRALIDAE Vv Kupea electilis New Zealand I Margaronia cyanomichla Blue Margaronian USA: Hawaiian Islands I Margaronia exaula Green Margaronian USA: Hawaiian Islands I Ocoblia dryadopa Ohenaupaka Oeobian Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands THREATENED SPECIES Family GEOMETRIDAE I Acalyphes philorites Australia: Tasmania I Dirce aesiodora Australia: Tasmania I Dirce lunaris Australia: Tasmania I Dirce oriplancta Australia: Tasmania I Dirce solaris Australia: Tasmania I Fletcherana ioxantha Toxantha Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LASIOCAMPIDAE E Eriogaster catax Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Slovakia; Spain; Yugoslavia V___s~Phyllodesma ilicifolia Small Lappet Moth ?Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; China; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Italy?; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Mongolia?; Norway?; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia?; Spain?; Sweden; Switzerland?; Ukraine? Family SATURNIIDAE Vv Graellsia isabelae Spanish Moon Moth France; Spain Family SPHINGIDAE Vv Euproserpinus euterpe Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth USA E Euproserpinus wiesti Prairie Sphinx Moth USA Vs Hyles hippophaes ?Afghanistan; Armenia?; Azerbaijan?; China: Xinjiang; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Iran; Iraq?; Kazakhstan?; Kyrgyzstan?; Mongolia, Pakistan?; Romania; Spain; Switzerland; Syria; Tajikistan?; Turkey; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan?; Yugoslavia E Manduca blackburni Blackburn’s Sphinx Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) 186 Vv Proserpinus proserpina Willowherb Hawkmoth ?Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belgium; Bulgaria; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Lebanon; Kazakhstan?; Morocco; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; Syria?; Turkey; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan Family NOCTUIDAE I Catocala marmorata Marbled Underwing Moth USA I Catocala pretiosa Precious Underwing Moth USA I Erythroecia hebardi Hebard’s Noctuid Moth USA I Lithophane lemmeri Lemmer’s Noctuid Moth USA I Pyreferra ceromatica Ceromatic Noctuid Moth Canada; USA Order HYMENOPTERA Family EUPELMIDAE I Eupelmus nihoaensis Nihoa Eupelmus Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family BETHYLIDAE I Sclerodermus nihoaensis Nihoa Sclerodermus Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family MUTILLIDAE I Myrmosula pacifica Antioch Mutillid Wasp USA Family FORMICIDAE K ~— Aneuretus simoni Sri Lankan Relict Ant Sri Lanka Vv Formica aquilonia European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belarus; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Latvia; Norway; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Invertebrates: insects Formica lugubris European Red Wood Ant Austria; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Norway; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Formica polyctena European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Formica pratensis/nigricans European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Formica rufa European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Formica uralensis European Red Wood Ant Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany; Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine Nothomyrmecia macrops Australian Ant Australia Family VESPIDAE E Odynerus niihauensis Niihau Vespid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Odynerus soror Soror Vespid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family SPHECIDAE E Deinomimesa hawaiiensis Hawaiian Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands 187 Deinomimesa punae Puna Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Ectemnius curtipes Short-foot Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Ectemnius fulvicrus Brown Cross Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Ectemnius giffardi Giffard’s Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Ectemnius haleakalae Haleakala Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Eucerceris ruficeps Redheaded Sphecid Wasp USA Nesomimesa kauaiensis Kauai Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesomimesa perkins USA: Hawaiian Islands Nesomimesa sciopteryx Shade-winged Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Philanthus nasalis Antioch Sphecid Wasp USA Family MEGACHILIDAE K Chalicodoma pluto Wallace’s Giant Bee Indonesia: Moluccas Phylum ONYCHOPHORA Family PERIPATIDAE R Macroperipatus insularis Jamaica Vs Mesoperipatus tholloni Congo R Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis Jamaica Vs Speleoperipatus spelaeus Jamaica THREATENED SPECIES Family PERIPATOPSIDAE Vv Vv Opisthopatus roseus South Africa Peripatoides indigo New Zealand Peripatoides suteri New Zealand Peripatopsis alba South Africa Peripatopsis clavigera South Africa Peripatopsis leonina South Africa: Signal Hill near Capetown 188 Vv Tasmanipatus barretti Australia: Tasmania Vv Tasmanipatus anophthalmus Australia: Tasmania Phylum ECHINODERMATA Class ECHINOIDEA Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINIDAE K Echinus esculentus European Edible Sea Urchin (North-east Atlantic) List: 2 EXTINCT SPECIES Class MAMMALIA Order DASYUROMORPHIA Family THYLACINIDAE Ex Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacine Australia: Tasmania (1934) Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Family PERAMELIDAE Ex Chaeropus ecaudatus Pig-footed Bandicoot Australia (1907) Ex Macrotis leucura Lesser Bilby Australia (1931) Ex Perameles eremiana Desert Bandicoot Australia (1935) Order DIPROTODONTIA Family POTOROIDAE Ex Caloprymnus campestris Desert Rat-kangaroo Australia (1935) Ex Potorous platyops Broad-faced Potoroo Australia (1875) Family MACROPODIDAE Ex Lagorchestes asomatus Central Hare-wallaby Australia (1931) Ex Lagorchestes leporides Eastern Hare-wallaby Australia (1890) Ex Macropus greyi Toolache Wallaby Australia (1927) Ex Onychogalea lunata Crescent Nailtail Wallaby Australia (1964) Order INSECTIVORA Family NESOPHONTIDAE Nesophontes hypomicrus Atalaye Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Vertebrates Nesophontes micrus Western Cuban Nesophontes Cuba Nesophontes paramicrus Saint Michel Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Nesophontes zamicrus Haitian Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Nesophontes sp. Cayman Islands Order CHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE Ex Acerodon lucifer Panay Giant Fruit Bat Philippines: Panay (1888) Ex? Dobsonia chapmani Philippine Bare-backed Fruit Bat Philippines: Cebu, Negros (1964) Ex Nyctimene sanctacrucis Solomon Islands: Santa Cruz Islands Ex? Pteropus brunneus Australia: Percy Island Ex Pteropus loochoensis (Pteropus mariannus loochoensis) Okinawa Flying-fox Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) Ex Pteropus pilosus Palau Flying-fox Palau (19th C) Ex Pteropus subniger Mauritius; Réunion Ex? Pteropus tokudae Guam Flying-fox Guam (1968) Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Ex Phyllonycteris major Puerto Rican Flower Bat Puerto Rico Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Ex? Kerivoula africana Tanzanian Woolly Bat Tanzania Ex Pipistrellus sturdeei Bonin Pipistrelle Japan: Ogasawara-shoto 191 EXTINCT SPECIES Family MYSTACINIDAE Ex Mystacina robusta New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat New Zealand: Big South Cape Island, Solomon Island (1960s) Order CARNIVORA Family CANIDAE Ex Dusicyon australis Falkland Island Wolf Falkland Islands (1876) Family PHOCIDAE Ex Monachus tropicalis Caribbean Monk Seal Bahamas; Colombia: Isla de Providencia; Cuba; Guadeloupe; Haiti: Alta Vela; Honduras; Jamaica: Pedro Cays; Mexico; USA (1962) Family PROCYONIDAE Ex? Procyon gloveralleni (Procyon lotor gloveralleni) Barbados Raccoon Barbados Order SIRENIA Family DUGONGIDAE Ex Hydrodamalis gigas Steller’s Sea Cow (Bering Sea; North Pacific Ocean) Russia; USA? (1768) Order PERISSODACTYLA Family EQUIDAE Ex Equus quagga (Equus burchellii quagga) Quagga South Africa (1883) Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE Ex? Sus bucculentus (Sus verrucosus bucculentus) Vietnam Warty Pig Viet Nam Family CERVIDAE Cervus schomburgki (Cervus duvaucelli schomburgki) Schomburgk’s Deer Thailand (1932) 192 Family BOVIDAE Ex Gazella rufina Red Gazelle Algeria (19th C) Ex 4Hippotragus leucophaeus Bluebuck South Africa (1800) Order RODENTIA Family MURIDAE Ex Conilurus albipes Rabbit-eared Tree-rat Australia (1875) Ex? Crateromys paulus Ilin Island Cloud Rat Philippines: [lin Island Ex? Leimacomys buettneri Togo Ex Leporillus apicalis Lesser Stick-nest Rat Australia (1933) Megalomys desmarestii Martinique Rice Rat Martinique (1902) Megalomys luciae Saint Lucia Rice Rat Saint Lucia (19th C) Nesoryzomys darwini Santa Cruz Rice Rat Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Ex Notomys amplus Short-tailed Hopping-mouse Australia (1894) Ex Notomys longicaudatus Long-tailed Hopping-mouse Australia (1901) Ex Notomys macrotis (includes N. megalotis) Big-eared Hopping-mouse Australia (pre 1850) Ex Notomys mordax Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Australia (pre 1846) Oligoryzomys victus Saint Vincent Rice Rat Saint Vincent (1897) Ex? Oryzomys nelsoni Nelson’s Rice Rat Mexico Ex Peromyscus pembertoni Pemberton’s Deer Mouse Mexico: San Pedro Nolasco Island Ex __ Pitymys bavaricus Bavarian Pine Vole Germany Ex Pseudomys fieldi Alice Springs Mouse Australia (1895) Ex Pseudomys gouldii Gould’s Mouse Australia (1930) Rattus macleari Maclear’s Rat Christmas Island (1908) Rattus nativitatis Bulldog Rat Christmas Island (1908) Family ECHIMYIDAE Boromys offella Cuba Boromys torrei Cuba Brotomys contractus Dominican Republic; Haiti Brotomys voratus Dominican Republic; Haiti Family CAPROMYIDAE Capromys sp. Cayman Islands Geocapromys columbianus Cuba Geocapromys sp. Cayman Islands Isolobodon portoricensis Dominican Republic; Haiti [Puerto Rico] (20th C) Plagiodontia velozi Dominican Republic; Haiti 193 Vertebrates Order LAGOMORPHA Family OCHOTONIDAE Ex Prolagus sardus Sardinian Pika Italy: Sardinia; France: Corsica (18th C) Class AVES Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Family DROMAIDAE Dromaius ater King Island Emu Australia: King Island Dromaius baudinianus (Dromaius diemenianus) Kangaroo Island Emu Australia: Kangaroo Island (1803) Family AEPYORNITHIDAE Aepyornis maximus Great Elephantbird Madagascar (1650) Family ANOMALOPTER YGIDAE Dinornis torosus Brawny Great Moa New Zealand (1670) Eurapteryx gravis Burly Lesser Moa New Zealand (1640) Megalaperyx didinus South Island Tokoweka New Zealand (1785) Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE Ex Podilymbus gigas Atitlan Grebe Guatemala (1980-1986/7) Order PROCELLARITFORMES Family PROCELLARIIDAE Pterodroma sp. Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Order PELICANIFORMES Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas’s Cormorant Russia: Bering Straits (1852) EXTINCT SPECIES Order CICONITIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE Ixobrychus novaezelandiae Black-backed Bittern New Zealand (1900) Nycticorax mauritianus Mauritius Night-heron Mauritius (by 1700) Nycticorax megacephalus Rodrigues Night-heron Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) Nycticorax sp. Réunion (by 1700) Family CICONIIDAE Ciconia sp. Réunion (1674) Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Borbonibis latipes Réunion Flightless Ibis Réunion (1773) Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Alopochen mauritianus Mauritian Shelduck Mauritius (1698) Anas theodori Mauritian Duck Mauritius; ?7Réunion (1696) Camptorhynchus labradorius Labrador Duck Canada; USA (1878) Cygnus sumnerensis Chatham Island Swan New Zealand: Chatham Island (1590-1690) Mergus australis Auckland Islands Merganser New Zealand (1905) Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Pink-headed Duck India; Myanmar; Nepal (1935) Order FALCONIFORMES Family FALCONIDAE Falco sp. Réunion (1674) 194 Ex Polyborus lutosus Guadalupe Caracara Mexico: Guadalupe Island (1900) Order GALLIFORMES Family PHASIANIDAE Coturnix novaezelandiae New Zealand Quail New Zealand (1875) Ex Ophrysia superciliosa Himalayan Quail India (1868) Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE Aphanapteryx bonasia Red Rail Mauritius (1700) Aphanapteryx leguati Rodrigues Rail Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) Atlantisia elpenor Ascension Flightless Crake United Kingdom: Ascension Island (1656) Fulica newtoni Mascarene Coot Mauritius; Réunion (1693) Gallinula pacifica Samoan Moorhen Western Samoa: Savaii (1908-1926) Gallirallus dieffenbachii Dieffenbach’s Rail New Zealand: Chatham Island (1840) Gallirallus lafresnayanus New Caledonian Rail New Caledonia (1904) Gallirallus modestus Chatham Islands Rail New Zealand: Chatham Island (1900) Gallirallus pacificus Tahiti Rail French Polynesia (1773-4) Gallirallus wakensis Wake Island Rail USA: Wake Island (1945) Ex Nesoclopeus woodfordi Woodford’s Rail Papua New Guinea; ?Solomon _ Islands: Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel (1936) Porphyrio albus (Notornis alba) Lord Howe Swamphen Australia: Lord Howe Island (1834) Porzana monasa Kosrae Crake Federated States of Micronesia (1827) Porzana palmeri Laysan Crake USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1944) Porzana sandwichensis Hawaiian Crake USA: Hawaiian Islands (1898) Order CHARADRITFORMES Family SCOLOPACIDAE Prosobonia leucoptera Tahitian Sandpiper French Polynesia: Moorea, Tahiti (1773) Family CHARADRITDAE Haematopus meadewaldoi Canary Islands Oystercatcher Spain: Canary Islands (1913) Family LARIDAE Alca impennis Great Auk Canada; Denmark: Faeroe Islands; Greenland; Iceland; Russia; United Kingdom (1844) Order COLUMBIFORMES Family RAPHIDAE Pezophaps solitaria Rodrigues Solitaire Mauritius: Rodrigues (1765): Raphus cucullatus Dodo Mauritius (1665) Raphus solitarius Réunion Solitaire Réunion (1710-1715) Family COLUMBIDAE Alectroenas nitidissima Mauritius Blue Pigeon Mauritius (1835) ‘Alectroenas’ rodericana Rodrigues Pigeon Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) 195 Vertebrates Columba jouyi Ryukyu Pigeon Japan: Nansei-shoto (1936) Columba versicolor Bonin Wood Pigeon Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1889) Ectopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon USA (1914) Ex Microgoura meeki Choiseu! Pigeon Solomon Islands: Choiseul (1904) Ex Pfilinopus mercierii Red-moustached Fruit-Dove French Polynesia: ?Fatuhiva, Hivaoa, ?Tahuata (1922) Order PSITTACIFORMES Family LORIDAE Charmosyna diadema New Caledonian Lorikeet New Caledonia (1860) Family PSITTACIDAE Ara tricolor Cuban Red Macaw Cuba (1885) Conuropsis carolinensis Carolina Parakeet USA (1914) Cyanoramphus ulietanus Raiatea Parakeet French Polynesia: Raiatea (1773) Cyanoramphus zealandicus Black-fronted Parakeet French Polynesia: Tahiti (1844) *Lophopsittacus’ bensoni Mauritius Grey Parrot Mauritius (1765) Lophopsittacus mauritianus Mauritius Parrot Mauritius (1675) Mascarinus mascarinus Mascarene Parrot Réunion (1775 in wild, 1834 in captivity) ‘Necropsittacus’ rodericanus Rodrigues Parrot Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Nestor productus Norfolk Island Kaka Norfolk Island (1851) Psephotus pulcherrimus Paradise Parrot Australia (1927) Ex Psittacula exsul Newton’s Parakeet Mauritius: Rodrigues (1876) Psittacula wardi Seychelles Parrot Seychelles (1870) Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Ex Coua delalandei Snail-eating Coua Madagascar (1930) Order STRIGIFORMES Family STRIGIDAE ‘Athene’ murivora Rodrigues Little Owl Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) ?Sauzieri sp. Mauritian Owl Mauritius Ex Sceloglaux albifacies Laughing Owl New Zealand (1914) ‘Scops’ commersoni Mauritian Owl Mauritius (1836) Family AEGOTHELIDAE Aegotheles savesi New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar New Caledonia (1880) Order APODIFORMES Family TROCHILIDAE Chlorostilbon bracei Grace’s Emerald Bahamas (1877) Order PASSERIFORMES Family XENICIDAE Xenicus lyalli Stephens Island Wren New Zealand: Stephens Island (1874) 196 Family PYCNONOTIDAE Hypsipetes sp. Mauritius: Rodrigues (1600s?) Family MUSCICAPIDAE Ex Eutrichomyias rowleyi Cerulean Paradise-Flycatcher Indonesia: Sangihe (1978) Gerygone insularis Lord Howe Gerygone Australia: Lord Howe Island Turnagra capensis Piopio New Zealand (1955) Turdus ravidus Grand Cayman Thrush Cayman Islands (1938) Zoothera terrestris Bonin Thrush Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1928) Family ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops strenuus Robust White-eye Australia: Lord Howe Island (1928) Family MELIPHAGIDAE Chaetoptila angustipluma Kioea USA: Hawaiian Islands (1860) Moho apicalis Oahu Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1837) Moho nobilis Hawaii Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1934) Family DREPANIDAE Chloridops kona Kona Grosbeak USA: Hawaiian Islands (1894) Ciridops anna Ula-ai-hawane USA: Hawaiian Islands (1892) Drepanis funerea Black Mamo USA: Hawaiian Islands (1907) Drepanis pacifica Hawaii Mamo USA: Hawaiian Islands (1899) Paroreomyza flammea Molokai Creeper USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) (1963) Rhodacanthis flaviceps Lesser Koa-finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (1891) Rhodacanthis palmeri Greater Koa-finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (1896) Viridonia sagittirostris Greater Amakihi USA: Hawaiian Islands (1900) Family ICTERIDAE Quiscalus palustris Slender-billed Grackle Mexico (1910) Family FRINGILLIDAE Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Bonin Grosbeak Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1890) Spiza townsendi Townsend’s Finch USA (1833) Family PLOCEIDAE Foudia sp. Reunion Fody Réunion (1671) Family STURNIDAE Aplonis corvina Kosrae Mountain Starling Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae (1828) Aplonis fusca Tasman Starling Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island Aplonis mavornata Mysterious Starling Unknown (1825) Aplonis pelzelni Pohnpei Starling Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei (1956) Fregilupus varius Réunion Starling Réunion (1854) Necrospar rodericanus Rodrigues Starling Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) 197 Vertebrates Family CALLAEIDAE Heteralocha acutirostris Huia New Zealand (1907) Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINES Family TESTUDINIDAE Cylindraspis borbonica Réunion (1800) Cylindraspis indica Réunion (1800) Cylindraspis inepta Mauritius (early 18th C) Cylindraspis peltastes Mauritius: Rodrigues (1800) Cylindraspis triserrata Mauritius (early 18th C) Cylindraspis vosmaeri Mauritius: Rodrigues (1800) Order SAURIA Family GEKKONIDAE Hoplodactylus delcourti New Zealand (mid 19th C) Ex Phelsuma gigas (includes P. edwardnewtonii and P. newtonii) Rodrigues Day Gecko Mauritius: Rodrigues Family IGUANIDAE Leiocephalus eremitus USA: Navassa Island (1900) Leiocephalus herminieri Martinique (1830s) Family TEDDAE Ameiva cineracea Guadeloupe (early 20th C) Ameiva major Martinique Giant Ameiva Martinique Family SCINCIDAE Leiolopisma mauritiana Mauritius (1600) Ex? Macroscincus coctei Cape Verde Giant Skink Cape Verde: Branco, Razo (early 20th C) EXTINCT SPECIES Ex? Tachygia microlepis Tonga Ground Skink Tonga: Tongatapu Ex? Tetradactylus eastwoodae Eastwood’s Longtailed Seps South Africa Family ANGUIDAE Ex? Celestus occiduus Jamaica Giant Galliwasp Jamaica (1840) Order SERPENTES Family TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops cariei Mauritius (17th C) Family BOIDAE Ex? Bolyeria multocarinata Round Island Boa Mauritius: Round Island (1975) Family COLUBRIDAE Alsophis sancticrucis Saint Croix Racer Virgin Islands of the United States (20th C) Class AMPHIBIA Order ANURA Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Ex? Discoglossus nigriventer Israel Painted Frog Israel: Lake Huleh (1940) Family RANIDAE Ex? Arthroleptides dutoiti Kenya: Mt. Elgon Ex? Rana fisheri (Rana onca, Rana pipiens fisheri) Vegas Valley Leopard Frog USA (1960) Ex? Rana tlaloci Mexico Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Family PETROMYZONTIDAE Ex Lampetra minima Miller Lake Lamprey USA (1953) 198 Class ACTINOPTERYGII Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE Ex? Acanthobrama hulensis Israel: Lake Huleh Ex? Cyprinus yilongensis China: Yunnan Province Ex = Evarra bustamantei Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex Evarra eigenmanni Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex Evarra tlahuacensis Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex Gila crassicauda Thicktail Chub USA (1957) Ex Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat Spinedace USA (1940) Ex Notropis amecae Ameca Shiner Mexico (1970) Ex Notropis aulidion Durango Shiner Mexico (1965) Ex Notropis orca Phantom Shiner Mexico; USA (1975) Ex Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake Splittail USA (1970) Ex Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Dace USA (1955) Ex _ Stypodon signifer Stumptooth Minnow Mexico (1930) Family CATOSTOMIDAE Ex Chasmistes muriei Snake River Sucker USA (1928) Ex Lagochila lacera Harelip Sucker USA (1910) Order SILURIFORMES Family TRICHOMY CTERIDAE Ex Rhizosomichthys totae Colombia: Lake Tota Order SALMONIFORMES Family RETROPINNIDAE Ex _ Prototroctes oxyrhynchus New Zealand Grayling New Zealand (1920s) Family SALMONIDAE Ex Coregonus alpenae Longjaw Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA (1978) Ex Coregonus johannae Deepwater Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA (1955) Ex Salvelinus agassizi Silver Trout USA (1930) Order ATHERINIFORMES Family MELANOTAENIIDAE Ex? Melanotaenia eachamensis (possibly a form of M. splendida) Lake Eacham Rainbowfish Australia Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Family CYPRINODONTIDAE Ex Cyprinodon latifasciatus Perrito de Parras Mexico (1930) Ex? Cyprinodon spp. Perritos de Sandia Mexico Ex Fundulus albolineatus Whiteline Topminnow USA (1900) Family GOODEIDAE Ex Characodon garmani Parras Characodon Mexico (1900) Ex Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows Killifish USA (1953) 199 Vertebrates Family POECILIDAE Ex Gambusia amistadensis Amistad Gambusia USA (1973) Ex Gambusia georgei San Marcos Gambusia USA (1983) Ex Priapella bonita Guayacon Ojiazul Mexico Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Family SYNGNATHIDAE Ex Syngnathus watermayeri River Pipefish South Africa Order SCORPAENIFORMES Family COTTIDAE Ex Cottus echinatus Utah Lake Sculpin USA (1928) Order PERCIFORMES Family PERCIDAE Ex? Etheostoma sellare Maryland Darter USA Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TURBELLARIA Order TRICLADIDA Family KENKIIDAE Ex? Romankenkius pedderensis Lake Pedder Planarian Australia: Tasmania Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHEOGASTROPODA Family LOTTMDAE Ex _ Lottia alveus Eelgrass Limpet USA EXTINCT SPECIES Family HELICINIDAE Ex Ogasawarana chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana habei Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana hirasei Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana metamorpha Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana rex Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana yoshiwarana Japan: Ogasawara Order MESOGASTROPODA Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Ex Cyclosurus mariei Mayotte Ex Cyclophorus horridulum Mayotte Family POMATIASIDAE Ex Tropidophora carinata Mauritius; Réunion (1881) Ex Tropidophora desmazuresi Mauritius: Rodrigues Ex Tropidophora semilirata Mayotte Family ACICULIDAE Ex? Renea bourguignatiana France; Italy Family HYDROBIIDAE Ex = Bythinella intermedia Austria Ex Bythiospeum pfeifferi Austria Ex? Bythiospeum tschapecki Austria Ex? Iglica gratulabunda Austria Ex Lithoglyphus umbilicata (Clappia umbilicata) Umbilicate Pebblesnail USA Ex Ohridohauffenia drimica Yugoslavia (1980s) 200 Ex? Posticobia norfolkensis Australia: Norfolk Island Family ASSIMINEIDAE Ex Conacmella vagans Japan: Ogasawara Ex Omphalotropis plicosa Mauritius Family PLEUROCERIDAE Ex Anculopsis anthonyix (Leptoxis anthonyix) Anthony’s River Snail USA Ex Anculosa clipeata (Leptoxis clipeata) Agate Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa formanii (Leptoxis formanii) Interrupted Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa ligata (Leptoxis ligata) Rotund Rocksnail USA Ex = Anculosa lirata (Leptoxis lirata) Lyrate Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa occulata (Leptoxis occulata) Bigmouth Rocksnail USA Ex Aculopsis praerosa (Leptoxis praerosa) Onyx Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa showalteri (Leptoxis showalteri) Coosa Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa vittata (Leptoxis vittata) Striped Rocksnail USA Ex Goniobasis alabamensis (Elimia alabamensis) Mud Elimia USA Goniobasis clausa (Elimia clausa) Closed Elimia USA Goniobasis fusiformis (Elimia fusiformis) Fusiform Elimia USA Goniobasis hartmanniana (Elimia hartmanniana) High-spired Elimia USA Goniobasis impressa (Elimia impressa) Constricted Elimia USA Goniobasis jonesi (Elimia jonesi) Hearty Elimia USA Goniobasis laeta (Elimia laeta) Ribbed Elimia USA Goniobasis pilsbryi (Elimia pilsbryi) Rough-lined Elimia USA Goniobasis pupaeformis (Elimia pupaeformis) Pupa Elimia USA Goniobasis pygmaea (Elimia pygmaea) Pygmy Elimia USA Goniobasis varians (Elimia varians) Puzzle Elimia USA Gyrotoma excisa Excised Slitshell USA (1924) Gyrotoma lewisii Striate Slitshell USA (1924) Gyrotoma pagoda Pagoda Slitshell USA (1924) 201 Invertebrates Ex Gyrotoma pumila Ribbed Slitshell USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma pyramidata Pyramid Slitshell USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma walkeri Round Slitshell USA (1924) Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ACHATINELLIDAE Ex? Achatinella abbreviata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1963) Ex Achatinella buddii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex Achatinella caesia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex Achatinella casta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella decora USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex? Achatinella dimorpha USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex? Achatinella elegans USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1952) Ex? Achatinella juddii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1958) Ex? Achatinella juncea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella lehuiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1922) Ex Achatinella livida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella papyracea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1945) Ex? Achatinella rosea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1949) Ex Achatinella spaldingi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1938) Ex Achatinella thaanumi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1900s) Ex Achatinella valida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1951) Ex Achatinella vittata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1953) EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Ex? Auriculella expansa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Auriculella uniplicata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Lamellidea monodonta Japan: Ogasawara Lamellidea nakadai Japan: Ogasawara Newcombia philippiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Partulina crassa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) (1914) Partulina montagui USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1913) Perdicella fulgurans USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Perdicella maniensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Perdicella zebra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Perdicella zebrina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Family AMASTRIDAE Ex Ex Amastra albolabris USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra cornea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra crassilabrum USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra elongata USA: Hawaiian Islands Amastra forbesi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra pellucida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra porcus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra reticulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra subrostrata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Amastra subsoror USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Amastra tenuispira USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) 202 Ex? Amastra umbilicata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Carelia anceophila USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia bicolor USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1970) Carelia cochlea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia cumingiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia dolei USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia evelynae USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia glossema USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia hyattiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia kalalauensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1945/47) Carelia knudseni USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia lirata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia lymani USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia mirabilis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia necra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia olivacea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia paradoxa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia periscelis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Carelia pilsbryi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Carelia sinclairi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Niihau) Carelia tenebrosa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Ex Carelia turricula USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Family PUPILLIDAE Ex? Leiostyla abbreviata Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla cassida Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla gibba Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla heterodon Portugal: Madeira Ex? Leiostyla lamellosa Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla simulator Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex = Pupilla obliquicosta (Pupa obliquicosta) Saint Helena (1870s) Family VERTIGINIDAE Ex Campolaemus perexilis Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Gastrocopta chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Gastrocopta ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara Ex _Lyropupa perlonga USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Nesopupa turtoni Saint Helena (1870s) Family CERASTUIDAE Ex = Rhachis comorensis Mayotte Ex Rhachis sanguineus Mauritius Family PARTULIDAE Ex Partula affinis French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex = Partula approximata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula atilis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula attenuata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula aurantia French Polynesia: Moorea 203 Partula auriculata French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula candida French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula castanea French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula cedistia French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula citrina French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula clara French Polynesia: Tahiti Partula compacta French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula crassilabris French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula cuneata French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula dolichostoma French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula exigua French Polynesia: Moorea (1977) Partula filosa French Polynesia: Tahiti Partula formosa French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula fusea French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula garretti French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula hyalina French Polynesia: Tahiti Partula imperforata French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula leptochila French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula levilineata French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula levistriata French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula lutea French Polynesia: BoraBora Partula microstoma French Polynesia: Raiatea Invertebrates EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Partula mirabilis French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula mooreana French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula nodosa French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula otaheitana French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula producta French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula protea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula protracta French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula radiata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula raiatensis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula remota French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula rustica French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula salifana Mount Alifana Partula Guam Ex Partula suturalis Sutural Partula French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula taeniata French Polynesia: Moorea Ex = Partula thalia French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula tohiveana French Polynesia: Moorea Ex = Partula tristis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula turgida French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex = Partula variabilis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula vittata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Samoana abbreviata American Samoa (1940) Family ORTHALICIDAE Ex Aspastus loyaltiensis (Leuchocharis loyaltiensis) New Caledonia (1900s) Ex Aspastus porphyrocheila (Leuchocharis porphyrocheila) New Caledonia (1900s) Family FERUSSACIDAE Ex? Amphorella iridescens Portugal: Madeira Ex? Cecilioides eulima Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Family SUBULINIDAE Ex Chilonopsis blofeldi Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis exulatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis helena Saint Helena (1870s) Ex? Chilonopsis melanoides Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis nonpareil Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis subplicatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis subtruncatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex = Chilonopsis turtoni Saint Helena (1870s) Family STREPTAXIDAE Ex Edentulina thomasetti Seychelles (1908) Ex Gibbus lyonetianus Mauritius (1905) Ex Gonidomus newtoni Mauritius (1867) Ex Gonospira nevilli Mauritius Ex? Gulella antelmiana Mauritius Ex Gzulella mayottensis Mayotte Family ENDODONTIDAE Ex _Hirasea biconcava Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea eutheca Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea goniobasis Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea hypolia Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea major Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea nesiotica Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea planulata Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea sinuosa Japan: Ogasawara Hirasea clara (Hirasiella clara) Japan: Ogasawara Kondoconcha othnius French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Libera subcavernula Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Libera tumuloides Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Mautodontha acuticosta French Polynesia: Raiatea (1880s) Mautodontha boraborensis French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s) Mautodontha ceuthma French Polynesia: Raivavae (1880s) Mautodontha consimilis French Polynesia: Raiatea (1880s) Mautodontha consobrina French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) Mautodontha maupiensis French Polynesia: Maupiti (1880s) Mautodontha parvidens French Polynesia: Society Islands (1880s) Mautodontha punctiperforata French Polynesia: Moorea (1880s) Mautodontha saintjohni French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s) Mautodontha subtilis French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) Mautodontha unilamellata Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Invertebrates Mautodontha zebrina Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Opanara altiapica French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara areaensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara bitridentata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara caliculata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara depasoapicata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara duplicidentata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara fosbergi French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara megomphala French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Opanara perahuensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Orangia cookei French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Orangia maituatensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Orangia sporadica French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ptychodon dianae (Pseudohelenoconcha dianae) Saint Helena (1870s) Ptychodon laetissima (Pseudohelenoconcha laetissima) Saint Helena (1870s) Ptychodon persoluta (Pseudohelenoconcha persoluta) Saint Helena (1870s) Ptychodon spurca (Pseudohelenoconcha spurca) Saint Helena (1870s) Rhysoconcha atanuiensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Rhysoconcha variumbilicata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ruatara koarana French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ruatara oparica French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) EXTINCT SPECIES Bx Ex Taipidon anceyana French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s) Taipidon marquesana French Polynesia: Nuku Hiva (1880s) Taipidon octolamellata French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s) Thaumatodon multilamellata Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1880s) Family CHAROPIDAE Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex Helenoconcha leptalea Saint Helena (1870s) Helenoconcha minutissima Saint Helena (1870s) Helenoconcha polyodon Saint Helena (1870s) Helenoconcha pseustes Saint Helena (1870s) Helenoconcha sexdentata Saint Helena (1870s) Helenodiscus bilamellata Saint Helena (1870s) Helenodiscus vernoni Saint Helena (1870s) Sinployea canalis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea decorticata Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea harveyensis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea otareae Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea planospira Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea proxima Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea rudis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea tenuicostata Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Sinployea youngi Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Family DISCIDAE Ex? Discus guerinianus Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Family SUCCINEIDAE Ex Succinea guamensis Guam Family HELIXARIONIDAE Ex? Caldwellia philyrina Mauritius Ex Ctenoglypta newtoni Mauritius (1871) Ex? Erepta stylodon Mauritius Ex = Erepta nevilli Mauritius Ex Harmogenanina linophora Mauritius; Réunion Ex Harmogenanina subdetecta Réunion Ex Pachystyla rufozonata Mauritius (1869) Family ARIOPHANTIDAE Ex Colparion madgei Mauritius: Rodrigues (1938) Ex -‘Vitrinula chaunax Japan: Ogasawara Ex Vitrinula chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Vitrinula hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara Family CAMAENIDAE Ex Mandarina luhuana Japan: Ogasawara Family HELICIDAE Ex Chilostoma ziegleri Austria Ex? Discula lyelliana Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Discula tetrica Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Geomitra delphinuloides Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Pseudocampylaea lowei Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) (late 19th C) Family ARIONIDAE Ex = Arion simrothi Germany Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONIDA Family UNIONIDAE Ex Ex? Alasmidonta robusta Cardina Elktoe USA Dysnomia arcaeformis? (Epioblasma arcaeformis?) Sugarspoon USA (1940s) Dysnomia biemarginata (Epioblasma biemarginata) Angled Riffleshell USA (1960s) Dysnomia flexuosa (Epioblasma flexuosa) Leafshell USA (1940s) Dysnomia haysiana (Epioblasma haysiana) Acornshell USA Dysnomia lefevrei (Epioblasma lefevrei) USA Dysnomia lenior (Epioblasma lenior) Narrow Catspaw USA (1965) Dysnomia lewisii? (Epioblasma lewisii?) Forkshell USA (1964) Dysnomia personata (Epioblasma personata) Round Combshell USA (1930) Dysnomia propinqua (Epioblasma propinqua) Tennessee Riffleshell USA (1930) Dysnomia sampsoni (Epioblasma sampsoni) Wabash Riffleshell USA (1950s/60s) Dysnomia stewardsoni (Epioblasma stewardsoni) Cumberland Leafshell USA (1930) 207 Invertebrates Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Order AMPHIPODA Family PARAMELITIDAE Ex? Austrogammarus australis Australia: Melbourme, Victoria Family CRANGONYCTIDAE Ex Stygobromus lucifugus Rubious Cave Amphipod USA Order DECAPODA Family ATYIDAE Syncaris pasadenas Pasadena Freshwater Shrimp USA (1933) Family ASTACIDAE Ex? Pacifastacus nigrescens Sooty Crayfish USA (1860s) Class INSECTA Order EPHEMEROPTERA Family SIPHLONURIDAE Ex Acanthometropus pecatonica Pecatonica River Mayfly USA (1927) Family EPHEMERIDAE Ex Pantagenia robusta Robust Burrowing Mayfly USA Order ODONATA Family COENAGRIONIDAE Ex? Megalagrion jugorum Jugorum Megalagrion Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family GOMPHIDAE Ex? Ophiogomphus edmundo Edmund’s Snaketail Dragonfly USA Family LIBELLULIDAE Ex? Sympetrum dilatatum Saint Helena EXTINCT SPECIES Order ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE Ex Neduba extincta Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid USA (1937) Order PHASMATOPTERA Family PHASMATIDAE Ex? Dryococelus australis Lord Howe Island Stick-insect Australia: Lord Howe Island, Ball’s Pyramid (1970s) Order PLECOPTERA Family CHLOROPERLIDAE Ex Alloperla roberti Robert’s Stonefly USA Order HOMOPTERA Family PPEUDOCOCCIDAE Ex Clavicoccus erinaceus USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Phyllococcus oahuensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE Mecodema punctellum New Zealand: Stephens Island Family DYTISCIDAE Ex? Hygrotus artus Mono Lake Diving Beetle USA Megadytes ducalis Brazil Rhantus alutaceus New Caledonia Rhantus novacaledoniae New Caledonia Rhantus orbignyi Argentina; Brazil Rhantus papuanus Papua New Guinea Siettitia balsetensis Perrin’s Cave Beetle France 208 Family CERAMBYCIDAE Ex Xylotoles costatus New Zealand: Chatham Island (1930s) Family CURCULIONIDAE Ex Dryophthorus distinguendus USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Dryotribus mimeticus USA: Hawaiian Islands Hadramphus tuberculatus New Zealand (1910) Macrancylus linearis USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex? Ex Ex Ocedemasylus laysanensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Pentarthrum blackburni Blackburn’s Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands Rhyncogonus bryani USA: Hawaiian Islands Trigonoscuta rossi Fort Ross Weevil USA Trigonoscuta yorbalindae Yorba Linda Weevil USA Order DIPTERA Family TABANIDAE Ex Stonemyia volutina Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly USA Family DOLICHOPODIDAE Ex Campsicnemus mirabilis USA: Hawaiian Islands Family DROSOPHILIDAE Ex Drosophila lanaiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Order TRICHOPTERA Family RHYACOPHILIDAE Ex Rhyacophila amabilis Castle Lake Caddisfly USA Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE Hydropsyche tobiasi Tobias’ Caddisfly Germany (1920s) Family LEPTOCERIDAE Ex _ Triaenodes phalacris Athens Caddisfly USA Ex Triaenodes tridonata Three-tooth Caddisfly USA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family NEPTICULIDAE Ex? Ectodemia castaneae American Chestnut Moth USA Ex? Ectodemia phleophaga Phleophagan Chestnut Moth USA Family TISCHERIIDAE Ex? Tischeria perplexa Chestnut Clearwing Moth USA Family COLEOPHORIDAE Ex? Coleophora leucochrysella USA Family ARGYRESTHIDAE Ex? Argyresthia castaneela Chestnut Ermine Moth USA Family ZYGAENIDAE Levuana irridescens Levuana Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1929) Family LYCAENIDAE Ex Deloneura immaculata South Africa Ex Glaucopsyche xerces Xerces Blue USA (early 1940s) Ex Lepidochrysops hypopolia South Africa Family LIBYTHEIDAE Ex __ Libythea cinyras Mauritius (1865) Family PYRALIDAE Genophanitis leahi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Invertebrates Hedylepta asaphrombra USA: Hawaiian Islands (1970s) Hedylepta continuatalis USA: Hawaiian Islands (1958) Hedylepta epicentra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Hedylepta euryprora USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hedylepta fullawayi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hedylepta laysanensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) Hedylepta meyricki USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hedylepta musicola USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokai) Hedylepta telegrapha USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Ocobia sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911) Family GEOMETRIDAE Ex? Scotorythra megalophylla Kona Giant Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (early 1900s) Scotorythra nesiotes Ko’olau Giant Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Scotorythra paratactis Hawaiian Hopseed Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Tritocleis microphylla Ola’a Peppered Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1890s) Family SPHINGIDAE Ex? Tinostoma smaragditis Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai USA: Hawaiian Islands Family NOCTUIDAE Ex? Agrotis crinigera Poko Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1926) Ex Agrotis fasciata Midway Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Midway) EXTINCT SPECIES Ex? Agrotis kerri Kerr’s Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate Shoals) (1923) Ex Agrotis laysanensis Laysan Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911) Ex Agrotis photophila USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Agrotis procellaris USA: Hawaiian Islands (pre 1900) Ex? Helicoverpa confusa Confused Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (post 1927) 210 Helicoverpa minuta Minute Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lisianski) (pre 1911) Hypena laysanensis Laysan Dropseed Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1911) Hypena newelli Hilo Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hypena plagiota Lovegrass Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu) Hypena senicula Kaholuamano Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) List 3 THREATENED GENERA (etc) o~ ie aeedh bfoch « <4 oor -—4 ¢ am =. 7 4 THREATENED GENERA (etc) Class ACTINOPTERYGII Order PERCIFORMES Family CICHLIDAE I Haplochromine spp. (> 250 spp.) Lake Victoria cichlid fishes (Lake Victoria) Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda I Tilapiine spp. (2 spp.) Lake Victoria cichlid fishes (Lake Victoria) Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda Phylum ANNELIDA Class OLIGOCHAETA Order HAPLOTAXIDA Family MICROCHAETIDAE Vv Microchaetus (23 species) South African Giant Earthworms South Africa \Y/ Proandricus (17 species) South African Giant Earthworms South Africa Vv Tritogenia (approx. 13 species) South African Giant Earthworms South Africa Family ACANTHODRILIDAE Vv Chilota (13 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms South Africa Vv Diplotrema (15 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms South Africa Vv Microscolex (3 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Lesotho; South Africa Vv Udeina (59 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Lesotho; South Africa 213 Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family ELATERIDAE E Eopenthes (17 species) Hawaiian Click Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands I Itodacnus spp. Necker Click Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CERAMBYCIDAE E Plagithmysus (49 species) USA: Hawaiian Islands Family AGLYCYDERIDAE E Proterhinus (72 species) Hawaiian Proterhinus Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CURCULIONIDAE I Oodemas (whole genus) Windward Chain Weevils USA: Hawaiian Islands E Rhyncogonus (22 species) (at least one species extinct) Hawaiian Snout Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Order LEPIDOPTERA Family PYRALIDAE I Hedylepta (14 species) (some species listed in extinct section) Hedyleptan Moths USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HYMENOPTERA Family COLLETIDAE I Hylaeus (64 species) (Nesoprosopis) (some species probably extinct) Yellow-faced Bee USA: Hawaiian Islands (ote) ASAD chi iMATABAHT a te - > AGOIOARTHA mulys? OY RATIOUITOS eee) 2 | 2a MOWISE wht , ATSB cite!) : a’ ASATIOLION tet) SACS TAT wits (hea 1) cee os PA , Seliat Bil) neslewi? | ited cuirhorst § Adi) ie ® aid ss =a see Aes ate ws eet Mui Petes poh? el Paadas A apa! = Mamet walbityew v0 ce: ae (eokcoge ES) wit mr es ntaparilfies? pei) achilA in oath due (atone Tuy + eorrcehifiasd tise) cota = ; (era Lt sorqqa) yon coreywitie] vn) mornlA date oe a rata drwe : Ls RANTIVADA ¥ ‘ 2 A) “* erroreined) cellnbadiemse basil, see roe obi dame UY comers List 4 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Class MAMMALIA Order CHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE Vv Pteropus seychellensis aldabrensis Aldabra Flying-fox Seychelles: Aldabra Atoll Family VESPERTILIONIDAE I Lasiurus cinereus semotus Hawaiian Hoary Bat USA: Hawaiian Islands K = Myotis formosus bartelsi (M. bartelsi) Bartel’s Myotis Indonesia: Java R Myotis formosus hermani (M. hermani) Herman’s Myotis Indonesia: Sumatra Order PRIMATES Family LEMURIDAE E Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis Alaotran Gentle Lemur Madagascar K Hapalemur griseus griseus Grey Gentle Lemur Madagascar VY —s-Hapalemur griseus occidentalis Western Gentle Lemur Madagascar R Eulemur fulvus albifrons White-fronted Lemur Madagascar Vv Eulemur fulvus albocollaris White-collared Lemur Madagascar Vv Eulemur fulvus collaris Collared Lemur Madagascar R Eulemur fulvus fulvus Brown Lemur Madagascar Vv Eulemur fulvus mayottensis Mayotte Lemur Mayotte 217 Vertebrates R Eulemur fulvus rufus (E. macaco rufus) Red-fronted Lemur Madagascar Vv Eulemur fulvus sanfordi (E. macaco sanfordt) Sanford’s Lemur Madagascar E Eulemur macaco flavifrons Sclater’s Lemur Madagascar Vv Eulemur macaco macaco Black Lemur Madagascar Family CALLITRICHIDAE E Callithrix argentata leucippe Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset Brazil E Saguinus bicolor bicolor Pied Tamarin Brazil Vv Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys Andean Saddle-back Tamarin Peru Vv Saguinus imperator imperator Black-chinned Emperor Tamarin Bolivia; Brazil; Peru Family CEBIDAE E_ Alouatta fusca fusca Northern Brown Howling Monkey Brazil E Aloutta belzebul ululata Red-handed Howling Monkey Brazil E Aloutta palliata aequatorialis South Pacific Blackish Howling Monkey Colombia; Ecuador; Panama?; Peru V__ Aotos lemurinus griseimembra Night Monkey Colombia E Ateles belzebuth hybridus Hybrid Spider Monkey Colombia; Venezuela E Ateles belzebuth marginatus White-whiskered Spider Monkey Brazil THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Callicebus cupreus ornatus Ornate Titi Colombia Callicebus personatus barbarabrownae Northern Bahian Blond Titi Brazil Callicebus personatus melanochir Southern Bahian Masked Titi Brazil Callicebus personatus nigrifrons Black-fronted Titi Brazil Callicebus personatus personatus Northern Masked Titi Brazil Callicebus torquatus lucifer Widow Monkey Brazil; Colombia; Peru Cebus albifrons cuscinus White-fronted Capuchin Bolivia?; Peru Cebus albifrons yuracus Andean White-fronted Capuchin Ecuador, Peru Cebus apella robustus Robust Tufted Capuchin Brazil Cebus apella xanthosternos Yellow-breasted Capuchin Monkey Brazil Chiropotes satanas satanas Black Saki Brazil Chiropotes satanas utahicki Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki Brazil Lagothrix lagotricha lugens Colombian Woolly Monkey Colombia Family CERCOPITHECIDAE K Cercocebus albigena aterrimus (C. aterrimus) Black Mangabey Angola; Zaire Cercocebus galeritus galeritus Tana River Mangabey Kenya; Tanzania 218 Cercocebus galeritus ’sanjei’ Sanje Mangabey Tanzania Cercocebus torquatus torquatus Collared Mangabey Cameroon; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea: Rio Muni; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone Cercopithecus diana roloway Roloway Guenon Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Togo Macaca ochreata brunnescens (M. brunnescens) Muna-Butung Macaque Indonesia: Butung, Muna Macaca fuscata yakui Yakushima Macaque Japan Macaca nemestrina pagensis (M. pagensis) Mentawai Macaque Indonesia: Mentawai Islands, Siberut, Sipora, North and South Pagai Islands Macaca tonkeana hecki (M. hecki) Heck’s Macaque Indonesia: Sulawesi Papio hamadryas papio (P. papio) Guinea Baboon Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia?; Mali; Mauritania; Senegal; Sierra Leone Procolobus badius temminckii (Procolobus temminckii) (Procolobus badius has been included in the genus Colobus) Temminck’s Red Colobus Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Senegal Procolobus badius waldroni Miss Waldron’s Bay Colobus Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana Procolobus badius pennantii (P. pennantii) Eastern Red Colobus Equatorial Guinea: Fernando Po Procolobus badius bouvieri (P. pennantii bouvieri) Bouvier’s Red Colobus Congo Procolobus badius ellioti (P. rufomitratus ellioti) Elliot’s Red Colobus Uganda (ex?); Zaire Procolobus badius foai (P. rufomitratus foai, P. pennantii foai) Foa Red Colobus Zaire Procolobus badius gordonorum (P. gordonorum, P. pennantii gordonorum) Uhehe Red Colobus Tanzania Procolobus badius kirkii (Procolobus kirkii, P. pennantii kirkii) Zanzibar Red Colobus Tanzania: Zanzibar Tanzania: [Pemba Island] Procolobus badius oustaleti (P. rufomitratus oustaleti, P. pennantii oustaleti) Oustalet’s Red Colobus Central African Republic; Sudan?; Zaire Procolobus badius tephrosceles (P. rufomitratus tephrosceles, P. pennantii tephrosceles) Uganda Red Colobus Burundi, Rwanda; Tanzania; Uganda Procolobus badius tholloni (P. rufomitratus tholloni, P. pennantii tholloni) Thollon’s Red Colobus Zaire Procolobus badius preussi (P. preussi, P. pennanti preussi) Preuss’s Colobus Cameroon; Nigeria (ex?) Procolobus badius rufomitratus (P. rufomitratus, P. rufomitratus rufomitratus) Tana River Colobus Kenya Pygathrix roxellana bieti (Pygathrix bieti, sometimes Rhinopithecus) Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey China included in Family HOMINIDAE E Gorilla gorilla beringei Mountain Gorilla Burundi (ex?); Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire: Virunga Volcano region 219 Vertebrates Pan troglodytes verus West African Chimpanzee Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Senegal; Sierra Leone [Gambia] Order CARNIVORA Family FELIDAE E Acinonyx jubatus venaticus Asiatic Cheetah Iran Caracal caracal michaelis (Lynx caracal michaelis, Felis caracal michaelis) Turkmenian Caracal Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Uzbekistan Felis margarita scheffeli Pakistan Sand Cat Pakistan Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis (Prionailurus iriomotensis, sometimes included in Felis) Iriomote Cat Japan: Iriomote Island Panthera leo persica Asiatic Lion India Panthera pardus orientalis Amur Leopard China; D.PR. Korea; Korea Republic; Russia Panthera pardus nimr South Arabian Leopard Oman; Saudi Arabia; Yemen Panthera pardus kotiya Sri Lankan Leopard Sri Lanka Panthera pardus japonensis North Chinese Leopard China Panthera pardus saxicolor North Persian Leopard Afghanistan; Iran; Turkmenistan Panthera pardus melas Javan Leopard Indonesia: Java Puma concolor coryi (Felis concolor coryi) Florida Cougar USA THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Puma concolor couguar Family OTARIIDAE ge ancclor sense Ex Zalophus californianus japonicus seca cise Japanese Sealion Canada; USA Japan; D.P.R. Korea; Korea Republic Family PHOCIDAE E Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora V Phoed hispida botnica Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose Baltic Ringed Seal Kenya; Tanzania Estonia?; Finland; Russia; Sweden Family HERPESTIDAE ey we V___s~Phoca hispida ladogensis E Hyaena hyaena barbara Ladoga Ringed Seal Barbary Hyaena Russia: Lake Ladoga Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia E Phoca hispida saimensis Family MUSTELIDAE Saimaa Ringed Seal Finland: Lake Saimaa Ex? Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes Big Thicket Hog-nosed Skunk K Phoca vitulina mellonae USA: Texas Ungava Seal E Eira barbara senex Canada; Greenland Greyheaded Tayra V___s~Phoca vitulina stejnegeri Belize; Guatemala: Mexico Kuril Seal Vs Lutra longicaudis longicaudis ees (L. platensis, also assigned to Lontra) Family URSIDAE La Plata Otter A : i te i 7 Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay E Selenarctos thibetanus gedrosianus (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) Vv Lutra lutra lutra Baluchistan Bear European Otter Iran; Pakistan Bast Ex Ursus arctos nelsoni E Martes flavigula robinsoni Mexican Grizzly Bear Javan Yellow-throated Marten Mexico; USA Indonesia: Java Family VIVERRIDAE R Martes melampus tsuensis Ores fr, aves Aecshiing island Merten I Arctictis binturong whitei Palawan Binturong on Philippines: Palawan E Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata Javan Small-toothed Palm Civet Indonesia: Java K Melogale personata orientalis (M. orientalis) Javan Ferret-badger Indonesia: Java I Martes zibellina brachyura : yi a “tl arceeL gncoree: Japanese Sable a = psimanse Japan: Hokkaido BO Vv Vormela peregusna peregusna = Genetta genetta isabelae European Marbled Polecat TENS Bulgaria; Greece; Romania; Turkey; Ukraine; 2 ee Yugoslavia E Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor Family ODOBENIDAE OBER). Mentawai Palm Civet K Odobenus rosmarus laptevi Indonesia: Sumatra Laptev Walrus , - “5 eae Russa I Poiana richardsoni liberiensis Leighton’s Linsang Liberia; Céte dIvoire; Sierra Leone 220 Vertebrates E Viverra megaspila civettina (V. civettina) Malabar Large-spotted Civet India: Kerala Order PERISSODACTYLA Family EQUIDAE Ex? Equus ferus przewalskii (E. caballus przewalskii, E. przewalskii) Przewalski’s Horse China; Mongolia Ex? Equus hemionus hemionus North Mongolian Kulan Mongolia Ex Equus hemionus hemippus Syrian Wild Ass Iran; Iraq; Israel; Saudi Arabia; Syria E Equus hemionus khur Indian Wild Ass India E Equus hemionus kulan Kulan Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan I Equus hemionus luteus Gobi Kulan China; Mongolia E Equus hemionus onager Onager Tran Vv Equus kiang holderi Eastern Kiang China I Equus kiang kiang Western Kiang India; Nepal I Equus kiang polyodon Southern Kiang China; India: Sikkim E Equus zebra zebra Cape Mountain Zebra South Africa Family RHINOCEROTIDAE E Ceratotherium simum cottoni Northern White Rhinoceros Zaire 221 Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE VY —s Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ivoriensis Wester Forest Hog West Africa Ex Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus Cape Warthog South Africa: Cape Province VY _s~Phacochoerus aethiopicus delameri Somali Warthog Kenya; Somalia I Phacochoerus africanus aeliani Eritrean Warthog Djibouti; Eritrea R Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus Palawan Bearded Pig Philippines: Balabac, Palawan, Calamian Islands Vv Sus barbatus oi Western Bearded Pig Indonesia: Sumatra, Kundur, Ungar Islands; Malaysia Vv Sus scrofa riukiuanus Ryukyu Islands Wild Pig Japan: Ryukyu Islands Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Ex Hexaprotodon liberiensis heslopi Nigeria Family TRAGULIDAE Vv Tragulus napu nigricans Balabac Chevrotain Philippines: Balabac Island Family CERVIDAE E Cervus elaphus yarkandensis Yarkand Deer China E Cervus eldii eldii Manipur Brow-antlered Deer India E Cervus eldii siamensis Thailand Brow-antlered Deer Cambodia; China (ex?); Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Ex? Cervus nippon grassianus Shansi Sika China E Cervus nippon keramae Ryukyu Sika Japan: Ryukyu Islands E Cervus nippon mandarinus North China Sika China E Cervus nippon pseudaxis (C. n. kopschi) South China Sika China; Viet Nam I Cervus nippon sichanicus Sichuan Sika China E Cervus nippon taiouanus Formosan Sika Taiwan (ex?) [Japan: Oshima Island] R Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Cedros Island Mule Deer Mexico: Cedros Island E Odocoileus virginianus clavium Key Deer USA: Florida Keys E Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Argentinian Pampas Deer Argentina E Rangifer tarandus pearyi Peary Caribou Canada Family ANTILOCAPRIDAE E___ Antilocapra americana peninsularis Baja California Pronghom Mexico E Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Sonoran Pronghorn Mexico; USA Family BOVIDAE E Aepyceros melampus petersi Black-faced Impala Angola; Namibia Ex Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus Bubal Hartebeest Algeria; Egypt; Morocco; Tunisia 222 Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei Swayne’s Hartebeest Ethiopia Alcelaphus buselaphus tora Tora Hartebeest Eritrea?; Ethiopia; Sudan Ammotragus lervia ornatus Egyptian Barbary Sheep Egypt Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi Golden Takin China Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor Mishmi Takin Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar Budorcas taxicolor tibetana Sichuan Takin China Budorcas taxicolor whitei Bhutan Takin Bhutan; China; India Capra aegagrus blythi Sind Ibex Pakistan Capra aegagrus chialtanensis Chiltan Goat Pakistan Capra aegagrus cretica Cretan Goat Greece Capra aegagrus turcmenica Turkman Wild Goat Turkmenistan Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Pyrenean Ibex Spain Capra pyrenaica victoriae Gredos Ibex Spain Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis Sumatran Serow Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia Cephalophus ogilbyi crusalbum White-legged Duiker Congo?; Gabon Cephalophus nigrifrons rubidus Ruwenzori Black-fronted Duiker Uganda; Zaire? Damaliscus dorcas dorcas Bontebok South Africa Damailiscus lunatus korrigum Korrigum Benin; Burkina Faso; Nigeria; Togo Gazella dorcas saudiya Saudi Gazelle Iraq?; Kuwait?; Saudi Arabia?; United Arab Emirates?; Yemen? Cameroon; Niger, Gazella gazella acaciae Acacia Gazelle Israel; Jordan? Gazella gazella farasani Farasan Gazelle Saudi Arabia: Farasan Islands Gazella gazella muscatensis Muscat Gazelle Oman Gazella subgutturosa marica Arabian Sand Gazelle Iran?; Jordan; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Syria?; United Arab Emirates; Yemen? Hippotragus niger variani Giant Sable Antelope Angola Kobus leche robertsi Roberts’ Lechwe Zambia Nemorhaedus baileyi baileyi Tibetan Red Goral China Nemorhaedus baileyi cranbrooki Red Goral India; Myanmar Nemorhaedus caudatus evansi Evans’ Long-tailed Goral Thailand Nemorhaedus goral bedfordi Western Himalayan Goral Pakistan Oreotragus oreotragus porteousi Western Klipspringer Nigeria Ourebia ourebi haggardi Haggard’s Oribi Kenya; Somalia 223 Vertebrates Ovis ammon ammon Altai Argali China; Mongolia; Russia Ovis ammon darwini Mongolian Argali, Gobi Argali China; Mongolia Ovis ammon hodgsoni Tibetan Argali China; India; Nepal Ovis ammon jubata Shansi Argali, Northern Chinese Argali China Ovis ammon karelini Tien Shan Argali China; Kazakhstan Ovis ammon nigrimontana Kara Tau Argali Kazakhstan Ovis ammon polii Marco Polo Argali, Pamir Argali Afghanistan; China; Pakistan; Tadjikistan Ovis canadensis cremnobates Peninsular Bighorn Sheep Mexico; USA Ovis canadensis mexicana Mexican Bighorn Sheep Mexico; USA Ovis canadensis weemsi Weems’ Bighom Sheep Mexico Ovis nivicola borealis Putorean Snow Sheep, Norilsk Snow Sheep Russia Ovis orientalis arkal Transcaspian Urial Iran; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Ovis orientalis blanfordi Blanford’s Urial Pakistan Ovis orientalis bocharensis Bukhara Urial Tajikistan; Uzbekistan Ovis orientalis cycloceros Afghan Urial Afghanistan; Pakistan; Turkmenistan Ovis orientalis gmelini Armenian Mouflon Armenia; Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkey THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Ovis orientalis isphahanica Esfahan Mouflon Tran Ovis orientalis laristanica Laristan Mouflon Tran Ovis orientalis musimon European Mouflon France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia Ovis orientalis ophion Cyprus Mouflon Cyprus Ovis orientalis orientalis Red Sheep Tran Ovis orientalis punjabiensis Punjab Urial Pakistan Ovis orientalis severtzovi Severtzov’s Urial Uzbekistan Ovis orientalis vignei Ladahk Urial India; Pakistan Redunca fulvorufula adamauae Western Mountain Reedbuck Cameroon; Nigeria Redunca fulvorufula chanleri Chanler’s Mountain Reedbuck Ethiopia; Kenya; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica Turkish Chamois Turkey Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica Balkan Chamois Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Yugoslavia Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana Chartreuse Chamois France Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica Caucasian Chamois Georgia; Russia Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica Tatra Chamois Poland; Slovakia Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata Apennine Chamois Italy: Abruzzo National Park 224 Saiga tatarica mongolica Mongolian Saiga Mongolia Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus (T. oryx derbianus, also assigned to Taurotragus) Wester Giant Eland Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau; Mali?; Senegal Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci Eastern Bongo Kenya Order RODENTIA Family APLODONTIDAE I Aplodontia rufa nigra Point Arena Mountain Beaver USA: California Aplodontia rufa phaea Point Reyes Mountain Beaver USA: California Family SCIURIDAE E Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina Flying Squirrel USA Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus Virginia Flying Squirrel USA Glaucomys volans goldmani Mexican Flying Squirrel Mexico Glaucomys volans guerreroensis Guerrero Flying Squirrel Mexico Glaucomys volans oaxacensis Oaxaca Flying Squirrel Mexico Ratufa indica dealbata Dangs Giant Squirrel India Ratufa indica elphinstoni Maharashtra Giant Squirrel India Sciurus niger cinereus Delmarva Fox Squirrel USA Tamias minimus atristriatus (Eutamias minimus atristriatus) New Mexico Least Chipmunk USA: New Mexico Vertebrates E Tamias quadrivittatus australis (Eutamias quadrivittatus australis) Organ Mountains Chipmunk USA: New Mexico E Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis Mount Graham Red Squirrel USA: Arizona Family CASTORIDAE E Castor canadensis frondator Broad-tail Beaver Mexico E Castor canadensis mexicanus Rio Grande Beaver Mexico E Castor fiber birulai Mongolian Beaver Mongolia Family GEOMYIDAE R Thomomys umbrinus emotus Southern Pocket Gopher USA: New Mexico Family HETEROMYIDAE E Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Morro Bay Kangaroo-rat USA K _—_— Dipodomys microps leucotis Howserock Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat USA: Arizona E Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Fresno Kangaroo Rat USA: California E Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Tipton Kangaroo Rat USA: California E Perognathus inornatus psammophilus (P. longimembris psammophilus) Salinas Pocket Mouse USA: California E Perognathus longimembris brevinasus Los Angeles Little Pocket Mouse USA: California Family DIPODIDAE E Zapus hudsonius luteus (Z. princeps luteus) Meadow Jumping Mouse USA: New Mexico 225 I Zapus trinotatus orarius Point Reyes Jumping Mouse USA: California Family MURIDAE E Microtus californicus scirpensis Amargosa Vole USA: California Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis Hualapai Vole USA: Arizona Microtus mexicanus navaho USA: Arizona Microtus pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis Chihuahua Vole Mexico Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli Florida Saltmarsh Vole USA: Florida Neotoma floridana smalli Key Largo Woodrat USA Neotoma fuscipes riparia San Joaquin Valley Woodrat USA: California Oryzomys palustris argentatus (O. argentatus) Silver Rice Rat USA Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Key Largo Cotton Mouse USA Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse USA Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Alabama Beach Mouse USA Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris South-eastern Beach Mouse USA Peromyscus polionotus phasma Anastasia Island Beach Mouse USA Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Perdido Key Beach Mouse USA THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES V__Reithrodontomys megalotis limicola Southern Marsh Harvest Mouse USA: California E Sigmodon arizonae plenus (S. hispidus plenus) Colorado River Cotton Rat USA: Arizona?, California Order LAGOMORPHA Family OCHOTONIDAE Vs Ochotona alpina argentata China Vv Ochotona alpina nitida Russia Vv Ochotona alpina ssp. Mongolia E Ochotona cansus sorrela China Vv Ochotona cansus morosa China E Ochotona pallasi hamica China; Mongolia I Ochotona pallasi sunidica China E Ochotona thibetana sikimaria India I Ochotona thibetana huangensis China Family LEPORIDAE E Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit USA: Florida Keys Order MACROSCELIDEA Family MACROSCELIDIDAE K Petrodromus tetradactylus sangi Four-toed Elephant-shrew Kenya K __Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei Chequered Elephant-shrew Mozambique R Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Henderson’s Chequered Elephant-shrew Malawi Class AVES Order TINAMIFORMES Family TINAMIDAE E/Ex Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius (C. saltuarius) Magdalena Tinamou Colombia (ex?) Order PROCELLARIFORMES Family PROCELLARIIDAE E/Ex Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea (P. caribbaea) Jamaica Petrel Jamaica (ex?) K Puffinus auricularis newelli (Puffinus newelli) Newell’s Shearwater USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai) Order CICONIIFORMES Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE I Bostrychia olivacea bocagei (B. bocagei) Dwarf Olive Ibis Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE R Gallinula nesiotis comeri (Gallinula comeri) Gough Moorhen Saint Helena: Gough Island Order CHARADRITFORMES Family HAEMATOPODIDAE E Haematopus unicolor chathamensis (H. chathamensis) Chatham Islands Oystercatcher New Zealand: Chatham Islands Order PSITTACIFORMES Family PSITTACIDAE K___Aratinga holochlora brevipes (A. brevipes) Socorro Parakeet Mexico: Socorro Island Order STRIGIFORMES Family STRIGIDAE K Otus magicus albiventris (O. alfredi) Flores Scops-Owl Indonesia: Flores R Otus magicus insularis (O. insularis) Seychelles Scops-Owl Seychelles: Mahe K = Otus spilocephalus stresemanni (O. stresemanni) Sumatran Scops-Owl Indonesia: Sumatra Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE K ~~ Apus barbatus sladeniae (Apus sladeniae) Femando Po Swift Angola; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Nigeria? Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Ex Todirhamphus cinnamominus miyakoensis (Halcyon miyakoensis) Ryukyu Kingfisher Japan: Nansei-shoto Order PASSERIFORMES Family FURNARIIDAE Vv Asthenes dorbignyi huancavelicae Pale-tailed Canastero Peru E Cinclodes excelsior aricomae (Cinclodes aricomae) Royal Cinclodes Bolivia; Peru Family COTINGIDAE R Laniisoma elegans elegans (L. elegans) Shrike-like Cotinga Brazil Family TYRANNIDAE E Onychorhynchus coronatus occidentalis Western Royal-Flycatcher Ecuador, Peru 227 Vertebrates Family PYCNONOTIDAE K _—_-Hypsipetes borbonicus olivaceus (Hypsipetes olivaceus) Mauritius Bulbul Mauritius Family MUSCICAPIDAE K Gerygone magnirostris hypoxantha (G. hypoxantha) Biak Gerygone Indonesia: Biak E Turdus olivaceus helleri (T. helleri) Teita Thrush Kenya Family MELIPHAGIDAE K Manorina flavigula melanotis (M. melanotis) Black-eared Miner Australia Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINES Family EMYDIDAE Vv Trachemys scripta callirostris (Pseudemys scripta callirostris, Pseudemys ornata_ callirostris, Chrysemys ornata callirostris) Colombian Slider Colombia; Venezuela R Trachemys stejnegeri malonei (Pseudemys malonei, Pseudemys terrapen malonei, Chrysemys malonei) Inagua Island Turtle Bahamas: Great Inagua Island R Trachemys terrapen felis (Pseudemys felis) Cat Island Freshwater Turtle [Bahamas: Cat Island] Family TESTUDINIDAE Vv Testudo graeca graeca (includes Testudo whitei, T. flavominimaralis Furculachelys whitei, F. nabeulensis) Spur-thighed Tortoise Algeria; Egypt?; Libya; Morocco; Spain; Tunisia [France; Italy] THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Vv Testudo hermanni boettgeri (Testudo hermanni hermanni) Eastern Hermann’s Tortoise Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Italy; Romania; Turkey; Yugoslavia [Malta] E Testudo hermanni hermanni (Testudo hermanni robertmertensi) Western Hermann’s Tortoise France; Italy; Spain: Balearic [mainland] Order SAURIA Family PYGOPODIDAE V___sCAprasia rostrata rostrata Hermite Island Worm-lizard Australia Family AGAMIDAE Vv Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla South-eastern Lined Earless Dragon Australia Family IGUANIDAE K -Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei San Diego Hormed Lizard Mexico: Baja California; USA: California Family LACERTIDAE R Podarcis filfolensis filfolensis (Lacerta filfolensis filfolensis) Filfola Lizard Malta: Filfola Island Family SCINCIDAE V___Egernia pulchra longicauda Jurien Bay Rock-skink Australia E Eulamprus tympanum ssp. Dreeite Water Skink Australia R Gongylomorphus bojerii fontenayi (Scelotes bojeri) Macabe Forest Skink Mauritius: Macabe Forest Family ANIELLIDAE I Anniella pulchra nigra Black Legless Lizard USA: California Islands, 228 Family VARANIDAE Vv Varanus griseus caspius Central Asian Desert Monitor Central Asia Order SERPENTES Family BOIDAE R Charina bottae umbratica Rubber Boa USA: California Epicrates monensis monensis (Epicrates gracilis monensis) Mona Island Boa Puerto Rico: Mona Island Epicrates striatus fosteri Bahamas Boa Bahamas Morelia spilota imbricata Western Australian Carpet Python Australia Family COLUBRIDAE Vv Drymarchon corais couperi Eastern Indigo Snake USA Masticophis flagellum ruddocki San Joaquin Coachwhip USA: San Joaquin Valiey, California Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus Almeda Striped Racer USA: California Natrix natrix cetti Sardinian Grass Snake Italy: Sardinia Nerodia fasciata taeniata Atlantic Saltmarsh Snake USA: Florida Nerodia harteri paucimaculata Concho Water Snake USA: Colorado and Concho River system Nerodia sipedon insularum Lake Erie Water Snake (Lake Erie) Canada; USA Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia San Francisco Garter Snake USA: California Vertebrates Family ELAPIDAE Vv Notechis ater ater Krefft’s Tiger Snake Australia Family VIPERIDAE Vv Crotalus willardi obscurus New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake Mexico; USA R Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana Transcaucasian Long-nosed Viper Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey E Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Orsini’s Viper Austria (ex?); Hungary; Romania Class AMPHIBIA Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE I Bufo boreas nelsoni (alternatively treated as a full species Bufo nelsoni) Amargosa Toad USA: Nevada Family HYLIDAE I Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis Illinois Chorus Frog USA Family PELOBATIDAE Vv Pelobates fuscus insubricus Italian Spadefoot Toad Italy: plains of River Po; Switzerland: Ticino (ex?) Order CAUDATA Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE R Ambystoma dumerilii dumerilii Lake Patzcuaro Salamander or Achoque Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro E Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander USA: California Vv Ambystoma tigrinum californiense (Ambystoma californiense) California Tiger Salamander USA: California 229 Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Family PETROMYZONTIDAE R Lampetra tridentata ssp. Pacific Lamprey USA Class ACTINOPTERYGII Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Family ACIPENSERIDAE Vv Acipenser oxyrhynchus ssp. Atlantic Sturgeon Canada; USA Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE Vv Dionda episcopa ssp. Roundnose Minnow Mexico Vv Gila bicolor ssp. Tui Chub USA Vv Gila robusta ssp. Roundtail Chub Mexico; USA VY __—Lepidomeda mollispinis ssp. Virgin Spinedace USA E Pseudorasbora pumila ssp. Ushimotsugo Japan: Honshu Island E Rhodeus atremius suigensis Suigen Zenitanago Japan: Honshu Island E Rhodeus ocellatus smithi Nippon Baratanago Japan: Yao city, Osaka V__ Rhinichthys cataractae ssp. Longnose Dace Canada; USA V__ Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Speckled Dace Canada; Mexico; USA Family CATOSTOMIDAE R Catostomus catostomus lacustris Jasper Longnose Sucker Canada THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Catostomus clarki intermedius White River Sucker USA R Catostomus dicobolus yarrowi Zuni Bluehead Sucker USA R Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus Goose Lake Sucker USA Ex Chasmistes liorus liorus June Sucker USA E Chasmistes liorus mictus June Sucker USA R Catostomus rimiculus ssp. Jenny Creek Sucker USA Order CHARACIFORMES Family CHARACIDAE R__ Astyanax mexicanus jordani Sardina Ciega Mexico Order SALMONIFORMES Family PLECOGLOSSIDAE E __ Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Ryukyu Ayu-fish Japan: Ryukyu Islands Family SALMONIDAE Vv Onchorhynchus clarki ssp. Cutthroat Trout USA Vv Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys Beloribitsa Azerbaijan?; Khazakstan; Russia Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Family GOODEIDAE Ex Empetrichthys latos concavus Raycraft Ranch Poolfish USA E Empetrichthys latos latos Pahrump Poolfish USA Ex Empetrichthys latos pahrump Pahrump Ranch Poolfish USA 230 Family CYPRINODONTIDAE R Cyprinodon salinus milleri Cottonball Marsh Pupfish USA R Cyprinodon salinus salinus Salt Creek Pupfish USA Vv Cyprinodon eximius ssp. Conchos Pupfish Mexico; USA E Cyprinodon macularius ssp. Desert Pupfish Mexico; USA Vv Cyprinodon nevadensis ssp. Amargosa Pupfish USA Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Family GASTEROSTEIDAE E Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae Santa Ana Stickleback USA E Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Unarmored Threespine Stickleback USA Order PERCIFORMES Family CENTRARCHIDAE R Lepomis megalotis ssp. Mojarra de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico R Micropterus salmgides ssp. Robalo de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Family CICHLIDAE E Cichlasoma urophtalmus ericymba Mojarra de Bulha Mexico R Oreochromis alcalicus grahami Lake Magadi Tilapia Kenya Family EMBIOTOCIDAE R Hysterocarpus traski pomo Russian River Tule Perch USA Phylum Mollusca Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Family HELICINIDAE Vv Pleuropoma zigzac ponapense Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Vv Pleuropoma zigzac zgzac Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Order MESOGASTROPODA Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE Vv Palaina strigata kororensis Palau: Koror Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family CLAUSILIDAE R Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana France Family DISCIDAE Vv Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis Idaho Banded Mountain Snail USA R Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Carinated Striate Banded Mountain Snail USA Family POLYGYRIDAE Vv Mesodon clarki nantahala Noonday Snail USA I Mesodon clausus trossulus Banded Mesodon USA I Stenotrema leai cheatumi USA Family CAMAENIDAE R Glyptorhagada wilkawillina umbilicata Australia: South Australia Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE I Eremarionta indioensis cathedralis Cathedral Desert Snail USA K Eremarionta rowelli bakerensis Baker Desert Snail USA 231 Invertebrates K Eremarionta rowelli mccoiana McCoy Desert Snail USA K = Helminthoglypta arrosa pomoensis USA I Helminthoglypta expansilabris mattolensis Cape Shoulderband USA K = Helminthoglypta nickliniana awania Nicklin’s Peninsula Snail USA I Helminthoglypta nickliniana bridgesi USA I Helminthoglypta nickliniana contracosta USA E Helminthoglypta sequoicola consors USA K Helminthoglypta stiversiana miwoka Dented Peninsula Snail USA R Helminthoglypta stiversiana williamsi USA K Monadenia fidelis minor USA Y= Monadenia fidelis pronotis Rocky Coast Sideband USA K Monadenia yosemitensis yosemitensis Indian Yosemite Snail USA K Monadenia mormonum buttoni USA Vv Monadenia mormonum hirsuta USA Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA Family MARGARITIFERIDAE I Margaritifera margaritifera durrovensis Ireland Family UNIONIDAE E Dysnomia florentina curtisi (Epioblasma florentina) Curtis Pearlymussel USA THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Dysnomia florentina florentina (Epioblasma florentina florentina) Yellow-blossom USA Dysnomia florentina walkeri (Epioblasma florentina walkeri) Tan Riffleshell USA Dysnomia obliquata obliquata (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) Catspaw USA Dysnomia obliquata perobliqua (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) White Catspaw USA Dysnomia torulosa gubernaculum (Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum) Green-blossom USA Dysnomia torulosa rangiana (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) Northern Riffleshell Canada; USA Dysnomia torulosa torulosa (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) Tubercled-blossom Canada; USA Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family CALOPTERYGIDAE R Matrona basilaris japonica Japan: Amami-oshima, Okinawa, Tokunoshima Family COENAGRIONIDAE E Coenagrion hylas freyi Frey’s Damselfly Austria; Germany; Switzerland Megalagrion amaurodytum fallax Fallax Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands Megalagrion amaurodytum peles Pele Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands Megalagrion amaurodytum waianaeanum Waianae Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands 232 E Seychellibasis alluaudi alluaudi Seychelles Family EUPHAEIDAE R Bayadera brevicauda ishigakiana Japan: Iriomote, Ishigaki Family PLATYCNEMIDAE R Coeliccia flavicauda masakii Japan: Yayeyama R Coeliccia ryakyuensis amamii Japan: Amami R Coeliccia ryakyuensis ryukyuensis Japan: Okinawa Family AESHNIDAE R Planaeschna ishigakiana ishigakiana Japan: Yayeyama R Planaeschna ishigakiana nagaminei Japan: Amami R Planaeschna risi sakishimana Japan: Yayeyama Family GOMPHIDAE R Asiagomphus amamiensis amamiensis Japan: Amami-oshima R Asiagomphus amamiensis okinawanus Japan: Okinawa I Ophiogomphus incurvatus alleghaniensis Alleghany Snaketail Dragonfly USA R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis asatoi Japan: Kerama, Okinawa R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis watanabei Japan: Iriomote Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE R Chlorogomphus brevistigmata okinawanus Japan: Okinawa R Chlorogomphus brunneus brunneus Japan: Okinawa R Chlorogomphus brunneus keramensis Japan: Kerama Family CORDULIIDAE R Hemicordulia mindana nipponica Japan: Nakanoshima, Tanegashima, Yayeyama Family LIBELLULIDAE K___ Eleuthemis beuttikoferi quadrigutta Mozambique; Zimbabwe R Leucorrhinia intermedia ijimai Japan: Hokkaido R Orthetrum poecilops miyajimaense Japan Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE I Sphaeroderus schaumi shenandoah Schaum’s Blue Ridge Ground Beetle USA Family CICINDELIDAE I Cicindela chlorocephala smythi Smyth’s Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis North-eastern Beach Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela latesignata obliviosa Oblivious Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela limbata albissima Coral Pink Dunes Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela nevadica olmosa Los Olmos Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela nigrocoerula subtropica Subtropical Blue-Black Tiger Beetle USA Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenalis Neojuvenile Tiger Beetle 4 USA I Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima Greenest Tiger Beetle USA Family DYTISCIDAE Ex Dytiscus lapponicus disjunctus Italy: Alpes Maritime Family SCARABAEIDAE K Dynastes hercules glaseri Trinidad and Tobago V___sCODynastes hercules hercules Hercules Beetle Dominica; Guadeloupe Vv Dynastes hercules reidi Hercules Beetle Martinique; Saint Lucia 233 Invertebrates Family ELMINTHIDAE I Huleechius marroni carolus Marron’s San Carlos Riffle Beetle USA I Stenelmis calida calida Devil’s Hole Warm Spring Riffle Beetle USA I Stenelmis calida moapa Moapa Warm Springs Riffle Beetle USA Family LAMPYRIDAE I Photuris brunnipennis floridana Everglades Browing Firefly USA Family CERAMBYCIDAE E Crossidius mojavensis mojavensis Mojave Rabbitbrush Longhorn Beetle USA Vv Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle USA Family CURCULIONIDAE I Trigonoscuta dorothea dorothea Dorothy’s El Segundo Dune Weevil USA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family HESPERIDAE I Antipodia chaostola leucophaea Australia: Tasmania E Hesperia leonard montana (Hesperia pawnee montana) Pawnee Montane Skipper USA I Hesperilla mastersi marakupa Australia: Tasmania WV Kedestes barerae bunta Barber’s Ranger South Africa I Oreisplanus munionga larana Australia: Tasmania Vs Panoquina panoquinoides errans Salt Marsh Skipper Mexico; USA I Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus Wandering Skipper USA THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Family PAPILIONIDAE E___ Eurytides lysithous harrisianus Harris’ Mimic Swallowtail Brazil R Graphium alebion chungianus Taiwan Vv Graphium antiphates ceylonicus Sri Lankan Five-bar Swordtail Sri Lanka E Papilio aristodemus ponceanus Schaus’ Swallowtail USA E Papilio desmondi teita Taita Blue-banded Papilio Kenya Ex Papilio phorbanta nana Seychelles E Parnassius apollo vinningensis Germany I Parnassius clodius shepardii Shepard’s Clodius Parnassian USA Ex Parnassius clodius strohbeeni Strohbeen’s Clodius Parnassian USA E Troides aeacus kaguya Taiwan Family PIERIDAE I Euchloe hyantis andrewsi Andrew’s Marble Butterfly USA R Pieris krueperi devta India Family LYCAENIDAE R Aloeides dentatis dentatis South Africa — Aloeides dentatis maseruna Lesotho; South Africa R Aloeides trimeni southeyae South Africa R Argyrocupha malagrida cedrusmontana Lion’s Head Copper South Africa V__ Argyrocupha malagrida malagrida Lion’s Head Copper South Africa Argyrocupha malagrida maryae Lion’s Head Copper South Africa Argyrocupha malagrida paarlensis Lion’s Head Copper South Africa Bowkeria phosphor borealis South Africa Bowkeria phosphor phosphor South Africa Callophrys mossii bayensis San Bruno Elfin USA Durbania amakosa albescens South Africa Durbania amakosa flavida South Africa Euphilotes battoides comstocki (Shijimiaeoides battoides comstocki) Comstock’s Blue USA Euphilotes bernardino allyni (Shijimiaeoides battoides allyni) El Segundo Blue USA Euphilotes enoptes smithi (Shijimiaeoides enoptes smithi) Smith’s Blue USA Euphilotes rita mattonii (Shijimiaeoides rita mattonii) Mattoni’s Blue USA Everes comyntas texanus Texas Tailed Blue USA Tolaus diametra natalica (Epamera diametra natalica) South Africa Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Palos Verdes Blue USA Hemiargus thomasi bethune-bakeri Miami Blue Butterfly USA Icaricia icarioides missionensis Mission Blue USA Icaricia icarioides moroensis Moro Bay Blue USA Icaricia icarioides pheres Pheres Blue USA Lepidochrysops jamesi classensi South Africa Lepidochrysops jamesi jamesi South Africa Lepidochrysops methymna dicksoni South Africa Lepidochrysops oreas oreas South Africa Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Lotis Blue USA Lycaeides melissa samuelis Karner Blue USA Lycaena dorcas claytoni Clayton’s Copper USA Maculinea teleius burdigalensis Scarce Large Blue France Mitoura gryneus sweadneri Sweadner’s Hairstreak USA Ornipholidotos peucetia penningtoni White Mimic Mozambique; South Africa Panchala ganesa loomisi Tailless Blue Japan Philotiella speciosa bohartorum Bohart’s Blue USA Plebejus icarioides missionensis Mission Blue USA Phasis thero cedarbergae South Africa Poecilmitis brooksi tearei South Africa Poecilmitis nigricans nigricans Blue Jewel Copper South Africa 235 Invertebrates I Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae Blue Jewel Copper South Africa R Poecilmitis pyroeis hersaleki South Africa YW Pseudalmenus chlorinda chlorinda Australia: Tasmania I Pseudalmenus chlorinda conara Australia: Tasmania I Shijimiaeoides langstoni langstoni Langston’s Blue USA R Strymon acis bartrami Bartram’s Hairstreak USA R Thestor dicksoni calviniae Dickson’s Thestor South Africa R Thestor dicksoni dicksoni Dickson’s Thestor South Africa I Thestor montanus pictus South Africa R Tuxentius melaena griqua South Africa Family RIODINIDAE E Apodemia mormo langei Lange’s Metalmark USA Family SATYRIDAE Ex Cercyonis sthenele sthenele Sthenele Wood Nymph USA R Erebia annada annada Bhutan; India R Erebia narasingha narasingha India R Lethe dura gammiei Bhutan; India R Lethe europa tamuna India: Nicobar Island R Lethe gemina gafuri India R Lethe ocellata lyncus Bhutan; India THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES R R Neonympha mitchelli mitchelli Mitchell’s Satyr Butterfly USA Pararge menava maeroides India Ypthima dohertyi persimilis India; Myanmar Family NYMPHALIDAE E Vv Antanartia borbonica mauritiana Mauritius Charaxes druceanus entabeni Silver Barred Charaxes South Africa Charaxes druceanus williamsi Kenya Charaxes durnfordi nicholi Chestnut Rajah India; Myanmar Charaxes karkloof capensis South Africa Charaxes xiphares desmondi Kenya Charaxes xiphares xiphares Wester Forest Emperor South Africa Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda Battling Glider South Africa Doleschallia bisaltide andamana Andaman Leafwing India: Andaman Islands Euphydryas editha bayensis Bay Checkerspot Butterfly USA Euphydryas editha monoensis Mono Checkerspot Butterfly USA Heliconius charitonius peruvianus Ecuador, Peru Heteronympha cordacea comptena Australia: Tasmania Hypolimnas dubius drucei Comoro Islands; Madagascar; Mauritius Neptis sankara nar India: Andaman Islands 236 I Salamis angustina angustina Salamis Retrecie Madagascar, Réunion Ex Salamis angustina vinsoni Mauritius I Satyrodes eurydice fumosa Smokey Eyed Brown Butterfly USA Ex Speyeria adiaste atossa Atossa USA I Speyeria callippe callippe Callippe Silverspot USA I Speyeria hydaspe conquista Silverspot USA I Speyeria nokomis caerulescens Blue Silverspot Mexico; USA I Speyeria nokomis nokomis Great Basin Silverspot USA I Speyeria zerene behrensii Behren’s Silverspot USA Vs Speyeria zerene hippolyta Oregon Silverspot USA R Speyeria zerene myrtleae Myrtle’s Fritillary USA Family SPHINGIDAE E Celerio wilsoni perkinsi USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HYMENOPTERA Family SPHECIDAE I Ectemnius nesocrabo bidecoratus Bidecoratus Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family ANDRENIDAE I Perdita hirticeps luteocincta Yellow Banded Andrenid Bee USA I Perdita scitula antiochensis Antioch Andrenid Bee USA List 5 COMMERCIALLY THREATENED SPECIES COMMERCIALLY THREATENED SPECIES Class MAMMALIA Order PRIMATES Family CERCOPITHECIDAE CT Macaca nemestrina Pigtail Macaque Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia?; China; India; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Phylum CNIDARIA Class ANTHOZOA Order GORGONACEA Family CORALLIDAE CT Corallium (20 species) Precious Corals Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean Order ANTIPATHARIA Family ANTHIPATHIDAE CT Anthipathidae (c 150 species) Black Coral Caribbean, Indo-Pacific Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Family TURBINIDAE CT Turbo marmoratus Green Snail Indo-Pacific Family STROMBIDAE CT Strombus gigas Queen Conch Caribbean Class BIVALVIA Order PTERIOIDA Family PTERIIDAE CT Pinctada margaritifera Black-lipped Pearl Oyster Indo-Pacific CT Pinctada maxima Gold-lipped Pearl Oyster Indo-Pacific Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Order DECAPODA Family NEPHROPIDAE CT Homarus americanus American Lobster North Atlantic CT Homarus gammarus European Lobster North-east Atlantic CT Nephrops norvegicus Norway Lobster North-east Atlantic Family PALINURIDAE CT Jasus edwardsii Rock Lobster New Zealand CT Panulirus argus Caribbean Spiny Lobster Caribbean CT Panulirus guttatus Spotted Spiny Lobster Caribbean CT Panulirus penicillatus Pronghorn Spiny Lobster Indo-Pacific Phylum ECHINODERMATA Class ECHINOIDEA Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINIDAE CT Paracentrotus lividus Purple Urchin North-east Atlantic, Mediterranean erase CAMATASAHT 1 LIASMMOS — — —— — a ee es iz ' ieee. 1 eek i hati Gaggti- tie) eet ated -~ KAGYOAHTAA manly ABDATAUSD geal ACUHASAG vind aaa, Cavaticovelia 166 Aaadonta 136 abbotti, Gonocephalus 79 abbotti, Papasula 36 abbreviata, Achatinella 201 abbreviata, Leiostyla 203 abbreviata, Samoana 204 abei, Hynobius 91 abendanoni, Telmatherina 108 aberti, Cyprogenia 147 abidi, Petaurus 5 abjectus, Caseolus 144 Abrawayaomys 29 Abronia 82 abrupta, Lampsilis 147 abyssinica, Genetta 19 Acalyphes 186 Acanthaeshna 160 Acanthanura 158 Acanthinula 132 Acanthiops 81 Acanthobrama 198 Acanthochelys 77 Acanthocobitis 98 ACANTHODRILIDAE 213 Acanthometropus 207 Acanthorhodeus 94 Acanthorutilus 94 acarpicus, Insuetophrymus 89 accepta, Fonscochlea 122 Accipiter 39 ACCIPITRIDAE 39 Acerodon 7, 191 Aceros 54 acerosus, Viviparus 119 Acestrura 52 Achalinus 83 Achatinella 130, 131, 201 ACHATINELLIDAE 130, 201 Acheilognathus 94 acheron, Papilio 179 acherontis, Procambarus 156 acheronytes, Gammarus 154 achlys, Euryphura 185 Aciagrion 159 acicula, Bythiospeum 121 Acicula 119 ACICULIDAE 119, 200 Acilius 168 Acinonyx 16, 219 Acipenser 93 Acipenser 93, 229 ACIPENSERIDAE 93, 229 acis bartrami, Strymon 235 Acneus 172 Acraea 185 Acraea 185 ACRAEIDAE 185 acraeina, Erikssonia 180 Acrantophis 83 ACRIDIDAE 164 Acrocephalus 59, 60 ACROCERIDAE 175 INDEX acrocnema, Boloria 185 Acrodipsas 180 acrodonta, Pteralopex 8 acroleucus, Chortippus 164 Acrolophitus 164 ACROLOXIDAE 129 Acroloxus 129 acros, Eremichthys 95 Actenoides 53 acticola, Gerbillus 29 Actinella 144 actinophora, Actinella 144 aculeatus santaeannae, Gasterosteus 230 aculeatus williamsoni, Gasterosteus 230 Aculopsis 200 acuminata, Jardinella 122 acuminatus, Catabasis 99 acuminatus, Ophiogomphus 161 acunhae, Nesospiza 67 acuta, Nesosydne 167 acuticauda, Apus 52 acuticeps, Etheostoma 111 acuticosta, Mautodontha 205 acutifrons, Cephalaeschna 160 acutirostris, Heteralocha 197 acutirostris, Taudactylus 89 acutissima, Hirasea 136 acutissimus, Medionidus 148 acutorostrata, Balaenoptera 20 acutus, Crocodylus 77 acutus, Lagenorhynchus 20 adalberti, Aquila 39 adamantina, Tryonia 126 adamsoni, Hephaestus 110 adansoni, Hemicycla 145 Addax 26 adelaidensis, Tiliqua 82 Adelocosa 152 Adelotus 89 Adelphicos 83 adelphus, Bulimulus 134 adersi, Cephalophus 27 adiaste atossa, Speyeria 236 adonis, Poecilmitis 182 ADRIANICHTHYIDAE 106 Adrianichthys 106 adspersa, Mogurnda 114 adytum, Megalagrion 159 aeacus kaguya, Troides 234 aedium, Plagiodontia 32 aegagrus blythi, Capra 222 aegagrus chialtanensis, Capra 222 aegagrus crelica, Capra 222 aegagrus turcmenica, Capra 222 Aegialia 170, 171 Aegotheles 196 AEGOTHELIDAE 196 Aegypius 39 aello, Nyclimene 8 aemula, Pillomena 137 aenea, Rana 90 Aepyceros 222 Aepyornis 193 241 AEPYORNITHIDAE 193 Aepypodius 40 aequatorialis, Pithecia 13 aesacus, Ornithoptera 178 Aeschrithmysus 173 Aeshna 160 AESHNIDAE 160, 232 aesiodora, Dirce 186 aestiputeus, Gambusia 105 Aethalops 7 aethesa, Arawacus 180 aethiopicus aethiopicus, Phacochoerus 221 aethiopicus delameri, Phacochoerus 221 Aethiothemis 162 Aethomys 29 Aethopyga 65 afer, Pseudobarbus 97 affinis, Parapinnixa 158 affinis, Partula 203 affinis, Speocirolana 154 africana, Kerivoula 191 africana, Loxodonta 24 africana, Mustela 17 africanus aeliani, Phacochoerus 221 africanus, Equus 24 Afrixalus 88 Afroedura 78 Afropavo 41 Agabus 168 AGAMIDAE 79, 228 Agapetus 175 Agapetus 175 Agapornis 49 agarhecta, Pyrgulopsis 124 Agarodes 176 agassizi, Ambassis 109 agassizi, Salvelinus 199 agassizii, Gopherus 74 Agelaius 69 Agelastes 41 Aglaeactis 52 AGLYCYDERIDAE 213 Aglymbus 168 agnus, Rhithrodytes 170 Agonum 167 agostinhoi, Oxychilus 140 Agriades 180 agricola, Pantinonemertes 117 agrioides, Amphipteryx 158 Agriornis 57 Agrotis 209, 210 aguirrepequenoi, Notropis 96 aheneus, Leiopotherapon 110 ailaketoae, Hedleyoconcha 137 Ailuropoda 18 Ailurus 18 aitkeni, Sminthopsis 3 Aix 38 ajamaruensis, Melanotaenia 107 akamatus, Bulimulus 134 akili, Alburnus 94 alabamae, Palaemonias 156 Alabamaubria 172 alabamensis, Amphigyra 130 alabamensis, Goniobasis 200 alabamensis, Pseudemys 74 alabamensis, Vertigo 133 alabastrinus, 'Napaeus’ 133 Alaena 180 alamosae, Tryonia 126 alani, Cyclodina 81 alaotrensis, Rheocles 108 Alasmidonta 146, 207 alata, Diplommatina 118 alata, Taheitia 126 Alauda 58 ALAUDIDAE 58 alba, Cacatua 48 alba, Geocrinia 89 alba, Peripatopsis 188 albanyensis, Goniobasis 128 albata, Palaina 118 albata, Parantica 183 albatrus, Diomedea 35 alberti, Crax 41 albertinae, Streptocitta 70 albertinum, Glaucidium 51 albicilla, Haliaeetus 39 albicosta, Euploea 183 albidens, Melomys 30 albifacies, Sceloglaux 196 albifrons cuscinus, Cebus 218 albifrons, Leucorrhinia 162 albifrons, Palpopleura 162 albifrons yuracus, Cebus 218 albigena aterrimus, Cercocebus 218 albigularis, Rhinomyias 63 albinasus, Chiropotes 12 albipectus, Pyrrhura 50 albipennis, Penelope 41 albipes, Conilurus 192 albirostris, Cervus 26 albirostris, Lagenorhynchus 20 albivallis, Lepidomeda 96 albiventris, Spanglerogyrus 170 albizona, Vipera 85 albocarinata, Omphalotropis 126 albogularis, Zosterops 65 albolabris, Amastra 202 albolimbatus, Megalurus 62 albolineata, Hyla 87 albolineatus, Fundulus 199 albopilosa, Lichnanthe 171 albopunctatus, Heleioporus 89 albostriatus, Chlidonias 46 Alburnus 94 albus, Porphyrio 195 albus, Scaphirhynchus 93 Alca 195 alcalicus grahami, Oreochromis 230 ALCEDINIDAE 53, 227 Alcedo 53 Alcelaphus 222 alchichica, Poblana 108 ALCIDAE 46 alcimeda alcimeda, Cymothoe 236 Alcippe 60 alcon, Maculinea 181 alconura, Limnephilus 176 aldabrana, Nesillas 62 alebion chungianus, Graphium 234 alecto, Aethalops 7 ‘Alectroenas’' 195 Alectroenas 195 Alectrurus 57 Alethe 60 alethorhytidus, Bulimulus 134 alexandra, Rhyacophila 175 alexandrae, Ornithoptera 178 alexandrae, Polytelis 50 alexandri, Gulickia 131 alfredi, Cervus 26 aliciae, Aglaeactis 52 Alionycteris 7 Alismodonta 146 alius, Malaconotus 59 alixii, Clytoctantes SS aljibensis, Deronectes 168 Allactaga 29 allamanica, Vallonia 132 allanae, Lerista 82 Allanaspides 153 alleni, Grallaria 56 alleni, Zenarchopterus 106 Allenopithecus 13 Alligator 77 ALLIGATORIDAE 77 allisonae, Antiponemertes 117 Allocebus 10 Allocharopa 137 Allocrangonyx 155 Alloperla 208 Allorhizucha 162 Allotoca 105 alluaudi alluaudi, Seychellibasis 232 allynsmithi, Helminthoglypta 145 Aloeides 180, 234 Alopochen 194 Alouatta 12, 217 alpenae, Coregonus 199 alpina argentata, Ochotona 226 alpina nitida, Ochotona 226 alpina, Rosalia 173 alpina ssp., Ochotona 226 alpinum, Bythiospeum 121 alpinus, Anairetes 57 alpinus, Cuon 15 alpinus, Gobiomorphus 113 alsea, Ochrotrichia 176 Alsodes 88 Alsophis 83, 198 alterna, Westraltrachia 143 alternatus, Neseis 166 altiapica, Opanara 205 alticola, Perognathus 29 alticola, Poospiza 67 alticorpus, Varicorhinus 98 altilis, Lampsilis 147 altipinnis, Parambassis 109 altirostre, Chrysomma 60 altivelis, Lepidomeda 198 altivelis ryukyuensis, Plecoglossus 230 alutaceus, Rhantus 208 alvarezi, Cyprinodon 104 alvarezi, Gambusia 105 alvaroi, Pristidactylus 80 alveare, Pleurocera 129 alveus, Lottia 199 alvordensis, Gila 95 Alyles 87 Alzoniella 119 amabilis, Rhyacophila 208 amadi, Weberogobius 115 amakosa albescens, Durbania 234 amakosa flavida, Durbania 234 amamiensis amamiensis, Asiagomphus 232 242 amamiensis okinawanus, Asiagomphus 232 Amandava 69 amaniensis, Cymothoe 185 Amanipodagrion 159 amargosus, Ambrysus 166 amarus, Hybognathus 96 amarus, Puntius 97 Amastra 132, 202 AMASTRIDAE 132, 202 amastroides, Bulimulus 134 amatolica, Bufo 87 Amauris 183 Amaurocichla 60 amaurodytum fallax, Megalagrion 232 amaurodytum peles, Megalagrion 232 amaurodytum waianaeanum, Megalagrion 232 Amaurornis 43 Amazilia 52 Amazona 49 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 49 ambagiosus, Placostylus 135 AMBASSIDAE 109 Ambassis 109 ambigua, Simpsoniconcha 149 Amblema 146 Ambloplites 110 AMBLYCIPITIDAE 100 AMBLYOPSIDAE 103 Amblyopsis 103 Amblyornis 70 Amblyrhynchus 79 Amblysomus 5, 6 Ambrysus 166 ambusta, Auriculella 131 Ambystoma 91, 229 AMBYSTOMATIDAE 91, 229 Ameca 105 amecae, Notropis 198 Ameiva 81, 197 Ameletus 158 americana, Dolania 158 americana, Grus 43 americana peninsularis, Antilocapra 222 americana sonoriensis, Antilocapra 222 americanus, Driloleirus 151 americanus, Homarus 239 americanus, Nicrophorus 170 americanus, Siphonorhis 52 amistadensis, Gambusia 199 Ammocrypta 111 Ammodillus 29 Ammodorcas 26 ammodyles transcaucasiana, Vipera 229 ammon ammon, Ovis 223 ammon darwini, Ovis 223 ammon hodgsoni, Ovis 223 ammon jubata, Ovis 223 ammon karelini, Ovis 223 ammon nigrimontana, Ovis 223 ammon polii, Ovis 223 Ammonitella 136 Ammopelmatus 163 Ammotragus 26, 222 amnicoloides, Somatogyrus 125 amniculus, Craterocephalus 107 amoenus, Phylloscopus 63 Amphidromus 141 amphiehaenus, Potamilus 149 Amphigyra 130 AMPHIPTERYGIDAE 158 Amphipteryx 158 Amphorella 135, 204 ampla, Anculosa 127 ampla, Goniobasis 128 Amplirhagada 141 amplus, Notomys 192 ampullatus, Hyperoodon 23 amsterdamensis, Diomedea 35 Amychus 172 Amytornis 60 ana, Nesidiolestes 166 ANABANTIDAE 115 Anabarilius 94 Anaea 185 Anaecypris 94 anaglyptica, Actinella 144 Anagotus 173 Anairetes 57 anaktuvukensis, Salvelinus 103 Anas 38, 194 Anaspides 153 ANASPIDIDAE 153 ANATIDAE 38, 194 anatolias, Aphanius 104 anatolicus, Acanthorutilus 94 anceophila, Carelia 202 anceps, Pteralopex 8 anceyana, Taipidon 206 Ancharius 101 anchietae, Plerotes 8 Anculopsis 127, 200 Anculosa 127, 128, 200 Ancylastrum 130 ANCYLIDAE 130 andersoni, Neothramma 176 andersoni, Phaulomys 30 andersonii, Hyla 87 andicola, Agriornis 57 andinus, Podiceps 35 ANDRENIDAE 236 andrewi, Barbus 94 andrewsi, Fregata 37 Andrias 91 andromache, Troides 180 Anectothemis 162 anelpistus, Diploglossus 82 anerythra, Pitta 57 Anetia 183 anetianus, Pteropus 8 Aneuretus 186 angasianus, Bothriembryon 134 angaurana, Aaadonta 136 angelcabrerai, Capromys 32 angelina, Libellula 162 angelinae, Otus 51 angfa, Melanotaenia 107 angolensis, Epomophorus 7 ANGUIDAE 82, 198 anguinus, Proteus 92 Anguispira 136 angulata, Beddomeia 119 angulata, Tryonia 126 angulifer, Epicrates 83 angulosa, Thaanumella 127 angusta, Metacnemis 160 angustina angustina, Salamis 236 angustina, Salamis 185 angustina vinsoni, Salamis 236 anguslior, Verligo 133 angustipennis, Calopteryx 159 angustipluma, Chaetoplila 196 angustipons, Kinosternon 73 angustirostris, Marmaronetia 38 Anhydrophryne 90 ANIELLIDAE 228 anijimana, Mandarina 142 ANILIIDAE 83 ankoberensis, Serinus 69 anna, Ciridops 196 annada annada, Erebia 235 annamarulae, Melaenornis 62 Annamemys 73 annamensis, Annamemys 73 annamurrayae, Phrantela 123 annectans, Ithamar 166 annectens, Samoana 134 annettae, Goniobasis 128 Anniella 228 annulifera, Goniobasis 128 annulifera, Pleurocera 129 ANOBIIDAE 172 anodonta, Fluvidona 121 Anodonta 146 Anodorhynchus 49 Anoglypta 136 Anolis 79 Anomala 171 ANOMALOPTERYGIDAE 193 Anomalopus 81 ANOMALURIDAE 31 anomalus, Eleothreptus 52 anomalus, Ophiogomphus 161 anomalus, Zosterops 65 Anomochilus 83 Anonymomys 29 anophthalmus, Oreonectes 98 anophthalmus, Sinocyclocheilus 98 anophthalmus, Tasmanipatus 188 anops, Adelocosa 152 ansellorum, Crocidura 6 Anser 38 ansorgei ansorgei, Crossarchus 220 antaeus, Epargyreus 177 antalyensis, Capoeta 95 Antanartia 185, 236 antarcticus, Rallus 44 anteisensis, Pseudamnicola 123 antelmiana, Gulella 204 anteronivea, Polyphylla 171 antesella, Percina 111 antevorta, Hypolimnas 185 ANTHICIDAE 173 Anthicus 173 Anthipathidae 239 ANTHIPATHIDAE 239 anthoides, Asthenes 55 anthonyi, Neotoma 30 anthonyix, Anculopsis 200 Anthracoceros 54 Anthreptes 65 Anthus 58 antiguae, Alsophis 83 Amtilocapra 222 ANTILOCAPRIDAE 222 Antilope 26 antimachus, Papilio 179 antimena, Hypogeomys 30 antiochensis, Anthicus 173 antiochi, Efferia 175 antiphates ceylonicus, Graphium 234 antipodes, Megadyptes 35 Anlipodia 233 Antipodochlora 161 Antiponemertes 117 243 antisensis, Hippocamelus 26 antoniae, Carpodecites 56 Antrobia 119 Antrolana 154 antrorum, Palaemoneles 156 Aonyx 17 Aotos 217 Aotus 12 apache, Onchorhynchus 103 Apachecoccus 119 Apalis 60 Apalopleron 66 Apatalestea 174 Apatania 176 apatela, Protoploea 184 Apaturopsis 185 apella robustus, Cebus 218 apella xanthosternos, Cebus 218 apexfulva, Achatinella 130 Aphanapteryx 194 Aphanius 104 Aphaostracon 119 Aphelocephala 60 APHIDIDAE 167 aphnaeoides, lolaus 180 Aphodius 171 Aphrastura 55 aphylla, Phyllonycteris 9 apia, Trochomorpha 139 apicalis, Anectothemis 162 apicalis, Leporillus 192 apicalis, Moho 196 apicalis, Parantechinus 3 APIOCERIDAE 175 APLOCHEILIDAE 103 Aplochiton 102 Aplodontia 224 APLODONTIDAE 224 Aplonis 70, 197 Aplothorax 167 Apodemia 235 APODIDAE 52, 227 apolinari, Cistothorus 59 apollinaris, Archon 178 apollo, Parnassius 180 apollo vinningensis, Parnassius 234 apophysata, Branchinella 153 aporus, Megupsilon 105 appalachia, Hansonoperla i65 Appalachia 164 appertt, Phyllastrephus 59 approximata, Partula 203 approximata, Trochomorpha 139 Aprasia 79, 228 apricans, Chlorolestes 159 Aproteles 7 aptera, Apleromantis 162 Apterocychus 170 Apleromantis 162 Apleropanorpa 174 APTEROPANORPIDAE 174 APTERYGIDAE 35 Apteryx 35 Apus 52, 227 aquali, Etheostoma 111 aquatica, Fonscochlea 122 aquila, Balanus 153 aquila, Fregata 37 Aquila 39 aquilo, Notomys 30 aquilonia, Formica 186 Ara 49, 195 Arachnocampa 174 arachnoides, Brachyteles 12 arachnoides, Pyxis 75 araeus, Stygobromus 155 aral, Macrognathus 109 Aramidopsis 43 ARANEIDAE 152 Arapaima 93 arata, Ogasawarana 117 Aratinga 49, 226 arausiaca, Amazona 49 Arawacus 180 arborea, Dendrocygna 38 Arborophila 41 arca, Protoptila 175 arcaeformis?, Dysnomia 207 Arcanator 60 arcanus, Ptilinopus 48 arcena, Appalachia 164 Archaeolacerta 80 Archaeophylax 176 Archboldomys 29 archeri, Heteromirafra 58 archeri, Mesodon 140 archeyi, Leiopelma 88 Archon 178 arcigerens, Pleuroxia 143 Arctictis 220 Arctocebus 11 Arctocephalus 18 Arctogalidia 220 arctoides, Macaca 13 arctos nelsoni, Ursus 220 arcula, Alasmidonta 146 Ardea 37 ARDEIDAE 37, 194 ardens, Arborophila 41 ardens, Selasphorus 53 Ardeotis 44 ardesiaca, Rhopornis 56 areaensis, Opanara 205 arenaria, Catinella 138 arenata, Glaresis 171 arenicola, Cicindela 168 areolatus, Trichomycterus 101 arfakensis, Melanotaenia 107 Arganiella 119 argentata leucippe, Callithrix 217 argentea, Apalis 60 argentea, Harmogenanina 139 argentina, Columba 46 argentissimus, Plagopterus 97 Argiagrion 159 Argiocnemis 159 argo, Ephemerella 158 Argonemertes 117 argus, Panulirus 239 arguta, Partula 134 Argyresthia 209 ARGYRESTHIIDAE 209 Argyrocupha 234 argyrognomon lotis, Lycaeides 235 ariadne, Orachrysops 181 aridus, Batrachoseps 91 aridus, Limnebius 170 ARIDAE 101 ariommumm, Moxostoma 99 arion, Maculinea 181 Arion 146, 206 ARIONIDAE 146, 206 arionides, Maculinea 181 ARIOPHANTIDAE 206 aristodemus ponceanus, Papilio 234 aristophontes, Papilio 179 aristor, Papilio 179 Arius 101 arizonae, Apachecoccus 119 arizonae plenus, Sigmodon 226 arizonensis, Daihinibaenetes 163 arizonensis, Psephenus 172 arizonensis, Stygobromus 155 arizonica, Cymbiodyta 170 Arkansia 146 ARMADILLIDAE 154 Armatobalanus 153 armatus, Euastacus 157 armigera, Lithasia 129 armitageana, Actinella 144 Armsia 132 arnee, Bubalus 27 arnuxii, Berardius 23 arremonops, Oreothraupis 67 arrosa pomoensis, Helminthoglypta 231 artedii, Coregonus 102 Artemia 152 ARTEMIIDAE 152 artesus, Agapetus 175 Arthroleptides 198 articense, Bythiospeum 121 articulata, Tropidophora 119 Artogeia 180 artus, Hygrotus 208 Arubolana 154 aruensis, Bostrichthys 113 Asaphomyia 174, 175 asaphrombra, Hedylepta 209 ASAURIDAE 152 ascanius, Parides 179 ascensa, Austrochloritis 141 ASELLIDAE 154 ashi, Mirafra 58 Ashmunella 140 Asiagomphus 160, 232 ASILIDAE 175 Aslauga 180 aslini, Turgenitubulus 143 asoka, Puntius 97 asomatus, Lagorchestes 191 aspasma, Chloaeltis 164 Aspastus 204 asper, Pseudobarbus 97 asper, Zingel 112 asperrima, Glyptorhagada 141 asperrimus, Cottus 109 Aspideretes 77 Aspidites 83 Aspiduchus 162 asprella, Ammocrypta 111 asquamatus, Kosswigichthys 105 assimilis, Onychogomphus 161 Assiminea 126 ASSIMINEIDAE 126, 200 ASTACIDAE 157, 207 Astacoides 157 Astacopsis 157 astacus, Astacus 157 Astacus 157,227 ASTEIIDAE 175 asthenes, Aphaostracon 119 Asthenes 55 asticta, Mecistogaster 160 Astrapia 70 astur, Eutriorchis 39 astuta, Amplirhagada 141 244 Astyanax 230 atacamensis, Bufo 87 atacamensis, Telmatobius 89 Alaeniobius 105 Alaenius 171 atanuiensis, Rhysoconcha 205 Aleleric 6 Aleles 12,217 Alelognathus 88 Alelornis 53 ater, Alsophis 83 ater ater, Notechis 229 ater, Dromaius 193 atercus, Limnephilus 176 aterrima, Pterodroma 35 ‘Athene’ 196 Athene 51 ATHERINIDAE 106 atilis, Partula 203 atlantica, Phenacolimax 140 atlanticus, Larus 46 Allantisia 43, 194 Altlapetes 66 atomus, Truncatellina 133 atra, Myiagra 62 atra, Porzana 44 atra, Pyriglena 56 Atractelmis 172 atramentaria, Victaphanta 136 atrata, Dorcopsis 4 atrata, Pteralopex 8 atremius suigensis, Rhodeus 229 atricapillus, Vireo 69 atriceps, Echiopsis 84 Atrichornis 58 ATRICHORNITHIDAE 58 atripinne, Moxostoma 99 atrogularis, Clytoctantes 55 Atrophaneura 178 atropos, Atrophaneura 178 atropurpurea, Alasmidonta 146 atropurpurea, Xipholena 57 atrorus, Cyprinodon 104 attenuata, Feresa 20 attenuata, Partula 203 attenuata, Samoana 134 attenuata, Stenella 21 Altila 57 ATYIDAE 156, 207 aucklandica, Anas 38 aucklandica, Coenocorypha 45 audax, Characodon 105 audouinii, Larus 46 Aulacorhynchus 54 aulidion, Notropis 198 Aulopyge 94 aurantia, Partula 203 aurantia, Rhinonicteris 9 aurantia, Tyto 51 aurata, Profelis 17 auratus, Isoodon 3 aurea, Diplommatina 118 aurea, Hypseleotris 113 aurea, Litoria 87 aureocincta, Bangsia 66 aureodorsalis, Buthraupis 66 aureola, Mandarina 142 aureonucha, Ploceus 70 aureus, Afrixalus 88 aureus, Hapalemur 10 aureus, Poecilmitis 182 aureus, Somatogyrus 125 aureus, Teinopalpus 180 auricapilla, Aratinga 49 auricularia, Margaritifera 146 auricularis newelli, Puffinus 226 auricularis, Puffinus 36 auriculata, Partula 203 auriculatus, Dorcus 170 Auriculella 131, 202 aurita, Aprasia 79 aurita, Callithrix 11 aurita, Geogale 5 aurita, Myzopoda 9 auritus, Capromys 32 aurivillii, Cymothoe 185 aurivilliusi, Graphium 178 aurolineata, Percina 111 aurorae, Ducula 47 aurorae, Salamandra 92 australasia, Todirhamphus 53 australasica, Macquaria 110 australe, Cheirodon 99 australe, Etheostoma \\1 australica, Calamoecia 153 australiensis, Rhynchochydorus 152 australis, Aslauga 180 australis, Austrogammarus 207 australis, Basilichthys 106 australis, Crateromys 29 australis, Dryococelus 208 australis, Dusicyon 192 australis, Engaeus 157 australis, Eubalaena 19 australis, Helixarion 139 australis, Ictalurus 100 australis, Lacerta 81 australis, Lagenorhynchus 20 australis, Lampsilis 147 australis, Megascolides 151 australis, Mergus 194 australis, Ningbingia 142 australis, Ordtrachia 142 australis, Pseudophyrne 89 australis, Telmatobufo 89 Australophocaena 22 Austrelaps 84 austriaca, Orcula 133 austriana, Belgrandiella 120 Austroassiminea 126 Austrochloritis 141 Austrocordulia 161 Austrogammarus 207 Austroglanis 100 Austromenidia 106 Austropotamobius 157 Austrosaga 163 autocrator, Parnassius 180 Automolus 55 Avahi 11 avalona, Strymon 182 avalonense, Radiocentrum 138 Avenionia 119 avernalis, Fluminicola 121 averni, Beddomeia 119 avittata, Polyphylla 171 avunculus, Pygathrix 14 Awaous 114 axelrodi, Chilatherina 106 axillaris, Pterodroma 35 Axis 25 ayresi, Sarothrura 44 Aythya 38 azurea, Cochoa 61 azurius, Poecilmitis 182 babelthuapi, Palaua 138 Babyrousa 25 babyrussa, Babyrousa 25 Baccalena 141 bacchus, Lepidochrysops 181 bacchus, Pyrgulopsis 124 bachmanii, Vermivora 68 bactrianus, Camelus 25 badeigularis, Spelaeornis 64 badensis, Bythinella 120 badhami, Lepidochrysops 181 badia, Catopuma 16 Badistes 141 badius bouvieri, Procolobus 218 badius ellioti, Procolobus 219 badius foai, Procolobus 219 badius gordonorum, Procolobus 219 badius kirkii, Procolobus 219 badius oustaleti, Procolobus 219 badius pennantii, Procolobus 218 badius preussi, Procolobus 219 badius rufomitratus, Procolobus 219 badius temminckii, Procolobus 218 badius tephrosceles, Procolobus 219 badius tholloni, Procolobus 219 badius waldroni, Procolobus 218 baeri, Aythya 38 baeri, Hylomyscus 30 baeri, Poospiza 67 baeri, Sandracottus 170 Baetica 163 BAETIDAE 158 BAGRIDAE 100 baileyi baileyi, Nemorhaedus 223 baileyi cranbrooki, Nemorhaedus 223 baileyi, Crenichthys 104 baileyi, Crocidura 6 baileyi, Noturus 100 baileyi, Thermophis 84 baileyi, Xenospiza 68 bailleui, Loxioides 68 bainsii, Sandelia 115 bairdi, Oreomystis 68 bairdti, Berardius 23 bairdii, Tapirus 24 baiulus, Schayera 164 bakeri, Sericulus 70 bakossiorum, Tilapia 113 Balaena 19 balaenarum, Sterna 46 Balaeniceps 37 BALAENICIPITIDAE 37 BALAENIDAE 19 Balaenoptera 20 BALAENOPTERIDAE 20 BALANIDAE 153 Balantiocheilos 94 Balanus 153 balbus, Mixophyes 89 balconius, Stygobromus 155 BALITORIDAE 98 balli, Lepidochrysops 181 balli, Poecilmitis 182 ballmanni, Malimbus 70 ballochi, Kiunga 107 balsetensis, Siettitia 208 balstoni, Nannatherina 110 banatica, Zubovskia 165 Bangsia 66 Banksula 152 bannermani, Ploceus 70 245 bannermani, Tauraco 50 Banza 163 baoulan, Puntius 97 barbadensis, Amazona 49 barbara senex, Eira 220 barbata, Penelope 41 barbata, Polyphylla 171 barbatus ahoenobarbus, Sus 221 barbatus, Amytornis 60 barbatus, Dendrortyx 41 barbatus oi, Sus 221 barbatus sladeniae, Apus 227 barbatus, Xenuromys 31 barbouri, Graplemys 73 Barbus 94 barerae bunta, Kedestes 233 Barkudia 81 barnardi, Austroglanis 100 baroni, Metallura 53 Baronia 178 barreimiae, Garra 95 barrenensis, Letomola barrerae, Octomys 32 barretti, Tasmanipatus 188 barri, Caecidotea 154 barri, Stygobromus 155 barrioi, Alsodes 88 bartelsi, Spizaetus 40 bartoni, Chirostoma 106 bartoni, Cichlasoma 112 basajauna, Oxychilus 140 basilaris japonica, Matrona 232 Basileuterus 68 Basilichthys 106 Basilornis 70 basimi, Caecocypris 95 basispina, Branchinella 153 baska, Batagur 73 Bassaricyon 18 Bassariscus 18 Batagur 73 batchi, Cambarus 156 batesi, Phyciodes 185 batesi, Ploceus 70 batesi, Prionomys 30 BATHYERGIDAE 31 Bathyergus 31 bathysciodes, Glacicavicola 170 Batis 60 Batomys 29 Batrachophrynus 88 Batrachoseps 91 Batrachostomus 51 Batrachuperus 91 battoides comstocki, Euphilotes 234 Battus 178 Baudinella 141 baudinensis, Baudinella 141 baudinianus, Dromaius 193 bavarica, Bythinella 120 bavaricus, Pitymys 193 Bayadera 232 Bdeogale 17, 220 Beamys 29 beaumonti, Hemistoma 122 Bebrornis 60 beccarii, Cochoa 61 beck, Pterodroma 35 beddardi, Bassaricyon 18 Beddomeia 119, 120 bednalli, Sinumelon 143 Bedotia 106 37 — beeri, Acneus 172 BEHNINGIIDAE 158 Belenois 180 Belgrandiella 120 belkini, Brennania 175 bellei, Progomphus 161 belleri, Agonum 167 bellii, Beddomeia 119 bellula, Achatinella 130 bellula, Goniobasis 128 Belocephalus 163 Beloneuria 165 Belontia 115 BELONTIIDAE 115 Belostoma 165 BELOSTOMATIDAE 165 belphegor, Nirodia 181 beltrani, Cyprinodon 104 belzebul ululata, Aloutta 217 belzebuth, Ateles 12 belzebuth hybridus, Ateles 217 belzebuth marginatus, Ateles 217 bemini, Tilapia 113 bengalensis, Eupodotis 44 bengalensis iriomotensis, Prionailurus 219 bengalensis, Vulpes 15 benguetanus, Papilio 179 benneti, Badistes 141 bennetti, Gazella 27 bennettii, Cynogale 19 benschi, Monias 43 bensoni, 'Lophopsittacus' 195 bensoni, Pseudocossyphus 63 beoticus, Pseudophoxinus 97 Berardius 23 bergeri, Homopus 74 bergi, Gymnocharacinus 99 berkeleyi, Hemicycla 145 berlandieri, Gopherus 74 berlepschi, Acestrura 52 berlepschi, Asthenes 55 berlepschi, Dacnis 66 berlepschi, Thripophaga 55 bernardini, Catostomus 99 bernardino allyni, Euphilotes 234 bernardinus, Yaquicoccus 126 berneri, Heterocleon 158 bernieri, Anas 38 bernsteini, Sterna 46 bernsteinii, Megapodius 40 bertha, Cyanophrys 180 BETHYLIDAE 186 betsileanus, Ptychochromoides 113 Bettongia 4 beuttikoferi quadrigutta, Eleuthemis 232 bezoarticus celer, Ozotoceros 222 bezoarticus, Ozotoceros 26 Bhutanitis 178 biangulata, Georissa 117 biangulatus, Somatogyrus 125 Biatas 55 bibronii, Pseudophryne 89 bicarinata, Bythinella 120 bicarinata, Discula 144 bicolor bicolor, Saguinus 217 bicolor, Carelia 202 bicolor, Rhyacornis 63 bicolor ssp., Gila 229 biconcava, Hirasea 204 biconica, Trichia 143 bicornis, Diceros 25 bicornis, Womersleymeria 158 bidens, Mesoplodon 23 bidwilli, Papuexul 142 biemarginata, Dysnomia 207 Bienkotetrix 165 bieti, Felis 16 bieti, Garrulax 61 bifasciatus, Cyprinodon 104 bifurcatus, Stygobromus 155 bifurcus, Chiloglanis 101 bilamellata, Helenodiscus 206 bilera, Ecclisomyia 176 billakalina, Fonscochlea 122 biloba, Kimminsoperla 165 bimaculatus, Aglymbus 168 bindal, Euastacus 157 binghami, Notarthrinus 181 Binneya 146 binominata, Lampsilis 147 binturong whitei, Arctictis 220 biplicata, Lamellidea 131 bipunctata, Bryania 175 Birgus 157 birmanicus, Lacconectus 169 bisaltide andamana, Doleschallia 236 Bischoffena 137 bischoffensis, Bischoffena 137 bisetosus, Fibulacamptus 153 bishopi, Moho 66 Bison 26 bispinosus, Euastacus 157 bisulcus, Hippocamelus 26 Bitis 85 bitorquatus, Rhinoptilus 45 bitridentata, Opanara 205 bizonatus, Sandracotlus 170 blackburni, Manduca 186 blackburni, Pentarthrum 208 blainvillei, Pontoporia 23 blakistoni, Ketupa 51 blanci, Notopterus 93 Blastocerus 25 BLATTIDAE 162 bleheri, Chilatherina 106 BLEPHAROCERIDAE 174 blewitti, Athene 51 blighi, Myiophonus 62 blofeldi, Chilonopsis 204 blombergi, Bulimulus 134 blossomae, Euploea 183 blumenbachii, Crax 41 blythii, Tragopan 42 boanensis, Monarcha 62 bocagii, Amaurocichla 60 bocagrande, Cyprinella 95 bocourti, Phoboscincus 82 Boeckella 153 boehlkei, Elassoma 110 boesemani, Melanotaenia 107 Boettgeria 133 BOIDAE 83, 198, 228 boitonei, Cynolebias 103 bojerti fontenayi, Gongylomorphus 228 Bolborhynchus 49 bollii, Columba 46 bollonsi, Placostylus 135 Boloria 185 Bolyeria 198 bomalonotum, Leiolopisma 82 bombus, Acestrura 52 bonana, Icterus 69 bonasia, Aphanapteryx 194 246 bonasus, Bison 26 Boninagrion 159 Boninena 133 boninensis, Gastrocopta 133 boninensis, Indolestes 159 boninensis, Liardetia 139 Boninosuccinea 138 Boninthemis 162 bonita, Priapella 199 bonthaina, Ficedula 61 bonti, Telmatherina 108 boonsongi, Parahelicops 84 boraborensis, Mautodontha 205 boraxobius, Gila 95 Borbonibis 194 borbonica, Antanartia 185 borbonica, Cylindraspis 197 borbonica mauritiana, Antanartia 236 borbonicus olivaceus, Hypsipetes 227 bordaensis, Glyptorhagada 142 borealis, Balaenoptera 20 borealis, Lissodelphis 21 borealis, Numenius 45 borealis, Picoides 54 boreas nelsoni, Bufo 229 borneensis, Orlitia 74 borneoensis, Callagur 73 bornmuelleri, Vipera 85 Boromys 193 boryi, Caldwellia 138 Bos 26, 27 boschungi, Etheostoma 111 Bostrichthys 113 Bostrychia 226 Bothriembryon 134 Bothrops 85 bottae umbratica, Charina 228 boucardi, Amazilia 52 bouchardi, Cambarus 156 bougainville, Perameles 3 bougainvillei, Actenoides 53 boui, Fissuria 121 bourguignati, Gonospira 135 bourguignati, Paladilhiopis 123 bourguignatiana, Renea 200 bousfieldi, Gammarus 154 BOVIDAE 26, 192, 222 bovinus, Cyprinodon 104 bowdoini, Mesoplodon 23 Bowkeria 234 bowmani, Stygobromus 155 bowryensis, Beddomeia 119 boyciana, Ciconia 37 boykiniana, Goniobasis 128 braccatus, Moho 66 bracei, Chlorostilbon 196 brachycephala, Myonycteris 8 Brachycercus 158 brachycerus, Thestor 182 Brachygalaxias 102 Brachylagus 32 brachylopha, Lophornis 53 Brachylophus 79 Brachypteracias 54 BRACHYPTERACIDAE 53 brachypterus, Dasyornis 61 Brachypteryx 60 Brachyteles 12 Brachythemis 162 brachyurus, Accipiter 39 brachyurus, Chrysocyon 15 brachyurus, Ramphocinclus 59 BRADYPODIDAE 5 Bradypodion 79 Bradypterus 60 Bradypus 5 Branchinecta 152 BRANCHINECTIDAE 152 Branchinella 153 BRANCHIPODIDAE 153 branickii, Dinomys 31 branickit, Leptosittaca 49 Branta 38 brasiliensis, Amazona 49 brasiliensis, Pleronura 18 brassi, Philemon 66 braueri, Antipodochlora 161 brazieri, Bothriembryon 134 braziert, Ostodes 118 Brazieria 139 bredanensis, Steno 22 brehmii, Monarcha 62 brelichi, Pygathrix 14 brenchleyi, Pupina 119 Brennania 175 bressanum, Bythiospeum 121 brevibarbus, Ancharius 101 brevicauda ishigakiana, Bayadera 232 brevicaudata, Chinchilla 31 brevicaudata, Microgale 5 brevicaudatus, Onchotelson 154 breviceps, Kogia 22 Breviceps 89 brevicincta, Somatochlora 162 brevicornis, Baronia 178 brevidens, Dysnomia 147 brevipalmata, Litoria 87 brevipinnis, Barbus 94 brevirostris, Chasmistes 99 brevirostris, Orcaella 21 brevirostrum, Acipenser 93 brevis, Adelotus 89 brevis, Avenionia 119 brevis, Chetia 112 brevis, Goniobasis 128 brevistigmata okinawanus, Chlorogomphus 232 breweri, Antrobia 119 breweri, Microtus 30 breyeri, Tetradactylus 81 briansmithi, Beddomeia 119 briarea, Anetia 183 bridwelli, Nesithmysus 173 bridwelli, Nesosydne 167 broadbenti, Peroryctes 3 brochus, Syntheosciurus 29 bromeliarum, Aglymbus 168 brooksi, Delanymys 29 brooksi tearei, Poecilmitis 235 Brotomys 193 broughami, Cupedora 141 browni, Microcylloepus 172 browni, Optioservus 172 brownii, Geocapromys 32 brucei, Campellolebias 103 bruijni, Zaglossus 3 bruijnii, Aepypodius 40 bruinii, Thylogale 4 brumbacki, Aotus 12 brumbyi, Pleurocera 129 bruneauensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 brunei, Tryonia 126 brunnea, Hyaena 17 brunnea, Merycomyia 175 brunneata, Rhinomyias 63 brunnescens, Dubiraphia 172 brunneus brunneus, Chlorogomphus 232 brunneus keramensis, Chlorogomphus 232 brunneus, Pleropus 191 brunneus, Speirops 65 brunnipennis floridana, Photuris 233 brunnotesselata, Trigonoscuta 174 brunus, Hydromantes 91 bryani, Oceanides 166 bryani, Rhyncogonus 208 Bryania 175 Brychius 168 Bubalus 27 bubulum, Cristilabrum 141 buccula, Notropis 96 bucculentus, Sus 192 Buceros 54 BUCEROTIDAE 54 buckleyi, Micrastur 40 buddii, Achatinella 201 Budorcas 222 buettikoferi, Epomops 8 buettikoferi, Nectarinia 65 buettneri, Leimacomys 192 Bufo 87,229 BUFONIDAE 87, 229 bulbicercus, Nanodectes 163 bulenta, Problema 177 bulgardaghica, Vipera 85 BULIMINIDAE 133 bulimoides, Achatinella 130 Bulimulus 134, 135 bulla, Ningbingia 142 bullock’, Brachygalaxias 102 bullocki, Telmatobufo 89 Bullockia 101 bulmerae, Aproteles 7 bulolo, Chilatherina 106 bulweri, Discula 144 bulweri, Lophura 42 bungaroides, Hoplocephalus 84 bunkeri, Neotoma 30 Bunolagus 32 BUPRESTIDAE 171 Buprestis 171 burchellanus, Parides 179 burchelli, Aplothorax 167 burchelli, Pseudobarbus 97 burduricus, Aphanius 104 burgi, Pseudobarbus 97 Burmagomphus 160 burnelli, Acneus 172 burnesii, Prinia 63 burni, Victodrobia 126 BURRAMYIDAE 4 Burramys 4 burrowsius, Neochanna 102 burtoni, Percina 112 buruensis, Platynectes 169 buryillum, Cristilabrum 141 busbyi, Paryphanta 136 busckana, Carolella 177 buselaphus buselaphus, Alcelaphus 222 buselaphus swaynei, Alcelaphus 222 buselaphus tora, Alcelaphus 222 bustamantei, Evarra 198 Buteo 39 Buthraupis 66 butleri, Sminthopsis 3 buxtoni, Tragelaphus 28 byrnei, Dasycercus 3 247 byronit, Achatinella 130 Bythinella 120, 121, 200 BYTHITIDAE 103 bythobathes, Tilapia 113 cabanisi, Tangara 67 caboti, Tragopan 42 Cacajao \2 Cacatua 48 CACATUIDAE 48 Cacicus 69 Caconemobius 164 Cacosternum 90 cacuminis, Leptoperla 165 Caecidotea 154 Caecobarbus 94 Caecocypris 95 caelata, Trichia 143 caelatura, Plegma 139 CAENIDAE 158 caerulea, Cyprinella 95 caeruleostigmata, Chela 95 caesia, Achatinella 201 caespes, Euploea 183 caglei, Graptemys 73 cahabae, Notropis 96 cahabensis, Clappia 121 cahabensis, Homoeoneuria 158 cahawbensis, Goniobasis 128 cahita, Catostomus 99 cahni, Hybopsis 96 cahow, Pterodroma 35 cahuilaensis, Stenopelmatus 163 caiguanabus, Papilio 179 Cairina 38 Cairnsichthys 106 caissara, Leontopithecus 12 calabarensis, Arctocebus 11 calabyi, Thylogale 4 Calamaria 83 calamianensis, Axis 25 Calamoecia 153 Calcochloris 6 calculus, Caseolus 144 calderoni, Cobilis 98 caldwelli, Clenophila 138 Caldwellia 138, 206 caledoni, Aloeides 180 caliculata, Opanara 205 calida calida, Stenelmis 233 calida moapa, Stenelmis 233 calida, Paracoenia 175 Calidris 45 calidus, Barbus 94 californensis, Anodonta 146 californianus, Gymnogyps 38 californianus japonicus, Zalophus 220 californicus dimorphus, Desmocerus 233 californicus scirpensis, Microtus 225 Callaeas 70 CALLAEIDAE 70, 197 Callagur 73 callathiscus, Leiostyla 132 Callicebus 12, 218 Callimico 11 callippe callippe, Speyeria 236 calliptera, Pyrrhura 50 callistoderma, Boninena 133 callistoderma, Helminthoglypta 145 callitaenia, Cyprinella 95 Callithrix 11, 12, 217 CALLITRICHIDAE 11, 217 callizonus, Jokajdon 137 Callophrys 234 Callopistes 81 callotis, Lepus 32 Caloenas 46 calonotus, Simoselaps 84 Caloprymnus 191 CALOPTERYGIDAE 159, 232 Calopteryx 159 calura, Phascogale 3 calva, Lemniscia 145 calverti, Somatochlora 162 calvus, Bulimulus 134 calvus, Cacajao 12 calyus, Geronticus 37 calypso, Partula 134 Calyptophilus 66 Calyptura 56 CAMAENIDAE 141, 206, 231 Camarhynchus 66 CAMBARIDAE 156 Cambarus 156 cambodiana, Arborophila 41 CAMELIDAE 25 camelus, Epigomphus 160 Camelus 25 camensis, Beddomeia 120 camerunense, Enallagma 159 camerunensis, Francolinus 41 campbelli, Mussonena 142 Campellolebias 103 Campephaga 58 CAMPEPHAGIDAE 58 Campephilus 54 Campephilus 54 campestris, Caloprymnus 191 campioni, Allorhizucha 162 Campolaemus 203 camposensis, Diplomystes 99 Campsicnemus 208 Camptorhynchus 194 Campylopterus 52 cana, Vulpes 15 canadensis, Coregonus 102 canadensis cremnobates, Ovis 223 canadensis frondator, Castor 225 canadensis mexicana, Ovis 223 canadensis mexicanus, Castor 225 canadensis weemsi, Ovis 223 canalis, Sinployea 206 Canariella 144 canariensis, Potamonectes 169 cancellatus, Prosobonia 46 candango, Juscelinomys 30 candezei, Amychus 172 candicans, Caprimulgus 51 candida, Partula 203 Candidula 144 candidum, Ophisternon 109 caniceps, Psittacula 50 CANIDAE 15, 192 Canis 15 cannfluviatilus, Oreomaya 137 cansus morosa, Ochotona 226 cansus sorrela, Ochotona 226 cantans, Telespiza 68 CANTHOCAMPTIDAE 153 Canthocamptus 153 canus, Oplioservus 172 capaccinii, Myotis 9 capax, Potamilus 149 capellei, Treron 48 capense, Cacosternum 90 Capensibufo 87 capensis, Barbus 94 capensis, Beddomeia 120 capensis, Hippocampus 109 capensis, Microbatrachella 90 capensis, Myxus 113 capensis, Turnagra 196 Caperea 20 capillaris, Goniobasis 128 Capito 54 CAPITONIDAE 54 Capnia 165 CAPNIIDDAE 165 Capoeta 95 Capra 27, 222 Capricornis 27, 222 CAPRIMULGIDAE 51 Caprimulgus 51,52 Caprolagus 32 CAPROMYIDAE 32, 193 Capromys 32, 193 capsaeformis, Dysnomia 147 capsula, Ogasawarana 117 captivus, Xenoophorus 105 Capys 180 CARABIDAE 167, 208, 233 Carabus 168 caracal michaelis, Caracal 219 Caracal 219 caramba, Paludiscala 123 carbonaria, Cercomacra 55 carcassoni, Mylothris 180 carcharias, Carcharodon 93 Carcharodon 93 Carcinoscorpius 151 Carduelis 69 Carelia 202, 203 caretta, Caretta 75 Caretta 75 CARETTOCHELYIDAE 76 Carettochelys 76 caribaea, Columba 46 caribaeus, Vireo 69 cariei, Typhlops 198 cariei, Unio 149 carinata, Cyclura 80 carinata, Deinacrida 163 carinata, Erinna 129 carinata, Tropidophora 200 carinatum, Electron 53 carinatus, Neoplanorbis 130 carinella, Perdicella 132 carinofausta, Actinella 144 Carinotrachia 141 carinulata, Bythinella 121 cariosa, Lampsilis 147 carlhubbsi, Mesoplodon 23 carnarvonensis, Jardinella 122 Carolella 177 caroli, Pseudocheirus 4 caroli, Sarotherodon 113 carolinae, Trochomorpha 139 carolinarum, Sturanyella 118 carolinensis, Conuropsis 195 carolinensis, Omphalotropis 127 carolinensis, Papilio 179 carolitertii, Leuciscus 96 carolynnae, Aloeides 180 Carpococcyx 50 Carpodectes 56 Carpornis 56 CARPOSINIDAE 177 248 carranzae, Mexipyrgus 122 carruai, Diploglossus 82 carruthersi, Funisciurus 28 carsoniana, Carinotrachia 141 cartilagonodus, Olopteropus 8 carunculata, Paradigalla 71 carunculatus, Grus 43 carunculatus, Phalacrocorax 36 carunculatus, Philesturnus 70 Carunculina 146, 147 CARYODIDAE 136 caryophyllacea, Rhodonessa 194 Casarea 83 Caseolus 144 caspica, Phoca 18 cassida, Leiostyla 203 cassini, Gymnostinops 69 cassini, Magicicada 167 casta, Achatinella 201 castanea, Auriculella 131 castanea, Litoria 87 castanea, Partula 203 castanea, Pithys 56 castaneae, Ectodemia 209 castaneae, Synanthedon 177 castaneela, Argyresthia 209 castaneiventris, Amazilia 52 castor, Pyrgulopsis 124 Castor 225 CASTORIDAE 225 Catabasis 99 catagius, Cambarus 156 Catagonus 25 catamene, Loriculus 49 cataphractus, Cordylus 81 cataphractus, Crocodylus 77 cataractae, Puntius 97 cataractae ssp., Rhinichthys 229 calax, Eriogaster 186 CATHARTIDAE 38 catherina, Gyliotrachela 133 catherinae, Melanotaenia 107 Catinella 138 Catocala 186 catodon, Physeter 22 Catopuma 16 CATOSTOMIDAE 99, 198, 229 catostomus lacustris, Catostomus 229 Catostomus 99, 229, 230 Catreus 41 catia, Lemur 10 caucasica, Capra 27 caucasica, Mertensiella 92 caudalis, Leucorrhinia 162 caudatus evansi, Nemorhaedus 223 caudatus, Naemorhedus 28 caudatus, Spelaeornis 64 caudiverbera, Caudiverbera 88 Caudiverbera 88 caudocarinatus, Microphis 109 caudovitlatus, Tetracentrum 109 Cauque 106 cavagnaroi, Bulimulus 134 Cavaticovelia 166 cavaticus, Echinodillo 154 cavernicola, Aspiduchus 162 cavernicola, Clarias 101 cavernicola, Eleutherodactylus 88 cavernicola, Spelungula 152 cavicola, Thaumatogryllus 164 cavifrons, Ambloplites 110 cavirostris, Ziphius 24 cazieri, Cicindela 168 cazorlensis, Potamonectes 169 CEBIDAE 12, 217 cebifrons, Sus 25 cebuensis, Copsychus 61 Cebus 12, 218 cecilia, Ophiogomphus 161 ceciliae, Phylloscartes 57 Cecilioides 135, 204 cedistia, Partula 203 celebensis, Miratesta 130 celebensis, Nomoramphus 106 celebensis, Scolopax 46 celebensis, Telmatherina 108 Celerio 236 Celestus 82, 198 celticus, Metatrichoniscoides 154 centralasicus, Caprimulgus 51 centralis, Cooperconcha 141 centralis, Craterocephalus 107 CENTRARCHIDAE 110, 230 CENTROPAGIDAE 153 Centropus 50, 51 Cepahlophus 27 Cephalaeschna 160 Cephalokompsus 95 Cephalophus 27, 222 Cephalopterus 56 Cephalorhynchus 20 Ceraclea 177 CERAMBYCIDAE 173, 208, 213, 233 Cerambyx 173 CERASTUIDAE 203 Ceratella 158 ceratina, Helix 145 Ceratophora 79 Ceratotherium 25, 221 Cercocebus 218 Cercomacra 55 CERCOPITHECIDAE 13, 218, 239 Cercopithecus 13, 218 Cercyonis 235 cerdo, Cerambyx 173 Ceriagrion 159 Ceriferella 167 ceromatica, Pyreferra 186 cerverai, Cyanolimnas 43 cerverai, Ferminia 59 cervicapra, Antilope 26 cervicornis, Macrodontia 173 CERVIDAE 25, 192, 221 Cervus 26, 192, 221, 222 Cesonia 152 cestus, Achatinella 130 CETORHINIDAE 93 Cetorhinus 93 ceuthma, Maulodontha 205 chaca, Kedestes 177 Chaeropus 191 Chaetarthria 170 Chaetomys 31 Chaetoptila 196 Chaetornis 60 Chalcalburnus 95 chalconotus, Phalacrocorax 36 Chalicodoma 187 chalumnae, Latimeria 116 CHAMAELEONIDAE 79 chamissonis, Philodryas 84 chantrei, Aphanius 104 chaostola leucophaea, Antipodia 233 chapmani, Dobsonia 191 CHARACIDAE 99, 230 Characodon 105, 199 CHARADRIIDAE 45, 195 Charadrius 45 Charaxes 185, 236 chariessa, Apalis 60 Charina 228 charitonius peruvianus, Heliconius 236 charltonii, Arborophila 41 Charmosyna 48, 195 charonda, Sasakia 185 CHAROPIDAE 137, 206 Charpentieria 133 Chasmistes 99, 198, 230 chasmodactylus, Cambarus 156 chaunax, Vitrinula 206 Chaunoproctus 197 cheatumi, Tryonia 126 cheiligona, Leiostyla 132 cheiranticola, Discula 144 Cheirodon 99 CHEIROGALEIDAE 10 Chela 95 CHELIDAE 77 Chelonia 75 CHELONIIDAE 75 CHELYDRIDAE 73 Cherax 157 cherriei, Synallaxis 55 cherriei, Thripophaga 55 Chersodromia 175 Chetia 112 chevrolati, Oryctes 171 chevrolati, Sandracottus 170 cheynei, Omphalotropis 127 chichijimana, Gastrocopta 203 chichijimana, Hirasea 136 chichijimana, Mandarina 142 chichijimana, Ogasawarana 200 chichijimana, Vitrinula 206 chikae, Papilio 179 Chilatherina 106 chilensis, Bufo 87 chilensis, Diplomystes 100 chilensis, Geochelone 74 Chiloglanis 101 Chilonopsis 204 Chilostoma 144, 206 Chilota 213 chiltoni, Trichomycterus 101 chimaera, Ornithoptera 178 chimaera, Uratelornis 54 Chinchilla 31 CHINCHILLIDAE 31 chinensis, Luehdorfia 178 chinensis, Sousa 21 Chioglossa 92 chiriquita, Palaemnema 160 Chironius 83 Chiropotes 12, 218 Chirostoma 106 chirurgica, Grylloblatta 162 chitlenangoensis, Succinea 138 Chlamydogobius 114 Chlamydotis 44 Chlamyphorus 5 Chlidonias 46 Chloaeltis 164 Chloebia 69 Chloridops 196 chlorinda chlorinda, Pseudalmenus 235 chlorinda conara, Pseudalmenus 235 249 chloris, Anthus 58 chlorocephala smythi, Cicindela 233 Chlorochrysa 66 Chlorocichla 59 CHLOROCYPHIDAE 158 Chlorogomphus 161, 232 Chlorolestes 159 chloronothos, Zosterops 65 CHLOROPERLIDAE 208 Chloropeta 60 chlororhynchus, Centropus 50 Chlorospingus 66 Chlorostilbon 196 Chlorotalpa 6 choctawensis, Villosa 149 choloensis, Alethe 60 CHONDRINIDAE 133 Chondrostoma 95 Chortippus 164 christenseni, Turgenitubulus 143 christi, Erebia 184 Christinus 78 Chrotogale 19 Chrotomys 29 CHRYSOCHLORIDAE 5 Chrysochloris 6 Chrysococcyx 51 Chrysocyon 15 chrysogaster, Neophema 50 chrysogaster, Onchorhynchus 103 chrysoleuca, Callithrix 11 chrysomelas, Leontopithecus 12 CHRYSOMELIDAE 173 Chrysomma 60 chrysoparia, Dendroica 68 chrysopterygius, Psephotus 50 chrysopygus, Leontopithecus 12 chrysopygus, Rhynchocyon 33 Chrysoritis 180 chrysosireticus, Hoplodactylus 78 Chrysospalax 6 chthonia, Grallaria 56 chungarensis, Orestias 105 chungarensis, Trichomycterus 101 chunyi, Mazama 26 chupaderae, Pyrgulopsis 124 churinceanus, Mexipyrgus 123 CHYDORIDAE 152 CICADELLIDAE 167 CICADIDAE 167 cicatricosus, Plethobasus 148 Cichlasoma 112, 230 CICHLIDAE 112, 213, 230 Cicindela 168, 233 CICINDELIDAE 168, 233 Ciconia 37, 194 CICONIDAE 37, 194 Cincinnatia 121 CINCLIDAE 59 Cinclodes 55, 227 Cinclus 59 cincta, Noliomystis 66 cineracea, Ameiva 197 cinerascens, Aplonis 70 cinerea, Aonyx 17 cinerea, Callaeas 70 cinerea, Mycteria 37 cinerea, Neophoca 18 cinerea, Poospiza 67 cinereiceps, Phyllastrephus 59 cinereifrons, Garrulax 61 cinereum, Etheostoma 111 cinereus, Lophuromys 30 cinereus semotus, Lasiurus 217 Cinetodus 101 cingulellum, Chilostoma 144 cinnaberinus, Cucujus 172 cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 57 cinnamominus miyakoensis, Todirhamphus 227 Cinnyricinclus 70 cinyras, Libythea 209 circumcarinata, Monadenia 146 Ciridops 196 cirnei cirnei, Rhynchocyon 226 cirnei hendersoni, Rhynchocyon 226 CIROLANIDAE 154 ciscoides, Pogonichthys 198 cisterciensorum, Bythiospeum 121 Cisticola 60 Cistothorus 59 citrina, Partula 203 CIXIIDAE 166 clamosus, Atrichornis 58 clantoni, Stygobromus 155 clappi, Paravitrea 140 Clappia 121 clara, Echymipera 3 clara, Hirasea 205 clara, Hypolestes 159 clara, Oliarces 167 clara, Partula 203 Claravis 46 Clarias 101 CLARIIDAE 101 clarkei, Ammodorcas 26 clarki intermedius, Catostomus 230 clarki nantahala, Mesodon 231 clarki, Rhytida 136 clarki ssp., Onchorhynchus 230 clarkorum, Lacerta 81 clathrata, Quadrasiella 127 clathrata, Tryonia 126 clausa, Goniobasis 201 clausiliaeformis, Sculptiferussacia 135 CLAUSILIIDAE 133, 231 clausus trossulus, Mesodon 231 clava, Pleurobema 148 clavatus, Epigomphus 160 Clavicoccus 208 clavigera, Peripatopsis 188 clemenciae, Xiphophorus 106 clemensi, Puntius 97 clementina, Sterkia 133 Clemmys 73 clenchi, Mesodon 140 cleophile, Danaus 183 clinias, Parantica 183 CLINIDAE 113 Clinus 113 clipeata, Anculosa 200 clodius shepardii, Parnassius 234 clodius strohbeeni, Parnassius 234 CLUPEIDAE 94 Clupeoides 94 clymene, Stenella 21 clypealis, Agabus 168 Clytoctantes 55 Clytorhynchus 60 Cnemidophorus 81 coahuila, Mexistenasellus 154 coahuila, Terrapene 74 coahuilae, Durangonella 121 Coahuilix 121 COBITIDAE 98 cobitis, Tiaroga 98 Cobitis 98 coccineus, Loxops 68 cochlea, Carelia 202 Cochlicopa 132 COCHLICOPIDAE 132 Cochliopa 121 Cochliopina 121 Cochoa 61 COCHYLIDAE 177 coctei, Macroscincus 197 Codringtonia 144 codringtonii, Codringtonia 144 coelata, Helminthoglypta 145 coelestis, Hypothymis 61 COELIAXIDAE 135 Coeliccia 232 Coeligena 52 coelus, Parides 179 Coelus 172, 173 Coenagrion 159, 232 COENAGRIONIDAE 159, 207, 232 COENOBITIDAE 157 Coenocharopa 137 Coenocorypha 45 Coenonympha 184 Coeranoscincus 81 coeruleoalba, Stenella 21 coerulescens, Coracina 58 cognata, Truncilla 149 cognatus, Amphidromus 141 coindemerensis, Nactus 78 Colaptes 54 Coleophora 209 COLEOPHORIDAE 209 Coleura 9 collei, Cyclura 80 COLLETIDAE 213 collina, Pleurobema 148 collingii, Setobaudinia 143 collinsi, Spindasis 182 colliveri, Cralopa 137 Collocalia 52 colmani, Jardinella 122 Colobus 13 colocolo, Oncifelis 16 colonus, Rhinomyias 63 colonus, Rhyacophila 175 coloradensis, Acroloxus 129 coloria, Erythrura 69 Colparion 206 Coluber 83 COLUBRIDAE 83, 198, 228 Columba 46, 47, 195 columbiana, Fluminicola 121 columbianus, Geocapromys 193 columbica, Cicindela 168 COLUMBIDAE 46, 195 Columbina 47 Colymbetes 168 comata, Presbytis 14 comes, Ogasawarana 117 comiza, Barbus 94 commersoni, ‘Scops’ 196 commersonii, Cephalorhynchus 20 commixtus, Caseolus 144 comorana, Amauris 183 comorensis, Rhachis 203 compacta, Anculosa 127 compacta, Partula 203 compacta, Victaphanta 136 250 compar, Ephemera 158 compassbergae, Thestor 182 complanata, Pseudanodonta 149 complanata, Pupina 119 compressa, Bythinella 121 compressa, Leguminaia 148 compunclus, Hydrotarsus 169 comyntas texanus, Everes 234 Conacmella 200 concavospira, Achalinella 130 conchorum, Menidia 108 conchos, Catostomus 99 conchramis, Desmopachria 168 concinna, Aegialia 170 concinna, Leiostyla 132 concolor coryi, Puma 219 concolor couguar, Puma 220 concolor, Hylobates 14 concolor, Loentipes 115 concolor, Nasalis 14 concolor, Neospiza 69 concolor, Salanoia 17 concolor, Xenospingus 68 condita, Tijuca 57 conditor, Leporillus 30 Conepatus 220 configurata, Euploea 183 confluentus, Salvelinus 103 confusa, Helicoverpa 210 confusa, Partulina 131 congensis, Afropavo 41 congestum, Moxostoma 99 congobelgica, Crocidura 6 Congosorex 6 Congothemis 162 conica, Fonscochlea 122 conica, Paludinella 123 conica, Phrantela 123 conica, Samoana 134 conicus, Pyrgulopsis 124 conilis, Plagigeyeria 123 Conilurus 192 Conirostrum 68 connieae, Pseudomugil 108 Connochaetes 27 connollyi, Cecilioides 135 connus, Procambarus 157 Conocephaloides 163 conoides, Trochomorpha 139 Conolophus 79, 80 conorhynchus, Tetranesodon 101 Conothraupis 66 conoveri, Leptotila 47 conradi, Stygobromus 155 Conraua 90 consanguis, Gomphurus 160 consimilis, Mautodontha 205 consimilis, Oliarus 166 consobrina, Mautodontha 205 consors, Caseolus 144 constanciae, Cynolebias 103 constanzae, Liolaemus 80 constricta, Aaadonta 136 constrictus, Somatogyrus 125 constrictus, Trissexodon 145 contigua, Trochomorpha 140 continuatalis, Hedylepta 209 contorta, Ochrotrichia 176 contortus, Letomola 137 contracta, Parartemia 153 contractus, Brotomys 193 Conuropsis 195 Cookeconcha 136 cookei, Omphalotropis 127 cookei, Orangia 205 cookei, Thaanumella 127 cookeorum, Pseudopsectra 167 cookii, Pterodroma 35 Cooperconcha 141 cooperi, Stygobromus 155 cooperianus, Plethobasus 148 coosaensis, Somatogyrus 125 Cophura 175 Copris 171 coprotheres, Gyps 39 Copsychus 61 coquereli, Microcebus 10 cor, Fusconaia 147 Coracina 58, 59 corais couperi, Drymarchon 228 CORALLIIDAE 239 Corallium 239 corayi, Lacconectus 169 cordacea comptena, Heteronympha 236 cordelia, Euploea 183 Cordulegaster 161 CORDULEGASTERIDAE 161, 232 CORDULIIDAE 161, 232 CORDYLIDAE 81 Cordylus 81 coreena, Jardinella 122 Coregonus 102, 103, 199 Coreobagrus 100 coriacea, Dermochelys 76 coriacea, Moapa 96 cornea, Amastra 202 corneocostata, Leiostyla 132 corneovirens, Badistes 141 Cornigomphus 160 cornuta, Cyclura 80 cornuta, Fulica 43 cornutus, Trimeresurus 85 corona, Melanotaenia 107 coronatum blainvillei, Phrynosoma 228 coronatus, Eulemur 10 coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus 39 coronatus, Malurus 62 coronatus occidentalis, Onychorhynchus 227 corpulenta, Pleurocera 129 corroboree, Pseudophryne 89 corrugata, Jardinella 122 corrugatus, Aceros 54 corsac, Vulpes 15 corsica, Cyrnotheba 144 CORVIDAE 71 corvina, Aplonis 197 corvina, Terpsiphone 64 Corvus 71 cosmetus, Palikirus 137 Cossypha 61 costata, Craspedoma 118 costatus, Xylotoles 208 costipennis, Deronectes 168 costus, Turgenitubulus 143 Cotinga 56 COTINGIDAE 56, 227 cotrelli, Chrysoritis 180 COTTIDAE 109, 199 Cottus 109, 199 Coturnicops 43 Coturnix 194 Coua 196 couchianus, Xiphophorus 106 courseni, Synallaxis 55 cowani, Charaxes 185 coxeni, Hedleya 119 Coxiella 121 CRACIDAE 41 cragini, Etheostoma 111 Cralopa 137 crameri, Oregonichthys 97 CRANGONYCTIDAE 155, 207 Crangonyx 155 CRASEONYCTERIDAE 9 Craseonycteris 9 Craspedoma 118 crassa, Anculopsis 127 crassa, Partulina 202 crassalus, Ochthebius 170 crassicauda, Gila 198 crassicauda omnivora, Bdeogale 220 crassidens, Pseudorca 21 crassilabris, Diplommatinaa crassilabris, Partula 203 crassilabris, Somatogyrus 125 crassilabrum, Amastra 202 crassula, Auriculella 131 crassus, Acanthorutilus 94 crassus, Somatogyrsus 125 crassus, Unio 149 Craterocephalus 107 Craterodiscus 141 Crateromys 29, 192 crawfordi, Torresitrachia 143 Crax 41 creaseri, Kinosternon 73 creatopus, Puffinus 36 crenata, Crocidura 6 crenatella, Goniobasis 128 Crenichthys 104 creon, Theskelomensor 137 crepidus, Epigomphus 160 crescenta, Aegialia 170 cretica, Macrothele 151 crex, Crex 43 Crex 43 cribrellum, Syrichtus 177 crinifrons, Muntiacus 26 Criniger 59 crinigera, Agrotis 209 crispus, Pelecanus 36 cristalis, Pyrgulopsis 124 cristata, Calyptura 56 cristata, Geneltla 19 cristata, Goura 47 cristata, Gubernatrix 67 cristata, Tadorna 38 cristatus, Amblyrhynchus 79 cristicauda, Dasycercus 3 Cristilabrum 141 crocatus, Neurergus 92 crocea, Tridacna 150 Crocias 61 Crocidura 6,7 crockeri, Laticauda 84 CROCODYLIDAE 77 Crocodylus 77, 78 croesus, Ornithoptera 178 Croilia 114 Crossarchus 220 Crossidius 233 crossleyi, Atelornis 53 Crossleyia 61 crossoplilon, Crossoptilon 41 Crossoptilon 41 251 Crotalus 85, 229 crowleyi, Parantica 183 cruciger, Lagenorhynchus 21 cruentata, Pyrrhura 50 Crypsirina 71 Cryptazeca 132 cryplicus, Rhantus 169 CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE 91 Cryplochia 176 Cryptochloris 6 Cryptomastix 140 Cryptomys 31 Cryploprocta 19 Cryplurellus 35, 226 CTENIZIDAE 152 CTENODACTYLIDAE 31 Clenoglypta 206 Ctenophila 138 Clenophorus 79 Ctenotus 81 Cualac 104 cubana, Anetia 183 cubanus, Solenodon 5 cubensis, Tyrannus 57 CUCUJIDAE 172 Cucujus 172 CUCULIDAE 50, 196 cucullata, Carduelis 69 cucullata, Crypsirina 71 cucullata, Grallaricula 56 cucullatus, Raphus 195 cujus, Chasmistes 99 culveri, Antrobia 119 culveri, Lirceus 154 cumberlandensis, Phoxinus 97 cumingi, Phloeomys 30 cumingiana, Carelia 202 cumingianus, Ancylastrum 130 cumingii, Puntius 97 cummingi, Palaemonetes 156 cumulus, Oreokera 137 cuneata, Partula 203 cuneolus, Fusconaia 147 Cuon 15 Cuora 73 Cupedora 141 cupreus ornatus, Callicebus 218 Curaeus 69 curasoae, Leptonycteris 9 CURCULIONIDAE 173, 208, 213, 233 curis, Liolaemus 80 currierianus, Somatogyrus 125 cursor, Liophis 84 curta, Achatinella 130 curta, Echiopsis 84 curta, Leptobotia 98 curta, Lithasia 129 curta, Pleurocera 129 curtipes, Ectemnius 187 curlisit, Oxygastra 162 curtum, Pleurobema 148 curvipes, Hygrotus 169 cuvieri, Gazella 27 cuvieri, Orestias 105 cyanea, Paratherina 108 cyanocephala, Starnoenas 48 cyanogenia, Eos 48 Cyanolimnas 43 Cyanolyca 71 cyanomichla, Margaronia 185 cyanophrys, Eupherusa 52 Cyanophrys 180 cyanopis, Columbina 47 Cyanopsitia 49 Cyanoramphus 49, 195 Cycleptus 99 Cyclocephala 171 Cyclocosmia 152 Cyclodina 81 CYCLOPHORIDAE 118, 200 Cyclophorus 200 cyclopis, Macaca 13 Cycloptilum 164 cyclostomaformis, Lioplax 119 Cyclosurus 200 cyclotis, Nyclimene 8 cyclura, Cyclura 80 Cyclura 80 Cyclyrius 180 Cygnus 194 Cylichnidia 135 Cylindraspis 197 cylindrella, Gonospira 135 cylindrellus, Carunculina 146 cylindrica, Amastra 132 cylindrica, Bythinella 121 cylindrica strigillata, Quadrula 149 cylindricornis, Capra 27 Cylindrovertilla 133 Cylindrus 144 Cylloepus 172 cymatotaenia, Percina 112 Cymbiodyta 170 Cymothoe 185, 236 cynocephalus, Thylacinus 191 Cynogale 19 Cynolebias 103 Cynomys 28 Cyornis 61 cypha, Gila 95 CYPRIDINIDAE 153 cypriensis, Coluber 83 Cyprinella 95 CYPRINIDAE 94, 198, 229 Cyprinodon 104, 199, 230 CYPRINODONTIDAE 104, 199, 230 Cyprinus 95, 198 Cyprogenia 147 Cypseloides 52 Cyrnotheba 144 cyrtandrae, Nesosydne 167 cyrtandricola, Nesosydne 167 Cyrtopeltis 166 Cytora 119 Dacnis 66, 67 dacotae, Hesperia 177 dacotiae, Saxicola 63 Dactylopsila 5 dahli, Phrynops 77 Daihinibaenetes 163 dalhousiensis, Craterocephalus 107 Dalla 177 dalli, Phocoenoides 22 dama, Gazella 27 Dama 26 Damaliscus 27, 223 dami, Paretroplus 112 damii, Xenopirostris 59 dammah, Oryx 28 Damochlora 141 DANAIDAE 183 Danaus 183 dani, Hyphydrus 169 Danio 95 danjoui, Jabouilleia 61 dannatti, Parantica 183 danubialis, Lobaunia 122 daphne, Poecilmitis 182 Daphnia 152 DAPHNIDAE 152 darevskii, Vipera 85 darlingtoni, Riekoperla 165 darwini, Bulimulus 135 darwini, Nesoryzomys 192 darwinii, Rhinoderma 90 daryi, Adelphicos 83 Dasycercus 3 dasycneme, Myotis 10 dasymallus, Pteropus 8 Dasyornis 61 DASYPODIDAE 5 DASYURIDAE 3 Dasyurus 3 Daubentonia 11 DAUBENTONIIDAE 11 dauricus, Huso 93 davidi, Arborophila 41 davidi, Parantica 183 davidianus, Andrias 91 davidianus, Elaphurus 26 davidianus, Paradoxornis 62 davisi, Farula 176 davisi, Pyrgulopsis 124 davisoni, Pseudibis 38 dayi, Hypseleotris 113 dayi, Nyctimystes 88 deaconi, Rhinichthys 198 dearolfi, Crangonyx 155 deburghiae, Tropidophora 119 decastigma, Platynectes 169 decemlineata, Mungolictis 17 deceptor, Leptogryllus 164 decia, Hydroptila 175 deciphens, Somatogyrus 125 decipiens, Achatinella 130 decisum, Pleurobema 148 declivis, Vallonia 133 decora, Achatinella 201 decora, Paradisaea 71 decorata, Lasmigona 148 decorata, Trachemys 74 decorticata, Sinployea 206 decorus, Hydaticus 168 dedeckkeri, Canthocamptus 153 dedecora, Ptychalaea 133 defilippiana, Pterodroma 35 degenerata, Leiostyla 132 degodiensis, Mirafra 58 Deinacrida 163 Deinocossonus 173 Deinomimesa 187 dejectus, Stygobromus 155 delalandei, Coua 196 Delanymys 29 delcourti, Hoplodactylus 197 delectus, Graptodytes 168 delicata, Jacksonena 142 delicatissima, Iguana 80 Delma 79 Deloneura 209 delongi, Mixogaster 175 Delos 136 deloustali, Paramesotriton 92 DELPHACIDAE 167 Delphinapterus 22 DELPHINIDAE 20 252 delphinuloides, Geomitra 206 Delphinus 20 delphis, Delphinus 20 Deltistes 99 demersus, Spheniscus 35 DENDROCOLAPTIDAE 55 Dendrocygna 38 Dendrohyrax 25 Dendroica 68 Dendrolagus 4 Dendromus 29 Dendroprionomys 29 Dendrortyx 41 Dendrotrochus 139 dendyi, Acanthanura 158 Denisonia 84 denningi, Agapetus 175 densirostris, Mesoplodon 23 dentata, Litoria 87 dentatis, Aloeides 180 dentatis dentatis, Aloeides 234 dentatis maseruna, Aloeides 234 denticulata, Branchinella 153 denticulata, Lamprocystis 139 dentiens, Ningbingia 142 dentifera, Partula 134 dentiplaga, Euploea 183 depasoapicata, Opanara 205 depressa, Badistes 141 depressa, Heosemys 73 depressicollis, Deronectes 168 depressicornis, Bubalus 27 depressum, Kinosternon 73 depressus, Natator 76 depressus, Turgenitubulus 143 deraniyagalai, Schismatogobius 115 derasa, Tridacna 150 derbianus derbianus, Tragelaphus 224 derbianus, Oreophasis 41 derbianus, Tragelaphus 28 DERMATEMYDIDAE 73 Dermatemys 73 DERMOCHELYIDAE 76 Dermochelys 76 Dermogenys 106 Deroceras 140 Deronectes 168 deserticola, Psychomastatix 164 deshayesi, Gonospira 135 Desmana 7 desmarestii, Megalomys 192 desmazuresi, Tropidophora 200 Desmocerus 233 desmonda, Mesodontrachia 142 desmondi teita, Papilio 234 Desmopachria 168 desperatus, Gammarus 154 deteani, Nephrurus 78 detecta, Harmogenanina 139 dewaali, Redigobius 115 diaboli, Dionda 95 diabolicus, Eurostopodus 52 diabolis, Cyprinodon 104 diadema, Charmosyna 195 diadema, Charmosyna 48 diadema, Helicodiscus 136 diadema, Propithecus 11 diametra natalica, Iolaus 234 diana, Cercopithecus 13 diana roloway, Cercopithecus 218 dianae, Ptychodon 205 dianae, Tarsius 11 diaphana, Samoana 134 diaphanum, Bythiospeum 121 Diaphlebia 160 diardi, Lophura 42 Diastole 139 diazi, Romerolagus 33 DICAEIDAE 65 Dicaeum 65 dicei, Sylvilagus 33 Dicerorhinus 25 Diceros 25 dichotomus, Blastocerus 25 dichroma, Dionda 95 dicksoni calviniae, Thestor 235 dicksoni dicksoni, Thestor 235 dicksoni, Oxychaeta 182 dicksoni, Stygionympha 184 dicksoni, Tsitana 178 dicobolus yarrowi, Catostomus 230 Dicranopselaphus 172 DICRURIDAE 70 Dicrurus 70 didinus, Megalaperyx 193 Didunculus 47 dieffenbachii, Gallirallus 194 difficilis, Pupina 119 Diglossa 67 dikume, Konia 112 dilatatum, Sympetrum 207 dimidiata, Pomarea 63 diminutus, Gomphus 161 dimorpha, Achatinella 201 dimorpha, Palaina 118 dinellianus, Pseudocolopteryx 57 dineutoides, Pleurodytes 169 dinniki, Vipera 85 DINOMYIDAE 31 Dinomys 31 Dinornis 193 Diomedea 35 DIOMEDEIDAE 35 Dionda 95, 229 dioptrica, Australophocaena 22 Diplogale 19 Diploglossus 82 Diplommatina 118 Diplommatinaa 118 DIPLOMMATINIDAE 118, 231 diplomphalus, Hirasea 136 Diplomystes 99, 100 DIPLOMYSTIDAE 99 Diplothrix 29 Diplotrema 213 Dipnelix 137 DIPODIDAE 29, 225 Dipodomys 29, 225 Dirce 186 disa, Puntius 97 discicollis, Agabus 168 DISCIDAE 138, 206, 231 Discocharopa 137 DISCOGLOSSIDAE 87, 198 Discoglossus 87, 198 discrepans, Ogasawarana 117 discrepans, Oliarus 166 Discula 144, 206 Disculella 144 Discus 138, 206 dispar, Lycaena 181 dissimilis, Psephotus 50 distans, Amazilia 52 distans, Lethe 184 distinguendus, Dryophthorus 208 dilaenia, Gila 95 ditrema, Etheostoma 111 Ditropis 118 diurnus, Taudactylus 89 diuturna, Pardosa 152 Divellomelon 141 diversa, Isonychia 158 diversipes, Hygrotus 169 diversus, Neochanna 102 Dobsonia 7, 191 dohertyi, Oreolyce 182 dohertyi persimilis, Ypthima 236 dohertyi, Piilinopus 48 dohertyi, Troides 180 dohmi, Paleoxenus 172 dohrni, Palaina 118 dohrnii, Ramphodon 53 dolabelloides, Lexingtonia 148 dolani, Homoeoneuria 158 Dolania 158 dolei, Carelia 202 dolei, Palmeria 68 dolei, Partulina 131 Doleschallia 236 DOLICHOPODIDAE 208 dolichostoma, Partula 203 doliolum, Palaina 118 dolloff, Meta 152 Dolomedes 152 Dolophilodes 176 domicella, Lorius 48 domogledi, Metrioptera 163 Donacia 173 donosi, Liolaemus 80 dorbignyi huancavelicae, Asthenes 227 dorcas claytoni, Lycaena 235 dorcas dorcas, Damaliscus 223 dorcas, Gazella 27 dorcas saudiya, Gazella 223 Dorcatragus 27 Dorcopsis 4 Dorcopsulus 4 Dorcus 170 doretia, Euploea 183 dorianus, Dendrolagus 4 dorothea dorothea, Trigonoscuta 233 dorotheae, Amytornis 60 dorsalis dorsalis, Cicindela 233 dorsalis, Homoroselaps 83 dorsalis, Lepilemur 10 douglasensis, Stenelmis 172 douglasi, Sminthopsis 3 doyeni, Trigonoscuta 174 dracomontana, Rana 90 draconicus, Chlorolestes 159 draconilla, Nyctimene 8 DREPANIDAE 196 DREPANIDIDAE 68 Drepanis 196 Drepanoptila 47 Driloleirus 151 drimica, Ohridohauffenia 200 DROMAIIDAE 193 Dromaius 193 dromas, Dromus 147 Dromus 147 Drosophila 208 DROSOPHILIDAE 208 druceanus entabeni, Charaxes 236 druceanus williamsi, Charaxes 236 dryadopa, Oeoblia 185 253 dryanderensis, Offachloritis 142 dryas, Cercopithecus 13 dryburghi, Thestor 182 Drymarchon 228 Dryobius 173 Dryococelus 208 Dryocopus 54 Dryophthorus 208 Dryotribus 208 dubaulianus, Aeschrithmysus 173 dubia, Partulina 131 Dubiraphia 172 dubius drucei, Hypolimnas 236 dubius, Leptoptilos 37 ducalis, Megadytes 208 Ducula 47 dugesi, Thermosphaeroma 154 dugon, Dugong 24 Dugong 24 DUGONGIDAE 24, 192 dulvertonensis, Fluvidona 122 dumerili, Acrantophis 83 dumerilii dumerilii, Ambystoma 229 dunckeri, Phallostethus 108 dunkeri, Bythinella 121 dunmalli, Furina 84 dunni, Hynobius 91 dunni, Kinosternon 73 dunrobinensis, Fluvidona 122 dunsirei, Garra 95 duplicidentata, Opanara 205 duponti, Gonospira 135 Dupucharopa 137 duquesneyi, Celestus 82 dura gammiei, Lethe 235 Durangonella 121 Durbania 234 durnfordi nicholi, Charaxes 236 Dusicyon 15, 192 dussumieri, Casarea 83 duthieae, Chlorotalpa 6 dutoiti, Arthroleptides 198 duttoniana, Lithasia 129 duvauceli, Cervus 26 duvauceli, Hoplodactylus 78 duvergeri, Acilius 168 duyvenbodei, Aethopyga 65 dwightii, Partulian 131 Dyacopterus 7 dyeriana, Fluvidona 122 Dynastes 233 dyodon, Charpentieria 133 Dysithamnus 55 Dysnomia 147, 207, 231, 232 Dysticheus 174 DYTISCIDAE 168, 208, 233 Dyliscus 168, 233 eachamensis, Melanotaenia 199 Eanus 172 eapensis, Nesopupa 133 eastwoodae, Tetradactylus 198 eatoni, Komarekiona 151 eberhardi, Pseudotricula 123 ebii, Epixerus 28 eboraci, Euploea 183 eboratum, Heteragrion 159 ecaudatus, Chaeropus 191 Ecchlorolestes 159 Ecclisomyia 176 ECHIMYIDAE 193 echinatus, Cottus 199 ECHINIDAE 188, 239 echinista, Echymipera 3 Echinodillo 154 echinopyge, Canthocamptus 153 echinulata, Discula 144 Echinus 188 Echiopsis 84 echo, Psittacula 50 Echymipera 3 Economidichthys 114 Ectemnius 187, 236 Ectodemia 209 Ectopistes 195 Edelia 109 edeni, Balaenoptera 20 Edentulina 204 edgbastonensis, Jardinella 122 editha bayensis, Euphydryas 236 editha monoensis, Euphydryas 236 edmundo, Ophiogomphus 207 edwardsi, Lepilemur 10 edwardsi, Lophura 42 Edwardsia 117 edwardsiana, Grapholitha 177 edwardsii, Jasus 239 EDWARDSIIDAE 117 Edwardsina 174 Efferia 175 effugiens, Actinella 144 egerides, Aloeides 180 Egernia 81, 228 Egretta 37 Eidoleon 167 eigenmanni, Evarra 198 Eira 220 eisentrauti, Crocidura 6 eisentrauti, Konia 112 eisentrauti, Melignomon 54 eisentrauti, Myosorex 7 ejuncida, Hypseleotris 113 Elachistodon 83 Elaphe 83 elaphra, Collocalia 52 Elaphrus 168 Elaphurus 26 elaphus yarkandensis, Cervus 221 ELAPIDAE 84, 229 Elapognathus 84 Elasmias 131 Elassoma 110 ELASSOMATIDAE 110 elata, Tryonia 126 ELATERIDAE 172, 213 elatior, Rhodacmaea 130 elator, Dipodomys 29 elatus, Stygobromus 155 eldii, Cervus 26 eldii eldii, Cervus 221 eldii siamensis, Cervus 221 electilis, Kupea 185 electra, Idea 183 electra, Peponocephala 21 electra, Videna 140 Electron 53 elegans, Achatinella 201 elegans, Cyprinodon 104 elegans elegans, Laniisoma 227 elegans, Georissa 117 elegans, Gila 95 elegans, Macruromys 30 elegans, Omphalotropis 127 elegans, Ordtrachia 142 Eleothreptus 52 ELEOTRIDAE 113 Eleotris 113 ELEPHANTIDAE 24 elephantopus, Geochelone 74 Elephas 24 Eleuthemis 232 Eleutherodactylus 88 elevata, Amplirhagada 141 elgini, Spilornis 40 elisa, Fabriciana 185 Eliurus 29 ellioti, Syrmaticus 42 elliotii, Pitta 57 elliptica, Litthabitella 122 Elliptio 147 ELMINTHIDAE 172, 233 Elona 144 elongata, Amastra 202 elongata, Calamoecia 153 elongata, Hemisaga 163 elongata, Indotestudo 74 elongata, Victodrobia 126 elongatula, Omphalotropis 127 elongatulus, Unio 149 elongatus, Acanthorhodeus 94 elongatus, Ambassis 109 elongatus, Cycleptus 99 elongatus, Fluvidona 122 elpenor, Allantisia 194 elphinstonii, Columba 46 elseri, Bythiospeum 121 Elseya 77 elusivus, Hydroporus 168 emarginatus, Stygobromus 155 Emballonura 9 EMBALLONURIDAE 9 Emberiza 67 EMBERIZIDAE 66 EMBIOTOCIDAE 230 emersoni, Partula 134 emigdionis, Plebejus 182 empedonepia, Tetligidea 165 Empetrichthys 199, 230 emphanum, Polyplectron 42 Empicoris 166 EMPIDIDAE 175 EMYDIDAE 73, 227 Emydura 77 emys, Manouria 74 Enallagma 159 Endodonta 136 ENDODONTIDAE 136, 204 endymion, Poecilmitis 182 Engaeus 157 Engaewa 157 engonata, Discus 138 ENGRAULIDAE 94 enniensis, Vallonia 133 enoptes smithi, Euphilotes 234 ensipennis, Campylopterus 52 entomostoma, Brazieria 139 Eopenthes 213 eos, Bulimulus 135 Eos 48 epaminondas, Graphium 178 Epargyreus 177 Ephemera 158 Ephemerella 158 EPHEMERELLIDAE 158 EPHEMERIDAE 158, 207 ephemerus, Stygobromus 155 EPHYDRIDAE 175 254 epicentra, Hedylepta 209 epicharis, Sturanyella 118 Epicrates 83, 228 Epigomphus 160 Epimachus 71 Epiophlebia 160 EPIOPHLEBIIDAE 160 epirrhinos, Hephaestus 110 episcopa ssp., Dionda 229 Epixerus 28 Epomophorus 7,8 Epomops 8 EQUIDAE 24, 192, 221 Equus 2A, 192, 221 erasa, Brazieria 139 Erebia 184, 235 Eremarionta 145, 231 eremiana, Perameles 191 Eremichthys 95 eremita, Geronticus 37 eremita, Osmoderma 171 eremita, Sonorella 146 Eremitalpa 6 eremilus, Leiocephalus 197 Eremomela 61 Eremophilus 101 Erepta 206 ERETHIZONTIDAE 31 Eretmochelys 76 ericae, Tryonia 126 ericeticola, Lycosa 152 Erikssonia 180 ERINACEIDAE 6 erinaceus, Clavicoccus 208 Erinna 129 Eriocnemis 52 Eriogaster 186 erosa, Omphalotropis 127 Erpetogomphus 160 errans, Panoquina 177 erskinensis, Allocharopa 137 erubescens, Barbus 94 Erymnochelys 77 erythopoma, Pyrgulopsis 124 erythrocephala, Podocnemis 77 erythrocephalus, Hylocryptus 55 Erythroecia 186 erythrogaster, Cercopithecus 13 erythronotos, Formicivora 56 erythroptera, Gallicolumba 47 erythropus, Anser 38 erythropus saltuarius, Crypturellus 226 erythrotis, Cercopithecus 13 Erythrotriorchis 39 Erythrura 69 escambia, Fusconaia 147 eschariferus, Bulimulus 135 escobedae, Mexipyrgus 123 esculentus, Echinus 188 esperanza, Papilio 179 esperi, Fagotia 127 Estrilda 69 ESTRILDIDAE 69 ethelae, Phylolestes 159 Etheostoma 111, 199 Eua 134 Euastacus 157 Euathlus 151 Eubalaena 19 euboicus, Barbus 94 Eucerceris 187 Euchloe 234 EUCNEMIDAE 172 EUCONULIDAE 138 Eucrenonaspides 153 Eucyclogobius 114 Eudontomyzon 93 euglypta, Glyptorhagada 142 Eulamprus 82, 228 Eulemur 10 Eulemur 10, 217 Eulidia 52 eulima, Cecilioides 204 eulo, Jardinella 122 Eulonchus 175 eulophotes, Egretta 37 EUMASTACIDAE 164 Eumeces 82 Eumetopias 18 Eumorsea 164 eungella, Euastacus 157 eungellensis, Taudactylus 89 Eunice 151 Eunicella 117 EUNICIDAE 151 eunus eunus, Pseudocopaeodes 233 euops, Aratinga 49 eupator, Euploea 183 EUPELMIDAE 186 Eupelmus 186 EUPHAEIDAE 232 Eupherusa 52 Euphilotes 234 euphon, Euploea 183 Euphydryas 236 Eupleres 19 Euploea 183 euploeomorpha, Tirumala 184 Eupodotis 44 Euproctus 92 Euproserpinus 186 Eupsophus 88 Euptilotis 53 Eurapteryx 193 eurasius, Stenobothrodes 165 europa tamuna, Lethe 235 europaeus, Mesoplodon 23 europaeus, Phyllodactylus 79 Eurostopodus 52 euroxestus, Tengchiena 139 Eurycea 91 eurycerus isaaci, Tragelaphus 224 eurydice fumosa, Satyrodes 236 EURYLAIMIDAE 54 Eurynorhynchus 45 Euryphura 185 euryprora, Hedylepta 209 eurystoma, Gambusia 105 eurystomus, Satan 100 Eurytides 178, 234 Euscarthmus 57 Euscheman 177 Eusthenia 165 EUSTHENIIDAE 165 euterpe, Euproserpinus 186 Euthalia 185 eutheca, Hirasea 205 Eutrichomyias 196 Eutriorchis 39 eutropia, Cephalorhynchus 20 Euxanthe 185 euzyga, Semotrachia 143 evandaleana, Cupedora 141 Evarra 198 evelynae, Carelia 202 Everes 234 everetli, Aceros 54 everetti, Dicaeum 65 everetti, Melogale 17 everetti, Monarcha 62 everetti, Turnix 43 everetti, Zoothera 64 exanimus, Kimboraga 142 exaula, Margaronia 185 excavatus, Somatogyrus 125 excella, Cryptochia 176 excelsior aricomae, Cinclodes 227 excisa, Gyrotoma 201 exigua, Anomala 171 exigua, Jardinella 122 exigua, Partula 203 exilis, Arganiella 119 eximia, Anomala 171 eximius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 exocoeti, Ramphotyphlops 83 exoplata, Mandarina 142 expansa, Auriculella 202 expansa, Podocnemis 77 expansilabris mattolensis, Helminthoglypta 231 exquisita, Melanotaenia 107 exquisita, Omphalotropis 127 exquisitus, Coturnicops 43 exsul, Bufo 87 exsul, Psittacula 196 extensa, Menidia 108 extensus, Cottus 109 extincta, Neduba 208 extraneus, Cambarus 156 exulatus, Chilonopsis 204 ezoin, Boninagrion 159 faba, Partula 134 fabalis, Villosa 149 Fabriciana 185 fabula, Pegias 148 facta, Micrarionta 145 Fagolia 127 fahirae, Phoxinellus 97 fairbanksensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 fairburni, Anagotus 173 falcirostris, Sporophila 67 falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 55 Falco 40, 194 falconeri, Capra 27 FALCONIDAE 40, 194 fallai, Deinacrida 163 fallax, Beddomeia 120 falsus, Ameletus 158 familiare, Apalopteron 66 familiaris, Acrocephalus 59 fanalensis, Lauria 132 fanovanae, Newtonia 62 Farula 176 fasciata, Agrotis 209 fasciata, Galidictis 17 fasciata taeniata, Nerodia 228 fasciatus, Brachylophus 79 fasciatus, Lagostrophus 4 fasciatus, Myrmecobius 3 fasciculispina, Rana 90 fascinans, Goniobasis 128 fasciolatus, Mixophyes 89 fastigata, Lamprocystis 139 fastuosa, Tangara 67 fastuosus, Epimachus 71 fatrense, Deroceras 140 255 fausta, Actinella 144 feae, Muntiacus 26 feae, Pierodroma 36 feae, Turdus 4 Felexamia 167 FELIDAE 16, 219 felina, Lutra 17 felipet, Mustela 17 Felis 16, 219 Felovia 31 femoralis, Cinnyricinclus 70 fenderi, Rhyacophila 175 fenderi, Soliperla 165 Fennecus 15 feralis, Micrarionta 145 ferdebueni, Poblana 108 Feresa 20 Ferminia 59 fernandensis, Sephanoides 53 fernandinae, Colaptes 54 ferox, Cryptoprocta 19 ferraria, Leiostyla 132 ferreorostris, Chaunoproctus 197 Ferrissia 130 ferrugineifrons, Bolborhynchus 49 ferrugineus, Deronectes 168 ferrugineus, Phaenomys 30 ferus przewalskii, Equus 221 FERUSSACIIDAE 135, 204 fiber birulai, Castor 225 Fibulacamptus 153 Ficedula 61 ficulnea, Pupilla 132 fidelis minor, Monadenia 231 fidelis pronotis, Monadenia 231 fieldi, Pseudomys 193 filfolensis filfolensis, Podarcis 228 filicicola, Nesorestias 167 filicum, Heteramphus 174 filicum, Leiostyla 132 filosa, Partula 203 filosa, Rhodacmaea 130 fimbriata, Phrynomedusa 88 fischeri, Haplonycteris 8 fischeri, Lepidostoma 176 fisheri, Labeo 96 fisheri, Rana 198 fiskit, Lamprophis 84 Fissuria 121 fitzroyana, Mesodontrachia 142 flagellatus, Stygobromus 155 flagellum ruddock, Masticophis 228 flammea, Hemitremia 96 flammea, Paroreomyza 197 flava, Monardithemis 162 flava, Tilapia 113 flavescens, Varanus 83 flavicans, Foudia 69 flavicauda, Lagothrix 13 flavicauda masakii, Coeliccia 232 flaviceps, Atlapetes 66 flaviceps, Callithrix 11 flaviceps, Rhodacanthis 197 flavifrons, Amblyornis 70 flavifuscus, Puntius 97 flavigula melanotis, Manorina 227 flavigula robinsoni, Martes 220 flavigula, Serinus 69 flavigularis, Lepus 32 flavimaculata, Graptemys 73 flavipes, Malimbus 70 flavipinnis, Noturus 100 flavipinnis, Stupidogobius 115 flavirostris, Humblotia 61 flavirostris, Paradoxornis 62 flavomarginatus, Gopherus 74 flavovirens, Chlorospingus 66 flavus, Agelaius 69 flavus, Brachycercus 158 flavus, Speleomantes 91 flavus, Zosterops 65 fleayi, Mixophyes 89 fleckeri, Euastacus 157 flectocercus, Ixalodectes 163 Fletcherana 186 fletcheri, Lechriodus 89 flexicolumella, Hemistoma 122 flexuosa, Dysnomia 207 florensis, Corvus 71 florentina curtisi, Dysnomia 231 florentina florentina, Dysnomia 232 florentina walkeri, Dysnomia 232 florida, Oxyethira 176 floridalis, Anaea 185 floridana, Ceraclea 177 floridana, Micronaspis 172 floridana smalli, Neotoma 225 floridana, Trigonopelastes 171 floridensis, Asaphomyia 174 fluminensis, Myrmotherula 56 Fluminicola 121 fluvialis, Io 129 fluviatilis, Prinia 63 fluviatilis, Sotalia 21 fluviatillis, Craterocephalus 107 Fluvidona 121, 122 Fluviopupa 122 foliniana, Platyla 119 folkertsi, Hydroporus 168 Fonscochlea 122 fontanus, Galaxias 102 fonticola, Etheostoma 111 Fontigens 122 fontinalis, Cyprinodon 104 fontinalis, Hygrotus 169 foramenus, Turgenitubulus 143 forbesi, Amastra 202 forbesi, Curaeus 69 fordi, Aphodius 171 foremani, Pleurocera 129 formanii, Anculosa 200 Formica 186, 187 FORMICARIIDAE 55 Formicarius 55 FORMICIDAE 186 Formicivora 56 formosa, Amandava 69 formosa, Anas 38 formosa, Anculosa 127 formosa, Cyprinella 95 formosa, Partula 203 formosa, Sitta 64 formosus bartelsi, Myotis 217 formosus hermani, Myotis 217 formosus, Otomops 10 formosus, Scleropages 93 Forpus 49 forresti, Ochotona 32 forstenii, Indotestudo 74 forthensis, Beddomeia 120 fortis, Pacifastacus 157 fosbergi, Opanara 205 fossa, Fossa 19 Fossa 19 Foudia 69, 197 fowleri, Celestus 82 fraenata, Onychogalea 4 fragilis, Omphalotropis 127 fragilis, Samoana 134 fragosa, Quadrula 149 francesae, Skiffia 105 francoisi, Trachypithecus 14 Francolinus 41 franklandensis, Beddomeia 120 Fregata 37 FREGATIDAE 37 Fregilupus 197 freycineti, Myiagra 62 frigatensis, Nysius 166 Fringilla 69 fringillaris, Spizocorys 58 FRINGILLIDAE 69, 197 frisoni, Ceratella 158 frivola, Kusaiea 139 frobesi, Nesithmysus 173 froggatti, Cinetodus 101 fromensis, Beddomeia 120 frontalis, Ateleric 6 frontalis, Sporophila 67 frontalis, Stenella 21 frosti, Neopteryx 8 frosti, Philoria 89 frosti, Serica 171 frugivorus, Calyptophilus 66 fuchsi, Belgrandiella 120 fuchsi, Orcula 133 fuertesi, Hapalopsitiaca 49 fulgens, Achatinella 130 fulgens, Ailurus 18 fulgida, Meda 96 fulgurans, Perdicella 202 Fulica 43, 194 fullawayi, Hedylepta 209 fullerkati, Lampsilis 147 fultoni, Beddomeia 120 fulvescens, Acipenser 93 fulvicrus, Ectemnius 187 fulvorufula adamauae, Redunca 224 fulvorufula chanleri, Redunca 224 fulvum, Heteropoma 126 fulvus albifrons, Eulemur 217 fulvus albocollaris, Eulemur 217 fulvus collaris, Eulemur 217 fulvus fulvus, Eulemur 217 fulvus mayottensis, Eulemur 217 fulvus rufus, Eulemur 217 fulvus sanfordi, Eulemur 217 fumeus, Pseudomys 31 fumosus, Hylomyscus 30 Fundulus 104, 199 funerea, Drepanis 196 funereus, Morimus 173 funicula, Gonospira 136 Funisciurus 28 funium, Torresitrachia 143 furax, Emballonura 9 furcatus, Hemitriccus 57 furcatus, Pseudomugil 108 furcifer, Phaner 10 Furina 84 furiosus, Noturus 100 FURNARIIDAE 55, 227 furnessi, Pentalagus 33 furva, Leptaxis 145 furva, Mogurnda 114 furvum, Pleurobema 148 256 fusca, Alouatia 12 fusca, Aplonis 197 fusca fusca, Alouatia 217 fusca, Himeroconcha 137 fusca, Leiostyla 132 fuscata, Macaca 13 fuscata, Newnhamia 153 fuscata yakui, Macaca 218 fuscicapillus, Philemon 66 fusciceps, Aleles 12 fuscicollis leucogenys, Saguinus 217 fuscipennis, Dicrurus 70 fuscipes riparia, Neotoma 225 fuscobasis, Achatinella 130 Fusconaia 147 fuscopalliata, Brachythemis 162 fuscozonata, Aaadonta 136 fuscus, Eleutherodactylus 88 fuscus, Galaxias 102 fuscus insubricus, Pelobates 229 fuscus, Lamprophis 84 fuscus, Liolaemus 80 fuscus, Notomys 30 fusea, Partula 203 fusiformis, Goniobasis 201 fusoidea, Partulina 131 gabbi, Micrarionta 145 gabbii, Bassaricyon 18 gabela, Prionops 59 gabela, Sheppardia 63 gaigeae, Paratelmatobius 89 gaigeit, Gambusia 105 Galago 11 Galagoides 11 GALAGONIDAE 11 galapagoensis, Buteo 39 Galaxias 102 Galaxiella 102 GALAXIIDAE 102 galbinifrons, Cuora 73 Galbula 54 GALBULIDAE 54 galeata, Ducula 47 galeata, Lemniscia 145 galeatus, Basilornis 70 galeatus, Dryocopus 54 Galemys 7 galericulata, Aix 38 galeritus ‘sanjei’, Cercocebus 218 galeritus galeritus, Cercocebus 218 Galidictis 17 Gallicolumba 47 Gallinago 45 Gallinula 43, 194, 226 Gallirallus 44, 194 galloi, Polyommatus 182 Gallotia 80 galusdae, Cheirodon 99 Gambelia 80 gambianus, Mungos 19 gambieri, Todirhamphus 53 Gambusia 105, 199 gamelia, Euploea 183 GAMMARIDAE 154 gammarus, Homarus 239 Gammarus 154 gammoni, Stenelmis 172 ganesa loomisi, Panchala 235 gangelica, Platanista 23 gangeticus, Gavialis 78 ganteri, Palaemonias 156 gaoligongensis, Ochotona 32 garamantis, Parantica 184 gardineri, Sooglossus 90 garleppi, Papilio 179 garleppi, Poospiza 67 garmani, Characodon 199 garneri, Bythiospeum 121 garnolii, Pelecanoides 36 Garra 95 garretti, Partula 203 garridoi, Capromys 32 Garrulax 61 GASTEROSTEIDAE 109, 230 Gasterosteus 109, 230 Gastrocopta 133, 203 gatliffi, Pernagera 137 gaurus, Bos 26 gautama, Tirumala 184 GAVIALIDAE 78 Gavialis 78 gazella acaciae, Gazella 223 gazella farasani, Gazella 223 gazella, Gazella 28 gazella muscatensis, Gazella 223 Gazella 27, 28, 192, 223 geata, Myosorex 7 geayl, Bedotia 106 geei, Trachypithecus 14 geertsi, Caecobarbus 94 gejiuensi, Nemacheilus 98 GEKKONIDAE 78, 197 gelada, Theropithecus 14 GELECHIIDAE 177 gelida, Hybopsis 96 gemina gafuri, Lethe 235 gemina, Ischnura 159 geminatus, Hylogomphus 161 Geminoropa 137 gemma, Hemistoma 122 genet, Speleomantes 91 genesii, Vertigo 133 genetta isabelae, Genetia 220 Genetia 19, 220 geniculata, Lithasia 129 Genophantis 209 Geocapromys 32, 193 Geochelone 74 Geoclemys 73 Geocrinia 89 Geoemyda 73 geoffrensis, Inia 23 geoffroii, Dasyurus 3 geoffroyi, Ateles 12 geoffroyi, Callithrix 11 Geogale 5 Geomalacus 146 geometricus, Psammobates 75 GEOMETRIDAE 186, 209 Geomitra 144, 206 GEOMYIDAE 29, 225 Geonemertes 117 georgei,Gambusia 199 georgiana, Beloneuria 165 georgiana, Occirhenea 142 georgianum, Pleurobema 148 Georissa 117 Geothlypis 68 GEOTRUPIDAE 170 Gerbillus 29 gerhardti, Goniobasis 128 germaini, Polyplectron 42 Geronticus 37 Gerrhonotus 82 Gerrhosaurus 81 Gerygone 196, 227 geyert, Bythiospeum 121 geyerti, Vertigo 133 gharlapsi, Trochoidea 144 ghigii, Ladigesocypris 96 gibba, Beddomeia 120 gibba, Leiostyla 203 gibba, Partula 134 gibbensis, Rhagada 143 gibberum, Pleurobema 148 gibboni, Diplommatina 118 gibbosus, Breviceps 89 Gibbus 204 giffardi, Ectemnius 187 giffordi, Nesotocus 174 gigantea, Edwardsina 174 gigantea, Geochelone 74 gigantea, Grallaria 56 gigantea, Pseudibis 38 giganteus, Cordylus 81 gigantula, Palaemnema 160 gigas, Arapaima 93 gigas, Branchinecta 152 gigas, Hydrochous 52 gigas, Hydrodamalis 192 gigas, Macroderma 9 gigas, Pangasianodon 100 gigas, Phelsuma 197 gigas, Podilymbus 193 gigas, Strombus 239 gigas, Tachypleus 151 gigas, Thamnophis 84 gigas, Tridacna 150 Gila 95, 96, 198, 229 gilae, Onchorhynchus 103 gilae, Pyrgulopsis 124 gilae, Tryonia 126 gilberti, Kupeornis 61 gilberti, Noturus 100 gilberti, Pingalla 110 gilli, Austroglanis 100 gilli, Xenopus 90 gilliesi, Amanipodagrion 159 gilliesi, Paryphanta 136 gillissi, Percilia 110 giluwensis, Rattus 31 gingica, Arborophila 41 ginkgodens, Mesoplodon 23 giramica, Actinella 144 Girardinichthys 105 Girardinichthys 105 Gitlenbergeri 145 giulianii, Dubiraphia 172 giulianii, Pseudocotalpa 171 glabratum, Heteropoma 126 glabricollis, Cephalopterus 56 glacialis, Eubalaena 19 Glacicavicola 170 GLACIDORBIDAE 129 Glacidorbis 129 gladiator, Malaconotus 59 gladius, Psephurus 93 glandulosus, Pyrgulopsis 124 GLAREOLIDAE 45 Glaresis 171 glassi, Crocidura 6 Glaucidium 51 glaucogularis, Ara 49 Glaucomys 224 Glaucopsyche 209, 234 glaucus, Anodorhynchus 49 257 glauerti, Bothriembryon 134 Glirulus 31 Glischropus 9 Globicephala 20 globiceps, Galaxias 102 globosus, Coelus 172 globulosa, Crax 41 glossema, Carelia 202 Glossogobius 114, 115 Glossolepis 107 GLOSSOSOMATIDAE 175 gloveralleni, Procyon 192 gloveri, Craterocephalus 107 glutinosa, Myxas 129 glyceia, Hemicycla 145 Glyphopsyche 176 Glyphyalinia 140 Glyptophysa 130 Glyptorhagada 141, 142, 231 GNAPHOSIDAE 152 gnou, Connochaetes 27 GOBIIDAE 114 Gobio % Gobiomorphus 113 Gobius 115 godeffroyi, Todirhamphus 53 godefrida, Claravis 46 godetiana, Helix 145 godini, Eriocnemis 52 goedeni, Lepidostoma 176 goeldii, Callimico 11 goeringi, Hemispingus 67 goernert, Knipowitschia 115 goffini, Cacatua 48 goisagi, Gorsachius 37 golandi, Ploceus 70 golgus, Polyommatus 182 goliath, Conraua 90 goliath, Ducula 47 GOMPHIDAE 160, 207, 232 Gomphurus 160, 161 Gomphus 161 gongshanensis, Muntiacus 26 Gongylomorphus 228 Gonidomus 204 goniobasis, Hirasea 205 Goniobasis 128, 129, 200, 201 Goniosaurus 78 Gonocephalus 79 Gonospira 135, 136, 204 gonzalesi, Chrotomys 29 Goodea 105 GOODEIDAE 105, 199, 230 goodfellowi, Dendrolagus 4 gopheri, Copris 171 Gopherus 74 goral bedfordi, Nemorhaedus 223 gordoni, Xiphophorus 106 gorgone, Erebia 184 gorilla beringei, Gorilla 219 gorilla, Gorilla 14 Gorilla 14, 219 gormonti, Renea 119 Gorsachius 37 gossypinus allapaticola, Peromyscus 225 gothei, Brachygalaxias 102 goudoti, Eupleres 19 goughensis, Rowettia 67 gouldi, Astacopsis 157 gouldiae, Chloebia 69 gouldii, Pseudomys 193 Goura 47 gowerensis, Monterissa 117 goyderi, Amytornis 60 gracilior, Fibulacamptus 153 gracilirostris, Chloropeta 60 gracilis, Austromenidia 106 gracilis, Coelus 173 gracilis, Fluviopupa 122 gracilis, Galaxias 102 gracilis, Goodea 105 gracilis, Melanotaenia 107 gracilis, Microgale 5S gracilis, Omphalotropis 127 gracilis, Petaurus 5 gracilis, Troglohyphantes 152 GRACILLARIIDAE 177 GRADUNGULIDAE 152 gradyi, Stygobromus 155 graeca graeca, Testudo 227 Graellsia 186 grahami, Etheostoma 111 Grallaria 56 Grallaricula 56 grammiceps, Stachyris 64 gramnicola, Trichia 143 grampianensis, Fluvidona 122 Grampus 20 grande, Leiolopisma 82 grandidieri, Galidictis 17 grandimanus, Crangonyx 155 grandis, Bradypterus 60 grandis, Epomophorus 8 grandis, Rhabdornis 65 grandisonae, Atelognathus 88 grandituberculatum, Granulomelon 142 granti, Batomys 29 granti, Eremitalpa 6 granulatus, Amychus 172 granulifrons, Ptilinopus 48 Granulomelon 142 Graphium 178, 234 Grapholitha 177 Graptemys 73 Graptodytes 168 graslini, Gomphus 161 grassei, Crocidura 6 gratulabunda, Iglica 200 graueri, Bradypterus 60 graueri, Paracrocidura 7 graueri, Pseudocalyptomena 54 gravenhorstii, Liolaemus 80 gravipes, Dipodomys 29 gravis, Eurapteryx 193 grayi, Mesoplodon 23 graysoni, Mimodes 59 graysoni, Sylvilagus 33 graysoni, Zenaida 48 greenei, Cottus 109 greenii, Ptychobranchus 149 greenwayi, Hannia 110 gregarius, Vanellus 45 grevyi, Equus 24 greyi, Macropus 191 GRIPOPTERYGIDAE 165 grisea, Myrmotherula 56 griseiceps, Basileuterus 68 griseiceps, Myrmeciza 56 griseipectus, Lathrotriccus 57 griseiventris, Taphrolesbia 53 grisescens, Myolis 10 griseus alaotrensis, Hapalemur 217 griseus caspius, Varanus 228 griseus, Dusicyon 15 griseus, Grampus 20 griseus griseus, Hapalemur 217 griseus occidentalis, Hapalemur 217 Gronocarus 171 gronovii, Scelotes 82 grosesmithi, Papilio 179 grossum, Cristilabrum 141 GRUIDAE 43 Grus 43 GRYLLIDAE 164 Grylloblatta 162 GRYLLOBLATTIDAE 162 Gryllotalpa 164 GRYLLOTALPIDAE 164 gryneus sweadneri, Mitoura 235 guamensis, Omphalotropis 127 guamensis, Partula 134 guamensis, Succinea 206 guarouba, Aralinga 49 Gubernatrix 67 guentheri, Christinus 78 guentheri, Phelsuma 78 guentheri, Scelotes 82 guerinianus, Discus 206 guerinii, Truncatella 126 guidoni, Solatopupa 133 guigna, Oncifelis 16 guildingii, Amazona 49 guinasana, Tilapia 113 guineensis, Cornigomphus 160 guiraonis, Barbus 94 gularis, Francolinus 41 Gulella 136, 204 Gulickia 131 gulo, Gulo 17 Gulo 17 gundlachi, Accipiter 39 gundlachi, Capromys 32 gunnii, Perameles 3 gunningi, Amblysomus 5 gunningi, Sheppardia 63 guntheri, Sphenodon 78 gurneyi, Pitta 58 gultata, Zoothera 64 guitatus, Panulirus 239 gullifer, Tringa 46 gutturalis, Saxicola 63 gulturosa, Tilapia 113 gwatkinsii, Martes 17 gyldenstolpei, Isopachys 82 Gyliotrachela 133 Gymnobelideus 5 gymnocephalus, Picathartes 63 Gymnocharacinus 99 Gymnochthebius 170 Gymnocrex 44 Gymnogyps 38 Gymnopholus 174 Gymnostinops 69 Gymnuromys 30 Gyps 39 GYRINIDAE 170 Gyrotoma 201 haasi, Barbus 94 haasi, Cobitis 98 haasi, Nesithmysus 173 habei, Ogasawarana 200 Habroptila 44 habroptilus, Strigops 50 Hacrochlamys 139 haddocki, Rhyacophila 175 hadenoecus, Stygobromus 155 258 Hadra 142 Hadramphus 174, 208 HAEMATOPINIDAE 165 Haematopinus 165 HAEMATOPODIDAE 226 Haematopus 195, 226 haematuropygia, Cacatua 48 haesitatus, Cisticola 60 hageni, Rhinocypha 158 hahajimana, Lamprocystis 139 hahajimana, Mandarina 142 hahajimana, Vitrinula 206 hahneli, Parides 179 Haideoporus 168 hainanus, Lepus 33 halakalae, Nesothauma 167 haleakalae, Ectemnius 187 haleakalae, Neseis 166 halei, Barbus 94 halei, Sicyopterus 115 Haliaeetus 39 HALIPLIDAE 168 Haliplus 168 hallae, Beddomeia 120 halli, Telmatobius 89 hamadryas papio, Papio 218 hamiltoni, Leiopelma_ 88 hamiltoni, Moxostoma 99 hamiltonii, Geoclemys 73 hamlini, Clytorhynchus 60 hamlyni, Cercopithecus 13 hammondi, Thamnophis 84 handlirschi, Acanthorutilus 94 Hannia 110 hansoni, Psilotreta 177 Hansonoperla 165 Hapalemur 10, 217 Hapalopsitiaca 49 haplochrous, Turdus 64 Haplonycteris 8 Haplophaedia 52 harai, Stygobromus 155 Harmogenanina 139, 206 haroldyoungi, Lygosoma 82 haroyi, Aegialia 170 Harpyhaliaetus 39 Harpyopsis 39 harrist, Phalacrocorax 36 harteri paucimaculata, Nerodia 228 harterti, Batrachostomus 51 harterti, Ficedula 61 hart, Rhagada 143 hartlaubi, Otus 51 hartlaubi, Pseudodacnis 67 hartmanniana, Goniobasis 201 hartungi, Caseolus 144 hartwigi, Praomys 30 hartwigi, Trithemis 162 hartwigschuetti, Alzoniella 119 harveyensis, Sinployea 206 harzt, Isophya 163 hasitata caribbaea, Pterodroma 226 hasitata, Plerodroma 36 hatchi, Eanus 172 hatinhensis, Lophura 42 Hauffenia 122 hawaiiensis, Chersodromia 175 hawatiensis, Corvus 71 hawaiiensis, Deinomimesa 187 hawaiiensis, Ithamar 166 hawaiiensis, Kalania 166 hawatiensis, Neritilia 117 hawequensis, Afroedura 78 hayi, Stygobromus 155 haysiana, Dysnomia 207 haysiana, Goniobasis 128 heavisidii, Cephalorhynchus 20 hebardi, Erythroecia 186 hebardi, Vertigo 133 hebe, Partula 134 hectori, Cephalorhynchus 20 hectori, Mesoplodon 23 Hedleya 119 Hedleyoconcha 137 Hedylepta 209, 213 heermanni morroensis, Dipodomys 225 heinertzi, Lacconectus 169 heinrichi, Cossypha 61 heinrothi, Puffinus 36 Helarctos 19 Heleia 65 Heleioporus 89 helena, Chilonopsis 204 helena, Perdicella 132 helenae, Craterocephalus 107 helenae, Hypothymis 61 Helenoconcha 137, 206 Helenodiscus 206 Heleophryne 87 HELEOPHRYNIDAE 87 heliaca, Aquila 39 Heliangelus 52 HELICELLIDAE 144 HELICIDAE 144, 206 heliciformis, Tropidoptera 132 HELICINIDAE 117, 200, 231 Helicodiscus 136 helicogyra, Cincinnatia 121 Heliconius 185, 236 Helicoverpa 210 heliobates, Camarhynchus 66 Heliopais 44 HELIORNITHIDAE 44 Helisoma 130 Helix 145 Helixarion 139 HELIXARIONIDAE 206 hellenicus, Eudontomyzon 93 hellenicus, Pungitius 109 hellmichi, Liolaemus 80 Helminthoglypta 145, 231 HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE 145, 231 Heloderma 82, 83 HELODERMATIDAE 82 helonomus, Allanaspides 153 hembeli, Margaritifera 146 HEMEROBIIDAE 167 Hemiandrus 163 Hemiargus 234 Hemicordulia 161, 232 Hemicycla 145 Hemidaina 163 Hemignathus 68 Hemigrammocapoeta 96 hemionus cerrosensis, Odocoileus 222 hemionus, Equus 24 hemionus hemionus, Equus 221 hemionus hemippus, Equus 221 hemionus khur, Equus 221 hemionus kulan, Equus 221 hemionus luteus, Equus 221 hemionus onager, Equus 221 Hemiphlebia 159 HEMIPHLEBIIDAE 159 HEMIRAMPHIDAE 106 Hemisaga 163 Hemispingus 67 Hemistena 147 Hemistoma 122 Hemitragus 28 Hemitremia 96 Hemitriccus 57 hendersoni, Rhyncogonus 174 hendersoni, Somatogyrus 125 Henicopernis 39 henningi, Poecilmitis 182 henrici, Ficedula 61 Heosemys 73 Hephaestus 110 HEPIALIDAE 177 HEPTAGENIIDAE 158 heptaptychius, Semperdon 138 herbertaxelrodi, Melanotaenia 107 herbertena, Amplirhagada 141 herberti, Stachyris 64 herculeana, Labidura 165 herculeanus, Polposipus 173 hercules, Alcedo 53 hercules glaseri, Dynastes 233 hercules hercules, Dynastes 233 hercules reidi, Dynastes 233 herioti, Cyornis 61 hermanni beettgeri, Testudo hermanni hermanni, Testudo hermanni, Testudo 75 hermansi, Beddomeia 120 hermaphroditus lignicolor, Paradoxurus 220 hermes, Lycaena 181 herminae, Opheodrys 84 herminieri, Leiocephalus 197 HERPESTIDAE 17, 220 Herpsilochmus 56 herret, Puntius 97 Hesperia 177, 233 hespericum, Craspedoma 118 HESPERIIDAE 177, 233 Hesperilla 233 Hetaerina 159 heteracantha, Deinacrida 163 Heteragrion 159 Heteralocha 197 Heteramphus 174 Heterelmis 172 Heterexis 174 heterochir, Gambusia 105 Heterocleon 158 Heterocrossa 177 Heterocyclus 122 heterodon, Alasmidonta 146 heterodon, Leiostyla 203 Heteromirafra 58 HETEROMYIDAE 29, 225 Heteronympha 236 Heteropholis 78 HETEROPNEUSTIDAE 101 Heteropnuestes 101 heteropodus, Stygobromus 155 Heteropoma 126 heteropus, Machiloides 158 heterurus, Phyllodactylus 79 hettitorum, Gobio 96 hewitsonii, Ideopsis 183 hewitli, Heleophryne 87 Hexaprotodon 25, 221 HEXATHELIDAE 151 259 ie) iv oO eo hexodon, Helicodiscus 136 hickmani, Allanaspides 153 hidamontanus, Hynobius 91 hieroglyphicum, Isomma 161 higginsii, Lampsilis 148 hilli, Scortum 110 hilliert, Divellomelon 141 hillii, Argonemertes 117 Himantopus 45 Himeroconcha 137 himeros, Papilio 179 hindei, Beamys 29 hindet, Turdoides 64 hineana, Somatochlora 162 hinkleyt, Somatogyrus 125 hinsbyi, Pleuroxia 143 hiostius, Typhaeus 170 Hippocamelus 26 Hippocampus 109 hippocrepis, Polygyra 140 hippophaes, Hyles 186 HIPPOPOTAMIDAE 25, 221 hippopus, Hippopus 150 Hippopus 150 Hipposideros 9 Hippotragus 192, 223 Hirasea 136, 204, 205 hiraseana, Boninena 133 hirasei, Mandarina 142 hirasei, Ogasawarana 200 hirosei, Mortonagrion 160 hirsutissima, Cytora 119 hirsutus, Bulimulus 135 hirsutus, Hydroporus 169 hirsutus, Lagorchestes 4 hirticeps luteocincta, Perdita 236 HIRUDINIDAE 151 Hirudo 151 HIRUNDINIDAE 58 Hirundo 58 hispanica, Anaecypris 94 hispanica, Valencia 105 hispida botnica, Phoca 220 hispida ladogensis, Phoca 220 hispida saimensis, Phoca 220 hispidus, Caprolagus 32 histrio, Eos 48 histrio, Hyophryne 89 hobbit, Syconycteris 9 hobbsi, Crangonyx 155 hochstetteri, Leiopelma_ 88 hochstetteri, Paryphanta 136 hodgesi, Gomphus 161 hoedtii, Gallicolumba 47 hoesei, Glossogobius 114 hogei, Phrynops 77 Holcobius 172 holochlora brevipes, Aratinga 226 holosericea, Drepanoptila 47 holsingeri, Fontigens 122 holsingeri, Sphalloplana 117 holsti, Parus 64 holsti, Rana 9%) holstonia, Lasmigona 148 holizi, Rana 90 homalonotus, Pachypanchax 103 Homarus 239 hombront, Actenoides 53 homerus, Papilio 179 HOMINIDAE 14, 219 Homoeoneuria 158 Homonota 78 Homopholis 78 Homopus 74 Homoroselaps 83 hongii, Placostylus 135 Hongolua 139 honoluluensis, Apterocychus 170 hookeri, Phocarctos 18 hoolock, Hylobates 14 hopkinsi, Pelomys 30 Hoplocephalus 84 Hoplodactylus 78, 197 hoppingi, Lytta 173 Horaglanis 101 hornbosteli, Lamprocystis 139 horridulum, Cyclophorus 200 horridum, Heloderma 82 hosei, Diplogale 19 hosei, Lagenodelphis 20 hospes, Barbus 94 hospiton, Papilio 179 houstonensis, Bufo 87 hova, Acraea 185 howarthi, Caconemobius 164 howei, Ophiogomphus 161 howeinsulae, Omphalotropis 127 howelli, Sylvisorex 7 howelli, Trox 170 hoyi, Coregonus 102 hozgargantae, Agabus 168 huacahuasicus, Liolaemus 80 huallagae, Aulacorhynchus 54 hubbsi, Coahuilix 121 hubbsi, Lampetra 93 hubbsi, Moxostoma 99 hubbsi, Notropis 96 hubbsi, Novumbra 101 hubbsi, Stygobromus 155 Hubbsina 105 hubrichti, Allocrangonyx 155 hubrichti, Phaeognathus 91 hubrichti, Stenotrema 140 hucho, Hucho 103 Hucho 103 hudsonicus grahamensis, Tamiasciurus 225 hudsonius luteus, Zapus 225 hugeli, Aulopyge 94 Huleechius 233 hulensis, Acanthobrama 198 hullii, Beddomeia 120 humbloti, Ardea 37 Humblotia 61 humedasae, Polyommatus 182 humei, Sphenocichla 64 humerosus, Somatogyrus 125 humiae, Syrmaticus 42 humilis, Hydroporus 169 hungarica, Paladilhia 123 hungerfordi, Brychius 168 Hungerfordia 118 hunteri, Damaliscus 27 hurdi, Cophura 175 hurdi, Metapogon 175 hurtadoi, Gambusia 105 Huso 93 hutchinsi, Kimberleyeleotris 114 huttoni, Lyperobius 174 huttoni, Ptilinopus 48 hyacinthinus, Anodorhynchus 49 hyaena barbara, Hyaena 220 Hyaena 17, 220 HYAENIDAE 17, 220 hyalieioides, Gammarus 154 hyalina, Diplommatina 118 hyalina, Partula 203 hyantis andrewsi, Euchloe 234 hyattiana, Carelia 202 Hybognathus 96 Hybopsis 96 hydaspe conquista, Speyeria 236 Hydaticus 168 hydei, Goniobasis 128 Hydraena 170 HYDRAENIDAE 170 HYDROBATIDAE 36 Hydrobia 122 HYDROBIIDAE 119, 200 HYDROCENIDAE 117 Hydrochara 170 Hydrochous 52 Hydrodamalis 192 Hydromantes 91 HYDROPHIIDAE 84 HYDROPHILIDAE 170 Hydroporus 168, 169 Hydropotes 26 Hydropsyche 208 HYDROPSYCHIDAE 208 Hydroptila 175 HYDROPTILIDAE 175 Hydrosaurus 79 Hydrotarsus 169 Hyetornis 51 HYGROMIIDAE 143 Hygrotus 169, 208 Hyla 87 Hylaeus 213 hylas freyi, Coenagrion 232 Hyles 186 HYLIDAE 87, 229 Hylobates 14 HYLOBATIDAE 14 Hylochoerus 221 hylocrius, Hemitragus 28 Hylocryptus 55 Hylogomphus 161 Hylomyscus 30 Hylonympha 53 Hylorchilus 59 HYNOBIIDAE 91 Hynobius 91 Hyophryne 89 Hypena 210 hyperion, Poecilmitis 182 HYPEROLIIDAE 88 Hyperolius 88 Hyperoodon 23 hyperythra, Brachypteryx 60 hyperythrus, Cnemidophorus 81 Hyphydrus 169 Hypnophila 132 hypochroma, Sporophila 67 Hypodryas 185 Hypogeomys 30 Hypolestes 159 hypoleucos, Falco 40 hypoleucus, Capito 54 hypolia, Hirasea 205 Hypolimnas 185, 236 Hypomesus 101 hypomicrus, Nesophontes 191 hypopolia, Lepidochrysops 209 Hypopyrrhus 69 Hypothymis 61 260 hypoxanthus, Neodrepanis 58 Hypseleotris 113, 114 Hypsipetes 196, 227 Hyridella 150 HYRIIDAE 150 Hysterocarpus 230 hystricelloides, Thaumatodon 136 hystricosus, Euastacus 157 tasonia, Idea 183 ibadanensis, Malimbus 70 Iberocypris 96 iberus, Aphanius 104 Icaricia 234, 235 icarioides missionensis, Icaricia 234 icarioides missionensis, Plebejus 235 icarioides moroensis, Icaricia 235 icarioides pheres, Icaricia 235 ichikawai, Coreobagrus 100 ICTALURIDAE 100 Ictalurus 100 ICTERIDAE 69, 197 icterotis, Ognorhynchus 50 Icterus 69 idaeoides, Graphium 178 idahoensis, Brachylagus 32 idahoensis idahoensis, Oreohelix 231 idahoensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 idalia, Speyeria 185 Idea 183 identatus, Stygobromus 155 Ideopsis 183 Idiomela 145 Idiostatus 163 idola, Donacia 173 Iglica 200 ignita, Lophura 42 Iguana 80 IGUANIDAE 79, 197, 228 Iguanognathus 84 iheringi, Formicivora 56 ikei, Maccullochella 109 tlicifolia, Phyllodesma 186 iliensis, Ochotona 32 illidgei, Acrodipsas 180 imatata, Phreatodrobia 123 imbellis, Ammodillus 29 imberbis, Muriculus 30 imbricata, Eretmochelys 76 imbricata, Meladema 169 imbriferna, Tilapia 113 imeldae, Notropis %% imitator, Accipiter 39 imitator, Tryonia 126 imitratix, Lampedusa 134 immaculata, Deloneura 209 immaculata, Eremarionta 145 impar, Delma 79 impennis, Alca 195 imperator imperator, Saguinus 217 imperfecta, Caldwellia 138 imperforata, Partula 203 imperialis, Amazona 49 imperialis, Campephilus 54 imperialis, Lophura 42 imperialis, Microcreagris 152 imperialis, Speleomantes 91 imperialis, Teinopalpus 180 Imperturbatia 136 implicata, Harmogenanina 139 impressa, Goniobasis 201 impressa, Manouria 75 imula, Arubolana 154 Incaspiza 67 incisa, Paramiella 118 incisus, Glossolepis 107 incurvata, Somatochlora 162 incurvatus alleghaniensis, Ophiogomphus 232 incurvatus, Ophiogomphus 161 indica, Cylindraspis 197 indica dealbata, Ratufa 224 indica elphinstoni, Ratufa 224 indica, Eupodotis 44 INDICATORIDAE 54 indicus, Melanobatrachus 89 indicus, Tapirus 25 indigo, Peripatoides 188 indioensis cathedralis, Eremarionta 231 Indolestes 159 Indopacetus 23 Indotestudo 74 indri, Indri 11 Indri 11 INDRIDAE 11 inepta, Cylindraspis 197 inermis, Hydropotes 26 inermis, Nematogenys 101 inexpectata, Torreornis 68 inexspectata, Tyto 51 infernale, Ophisternon 109 infernalis, Styx 182 infirma, Assiminea 126 inflata, Beddomeia 120 inflata, Trochidrobia 125 inflatula, Diplommatina 118 inflatus, Potamilus 149 infuscata, Synallaxis 55 infuscatus, Henicopernis 39 ingens, Dipodomys 29 ingens, Macrotarsomys 30 ingrahami, Geocapromys 32 Inia 23 innesi, Omphalotropis 127 innotata, Aythya 38 inopinata, Thaumatoneura 159 inopinata, Westraltrachia 143 inornata, Bitis 85 inornata, Columba 46 inornata, Lophura 42 inornata, Uma 80 inornatus, Epicrates 83 inornatus psammophilus, Perognathus 225 insculpta, Carettochelys 76 inseperata, Lytta 173 insignis, Ardea 37 insignis, Hirasea 136 insignis, Polamonectes 169 insignis, Saxicola 63 insignis, Zenkerella 31 insolita, Newnhamia 153 insonus, Sylvilagus 33 Insuetophrymus 89 insulanus, Psacadonotus 164 insularis, Barkudia 81 insularis, Boninthemis 162 insularis, Bothrops 85 insularis, Eupsophus 88 insularis, Gerygone 196 insularis, Junco 67 insularis, Lepus 33 insularis, Macroperipatus 187 insularis, Nesidiolestes 166 insularis, Procyon 18 insularis, Pteropus 8& insulata, Sporophila 67 insulatus, Platymantis 90 Insulivitrina 140 intercisa, Xerarionta 146 interioris, Lucania 104 intermedia, Bythinella 200 intermedia, Callithrix 12 intermedia, Gila 95 Intermedia ijimai, Leucorrhinia 233 intermedia, Psittacula 50 intermedia, Quadrula 149 intermedius, Crocodylus 78 intermedius, Glossogobius 114 intermedius, Micropteropus 8 Internigrans, Perisoreus 71 interrupta, Goniobasis 128 interstitialis, Speocirolana 154 interveniens, Goniobasis 128 intricatus, Carabus 168 inunguis, Trichechus 24 inustus, Dendrolagus 4 inutilis, Hemicycla 145 Io 129 lodopleura 56 Tolaus 234 Totichthys 9% toxantha, Fletcherana 186 iphis, Pomarea 63 iphitas, Eurytides 178 Iranocypris 96 irena, Miramella 164 irene, Poecilmitis 182 ireneae, Olus 51 iridescens, Amphorella 204 iriomotensis, Chlorogomphus 161 iris, Amblysomus 6 iris, Melanotaenia 107 irregularis, Aaadonta 136 irregularis, Cycloptilum 164 irridescens, Leyuana 209 irvineanus, Bothriembryon 134 irvingi, Cesonia 152 irwint, Percilla 110 isabelae, Graellsia 186 isabellae, Oriolus 70 isarogensis, Rhynchomys 31 Ischnura 159 ishidai, Macromia 161 ishigakiana ishigakiana, Planaeschna 232 ishigakiana nagaminei, Planaeschna 232 ishikawae, Rana 90 ishikawai, Onchorhynchus 103 isletae, Napaeus 133 tsolata, Jardinella 122 isolatum, Cristilabrum 141 tsolatum, Tasmanoplectron 163 isolatus, Pyrgulopsis 124 Isolobodon 193 Isomma 161 Isonychia 158 Isoodon 3 Isopachys 82 Isophya 163 isseli, Pelomys 30 italowiana, Pleuroxia 143 iteratus, Mixophyes 89 ithaginis, Dorcus 170 Ithamar 166 ITHONIDAE 167 Itodacnus 213 ivelli, Edwardsia 117 261 twame, Onchorhynchus 103 twasakii, Pareas 84 Ixalodectes 163 Lxobrychus 194 Ixos 59 tzecksohni, Hyla 87 Jabouilleia 61 Jacamaralcyon 54 Jacksonena 142 jacksonense, Helisoma 130 Jacksoni, Bdeogale 17 Jacksoni, Steatomys 31 Jacksoni, Taenioides 115 jacobi, Bulimulus 135 Jacobita, Oreailurus 16 Jacutinga, Pipile 41 Jaegeri, Anetia 183 Jagara, Euastacus 157 Jamaicensis, Plicatoperipatus 187 Jamesae, Beloneuria 165 jamesi classensi, Lepidochrysops 235 Jamesi jamesi, Lepidochrysops 235 jJamoerensis, Varia 110 Janaslini, Glyptorhagada 142 janetta, Bathyergus 31 japonensis, Grus 43 Japonica, Luehdorfia 178 Japonicus, Andrias 91 japonicus, Glirulus 31 japonicus, Salvelinus 103 Jardinella 122 Jarutanini, Schistura 98 jaspert, Eleutherodactylus 88 Jasus 239 Javanicus, Bos 26 Javanicus, Lacconectus 169 javanicus, Leptoptilos 37 Javanus, Glischropus 9 Javensis, Megalaima 54 Jayakari, Hemitragus 28 Jayana, Lithasia 129 Jayensis, Elliptio 147 jJeanae, Kiwaia 177 Jeanneae, Discoglossus 87 Jeeba, Phasmodes 164 Jeffersoni, Orconectes 156 Jefferyi, Lepidochrysops 181 Jeffery, Pithecophaga 40 jemezanus, Notropis 96 jemlahicus, Hemitragus 28 Jenkinsi, Percina 112 Jentinkt, Cephalophus 27 Jerdoni, Paradoxurus 19 jesseana, Libellula 162 Jesswiseae, Jardinella 122 Jewetti, Farula 176 Johannae, Coregonus 199 johannis, Carduelis 69 Johnii, Trachypithecus 14 Johnstoni, Galaxias 102 johnstoni, Genetta 19 Joiceya 181 Jokajdon 137 jollyi, Daphnia 152 Jonesi, Goniobasis 201 Jonesi, Ptychobranchus 149 Jonesianus, Mesodon 140 Jjonklaasi, Lepidocephalichthys 98 Jonklaasi, Sicyopus 115 Jophon, Atrophaneura 178 Jordani, Papilio 179 Josephi, Tyrrheniella 145 jouyi, Columba 195 jubatus, Acerodon 7 jubatus, Acinonyx 16 jubatus, Eumetopias 18 jubatus, Rhynochetos 44 jubatus venaticus, Acinonyx 219 juddii, Achatinella 201 jugalis, Oreohelix 138 jugorum, Megalagrion 207 julianae, Amblysomus 6 julisia, Fundulus 104 jullieni, Probarbus 97 juncea, Achatinella 201 Junco 67 jungermanniae, Pasmaditta 137 junoniae, Columba 46 junori, Eleutherodactylus 88 Juscelinomys 30 juvenisanguis, Moilessieria 123 kaaeana, Partulina 131 kaapori, Cebus 12 kaboboensis, Apalis 60 kabutarae, Hoplodactylus 78 kachuga, Kachuga 73 Kachuga 73,74 kaempferi, Hemitriccus 57 kahuziensis, Dendromus 29 kailolae, Craterocephalus 107 kalalauensis, Carelia 202 Kalania 166 kalawatseti, Oregonichthys 97 kalimna, Zonocypretia 153 kalinowskii, Nothoprocta 35 kanabense, Oxyloma 138 kanawhae, Etheostoma 111 kaplani, Aloeides 180 kaplani, Poecilmitis 182 kaplani, Thestor 182 kaputarensis, Cralopa 137 karamojae, Apalis 60 karKloof capensis, Charaxes 236 karlschmidtii, Eleutherodactylus 88 Karocolens 174 karokorum, Vespericola 141 kasneri, Scelotes 82 katalo, Puntius 98 Katechonemertes 117 kauaiensis, Nesomimesa 187 kauaiensis, Nesotocus 174 Kawanphila 163 kaznakovi, Vipera 85 keayi, Gallicolumba 47 Kedestes 177, 233 kelsoensis, Ammopelmatus 163 kelsoensis, Macrobaenetes 163 kemali, Hemigrammocapoeta 96 kempi, Pedostibes 87 kempii, Lepidochelys 76 kempseyensis, Rhophodon 137 Kenkia 117 KENKIIDAE 117, 199 Kerivoula 191 kerri, Agrotis 210 kerriae, Crypturellus 35 kerschneri, Hauffenia 122 kershawi, Beddomeia 120 kessneri, Beddomeia 120 Ketupa 51 KHULTIDAE 110 kiang holderi, Equus 221 Kiang kiang, Equus 221 kiang polyodon, Equus 221 kibalensis, Zoothera 64 kieneri, Paretroplus 112 kieneri, Teramulus 108 kikuzatoi, Opisthotropis 84 kiliani, Cheirodon 99 kilusa, Apaturopsis 185 Kimberleyeleotris 114 kimberleyensis, Barbus 94 kimberleyensis, Hypseleotris 114 kimberleyensis, Syncomistes 110 Kimboraga 142 Kimminsoperla 165 kinabaluensis, Spilornis 40 kingi, Cylindrovertilla 133 kinlochi, Aaadonta 136 KINOSTERNIDAE 73 Kinosternon 73 kintorei, Egernia 81 kirbyi, Parantica 184 kirtlandii, Dendroica 68 kishinouyei, Eumeces 82 kitae, Neotrichia 176 kitaiwojimanum, Elasmias 131 Kiunga 107 kivuana, Crocidura 6 Kiwaia 177 kiyi, Coregonus 102 kiyokoae, Kondoraphe 118 klagesi, Parides 179 klassika, Ideopsis 183 klatti, Tylognathus 98 kleinmanni, Testudo 75 kleinschmidti, Erythrura 69 klemmi, Pseudamnicola 123 klossii, Hylobates 14 Knipowitschia 115 knudseni, Carelia 202 koarana, Ruatara 205 Kobus 28, 223 kochi, Pitta 58 kocinus, Ramiheithrus 177 koepckeae, Cacicus 69 Kogia 22 kohchangae, Rana 90 KOKIRIIDAE 176 kollari, Synallaxis 55 koloana, Spelasorchestia 155 Komarekiona 151 KOMAREKIONIDAE 151 komenskyi, Belgrandiella 120 komodoensis, Varanus 83 kona, Chloridops 196 Kondoa 139 Kondoconcha 205 kondoi, Paramiella 118 Kondoraphe 118 kondorum, Hongolua 139 kondorum, Kondoa 139 Konia 112 koolanensis, Kimboraga 142 kooringensis, Glyptorhagada 142 koratense, Lygosoma 82 kororensis, Semperdon 138 koslowi, Ochotona 32 Kosswigichthys 105 kosteri, Tryonia 126 kraemeri, Spilocuscus 3 krefftii, Lasiorhinus 3 kretseri, Malpulutta 115 krishnai, Horaglanis 101 krueperi devia, Pieris 234 krumholzi, Gambusia 105 262 kruyti, Adrianichthys 106 krybetes, Beddomeia 120 kubaryi, Corvus 71 kubaryi, Kubaryiellus 137 kubaryi, Palaina 118 Kubaryia 126 Kubaryiellus 137 kubokaiya, Macromia 161 kuehni, Myzomela 66 kuehni, Zosterops 65 kuekenthali, Parantica 184 kuesteri, Trochomorpha 140 kuhli, Callithrix 12 Kuhlia 110 kuhlii, Axis 25 kuhlii, Vini_ 48 kuhlmanni, Liolaemus 80 kuhni, Libertictis 17 kuhnsi, Perdicella 132 kunigamiensis, Oligoaeschna 160 Kunsia 30 Kupea 185 kupeensis, Telophorus 59 Kupeornis 61 kuroiwae, Goniosaurus 78 Kusaiea 139 kusaieana, Sinployea 138 kuschei, Nesosydne 167 kusnotoi, Megaerops 8 kutikina, Phrantela 123 Labeo 96 labialis, Austrelaps 84 labialis, Delma 79 Labidura 165 LABIDURIDAE 165 labiosa, Paratherina 108 labiosus, Cyprinodon 104 labradorius, Camptorhynchus 194 labridens, Cichlasoma 112 labrusca, Partula 134 Lacconectus 169 laccophiloides, Lacconectus 169 lacera, Lagochila 198 lacernulata, Leucopternis 39 Lacerta 81 LACERTIDAE 80, 228 lacertosa, Woodfordia 65 lacheineri, Belgrandiella 120 lachneri, Noturus 100 laciniosa, Actinella 144 lacon, Euploea 183 lacus-coerulei, Tasmanophlebia 158 lacustra, Capnia 165 Lacustrelix 142 lacustris, Craterocephalus 107 lacustris, Melanotaenia 107 lacustris, Paranaspides 153 lacustris, Taskropsyche 176 ladigesi, Telmatherina 109 Ladigesocypris 96 Ladronellum 137 laeta, Goniobasis 201 laetissima, Ptychodon 205 laevigata, Georissa 117 laevigata, Leiostyla 132 laevigata, Omphalotropis 127 laeviusculus, Oclandius 174 lafresnayanus, Gallirallus 194 lafresnayanus, Gallirallus 44 Lagenodelphis 20 Lagenorhynchus 20, 21 Lagochila 198 Lagorchestes 4, 191 Lagostrophus 4 lagothricha, Lagothrix 13 Lagothrix 13, 218 lagotis, Macrotis 3 lagotricha lugens, Lagothrix 218 laidlawi, Epiophlebia 160 lakedownensis, Leggadina 30 lamellata, Diplommatina 118 lamellicosta, Taheitia 126 Lamellidea 131, 202 lamellosa, Leiostyla 203 Laminella 132 lamlanensis, Himeroconcha 137 LAMNIDAE 93 Lamnifera 134 lamottei, Micropotamogale 5 Lampadia 145 Lampedusa 134 Lampetra 93, 198, 229 Lamprocystis 139 lamproides, Rhytida 136 lampropeltis, Erpetogomphus 160 Lamprophis 84 Lampsilis 147, 148 LAMPYRIDAE 172, 233 lanaiensis, Drosophila 208 lanaiensis, Myadestes 62 lanaiensis, Oliarus 166 lanaoensis, Puntius 98 lancelini, Ctenotus 81 lanceolata, Elliptio 147 lanceolatus, Potamonectes 169 LANCIDAE 129 langbianis, Crocias 61 langei, Hyla 87 langei, Onchobarus 174 langfordi, Partula 134 langi, Pseudocordylus 81 langstoni langstoni, Shijimiaeoides 235 Laniarius 59 laniger, Avahi 11 lanigera, Chinchilla 31 LANIIDAE 59 Lantisoma 227 lanio, Meladema 169 lanioides, Lipaugus 57 Lanius 59 lanosa, Crocidura 6 Lanx 129 lanyoni, Phylloscartes 57 lanzai, Salamandra 92 laperouse, Megapodius 40 lapicida, Mordacia 93 lapponicus disjunctus, Dytiscus 233 laricis, Oecanthus 164 LARIDAE 46, 195 larselli, Plethodon 91 Larus 46 larvatus, Nasalis 14 laseroni, Georissa 117 LASIOCAMPIDAE 186 Lasiorhinus 3 Lasiurus 217 lasius, Bassaricyon 18 Lasmigona 148 lata, Hemistena 147 latastei, Rana 90 latens, Spirorbula 145 lateralis, Characodon 105 lateralis euryxanthus, Masticophis 228 lateralis, Petrogale 4 lateralis, Rheocles 108 Laterallus 44 latesignata obliviosa, Cicindela 233 Lathrotriccus 57 Laticauda 84 laticincta, Platysteira 63 laticosta, Omphalotropis 127 Latidens 8 latifasciata, Euploea 183 latifasciatus, Cyprinodon 199 latifii, Vipera 85 latifrons, Mugilogobius 115 latilabris, Omphalotropis 127 latimaculata, Rhinocypha 159 Latimeria 116 LATIMERIIDAE 116 latipes, Borbonibis 194 latipunctata, Poecilia 105 latissimus, Dyliscus 168 latona, Crocidura 6 latos concayus, Empetrichthys 230 latos latos, Empetrichthys 230 latos pahrump, Empetrichthys 230 latro, Birgus 157 laucaensis, Orestias 105 laucaensis, Trichomycterus 101 launcestonensis, Anoglypta 136 launcestonensis, Beddomeia 120 Lauria 132 laurina, Ningbingia 142 laurinea, Leiostyla 132 lawrencei, Cordylus 81 layardii, Mesoplodon 23 laysanensis, Agrotis 210 laysanensis, Hedylepta 209 laysanensis, Hypena 210 laysanensis, Oedemasylus 208 leacockiana, Discula 144 leadbeateri, Gymnobelideus 5 leahi, Genophantis 209 leaht, Nesosydne 167 leai cheatumi, Stenotrema 231 leari, Anodorhynchus 49 leche, Kobus 28 leche robertsi, Kobus 223 Lechriodus 89 ledanti, Sitta 65 Lednia 165 leechi, Chaetarthria 170 leechi, Hydroporus 169 lefevrei, Dysnomia 207 legatus, Diplothrix 29 legendrei, Ratsirakia 114 Leggadina 30 leguati, Aphanapteryx 194 Leguminaia 148 lehutensis, Achatinella 201 leichhardti, Scleropages 93 Leimacomys 192 Leiocassis 100 Leiocephalus 197 LEIODIDAE 170 Leiolopisma 82, 197 Leiopelma 88 LEIOPELMATIDAE 88 leiopomus, Coltus 109 Leiopotherapon 110 Leiostyla 132, 203 Leipoa 40 Lemiox 148 lemmeri, Lithophane 186 lemmingti, Chondrostoma 95 263 lemmingii, Rutilus 98 lemniscatus, Liolaemus 80 Lemniscia 145 Lemniscomys 30 lemosi, Cypseloides 52 lemur, Pellophryne 87 Lemur 10 LEMURIDAE 10, 217 lemurinus griseimembra, Aotos 217 lendu, Muscicapa 62 lenior, Dysnomia 207 lenticula, Percina 112 lentiginosus, Craterocephalus 107 leo persica, Panthera 219 leonard montana, Hesperia 233 leonardi, Anomochilus 83 leonardi, Austrocordulia 161 leonina, Peripatopsis 188 leoninum, Argiagrion 159 Leontopithecus 12 leopardina, Helixarion 139 leopardinus, Liolaemus 80 Leopardus 16 leopoldi, Catostomus 99 lepida, Leptachatina 132 Lepidocephalichthys 98 Lepidochelys 76 Lepidochrysops 181, 209, 235 lepidodactylus, Procambarus 157 Lepidodactylus 78 Lepidogalaxias 101 LEPIDOGALAXIIDAE 101, 176 Lepidomeda 96, 198, 229 Lepidopyga 53 Lepidostoma 176 Lepilemur 10, 11 Lepomis 230 LEPORIDAE 32, 226 leporides, Lagorchestes 191 Leporillus 30, 192 leprosa, Canariella 144 Leptachatina 132 leptalea, Helenoconcha 206 Leptasthenura 55 Leptaxis 145 Leptobotia 98 LEPTOCERIDAE 177, 209 leptoceros, Gazella 28 leptochila, Partula 203 LEPTODACTYLIDAE 88 Leptodactylus 89 Leptodea 148 leptodemas, Megalagrion 159 leptodon, Leptodea 148 Leptogomphus 161 Leptogryllus 164 Leptoneta 152 LEPTONETIDAE 152 Leptonycteris 9 Leptopelis 88 Leptoperla 165 Leptoptilos 37 Leptositiaca 49 leptosomus, Brachypleracias 54 leptostictus, Caseolus 144 Leptotila 47 Lepus 32, 33 Lepyrium 122 Lerista 82 lermaense, Ambystoma 9\ lervia, Ammotragus 26 wv i) i) lervia ornatus, Ammotragus LESTIDAE 159 lesueur, Bettongia 4 lesueuri, Litoria 87 letha, Austroassiminea 126 Lethe 184, 235 letholepis, Poblana 108 letitiae, Popelairia 53 Leto 177 Letomola 137 letourneuxi, Valencia 105 leucas, Delphinapterus 22 Leuchocharis 135 leucichthys leucichthys, Stenodus 230 Leuciscus 96 leucocephala, Oxyura 38 leucochrysella, Coleophora 209 leucogeranus, Grus 43 leucolepis, Phyllastrephus 59 Leucopeza 68 leucophaeus, Collocalia 52 leucophaeus, Hippotragus 192 leucophaeus, Mandrillus 14 leucophoeus, Speirops 65 leucophthalmus, Larus 46 leucopogonis, Ceriferella 167 Leucopsar 70 leucoptera, Prosobonia 195 Leucopternis 39, 40 leucopterus, Pteropus 8 leucopus, Lepilemur 10 leucopus, Saguinus 12 leucorrhaphe, Achatinella 130 Leucorrhinia 162, 233 leucoryphus, Haliaeetus 39 leucoryphus, Platyrinchus 57 leucoryx, Oryx 28 leucotaenia, Papilio 179 leucothoe, Partula 134 Leuctra 165 LEUCTRIDAE 165 leucura, Macrotis 191 leukops, Rheodytes 77 leuraensis, Eulamprus 82 levassori, Graphium 178 levilineata, Partula 203 levistriata, Partula 203 levraudi, Laterallus 44 Levuana 209 Lewinia 44 lewisi, Prodontria 171 lewisti, Gyrotoma 201 lewisii?, Dysnomia 207 lewyana, Podocnemis 77 Lexingtonia 148 leytensis, Heosemys 73 lhoesti, Cercopithecus 13 Thuysii, Lophophorus 41 Liardetia 139 LIAREIDAE 119 Libellula 162 LIBELLULIDAE 162, 207, 232 Libellulosoma 161 Libera 205 liberatus, Laniarius 59 liberiensis, Brachythemis 162 liberiensis heslopi, Hexaprotodon 221 liberiensis, Hexaprotodon 25 Liberiictis 17 Libythea 209 LIBYTHEIDAE 209 lichenifer, Gymnopholus 174 lichenigera, Pseudemoia 82 Lichmera 66 Lichnanthe 171 liemi, Taudactylus 90 lievreana, Westraltrachia 143 ligata, Anculosa 200 lignaria, Paryphanta 136 lihue, Oliarus 167 lila, Achatinella 130 lilfordi, Podarcis 81 lilliae, Lepidopyga 53 lima, Fundulus 104 lima, Lithasia 129 LIMACIDAE 140 limbata albissima, Cicindela 233 limbatus, Rhantus 169 Limnebius 170 LIMNEPHILIDAE 176 Limnephilus 176 Limnocythere 153 LIMNOCYTHERIDAE 153 Limnodromus 45 Limnogale 5 LIMULIDAE 151 Limulus 151 lindong, Puntius 98 linearis, Macrancylus 208 lineata, Mogurnda 114 lineata pinguicolla, Tympanocryplis 228 lineata, Rhyacophila 175 lineata, Stenopsychodes 176 lineatus, Acanthiops 81 lineolata euzieriana, Macrogastra 231 lineolata, Moitessieria 123 lineolatus, Hacrochlamys 139 linnellii, Sarotherodon 113 linophora, Harmogenanina 206 lintneri, Williamsonia 162 LINYPHIIDAE 152 Liobagrus 100 Liocichla 61 Liolaemus 80 Liophis 84 Lioplax 119 liorus liorus, Chasmistes 230 liorus mictus, Chasmistes 230 Lipaugus 57 Lipotes 23 lira, Antrolana 154 lirata, Anculosa 200 lirata, Carelia 202 Lirceus 154 Lissodelphis 21 Lissodelphis 21 listeri, Lepidodactylus 78 Lithasia 129 Lithoglyphus 200 Lithophane 186 Litoria 87, 88 Litthabitella 122 littoralis, Formicivora 56 littoralis, Lepidochrysops 181 littoralis, Urocyon 15 livida, Achatinella 201 lividus, Carunculina 146 lividus, Paracentrotus 239 livingstonei, Pleropus 8 Liza 113 lizardensis, Theskelomensor 137 lobata, Campephaga 58 Lobaunia 122 lobipennis, Pseudopsectra 167 locardi, Moitessieria 123 264 lodderae, Beddomeia 120 Loddigesia 53 Loentipes 115 loewensteini, Lepidochrysops 181 lohbergeri, Sarotherodon 113 lomii, Typhlosaurus 82 longianalis, Bedotia 106 longicaudata, Microgale 5 longicaudatus, Myosorex 7 longicaudatus, Notomys 192 longicaudatus, Spelaeornis 64 longicaudis longicaudis, Lutra 220 longimembris brevinasus, Perognathus 225 longipennis, Neduba 164 longipes, Canthocamptus 153 longipes, Crocidura 6 longipes, Nesosydne 167 longipes, Potorous 4 longipes, Stygobromus 155 longipes, Xenicus 58 longipinnis, Acheilognathus 94 longirostra, Rukia 65 longirostris, Dasyornis 61 longirostris, Stenella 22 longispinis, Gambusia 105 longistyla, Congothemis 162 loochoensis, Pteropus 191 Lophophorus 41, 42 "Lophopsittacus’ 195 Lophopsittacus 195 Lophornis 53 Lophura 42 Lophuromys 30 lorata, Achatinella 130 lorenzmuelleri, Liolaemus 80 Loriculus 49 LORIDAE 11 LORIIDAE 48, 195 Lorius 48 lotana, Lepidochrysops 181 Lottia 199 LOTTIIDAE 199 lowei, Pseudocampylaea 206 lowei, Sheppardia 63 loweryi, Xenoglaux 51 Loxioides 68 Loxodonta 24 Loxops 68 loyaltiensis, Aspastus 204 Lucania 104 LUCANIDAE 170 luchti, Atrophaneura 178 luciae, Amazilia 52 luciae, Liza 113 luciae, Megalomys 192 luciana, Urothemis 162 lucidus, Hemignathus 68 lucifer, Acerodon 191 lucifer, Hemisaga 163 Lucifuga 103 lucifugus, Stygobromus 207 lucina, Crocidura 6 lucius, Ptychocheilus 97 luckmanii, Planilaoma 137 luconensis, Prioniturus 50 ludia, Crocidura 6 ludlowi, Bhutanitis 178 Luehdorfia 178 lugens, Haplophaedia 52 lugoi, Mexipyrgus 123 lugubris, Formica 187 luhuana, Mandarina 206 luizae, Asthenes 55 lullulae, Phalanger 3 lulua, Iolaus 180 lumbee, Semotilus 98 lunaris, Dirce 186 lunata, Onychogalea 191 lunatus korrigum, Damaliscus 223 lupus, Canis 15 lupus, Ictalurus 100 luschani, Mertensiella 92 Luscinia 61 lusitanica, Chioglossa 92 lusitanicum, Chondrostoma 95 lutaria, Brazieria 139 lutea, Diplommatina 118 lutea, Partula 203 luteirostris, Zosterops 66 luteofusca, Cupedora 141 luteovinctum, Etheostoma 111 lutescens, Aloeides 180 LUTODRILIDAE 151 Lutodrilus 151 lutosus, Polyborus 194 lutra lutra, Lutra 220 Lutra 17, 220 lutreola, Mustela 18 lutreolina, Mustela 18 lutzae, Liolaemus 80 luxatus, Deltistes 99 luzonensis, Archboldomys 29 luzonensis, Mistichthys 115 lyalli, Xenicus 196 Lycaeides 235 Lycaena 181, 235 LYCAENIDAE 180, 209, 234 Lycaon 15 lycodus, Bulimulus 135 Lycosa 152 LYCOSIDAE 152 lyelliana, Discula 206 LYGAEIDAE 166 lygdamus palosverdesensis, Glaucopsyche 234 Lygodactylus 78 Lygosoma 82 lymani, Carelia 202 LYMNAEIDAE 129 lyncurium, Poecilmitis 182 lyndseyae, Poecilmitis 182 lynnae, Gomphurus 160 Lynx 16 lyonetianus, Gibbus 204 lyonnetianum, Craspedoma 118 Lyperobius 174 Lyriothemis 162 Lyropupa 203 lysithous harrisianus, Eurytides 234 Lytta 173 Macaca 13, 218, 239 macaco, Eulemur 10 macaco flavifrons, Eulemur 217 macaco macaco, Eulemur 217 macclintock, Discus 138 Maccullochella 109, 110 macdonaldi, Totoaba 112 macdonaldii, Notopteris 8 macelfreshi, Driloleirus 151 macgillivrayi, Plerodroma 36 macgregori, Cyclodina 81 machadoi, Insulivitrina 140 machiki, Zoothera 64 MACHILIDAE 158 Machiloides 158 mackayi, Anomalopus 81 mackenziei, Stygobromus 155 maclareni, Pungu 113 macleari, Rattus 193 macleayi, Dorcopsulus 4 macleayi, Hedleya 119 macleayi, Sphaerospira 143 Macquaria 110 macquariensis, Maccullochella 109 Macrancylus 208 Macrobaenetes 163 macrocephala, Acanthochelys 77 macrocephala, Percina 112 Macrocephalon 40 macrocerca, Hylonympha 53 Macroclemys 73 macrodactyla, Oceanodroma 36 macrodactylum croceum, Ambystoma 229 Macroderma 9 macrodon, Onychogomphus 161 Macrodontia 173 Macrogalidia 19 Macrogastra 231 Macrognathus 109 macrolepidotus, Pogonichthys 97 macrolepis, Cyprinodon 104 macrolepis, Leiopotherapon 110 Macromia 161 Macroperipatus 187 macropoda, Caecidotea 154 MACROPODIDAE 4, 191 macrops, Breviceps 89 macrops, Nothomyrmecia 187 macropterus, Vanellus 45 Macropus 4, 191 macrorhyncha, Saxicola 63 macrorhynchus, Globicephala 20 MACROSCELIDIDAE 33, 226 Macroscincus 197 Macrosphenus 62 macrostoma, Lampetra 93 macrostoma, Muticaria 134 macrostomus, Batrachophrynus 88 Macrotarsomys 30 Macrothele 151 macrotis, Notomys 192 Macrotis 3, 191 macroura, Thripophaga 55 MACROVELIIDAE 166 Macruromys 30 macularius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 maculata, Allotoca 105 maculata, Colinga 56 maculata, Denisonia 84 maculata, Paroreomyza 68 maculatum, Etheostoma 111 maculatus, Callopistes 81 maculatus, Paretroplus 113 maculatus, Sandracottus 170 Maculinea 181, 235 maculosus, Caprimulgus 51 maculosus, Geomalacus 146 maculosus, Glossolepis 107 maculosus, Stallingsia 178 mada, Prioniturus 50 madagascariensis, Acrantophis 83 madagascariensis, Astacoides 157 madagascariensis, Bedotia 106 madagascariensis, Daubentonia 11 madagascariensis, Erymnochelys 77 265 madagascariensis, Euxanthe 185 madagascariensis, Pantanodon 105 madagascariensis, Sanzinia 83 Madanga 65 madeira, Pterodroma 36 maderensis, Disculella 144 madgei, Colparion 206 Madoqua 28 magambae, Cymothoe 185 magazinensis, Mesodon 140 magentae, Pterodroma 36 maghrebi, Gerbillus 29 Magicicada 167 magicus albiventris, Otus 227 magicus insularis, Otus 227 magna, Sitla 65 magnidenta, Cryptomastix 140 magnifica, Aegialia 171 magnifica, Planorbella 130 magnifica, Tulotoma 119 magnificus, Gorsachius 37 magnirostris hypoxantha, Gerygone 227 magou, Euploea 183 mahaganus, Pteropus 8 maidae, Euastacus 157 maituatensis, Orangia 205 major, Ameiva 197 major, Beamys 29 major, Bradypterus 60 major, Gryllotalpa 164 major, Hirasea 205 major, Phyllonycteris 191 major, Zoothera 64 majusculus, Pseudomugil 108 makawai, Pogoniulus 54 malabarica, Idea 183 malacense, Polyplectron 42 malachitacea, Triclaria 50 Malacochersus 74 Malacocincla 62 Malacolimax 140 Malacomys 30 Malaconotus 59 malagrida cedrusmontana, Argyrocupha 234 malagrida malagrida, Argyrocupha 234 malagrida maryae, Argyrocupha 234 malagrida paarlensis, Argyrocupha 234 malaitae, Rhipidura 63 malapana, Euthalia 185 malayanus, Helarctos 19 maldonadoi, Bullockia 101 maleo, Macrocephalon 40 Malimbus 70 mallacoota, Engaeus 157 malleata, Auriculella 131 Malpulutta 115 Malurus 62 mamalak, Puntius 98 mammillifurca, Canthocamptus 153 manasa, Neptis 185 manatus, Trichechus 24 mandarina, Mandarina 142 Mandarina 142, 206 mandersi, Cyclyrius 180 Mandibularca 96 mandibularis, Dionda 95 Mandrillus 14 Manduca 186 manengubae, Crocidura 6 mangoura, Papilio 179 mangshanensis, Trimeresurus 85 maniensis, Perdicella 202 manipurensis, Perdicula 42 manlius, Papilio 179 Manorina 227 manoro, Smerina 185 Manouria 74,75 mansfieldi, Bhutanitis 178 mansuetus, Sylvilagus 33 mantchuricum, Crossoptilon 41 mantelli, Porphyrio 44 MANTIDAE 162 manul, Otocolobus 16 Maoricicada 167 maquassiensis, Crocidura 6 maraena, Prototroctes 102 maraho, Papilio 179 marambaiae, Leptodactylus 89 marcellinus, Eurytides 178 marchei, Mydaus 18 marcia, Parantica 184 marcidum, Cupedora 141 margarita, Felis 16 margarita, Macromia 161 margarita scheffeli, Felis 219 margarita, Somatochlora 162 margaritacea, Alaena 180 margaritacea, Palaua 138 margaritae, Lethe 184 margaritifera durrovensis, Margaritifera 231 margaritifera, Margaritifera 146 margaritifera, Pinctada 239 Margaritifera 146, 231 MARGARITIFERIDAE 146, 231 Margaronia 185 marginata, Caperea 20 marginata, Cicindela 168 marginata, Kuhlia 110 marginata, Phrantela 123 marginata, Testudo 75 marginipennis, Cicindela 168 mariae, Etheostoma 111 mariae, Stomatepia 113 marialiciae, Eulonchus 175 marianae, Craterocephalus 107 mariannae, Hydroporus 169 mariannarum, Ladronellum 137 mariannarum, Taheitia 126 mariannus, Cervus 26 mariannus, Pteropus 8 mariei, Cyclosurus 200 marieps, Charaxes 185 marinus, Aplochiton 102 maritimus, Ursus 19 Marmaronetia 38 marmorata, Catocala 186 marmorata, Pardofelis 16 marmorata, Uperoleia 90 marmoratus, Cynolebias 103 marmoratus, Oryzias 106 marmoratus, Rivulus 104 marmoratus, Turbo 239 marmorensis, Discus 138 Marmota 28 maroni, Papilio 179 marquesana, Taipidon 206 marrianae, Margaritifera 146 marroni carolus, Huleechius 233 marshalli, Badistes 141 marshalli, Pleurobema 148 marsupiobesa, Elliptio 147 martensiana, Partula 134 Martes 17, 220 martigener, Engaeus 157 martinensis, Neotoma 30 martinii, Euploea 183 masafuerae, Aphrastura 55 mascaensis, Hemicycla 145 mascaensis, Insulivitrina 140 mascarinus, Mascarinus 195 Mascarinus 195 masoni, Fusconaia 147 MASTACEMBELIDAE 109 mastersi marakupa, Hesperilla 233 Masticophis 228 Mastomys 30 matafaoi, Diastole 139 matanensis, Glossogobius 114 matanensis, Oryzias 106 matanim, Phalanger 3 Matrona 232 matschiei, Dendrolagus 4 matschiei, Galago 11 maturna, Hypodryas 185 mauleanum, Cauque 106 maupiensis, Mautodontha 205 maura, Macaca 13 maureenae, Gymnochthebius 170 maureenae, Hydraena 170 mauriciana, Platycnemis 160 mauritaniae, Gerbillus 29 mauritiana, Leiolopisma 197 mauritianus, Alopochen 194 mauritianus, Lophopsittacus 195 mauritianus, Nycticorax 194 Mautodontha 205 mavornata, Aplonis 197 mawii, Dermatemys 73 maxima, Paracrocidura 7 maxima, Pinctada 239 maxima, Tridacna 150 maximus, Aepyornis 193 maximus, Celorhinus 93 maximus, Elephas 24 maximus, Priodontes 5 maya, Cyprinodon 104 mayeri, Astrapia 70 mayeri, Columba 46 maylandi, Melanotaenia 107 maynardi, Procyon 18 mayottensis, Gulella 204 Mazama 26 mecubbini, Taskiria 176 melachlani, Cordylus 81 meneili, Ferrissia 130 meadewaldoi, Haematopus 195 meandri, Pararhodeus 97 meandricus, Acanthorulilus 94 Mecistogaster 160 Mecodema 208 Meda 96 medianalis, Leiocassis 100 medicaudatus, Lophuromys 30 medicinalis, Hirudo 151 medicus, Agapetus 175 Medionidus 148 meeki, Cyprinodon 104 meekit, Graphium 178 meeki, Hybopsis 96 meeki, Microgoura 195 meeki, Zosterops 66 megacephalus, Nycticorax 194 megaceros, Kobus 28 MEGACHILIDAE 187 266 Megacolabus 174 Megadendromus 30 MEGADERMATIDAE 9 Megadyptes 35 Megadytes 208 megaensis, Hirundo 58 megaera, Graphium 178 Megaerops 8 MEGALADAPIDAE 10 Megalagrion 159, 160, 207, 232 Megalaima 54 Megalanura 158 Megalaperyx 193 megalocephala, Natrix 84 Megalomys 192 megalophylla, Scotorythra 209 megalotis, Dorcatragus 27 megalotis limicola, Reithrodontomys 226 megalotis ssp., Lepomis 230 megalura, Dactylopsila 5 Megalurus 62 MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE 159 MEGAPODIIDAE 40 Megapodius 40 Megaptera 20 megarhynchus, Ploceus 70 megarramphus, Dermogenys 106 MEGASCOLECIDAE 151 Megascolides 151 megaspila civettina, Viverra 221 MEGATHYMIDAE 178 Megaxenops 55 megomphala, Opanara 205 MEGOMPHICIDAE 136 Megupsilon 105 meinertzhageni ivoriensis, Hylochoerus 221 mekistocholas, Notropis 96 Meladema 169 melaena griqua, Tuxentius 235 Melaenornis 62 melampoides, Amphorella 135 Melamprosops 68 melampus petersi, Aepyceros 222 melampus tsuensis, Martes 220 melanjae, Cymothoe 185 Melanobatrachus 89 melanocephalus, Cacajao 12 melanocephalus, Carpornis 56 melanocephalus, Tragopan 42 Melanochelys 74 melanochlamys, Bangsia 66 melanogaster, Turnix 43 melanoides, Chilonopsis 204 melanoidus, Anculosa 127 melanoleuca, Ailuropoda 18 melanonotus, Touit 50 melanonyx, Lophuromys 30 melanops, Percichthys 110 melanops, Sporophila 67 melanops, Vimba 98 MELANOPSIDAE 127 melanopterus, Balantiocheilos 94 melanostictus, Phyllodactylus 79 melanostomus, Notropis 96 Melanosuchus 77 melanota, Palaemnema 160 Melanotaenia 107, 108 MELANOTAENIIDAE 199 melanurus, Capromys 32 melas, Globicephala 20 meleagrides, Agelastes 41 Melidectes 66 Melignomon 54 Meliobba 142 Meliphaga 66 MELIPHAGIDAE 66, 196, 227 melissa samuelis, Lycaeides 235 melitensis, Lampedusa 134 melitensis, Pseudamnicola 123 mellianus, Oriolus 70 mellis, Pseudomugil 108 melodus, Charadrius 45 Melogale 17, 220 MELOIDAE 173 Melomys 30 melones, Banksula 152 Melursus 19 melvillensis, Trochomorpha 140 menachensis, Turdus 64 menadensis, Parantica 184 menagei, Gallicolumba 47 menava maeroides, Pararge 236 mendana, Graphium 178 mendozae, Pomarea 63 Menidia 108 mento, Silurus 100 menzbieri, Marmota 28 mephistophiles, Pudu 26 merces, Aloeides 180 mercierit, Ptilinopus 195 mercuriale, Coenagrion 159 mergulus, Limnogale 5 Mergus 38, 194 meridianus, Serranochromis 113 meridionalis, Capromys 32 meridionalis, Ornithoptera 178 meridionalis, Pseudirion 158 merriami, Empetrichthys 199 merriami, Fluminicola 121 Mertensiella 92 meruensis, Aeshna 160 Merulaxis 56 Merycomyia 175 Mesacanthotelson 154 mesiboyi, Beddomeia 120 Mesitornis 42 MESITORNITHIDAE 42 Mesodon 140, 231 Mesodontrachia 142 mesoleuca, Conothraupis 66 mesoleucus telmalestes, Conepatus 220 Mesoperipatus 187 Mesoplodon 23 mesopotamica, Dama 26 mesotes, Paragalaxias 102 MESOVELIIDAE 166 Meta 152 Metabolus 62 Metacnemis 160 Metallura 53 metamorpha, Ogasawarana 200 Metapogon 175 metastriata, Dysnomia 147 Metatrichoniscoides 154 metcalfi, Pyrgulopsis 124 metcalfi, Sonorella 146 methueni, Lygodactylus 78 methymna dicksoni, Lepidochrysops 235 Metisella 177 Metrarga 166 Metrioptera 163 mexicanum, Ambystoma 91 mexicanus, Cynomys 28 mexicanus hualpaiensis, Microtus 225 mexicanus, Ictalurus 100 mexicanus jordani, Astyanax 230 mexicanus nayaho, Microtus 225 Mexilana 154 Mexipyrgus 122, 123 Mexistenasellus 154 Mexithauma 123 meyerdeschauenseei, Tangara 67 meyeri, Pachycephala 62 meyeri, Xiphophorus 106 meyricki, Hedylepta 209 miamiensis, Cyclocephala 171 mica, Cincinnatia 121 micanopy, Belocephalus 163 micans, Amastra 132 michaudi, Lemniscia 145 miconax, Aotus 12 micramyla, Palline 137 Micrarionta 145 Micrarionta 145 Micrastur 40 micristius, Cyprinus 95 Microbatrachella % microblepharis, Celestus 82 Microcebus 10 microcephalus, Barbus 94 MICROCHAETIDAE 213 Microchaetus 213 micrococcus, Pyrgulopsis 124 Microcreagris 152 Microcryptorhynchus 174 Microcylloepus 172 Microdillus 30 microdon, Lepilemur 11 Microgale 5 Microgoura 195 MICROHYLIDAE 89 microlepidotus, Basilichthys 106 microlepidotus, Phyllodactylus 79 microlepis, Leiolopisma 82 microlepis, Tachygia 198 micromphala, Kimboraga 142 Micronaspis 172 Micropanchax 105 Microphis 109 microphylla, Tritoclets 209 micropithecus, Sphaerodactylus 79 Micropotamogale 5 microps, Catostomus 99 microps, Heteropnuestes 101 microps leucotis, Dipodomys 225 Micropteropus 8 Micropterus 110, 230 Microscolex 213 microstoma, Lamellidea 131 microstoma, Partula 203 microstriata, Physa 130 microtheca, Ogasawarana 117 microtis, Dusicyon 15 Microtus 225 micrus, Nesophontes 191 middlekaufi, Idiostatus 163 midgleyi, Pingalla 110 mighelsiana, Partulina 131 migratorius, Ectopistes 195 migueli, Eupsophus 88 mikado, Syrmaticus 42 MILACIDAE 140 milagros, Parantica 184 militaris, Sturnella 69 millepalmarum, Eremarionta 145 267 millepunctata, Damochlora 141 millerae, Victodrobia 126 milleri, Cochliopina 121 millert, Grallaria 56 milleri, Knipowitschia 115 milleri, Thermosphaeroma 154 millestriata, Dupucharopa 137 milleti, Garrulax 61 Miloderes 174 milvus, Milvus 40 Milvus 40 Milyeringa 114 mimeticus, Dryotribus 208 MIMIDAE 59 Mimodes 59 mimosa, Discocharopa 137 minckleyt, Cichlasoma 112 minckleyi, Nymphophilus 123 mindana nipponica, Hemicordulia 232 mindorensis, Anonymomys 29 mindorensis, Bubalus 27 mindorensis, Crocodylus 78 mindorensis, Ducula 47 mindorensis, Olus 51 minima, Batis 60 minima, Beddomeia 120 minima, Lampetra 198 minima, Paludinella 123 minimus atristriatus, Tamias 224 minimus, Cynolebias 103 minor, Anculosa 128 minor, Dobsonia 7 minor, Elapognathus 84 minor, Eliurus 29 minor, Lacustrelix 142 minor, Nothura 35 minor, Palaua 138 minor, Platalea 37 minor, Platanista 23 minor, Procyon 18 minuscula, Brazieria 139 minuta, Hauffenia 122 minuta, Helicoverpa 210 minuta, Libellulosoma 161 minuta, Neohoratia 123 minuta, Trochidrobia 126 minutissima, Helenoconcha 206 minulissima, Hemistoma 122 minutus, Lacconectus 169 mirabilis, Campsicnemus 208 mirabilis, Carelia 202 mirabilis, Cyanolyca 71 mirabilis, Eriocnemts 52 mirabilis, Hemiphlebia 159 mirabilis, Loddigesia 53 mirabilis, Partula 204 Mirafra 58 Miramella 164 mirandae, Hemitriccus 57 Miratesta 130 MIRIDAE 166 mirifica, Lytta 173 mirificus, Lewinia 44 mirus, Mesoplodon 23 misella, Lamprocystis 139 misoolensis, Melanotaenia 107 missouri, Glyphopsyche 176 Mistichthys 115 mitchellae, Thersites 143 mitchelli mitchelli, Neonympha 236 mitchelli, Quincuncina 149 Mitoura 235 mitra, Euploea 183 miltendorfi, Lemniscomys 30 mitu, Mitu 41 Mitu 41 Mixogaster 175 Mixophyes 89 mlokosiewiczi, Tetrao 42 Moapa % MOCHOKIDAE 101 modesta, Gila 95 modesta, Hemicycla 145 modestus, Gallirallus 194 modestus, Gomphurus 161 modestus, Zosterops 66 moerneri, Papilio 179 moesta, Lytta 173 Mogera 7 Mogurnda 114 mohaveana, Helminthoglypta 145 Moho 66, 196 Moitessieria 123 mojarralis, Mexipyrgus 123 mojavensis mojavensis, Crossidius 233 molesta, Lytta 173 mollispinis ssp., Lepidomeda 229 moloch, Hylobates 14 MOLOSSIDAE 10 molossinus, Pleropus 8 moluccensis, Cacatua 48 molurus, Python 83 momonga, Pteromys 29 MOMOTIDAE 53 monacha, Cyprinella 95 monacha, Grus 43 monacha, Poeciliopsis 106 monachus, Aegypius 39 monachus, Monachus 18 Monachus 18, 192 Monadenia 146, 231 monae, Typhlatya 156 Monarcha 62 Monardithemis 162 monas, Aphaostracon 119 monasa, Porzana 195 monax, Crocidura 6 monensis monensis, Epicrates 228 monensis, Typhlops 83 mongo, Stomatepia 113 mongoz, Eulemur 10 Monias 43 monica, Artemia 152 moniziana, Geomitra 144 monoceros, Monodon 22 monodon, Cristilabrum 141 Monodon 22 monodonta, Cryplazeca 132 monodonta, Lamellidea 202 monodonta, Margaritifera 146 MONODONTIDAE 22 monroensis, Cincinnatia 121 montagui, Partulina 202 montalentii, Discoglossus 87 montalivetensis, Amplirhagada 141 montana, Odontopodisma_ 164 montana, Sheppardia 63 montana, Xenoligea 68 montani, Anthracoceros 54 montanus, Alsodes 88 montanus pictus, Thestor 235 montanus, Psephenus 172 montanus, Stygobromus 155 montecristoi, Abronia 82 monteiri, Malaconotus 59 monteithorum, Euastacus 157 Monterissa 117 montezumensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 monticola, Archaeolacerta 80 monticola, Leiostyla 132 monticola, Melanotaenia_ 107 monticola, Nanocochlea 123 monticularis, Bunolagus 32 moniisserrati, Diploglossus 82 mooreana, Partula 204 moorei, Etheostoma 111 moralesi, Notropis 96 Mordacia 93 mordax, Notomys 192 moreaui, Orthotomus 62 Morelia 228 Morenia 74 moretonicus, Hyridella 150 Morimus 173 mormo langei, Apodemia 235 Mormolyce 168 mormonum buttoni, Monadenia 231 mormonum hirsuta, Monadenia 231 morondavana, Papilio 179 morongoana, Eremarionta 145 morrisoni, Lytta 173 morrisoni, Pyrgulopsis 124 morrisoni, Stygobromus 155 Mortonagrion 160 mosana, Rhyacophila 175 moschata, Desmana 7 MOSCHIDAE 25 moschiferus, Moschus 25 Moschus 25 mossambica, Croilia 114 mossii bayensis, Callophrys 234 mostbento, Oligophlebodes 176 MOTACILLIDAE 58 motebensis, Barbus 94 Mouldingia 142 mourae, Ceriagrion 159 mouroniensis, Zosterops 66 moussoni, Palaina 118 Moxostoma 99 mucronata, Quadrasiella 127 muelleri, Heleia 65 muenninki, Tokudaia 31 muensis, Noctepuna 142 MUGILIDAE 113 Mugilogobius 115 muhlenbergii, Clemmys 73 muletensis, Alytes 87 muliensis, Ochotona 32 mulleri, Homopholis 78 multilamellata, Thaumatodon 206 multilineatus, Mexipyrgus 123 multiradiatus, Girardinichthys 105 multispinosus, Gronocarus 171 multivesiculatus, Lutodrilus 151 multivolvis, Planorbella 130 multocarinata, Bolyeria 198 muluensis, Lacconectus 169 mundas, Stygobromus 156 munggai, Pachysaga 164 Mungos 19 Mungotictis 17 munionga larana, Oreisplanus 233 munitus, Noturus 100 munroi, Nesotocus 174 Muntiacus 26 muriculus, Gerbillus 29 268 Muriculus 30 MURIDAE 29, 192, 225 muriei, Chasmistes 198 murivora, ‘Athene’ 196 murphyi, Ngairea 137 Muscicapa 62 MUSCICAPIDAE 59, 196, 227 musculus, Balaenoptera 20 musicola, Hedylepta 209 MUSOPHAGIDAE 50 musschenbroekii, Macrogalidia 19 Mussonena 142 Mustela 17, 18 MUSTELIDAE 17, 220 mustelina, Achatinella 130 mustelinus, Lepilemur 11 mustersi, Batrachuperus 91 mutica, Omphalotropis 127 Muticaria 134 muticus, Pavo 42 MUTILLIDAE 186 mutisii, Eremophilus 101 mutus, Bos 26 muwu, Ammopelmatus 163 Myadestes 62 myadestinus, Myadestes 62 myaka, Myaka 112 Myaka 112 MYCETOPHILIDAE 174 Mycotrupes 171 Mycteria 37 mydas, Chelonia 75 Mydaus 18 myersi, Maoricicada 167 Myiagra 62 Myioborus 68 Myiophonus 62 Mylothris 180 MYOBATRACHIDAE 89 myoides, Xeromys 31 Myomys 30 Myonycteris 8 myopica, Leptoneta 152 myoporicola, Oliarus 167 Myosciurus 28 Myosorex 7 myotis, Myotis 10 Myotis 9, 10, 217 MYOXIDAE 31 Myoxocephalus 109 Myrmeciza 56 MYRMECOBIIDAE 3 Myrmecobius 3 Myrmecophaga 5 MYRMECOPHAGIDAE 5 MYRMELEONTIDAE 167 Myrmosula 186 Myrmotherula 56 Mystacina 10, 192 MYSTACINIDAE 10, 192 mysticetus, Balaena 19 Myxas 129 Myxus 113 Myzomela 66 Myzopoda 9 MYZOPODIDAE 9 mzymtiae, Cordulegaster 161 Nactus 78 Naemorhedus 28 naevosa, Stictonetia 38 nahani, Francolinus 41 nahuelbutensis, Diplomystes 100 Naja 84 nakadai, Lamellidea 202 namiyei, Rana 90 nana, Cyanolyca 71 nana, Eurycea 91 nana, Stiobia 125 nancillus, Gerbillus 29 Nannatherina 110 Nannoperca 110 nannotis, Litoria 87 ‘Nanocochlea’ 123 Nanocochlea 123 Nanodectes 163 nanodes, Napaeus 133 Nanoplectrus 176 nanus, Accipiter 39 nanus, Capromys 32 nanus, Pyrgulopsis 124 nanus, Somatogyrus 125 nanus, Spizaetus 40 nanus, Taoniscus 35 "Napaeus’ 133 Napaeus 133 Napothera 62 napu nigricans, Tragulus 221 narasingha narasingha, Erebia 235 narcondami, Aceros 54 nasalis, Philanthus 187 Nasalis 14 nasomaculatus, Addax 26 nassula, Goniobasis 128 Nasua 18 Nasuella 18 nasuta, Percina 112 Natator 76 nativitatis, Rattus 193 natricina, Physa 130 natrix cetti, Natrix 228 Natrix 84, 228 nattereri, Anthus 58 nattereri, Heliconius 185 nattii, Partulina 131 NAUCORIDAE 166 naumanni, Falco 40 nausithous, Maculinea 181 navajo, Stenopelmatus 163 nazas, Cyprinodon 104 NEANURIDAE 158 nearcticus, Nemapalpus 174 nebulosa, Neofelis 16 neckerensis, Nysius 166 neckerensis, Petrochroa 177 necra, Carelia 202 ‘Necropsitiacus’ 195 Necrospar 197 Nectarinia 65 NECTARINIIDAE 65 Nectophrynoides 87 Necydalis 173 Neduba 164, 208 nefrens, Armatobalanus 153 Nehalennia 160 neislerti, Amblema 146 nelsoni, Miloderes 174 nelsoni, Nasua 18 nelsoni, Oryzomys 193 nelsoni, Terrapene 74 Nemacheilus 98 nemaeus, Pygathrix 14 Nemapalpus 174 Nematogenys 101 Nematostella 117 nemestrina, Macaca 239 nemestrina pagensis, Macaca 218 nemorale, Bradypodion 79 Nemorhaedus 223 nemoricola, Gallinago 45 Nemosia 67 NEMOURIDAE 165 Nemours 165 NEOBALAENIDAE 20 NEOBISHDAE 152 Neochanna 102 Neodrepanis 58 Neofelis 16 Neohoratia 123 neomexicana, Pyrgulopsis 124 neomexicanus, Plethodon 91 Neomorphus 51 Neonympha 236 Neophema 50 Neophoca 18 Neophocaena 22 NEOPLANORBIDAE 130 Neoplanorbis 130 Neopleryx 8 neosa, Cryptochia 176 Neosalanx 101 Neoseps 82 Neosilurus 101 Neospiza 69 Neothramma 176 Neotoma 30, 225 Neotrichia 176 neoxenus, Euptilotis 53 Nephronaias 148 NEPHROPIDAE 239 Nephrops 239 Nephrurus 78 NEPTICULIDAE 209 Neptis 185, 236 NERITIDAE 117 Neritilia 117 Nerodia 228 Neseis 166 Nesidiolestes 166 Nesillas 62 nesioles, Deinocossonus 173 nesiotes, Scotorythra 209 nesiotica, Hirasea 205 nesioticus, Bulimulus 135 nesiolis comeri, Gallinula 226 nesiotis, Gallinula 43 Nesithmysus 173 Nesoclopeus 44, 194 nesocrabo bidecoratus, Ectemnius 236 Nesocryptias 166 Nesolagus 33 Nesomantis 90 Nesomimesa 187 Nesomimus 59 Nesophontes 191 NESOPHONTIDAE 191 Nesopupa 133, 203 Nesorestias 167 Nesoryzomys 192 Nesospiza 67 Nesosydne 167 Nesothauma 167 Nesotocus 174 Nestor 196 netscheri, Nesolagus 33 nettingi, Plethodon 91 neumoegeni, Papilio 179 269 Neurergus 92 nevadae, Crenichthys 104 nevadensis ssp., Cyprinodon 230 nevadica olmosa, Cicindela 233 nevilli, Erepta 206 nevilli, Gonospira 204 newberryi, Eucyclogobius 114 Newcombia 202 newelli, Hypena 210 Newnhamia 153 newtoni, Coracina 58 newtoni, Ctenoglypta 206 newtoni, Fulica 194 newtoni, Gonidomus 204 newtoni, Lanius 59 newtoni, Thomea 135 Newtonia 62 Ngairea 137 ngarduaisi, Palaua 138 nghetinhensis, Pseudoryx 28 nianguae, Etheostoma \\1 nicefori, Thryothorus 59 nickajackensis, Caecidotea 154 nickliniana awania, Helminthoglypta 231 nickliniana_ bridgesi, Helminthoglypta 231 nickliniana contracosta, Helminthoglypta 231 nicobarica, Caloenas 46 nicobariensis, Megapodius 40 nicolli, Ploceus 70 Nicrophorus 170 nieuwenhuisti, Pycnonotus 59 nigella, Elliptio 147 niger cinereus, Sciurus 224 niger, Melanosuchus 77 niger, Pleropus 8 niger variani, Hippotragus 223 nightingaleensis, Katechonemertes 117 nigra, Macaca 13 nigra, Pomarea 63 nigra, Tandonia 140 nigra, Trithemis 162 nigrescens, Gila 95 nigrescens, Pacifastacus 207 nigrescens, Russatus 138 nigricans, Aspideretes 77 nigricans nigricans, Poecilmitis 235 nigricans, Padogobius 115 nigricans zwartbergae, Poecilmitis 235 nigricauda, Liobagrus 100 nigriceps, Ardeotis 44 nigriceps, Callithrix 12 nigricollis, Grus 43 nigrifrons rubidus, Cephalophus 222 nigrigenis, Agapornis 49 nigriloris, Estrilda 69 nigrimas, Oryzias 106 nigrimentum, Ploceus 70 nigripes, Dacnis 67 nigripes, Mustela 18 nigripinnis, Coregonus 102 nigritella, Trochomorpha 140 nigriventer, Discoglossus 198 nigrivestis, Eriocnemis 52 nigrobrunnea, Tyto 51 nigrocoerula subtropica, Cicindela 233 nigrofasciatus, Puntius 98 nigrogularis, Psophodes 63 nigrohamatum, Megalagrion 159 nigrolineatum, Megalagrion 159 nigromaculatus, Yunnanilus 99 nigropectus, Biatas 55 nigrorufa, Sporophila 67 nigrorufus, Centropus 51 nigrorum, Stachyris 64 nigrostriata, Galaxiella 102 nigroviridis, Allenopithecus 13 nihoae, Banza 163 nihoae, Nysius 166 nihoaensis, Eupelmus 186 nihoaensis, Sclerodermus 186 niihauensis, Odynerus 187 nikhili, Oligodon 84 nikolausi, Megadendromus 30 nilgiriensis, Parantica 184 nimbae, Crocidura 6 nimberlinus, Prymnbriareus 143 nimbus, Oreokera 137 ninae, Zaprochilus 164 Ningbingia 142 niobe, Orachrysops 181 nipalensis, Aceros 54 nippon grassianus, Cervus 222 nippon keramae, Cervus 222 nippon mandarinus, Cervus 222 nippon, Nipponia 37 nippon pseudaxis, Cervus 222 nippon sichanicus, Cervus 222 nippon taiouanus, Cervus 222 Nipponia 37 Nirodia 181 nitens, Cochlicopa 132 nitens, Haliplus 168 nitida, Ogasawarana 117 nitidissima, Alectroenas 195 nitidissima, Chlorochrysa 66 nitidus, Liolaemus 80 nitot, Atelognathus 88 nitratoides exilis, Dipodomys 225 nitratoides nitratoides, Dipodomys 225 nivalis, Daphnia 152 nivalis, Leptonycteris 9 Niveoscincus 82 nivicola borealis, Ovis 223 nobilis, Gambusia 105 nobilis, Moho 196 Noctepuna 142 noctitherus, Caprimulgus 52 NOCTUIDAE 186, 209 nodosa, Partula 204 nodosus, Alsodes 88 noguchii, Sapheopipo 54 nokomis caerulescens, Speyeria 236 nokomis nokomis, Speyeria 236 nollothi, Aloeides 180 Nomoramphus 106 nonpareil, Chilonopsis 204 norfolkensis, Posticobia 200 noricum, Bythiospeum 121 norrisi, Acicula 119 nortoni, Stygobromus 156 norvegicus, Nephrops 239 nossima, Amauris 183 notabilis, Binneya 146 notabilis, Lichmera 66 Notarthrinus 181 notata, Kimberleyeleotris 114 notatus, Coturnicops 43 Notechis 229 notera, Palline 137 Nothaldonis 174 Nothobranchius 103 nothofagi, Eusthenia 165 Nothomyrmecia 187 Nothoprocta 35 Nothura 35 Notiomystis 66 notius, Micropterus 110 NOTODROMADIDAE 153 Notomys 30, 192 NOTONEMOURIDAE 165 NOTOPTERIDAE 93 Notopteris 8 Notopterus 93 notosaurus, Leiolopisma 82 Notropis 96, 97, 198 nottensis, Cupedora 141 Noturus 100 novacaledoniae, Rhantus 208 novacapitalis, Scytalopus 56 novaeangliae, Megaptera 20 novaeguineae, Harpyopsis 39 novaeseelandiae, Charadrius 45 novaesi, Philydor 55 novaezelandiae, Coturnix 194 novaezelandiae, Himantopus 45 novaezelandiae, Ixobrychus 194 novelta, Amplirhagada 141 Noyvumbra 101 nubiana, Capra 27 nubila, Cyclura 80 nubila, Polyphylla 171 nubilus, Aloeides 180 nubrica, Ochotona 32 nuchale, Etheostoma 111 nuchalis, Parus 64 nudicostata, Setomedea 138 nudiventris, Typhlobarbus 98 Numenius 45 nux, Bulimulus 135 nyakalensis, Litoria 87 nycteas, Neptis 185 nyctelia, Cecilioides 135 Nyclicebus 11 Nycticorax 194 Nyctimene 8, 191 Nyctimystes 88 nylephtha, Ecchlorolestes 159 nympha, Pitta 58 NYMPHALIDAE 185, 236 Nymphophilus 123 nyoraensis, Boeckella 153 Nysius 166 oahuense, Megalagrion 160 oahuensis, Phyllococcus 208 oasis, Hydroporus 169 oaxacae, Kinosternon 73 oberlaenderi, Zoothera 64 oberthurii, Ideopsis 183 obesa, Brazieria 139 obesiuscula, Boettgeria 133 obesoductus, Arion 146 obeyensis, Cambarus 156 obliquata obliquata, Dysnomia 232 obliquata perobliqua, Dysnomia 232 obliquicosta, Pupilla 203 obliquidens, Lagenorhynchus 21 Obovaria 148 obscura, Edelia 109 obscura, Luscinia 61 obscura, Metrarga 166 obscura, Pentarthrum 174 obscurus, Hemignathus 68 obscurus, Lagenorhynchus 21 obserata, Actinella 144 270 obsoleta neojuvenalis, Cicindela 233 obtecta, Spirorbula 145 obtusifrons, Hephaestus 110 obtusirostris, Calcochloris 6 oblustrostris, Salmothymus 103 obtusus, Cylindrus 144 oblusus, Somatogyrus 125 occidentalis, Daphnia 152 occidentalis, Dysithamnus 55 occidentalis, Glacidorbis 129 occidentalis lacusanserinus, Catostomus 230 occidentalis, Leucopternis 40 occidentalis, Mouldingia 142 occidentalis, Nectophrynoides 87 occidentalis, Pezoporus 50 occidentalis, Poeciliopsis 106 occidentalis, Pseudocheirus 4 occidentalis, Pseudomys 31 occidentalis, Triodopsis 140 occiduus, Celestus 198 Occirhenea 142 occulata, Anculosa 200 oceanicum, Megalagrion 160 oceanicus, Lacconectus 169 Oceanides 166 Oceanodroma 36 ocellata, Leipoa 40 ocellata lyncus, Lethe 235 ocellata, Morenia 74 ocellata, Phelsuma 79 ocellata, Rheinardia 42 ocellatus smithi, Rhodeus 229 Ochotona 32, 226 OCHOTONIDAE 32, 193, 226 ochraceiventris, Leptotila 47 ochreata brunnescens, Macaca 218 ochrogaster, Penelope 41 ochropectus, Francolinus 41 Ochrotrichia 176 ochsneri, Bulimulus 135 Ochthebius 170 ochthogyra, Omphalotropis 127 Oclandius 174 oconnori, Rhytida 136 octava, Ningbingia 142 OCTODONTIDAE 32 octolamellata, Taipidon 206 octomaculata, Dalla 177 Octomys 32 octosetaceus, Mergus 38 oculifera, Graptemys 73 ODOBENIDAE 220 Odobenus 220 Odocoileus 222 odomae, Metallura 53 ODONTOCERIDAE 177 Odontophorus 42 Odontopodisma_ 164 Odynerus 187 Oecanthus 164 Oecetis 177 Oedemasylus 208 oedippus, Coenonympha 184 oedipus, Saguinus 12 oedipus, Schistura 99 oenanthe, Callicebus 12 oenax, Wilfredomys 31 oenops, Columba 47 Oveobia 209 Oeoblia 185 oerstedii, Saimiri 13 Offachloritis 142 offella, Boromys 193 ogasawarae, Boninena 133 ogasawarae, Boninosuccinea 138 ogasawarana, Gastrocopta 203 ogasawarana, Lamellidea 131 ogasawarana, Ogasawarana 117 ogasawarana, Trochochlamys 139 Ogasawarana 117, 118, 200 ogasawarensis, Hemicordulia 161 ogasawarensis, Rhinocypha 159 ogilbyi, Cepahlophus 27 ogilbyi crusalbum, Cephalophus 222 ogilbyi, Melanotaenia 107 oglei, Stachyris 64 Ogmodon 84 ogmoraphe, Pyrgulopsis 124 Ognorhynchus 50 oheoheana, Spheterista 177 Ohridohauffenia 200 oinotheke, Eucrenonaspides 153 okalehubyi, Hydaticus 168 okaloosae, Etheostoma 111 okatie, Elassoma 110 okeana, Allocharopa 137 okiensis, Hynobius 91 okinawae, Gallirallus 44 okinawanus, Rhipidolestes 159 okinawensis, Hemicordulia 161 oktediensis, Melanotaenia 108 olallae, Callicebus 12 oleacina, Videna 140 Oliarces 167 Oliarus 166, 167 Oligoaeschna 160 Oligodon 84 oligolepis, Toxotes 112 OLIGONEURIIDAE 158 Oligophlebodes 176 Oligoryzomys 192 olivacea bocagei, Bostrychia 226 olivacea, Carelia 202 olivacea, Lepidochelys 76 olivacea, Nasuella 18 olivacea, Pyrgulopsis 124 olivaceus, Criniger 59 olivaceus helleri, Turdus 227 olivaceus, Varanus 83 oliveri, Cyclodina 81 oliveri, Haematopinus 165 oliviae, Columba 47 oliviert, Amaurornis 43 olivii, Turnix 43 olivula, Goniobasis 128 ollula, Sylvisorex 7 Oloplotosus 101 olympiae, Carabus 168 omeiensis, Liocichla 61 Omphalotropis 126, 127, 200 Onchobarus 174 Onchorhynchus 103, 230 Onchotelson 154 Oncifelis 16 Onconotus 164 onondagaensis, Stygobromus 156 onslowi, Phalacrocorax 36 Onthophagus 171 Onychogalea 4, 191 Onychogomphus 161 Onychorhynchus 227 Oodemas 213 oophorus, Xenopoecilus 106 oosthuizen, Lepidochrysops 181 opalescens, Cynolebias 103 Opanara 205 oparica, Ruatara 205 operculina, Hirasea 136 Opheodrys 84 Ophidiocephalus 79 Ophiogomphus 161, 207, 232 Ophisternon 109 Ophrysia 194 opiranus, Turgenitubulus 143 Opisthopatus 188 Opisthotropis 84 optima, Ogasawarana 118 Optioservus 172 opuntia, Micrarionta 145 Orachrysops 181 oralis, Pseudomys 31 Orangia 205 oratrix, Amazona 49 Oravelia 166 orbignyi, Rhantus 208 orca, Notropis 198 orca, Orcinus 21 Orcaella 21 orcesi, Pyrrhura 50 ORCHESTUDAE 155 Orcinus 21 Orconectes 156 orcula, Pupisoma 133 Orcula 133 ORCULIDAE 133 Ordtrachia 142 Oreailurus 16 oreas, Chrysoritis 180 oreas oreas, Lepidochrysops 235 oreas, Picathartes 63 oregona, Dolophilodes 176 Oregonichthys 97 oreinos, Trichia 144 Oreisplanus 233 Oreochromis 230 Oreoglanis 101 OREOHELICIDAE 138 Oreohelix 138, 231 Oreokera 137 Oreolyce 182 Oreomava 137 Oreomyslis 68 Oreonectes 98 Oreophasis 41 Oreothraupis 67 oreotragus porteousi, Oreotragus 223 Oreotragus 223 Orestias 105 orgygia, Belenois 180 orientalis arkal, Ovis 223 orientalis blanfordi, Ovis 223 orientalis bocharensis, Ovis 223 orientalis cycloceros, Ovis 223 orientalis gmelini, Ovis 223 orientalis isphahanica, Ovis 224 orientalis laristanica, Ovis 224 orientalis, Mogurnda 114 orientalis, Mouldingia 142 orientalis musimon, Ovis 224 orientalis ophion, Ovis 224 orientalis orientalis, Ovis 224 orientalis, Paradelma 79 orientalis, Poecilmitis 182 orientalis punjabiensis, Ovis 224 orientalis severtzovi, Ovis 224 271 orientalis, Uperoleia 90 orientalis vignei, Ovis 224 orientissimus, Microcryplorhynchus 174 ortt, Crocidura 6 ORIOLIDAE 70 Oriolus 70 oriplancta, Dirce 186 Orlitia 74 ornata, Perdicella 132 ornata, Urocissa 71 ornatus, Liophis 84 ornatus, Pteropus 8 ornatus, Tremarctos 19 Ornipholidotos 235 Ornithoptera 178, 179 oron, Philocasca 176 orostruthus, Arcanator 60 orramakunna, Engaeus 157 ORTHALICIDAE 134, 204 Orthalicus 135 Orthetrum 162, 233 orthognathus, Oryzias 106 Orthotomus 62 ortizi, Incaspiza 67 ortmanni, Villosa 149 Oryctes 171 Oryx 28 Oryzias 106 Oryzomys 193, 225 osburni, Etheostoma 111 oscitans, Potamopyrgus 123 osculus ssp., Rhinichthys 229 osgoodi, Tinamus 35 osimensis, Tokudaia 31 osmana, Papilio 179 OSMERIDAE 101 Osmerus 101 Osmoderma 171 Ospatulus 97 ostenta, Coracina 58 OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 93 Ostodes 118 otagense, Leiolopisma 82 otaheitana, Partula 204 otareae, Sinployea 206 OTARIIDAE 18, 220 othcaloogensis, Dysnomia 147 othnius, Kondoconcha 205 othus, Lepus 33 OTIDIDAE 44 Otis 45 Otocolobus 16 Otomops 10 Otopteropus 8 oltomana, Erebia 184 Otus 51, 227 otwayensis, Oreomava 137 oualanensis, Delos 136 Ougapia 136 ourebi haggardi, Ourebia 223 Ourebia 223 ouleniqua, Lepidochrysops 181 ovatula, Palaina 118 oviforme, Pleurobema 148 Ovis 223, 224 ovuliformis, Cylichnidia 135 owent, Apleryx 35 owstoni, Chrotogale 19 owstoni, Gallirallus 44 oxiana, Naja 84 oxleyana, Nannoperca 110 Oxychaela 182 Oxychilus 140 Oxyeleotris 114 Oxyethira 176 Oxygastra 162 Oxylapia 112 Oxyloma 138 oxyrhynchus, Coregonus 102 oxyrhynchus, Notropis 96 oxyrhynchus, Prototroctes 199 oxyrhynchus ssp., Acipenser 229 oxytropis, Discula 144 Oxyura 38 ozarkensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 ozarkensis, Somatochlora 162 ozarkensis, Stygobromus 156 Ozotoceros 26, 222 pachomai, Kawanphila 163 Pachycephala 62 pachycephalus, Cyprinodon 104 pachycheilus, Cephalokompsus 95 Pachypanchax 103 Pachyramphus 57 pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta 50 Pachysaga 164 pachystoma, Ryssota 139 Pachystyla 206 pachyta, Pyrgulopsis 124 Pacifastacus 157, 207 Pacifica, Drepanis 196 pacifica, Gallinula 194 pacifica, Myrmosula 186 pacifica, Syncaris 156 pacificum, Megalagrion 160 pacificus, Gallirallus 194 pacificus, Indopacetus 23 Padogobius 115 pagoda, Gyrotoma 201 pagodula, Turgenitubulus 143 pagodula, Videna 140 paillona, Renea 119 Palacanthilhiopsis 123 palaciosi, Iberocypris 96 Paladilhia 123 Paladilhiopis 123 Palaemnema 160 Palaemonetes 156 Palaemonias 156 PALAEMONIDAE 156 palaemophagus, Ospatulus 97 Palaina 118, 231 palata, Spratellicypris 98 Palaua 138 palauensis, Assiminea 126 Paleoxenus 172 palfreymani, Niveoscincus 82 Palikirus 137 PALINURIDAE 239 pallasi hamica, Ochotona 226 pallasi sunidica, Ochotona 226 palliata aequatorialis, Aloutta 217 palliatus, Cinclodes 55 pallida, Jardinella 122 pallida, Vulpes 15 pallidiceps, Atlapetes 66 pallidiceps, Columba 47 pallididorsum, Etheostoma 111 pallidigaster, Anthreptes 65 pallidipectoris, Acanthochelys 77 pallidistylus, Diaphlebia 160 pallidula, Nehalennia 160 pallidus, Conolophus 79 Palline 137 pallipes, Austropotamobius 157 palmeri, Myadestes 62 palmeri, Porzana 195 palmeri, Rhodacanthis 197 Palmeria 68 Palpopleura 162 palu, Atrophaneura 178 paludica, Cobitis 98 paludicola, Acrocephalus 60 Paludinella 123 Paludiscala 123 palustre, Pellorneum 62 palustris argentatus, Oryzomys 225 palustris, Crocodylus 78 palustris hefneri, Sylvilagus 226 palustris, Quiscalus 197 palustris, Sporophila 67 pan, Poecilmitis 182 Pan 14, 219 panamintus, Gerrhonotus 82 panarcys, Cyprinella 95 Panchala 235 pancheri, Leuchocharis 135 Pandaka 115 Pangasianodon 100 PANGASIIDAE 100 Pangasius 100 paniscus, Ateles 12 paniscus, Pan 14 pannonica, Sadleriana 125 Panoquina 177, 233 panoquinoides errans, Panoquina 233 Pantagenia 207 Pantanodon 105 Panthera 16, 219 pantheratus, Anetia 183 pantherina, Percina 112 Pantinonemertes 117 pantostictum, Cichlasoma 112 Panulirus 239 Papasula 36 Papilio 179, 234 PAPILIONIDAE 178, 234 Papio 218 papua, Hipposideros 9 papuae, Melanotaenia 108 papuanus, Rhantus 208 Papuensis, Clupeoides 94 Papuensis, Spilocuscus 3 Papuexul 142 Papustyla 143 Papyracea, Achatinella 201 Paracentrotus 239 Paracoenia 175 Paracrocidura 7 Paracymus 170 Paradelma 79 Paradigalla 71 Paradisaea 71 PARADISAEIDAE 70 paradisea, Ornithoptera 179 paradoxa, Carelia 202 Paradoxornis 62 Paradoxurus 19, 220 paradoxus, Solenodon 5 Paragalaxias 102 Paragomphus 161 Parahelicops 84 Paralucia 182 Parambassis 109 paramelanotos, Calidris 45 PARAMELITIDAE 207 272 Paramesotriton 92 paramicrus, Nesophontes 191 Paramiella 118 Paranaspides 153 Parantechinus 3 Parantica 183, 184 Paranyctimene 8 Paraphlebia 159 Parapinnixa 158 Pararge 236 Pararhodeus 97 Parartemia 153 PARASTACIDAE 157 paratactis, Scotorythra 209 Paratelmatobius 89 Paratherina 108 Paratilapia 112 Paravitrea 140 Paraxerus 29 Pardalotus 65 Pardiglanis 100 pardinus, Lynx 16 Pardofelis 16 Pardosa 152 pardus japonensis, Panthera 219 pardus kotiya, Panthera 219 pardus melas, Panthera 219 pardus nimr, Panthera 219 pardus orientalis, Panthera 219 pardus saxicolor, Panthera 219 Pareas 84 Paretroplus 112, 113 pariae, Myioborus 68 PARIDAE 64 Parides 179, 180 parinacotensis, Orestias 105 parkeri, Cylloepus 172 parkeri, Herpsilochmus 56 parkinsoni, Procellaria 35 parma, Macropus 4 Parmacella 140 PARMACELLIDAE 140 parnaguae, Megaxenops 55 Parnassius 180, 234 Paroreomyza 68, 197 Parotia 71 parreyssi, Belgrandiella 120 Partula 134, 203, 204 Partulian 131, 132, 202 PARTULIDAE 134, 203 PARULIDAE 68 Parus 64 parva, ‘Nanocochlea’ 123 parva, Cincinnalia 121 parva, Deinacrida 163 parva, Dubiraphia 172 parva, Melanotaenia 108 parva, Oecetis 177 parviceps, Scortum 110 parvidens, Cynomys 28 parvidens, Hylogomphus 161 parvidens, Mautodontha 205 parvula, Microgale 5 parvula, Taheitia 126 parvulus, Medionidus 148 parvulus, Somatogyrus 125 parvus, Burramys 4 parvus, Galaxias 102 parvus, Hylomyscus 30 parvus, Stygobromus 156 Paryphanta 136 parzefalli, Mexistenasellus 154 pasadenas, Syncaris 207 paskai, Pseudomugil 108 Pasmaditta 137 pasonis, Ashmunella 140 pastazae, Galbula 54 pathirana, Danio 95 pattersoni, Trogloglanis 100 patula, Palaina 118 paucidentata, Alionycteris 7 pauli, Bassaricyon 18 pauli, Lamnifera 134 pauliani, Apaturopsis 185 pauliani, Otus 51 paulicoba, Palaemnema 160 paulinae, Liolaemus 80 paulistus, Phylloscartes 57 paulsoni, Epigomphus 160 paulus, Crateromys 192 pauxi, Pauxi 41 Pauxi 41 Pavo 42 pawpela, Glacidorbis 129 peaci, Nothaldonis 174 pearsei, Typhliasina 103 pearsoni, Uramphisopus 154 pearsoniana, Litoria 87 pecatonica, Acanthometropus 207 peck, Glyphyalinia 140 pecki, Stygobromus 156 pecos, Assiminea 126 pecos, Gammarus 154 pecosensis, Cyprinodon 104 pecosensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 pectoralis, Aphelocephala 60 pectoralis, Herpsilochmus 56 pedderensis, Galaxias 102 pedderensis, Romankenkius 199 pedderensis, Westriplectes 177 pedderi, Glacidorbis 129 pedester, Mycotrupes 171 PEDIONOMIDAE 43 Pedionomus 43 pedo, Saga 164 Pedostibes 87 pedunculatus, Zyzomys 31 peeli, Microdillus 30 pefauri, Telmatobius 89 pege, Oravelia 166 Pegias 148 pelagicus, Haliaeetus 39 PELECANIDAE 36 Pelecanoides 36 PELECANOIDIDAE 36 Pelecanus 36 pelewana, Aaadonta 136 pelewensis, Hungerfordia 118 pellegrini, Rheocles 108 Pellorneum 62 pellucida, Amastra 202 pellucida, Ammocrypta 111 pellucidus, Allocrangonyx 155 Pelobates 229 PELOBATIDAE 229 Pelocoris 166 PELOMEDUSIDAE 77 Pelomys 30 peltastes, Cylindraspis 197 PELTOPERLIDAE 165 Peltophryne 87 Peltotrupes 171 Pelusios 77 pelzelni, Aplonis 197 pelzelnii, Tachybaptus 35 pembertoni, Peromyscus 193 Penelope 41 penicillata, Bettongia 4 penicillata, Petrogale 4 penicillatus, Panulirus 239 penita, Dysnomia 147 penningtoni, Capys 180 penningtoni, Lepidochrysops 181 penningtoni, Poecilmitis 182 pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis, Microtus 225 pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli, Microtus 225 Pentalagus 33 Pentarthrum 174, 208 penai, Homonota 78 pephredo, Lepidochrysops 181 Peponocephala 21 perahuensis, Opanara 205 Perameles 3, 191 PERAMELIDAE 3, 191 Perca 111 PERCICHTHYIDAE 109 Percichthys 110 PERCIDAE 111, 199 Percilia 110 Percina 111, 112 Perdicella 132, 202 Perdicula 42 perdita, Hirundo 58 Perdita 236 perdix, Partulina 131 peregrina, Polygyra 140 peregusna peregusna, Vormela 220 perexilis, Campolaemus 203 perfuscus, Liophis 84 periglenes, Bufo 87 peringueyi, Ecchlorolestes 159 peringueyi, Phyllodactylus 79 PERIPATIDAE 187 Peripatoides 188 PERIPATOPSIDAE 188 Peripatopsis 188 periscelis, Carelia 202 Perisoreus 71 perjurus, Eidoleon 167 perkensi, Oceanides 166 perkins, Nesomimesa 187 perkinsi, Machiloides 158 PERLIDAE 165 perlonga, Lyropupa 203 Pernagera 137 pernanus, Mastomys 30 Perognathus 29, 225 Peromyscus 193, 225 peronii, Dobsonia 7 peronii, Lissodelphis 21 peronii, Zoothera 64 Peroryctes 3 PERORYCTIDAE 3 perovalis, Lampsilis 148 perovatum, Pleurobema 149 perpallidus, Notropis 96 perplexa, Tischeria 209 perpurpurea, Villosa 149 perpusilla, Auriculella 131 perroquini, Heterocyclus 122 persephone, Aeshna 160 persephone, Petrogale 4 persephone, Rhadine 168 persoluta, Ptychodon 205 273 personata, Dysnomia 207 personata, Heliopais 44 personata orientalis, Melogale 220 personatus barbarabrownae, Callicebus 218 personatus, Callicebus 12 personatus melanochir, Callicebus 218 personatus nigrifrons, Callicebus 218 personatus personatus, Callicebus 218 perspicax, Penelope 41 perspicillata, Lutra 17 perspicillata, Malacocincla 62 perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax 193 pertricosa, Dipnelix 137 peruviana, Tangara 68 peruviana, Vini 48 peruvianus, Mesoplodon 23 peruvianus, Telmatobius 89 Petalura 161 PETALURIDAE 161 Petasina 143 petasus, Armsia 132 PETAURIDAE 5 Petaurus 5 petersi, Rhynchocyon 33 petiti, Glyptophysa 130 peliti, Heterocyclus 122 petiti, Paretroplus 113 Petrochroa 177 Petrodromus 226 Petrogale 4 Petroica 63 PETROMYZONTIDAE 93, 198, 229 petterdi, Beddomeia 120 petterdi, Fluvidona 122 peucetia penningtoni, Ornipholidotos 235 Pezophaps 195 Pezoporus SO pfefferi, Calamaria 83 Pfeifferi, Bythiospeum 200 pfeifferi, Hedleya 119 Phacochoerus 221 Phaenicophaeus 51 Phaenomys 30 phaeocephalus, Pteropus 9 Phaeognathus 91 phaeopygia, Plerodroma 36 phaeosoma, Melamprosops 68 phaeozona, Achatinella 130 phaeura, Crocidura 6 Phaeus, Optioservus 172 Phalacris, Triaenodes 209 PHALACROCORACIDAE 36, 193 Phalacrocorax 36, 37, 193 Phalanger 3 PHALANGERIDAE 3 PHALANGODIDAE 152 Phalanta 185 PHALLOSTETHIDAE 108 Phallostethus 108 Phaner 10 Phascogale 3 Phasianella, Beddomeia 120 PHASIANIDAE 41, 194 Phasis 182, 235 PHASMATIDAE 208 Phasmodes 164 Phaulomys 30 Phelsuma 78, 79, 197 Phenacobius 97 Phenacolimax 140 phenosa, Ochrotrichia 176 Philanthus 187 Phildoria 177 Philemon 66 PHILEPITTIDAE 58 Philesturnus 70 philiberti, Phalanta 185 philippensis, Pelecanus 36 philippiana, Newcombia 202 philippii, Arctocephalus 18 philippinica, Succinea 138 phillipsi, Garra 95 phillipsi, Tangara 68 philo, Parantica 184 Philocasca 176 Philodryas 84 PHILOPOTAMIDAE 176 PHILORHEITHRIDAE 177 Philoria 89 philorites, Acalyphes 186 Philotiella 235 Philydor 55 philyrina, Caldwellia 206 phlegethon, Pseudobarbus 97 phlegethontis, lotichthys 96 phleophaga, Ectodemia 209 Phloeomys 30 Phoboscincus 82 Phoca 18, 220 phocaenoides, Neophocaena 22 Phocarctos 18 PHOCIDAE 18, 192, 220 Phocoena, Phocoena 22 Phocoena 22 PHOCOENIDAE 22 Phocoenoides 22 Phodilus 51 Phoedon, Amauris 183 Phorbanta nana, Papilio 234 Phorbanta, Papilio 179 Phosphor borealis, Bowkeria 234 Phosphor phosphor, Bowkeria 234 photophila, Agrotis 210 Photuris 233 Phoxinellus 97 Phoxinus 97 Phrantela 123 Phreatodrobia 123 PHREATOICIDAE 154 Phreatophila, Prietella 100 Phrygia, Xanthomyza 66 Phrynomedusa 88 Phrynops 77 Phrynosoma 228 Phyciodes 185 Phyle, Parantica 184 Phyllastrephus 59 phyllocercus, Engaeus 157 Phyllococcus 208 Phyllodactylus 79 phyllodes, Mormolyce 168 Phyllodesma 186 Phyllonycteris 9, 191 Phylloscartes 57 Phylloscopus 63 phyllostegiae, Cyrtopeltis 166 PHYLLOSTOMIDAE 9, 191 Phylolestes 159 physa, Partulina 131 Physa 130 physalus, Balaenoptera 20 Physeter 22 PHYSETERIDAE 22 PHYSIDAE 130 Phytotoma 57 PHYTOTOMIDAE 57 piacentinii, Madoqua 28 Picathartes 63 piceus, Colymbetes 168 piceus, Unas 174 PICIDAE 54 pickeringii, Ducula 47 pickersgilli, Hyperolius 88 Picoides 54 picta, Anculosa 128 picta, Anguispira 136 picta, Omphalotropis 127 pictus, Lycaon 15 Picus 54 PIERIDAE 180, 234 Pieris 234 pigra, Alouatta 12 pihaptha, Ponapella 127 pikoensis, Holcobius 172 pileatus, Hylobates 14 pileatus, Piprites 57 pilikia, Kubaryia 126 pilligaensis, Pseudomys 31 Pillomena 137 pilosa, Omphalotropis 127 pilosus, Hydrotarsus 169 pilosus, Pteropus 191 pilsbryanus, Somatogyrus 125 Pilsbrycharopa 137 pilsbryi, Carelia 202 pilsbryi, Goniobasis 201 pilsbryi, Stenotrema 140 Pilula 137 pimanensis, Melanotaenia 108 pimatuae, Craterocephalus 107 PIMELODIDAE 101 pinaleno, Eumorsea 164 pinchaque, Tapirus 25 Pinctada 239 pindu, Stomatepia 113 Pingalla 110 pinguis, Cyclura 80 PINNOTHERIDAE 158 piperata, Litoria 88 PIPIDAE 90 pipile, Pipile 41 Pipile 41 Pipistrellus 191 pipra, lodopleura 56 Pipra 57 PIPRIDAE 57 Piprites 57 piratarum, Succinea 138 pisciculus, Cheirodon 99 PISIDIIDAE 151 Pisidium 151 pisteri, Pyrgulopsis 124 Pithecia 13 Pithecophaga 40 Pithys 56 Pitla 57, 58 PITTIDAE 57 pittospori, Karocolens 174 Pitymys 193 pityusensis, Podarcis 81 pizarro, Parides 180 pizzinii, Stygobromus 156 placidus, Noturus 100 Placidus, Sosippus 152 274 Placostylus 135 Plagigeyeria 123 Plagiodontia 32, 193 plagiota, Hypena 210 Plagithmysus 213 Plagopterus 97 Planaeschna 232 planicauda, Pyxis 75 planiceps, Prionailurus 16 planifrons, Hyperoodon 23 Planilaoma 137 Planispira 143 Planorbella 130 PLANORBIDAE 130 planospira, Sinployea 206 plantarius, Dolomedes 152 plantii, Gulella 136 planulata, Hirasea 205 Platalea 37 Platanista 23 PLATANISTIDAE 23 platenae, Gallicolumba 47 plateni, Aramidopsis 43 platycephalus, Euproctus 92 platycephalus, Salmo 103 platycheilus, Palaina 118 PLATYCNEMIDAE 232 PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 160 Platycnemis 160 Platyla 119 Platymantis 90 Platynectes 169 platynota, Geochelone 74 platyops, Potorous 191 Platyrinchus 57 Platysaurus 81 platysayoides, Triodopsis 141 Platysteira 63 PLATYSTICTIDAE 160 Plebejus 182, 235 PLECOGLOSSIDAE 230 Plecoglossus 230 Plecotus 10 PLECTROTARSIDAE 176 Plegma 139 pleione, Taudactylus 90 Plentusia 143 plenum, Pleurobema 149 Plerotes 8 Plethobasus 148 Plethodon 91 PLETHODONTIDAE 91 Pleurobema 148, 149 Pleurocera 129 PLEUROCERIDAE 127, 200 Pleurodytes 169 Pleuropoma 231 pleurotaenia, Puntius 98 pleurotoma, Paladilhia 123 Pleuroxia 143 PLEXAURIDAE 117 plicaria, Hemicycla 145 plicata, Anculosa 128 Plicatoperipatus 187 plicosa, Omphalotropis 200 PLOCEIDAE 69, 197 Ploceus 70 PLOTOSIDAE 101 plumbeus, Dysithamnus 55 plumbeus, Micrastur 40 pluto, Chalicodoma 187 Poblana 108 Podarcis 81, 228 PODARGIDAE 51 Podiceps 35 PODICIPEDIDAE 35, 193 Podilymbus 193 Podismopsis 164 Podocnemis 77 Podogymnura 6 Poecilia 105 POECILIIDAE 105, 199 Poeciliopsis 106 Poecilmitis 182, 235 poecilops miyajimaense, Orthetrum 233 poecilopterus, Nesoclopeus 44 poeyi, Phyllonycteris 9 Pogonichthys 97, 198 Pogoniulus 54 Poiana 220 polia, Crocidura 7 poliocerca, Eupherusa 52 polionotus allophrys, Peromyscus 225 polionotus ammobates, Peromyscus 225 polionotus niveiventris, Peromyscus 225 polionotus phasma, Peromyscus 225 polionotus trissyllepsis, Peromyscus 225 poliopareia, Estrilda 69 polita, Mandarina 142 polleni, Paratilapia 112 polleni, Xenopirostris 59 polli, Congosorex 6 polli, Oxylapia 112 polops, Ameiva 81 Polposipus 173 Polyborus 194 POLYCENTROPODIDAE 176 polychromaticum, Enallagma 159 polyctena, Formica 187 Polygyra 140 POLYGYRIDAE 140, 231 Polygyriscus 140 polykomos, Colobus 13 Polylamina 171 polylepis, Anabarilius 94 polymorpha, Pseudopalaina 118 polyodon, Helenoconcha 206 Polyodon 93 POLYODONTIDAE 93 Polyommatus 182 polyphemi, Onthophagus 171 polyphemus, Gopherus 74 polyphemus, Limulus 151 Polyphylla 171 Polyplectron 42 Polytelis 50 Pomarea 63 Pomatias 119 POMATIASIDAE 119, 200 Ponapella 127 ponapensis, Dendrotrochus 139 ponapensis, Tornatellinops 132 ponapica, Nesopupa 133 ponapicus, Palikirus 137 ponceleti, Solomys 31 ponceleti, Tribolonotus 82 ponderosa, Cincinnatia 121 ponderosa, Mandarina 142 Pongo 15 pontica, Vipera 85 Pontoporia 23 pontvillensis, Fluvidona 122 Poospiza 67 Popelairia 53 poptae, Xenopoecilus 106 porcata, Westraltrachia 143 porcellana, Partulina 131 porcellanus, Hippopus 150 porcus, Amastra 202 porosus, Crocodylus 78 porphyretica, Limnocythere 153 Porphyrio 44, 195 porphyrocheila, Aspastus 204 porrectus, Helixarion 139 portoricensis, Isolobodon 193 portosanctana, Pseudocampylaea 145 portosanctt, Leptaxis 145 Porzana 44, 195 poseidon, Lepidochrysops 181 Posorites 143 posteri, Pleurocera 129 Posticobia 200 postvectis, Galaxias 102 Potamilus 149 Potamonectes 169 Potamopyrgus 123 potenziani, Presbytis 14 POTERIIDAE 118 POTOROIDAE 4, 191 Potorous 4, 191 pottsi, Etheostoma 111 potulentus, Stylurus 161 pouchet, Hemicycla 145 poulsoni, Speoplatyrhinus 103 powellii, Lampsilis 148 poyntoni, Cacosternum 90 praecelcus, Bothriembryon 134 praeclarus, Joiceya 181 praeconis, Pseudomys 31 praecox, Melanotaenia 108 praecox, Mordacia 93 praerosa, Aculopsis 200 praetumida, Pilula 137 Praomys 30 pratensis/nigricans, Formica 187 prattorum, Rhynchomeles 3 pratiorum, Troides 180 Premnoplex 55 Presbylis 14 prespensis, Barbus 94 pretiosa, Catocala 186 pretrei, Amazona 49 preussi, Cercopithecus 13 Priapella 199 pricei, Craterodiscus 141 pricei, Ictalurus 100 Prietella 100 prigoginei, Chlorocichla 59 prigoginei, Nectarinia 65 Prigoginei, Phodilus 51 primum, Cristilabrum 141 princeps, Cottus 109 princeps, Melidectes 66 principalis, Campephilus 54 pringlei, Aloeides 180 pringlei, Lepidochrysops 181 pringlei, Phasis 182 pringlei, Thestor 182 Prinia 63 Priodontes 5 Prionailurus 16, 17, 219 Prioniturus 50 Prionomys 30 Prionops 59 Pristidactylus 80 Pristoceuthophilus 163 275 pritchardiae, Stenotrupis 174 pritchardias, Pentarthrum 174 pritchardii, Megapodius 40 Proandricus 213 Probarbus 97 Problema 177 problematica, Rhophodon 137 Procambarus 156, 157 Procapra 28 PROCAVIIDAE 25 Procellaria 35 PROCELLARIIDAE 35, 193, 226 procellaris, Agrotis 210 procles, Graphium 178 Procolobus 14, 218, 219 Procyon 18, 192 PROCYONIDAE 18, 192 Prodontria 171 producta, Amphorella 135 producta, Partula 204 productus, Hydroporus 169 productus, Nestor 196 Profelis 17 profundicola, Oryzias 106 Progomphus 161 Prolagus 193 pronoti, Mecistogaster 160 propinqua, Dysnomia 207 Propithecus \1 proserpina, Cyprinella 95 proserpina, Proserpinus 186 Proserpinus 186 Prosobonia 46, 195 protea, Partula 204 PROTEIDAE 92 Proterhinus 213 Proteus 92 Protoploea 184 Protoptila 175 Prototrachia 143 Prototroctes 102, 199 protracta, Partula 204 protuberata, Beddomeia 120 provocax, Lutra 17 provosti, Ochrotrichia 176 proxima, Partulina 131 proxima, Sinployea 206 prunellei, Coeligena 52 pryeri, Megalurus 62 Prymnbriareus 143 przewalski, Paradoxornis 62 przewalskii, Procapra 28 Psacadonotus 164 PSAMMASPIDIDAE 153 Psammobates 75 psammophila, Sminthopsis 3 psarolena, Solatopupa 133 pselaphon, Pteropus 9 PSEPHENIDAE 172 Psephenus 172 Psephotus 50, 196 Psephurus 93 Pseudacris 229 Pseudagrion 160 Pseudalmenus 235 Pseudamnicola 123 Pseudanodonta 149 Pseudemoia 82 Pseudemydura 77 Pseudemys 74 Pseudibis 38 Pseudirion 158 Pseudobagrus 100 Pseudobarbus 97 Pseudocalyptomena 54 Pseudocampylaea 145, 206 PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE 4 Pseudocheirus 4 Pseudochelidon 58 PSEUDOCOCCIDAE 208 Pseudocolopteryx 57 Pseudocopaeodes 233 Pseudocordylus 81 Pseudocossyphus 63 Pseudocotalpa 171 Pseudodacnis 67 pseudodolium, Orcula 133 Pseudogobiopsis 115 pseudoincisus, Glossolepis 107 Pseudois 28 pseudomelaneus, Parantica 184 Pseudomugil 108 Pseudomys 31, 193 Pseudonestor 68 Pseudopalaina 118 Pseudophoxinus 97 Pseudophryne 89 Pseudopsectra 167 pseudopulchella, Aprasia 79 Pseudorasbora 229 Pseudorca 21 Pseudoryx 28 PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE 160 Pseudotricula 123 pseudotrolli, Vitrea 140 pseustes, Helenoconcha 206 Psilotreta 177 psittacea, Psitlirostra 68 psittacea, Treron 48 PSITTACIDAE 49, 195, 226 Psittacula 50, 196 Psittaculirostris 50 Psitlirostra 68 Psophodes 63 PSYCHODIDAE 174 Psychomastatix 164 psychopompus, Scytalopus 56 Pteralopex 8& PTERIIDAE 239 Pterodroma 35, 36, 193, 226 Pteromys 29 Pteronura 18 PTEROPODIDAE 7, 191, 217 Pteropus 8, 9, 191, 217 plerotropiana, Spheterista 177 pthonera, Canariella 144 Ptilinopus 48, 195 PTILONORHYNCHIDAE 70 Ptychalaea 133 Ptychobranchus 149 Ptychocheilus 97 Ptychochromoides 113 Ptychodon 205 pubescens, Polylamina 171 puda, Pudu 26 Pudu 26 Puffinus 36, 226 pulchellus, Acrolophitus 164 pulchellus, Caprimulgus 52 pulcher, Lacconectus 169 pulcherrima, Achatinella 131 pulcherrima, Papustyla 143 pulcherrima, Petalura 161 pulcherrimus, Psephotus 196 pulcherrimus, Psephotus 50 pulchra, Auriculella 131 pulchra longicauda, Egernia 228 pulchra nigra, Anniella 228 pulchra, Pteralopex 8 pulchrus, Empicoris 166 pulitzeri, Macrosphenus 62 pulla, Microgale 5 pullus, Carunculina 147 Puma 219, 220 pumila, Gyrotoma 201 pumila, Parantica 184 pumila ssp., Pseudorasbora 229 pumila, Videna 140 pumilio, Myosciurus 28 pumilus, Pteropus 9 pumilus, Tarsius 11 punae, Deinomimesa 187 punctatissima, Knipowitschia 115 punctatus, Falco 40 punctatus, Lacconectus 169 punctatus, Sphenodon 78 punctellum, Mecodema 208 PUNCTIDAE 137 punctipennis, Lacconectus 169 punctiperforata, Mautodontha 205 punctulispira, Boninosuccinea 138 Pungitius 109 Pungu 113 punicea, Columba 47 punicea, Trochidrobia 125 Puntius 97, 98 pupa, Palaina 118 pupaeformis, Goniobasis 201 pupiformis, Phrantela 123 Pupilla 132, 203 PUPILLIDAE 132, 203 Pupina 119 PUPINIDAE 119 Pupisoma 133 pupoides, Bythinella 121 pupoides, Nanocochlea 123 pupukanioe, Achatinella 131 pupula, Belgrandiella 120 pupula, Pupilla 132 puritana, Cicindela 168 purpurea, Gila 96 pusilla, Austrochloritis 141 pusilla, Galaxiella 102 pusilla, Ochotona 32 pusilla, Palaina 118 pusillior, Hemistoma 122 pustulatus, Hydrosaurus 79 putealis, Stygobromus 156 puteana, Moitessieria 123 puinamensis, Ochthebius 170 PYCNONOTIDAE 59, 196, 227 Pycnonotus 59 pycnum, Aphaostracon 119 Ppycrofti, Plerodroma 36 Pygathrix 14,219 Pygmaea, Goniobasis 201 pygmaea, Melanotaenia 108 Pygmaea, Pandaka 115 pygmaeus, Cottus 109 pygmaeus, Napaeus 133 pygmaeus, Nycticebus 11 pygmaeus, Pongo 15 Pygmaeus, Procyon 18 pygmaeus, Somatogyrus 125 pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus 45 Pygmeus, Phalacrocorax 37 276 PYGOPODIDAE 79, 228 PYRALIDAE 185, 209, 213 pyramidata, Gyrotoma 201 pyramis, Diplommatina 118 pyramis, Heteropoma 126 pyramus, Poecilmitis 182 Pyreferra 186 pyrenaica, Belgrandiella 120 pyrenaica ornata, Rupicapra 224 pyrenaica pyrenaica, Capra 222 pyrenaica victoriae, Capra 222 pyrenaicus, Galemys 7 pyrenella, Pleurocera 129 Pyrgina 135 Pyrgulopsis 124, 125 pyriforme, Pleurobema 149 Pyriglena 56 pyroeis hersaleki, Poecilmitis 235 pyrohypogaster, Hypopyrrhus 69 pyrrhocephalus, Phaenicophaeus 51 pyrrhops, Hapalopsittaca 49 Pyrrhura 50 Python 83 Pyxis 75 quadragintus, Pardalotus 65 quadrasi, Elasmias 131 quadrasi, Heteropoma 126 quadrasi, Himeroconcha 137 quadrasi, Nesopupa_ 133 quadrasi, Omphalotropis 127 quadrasi, Succinea 138 Quadrasiella 127 quadricolor, Dicaeum 65 quadricornis, Myoxocephalus 109 quadricornis, Tetracerus 28 quadrioculatum, Pseudagrion 160 quadripaludium, Mexithauma 123 quadrivittatus australis, Tamias 225 Quadrula 149 quadrulus, Somatogyrus 125 quagga, Equus 192 quarlesi, Bubalus 27 quathlambae, Pseudobarbus 97 quenstedti, Bythiospeum 121 questroana, Amplirhagada 141 quickelbergei, Lepidochrysops 181 quimperiana, Elona 144 Quincuncina 149 Quiscalus 197 quitobaquitae, Tryonia 126 rabieri, Picus 54 rabinoi, Liolaemus 80 rabori, Napothera 62 rabori, Nyctimene 8 raddei, Vipera 85 radiata, Geochelone 74 radiata, Partula 204 radiatus, Erythrotriorchis 39 radiceus, Carpococcyx 50 Radiocentrum 138 radiolata, Partula 134 radiolosus, Neomorphus 51 radiosus, Cyprinodon 104 rafflesia, Euscheman 177 raffrayana, Emballonura 9 rafinesqueana, Lampsilis 148 rahmi, Lophuromys 30 raiatensis, Partula 204 raimondii, Phytotoma 57 raineyi, Crocidura 7 rakiurae, Hoplodactylus 78 RALLIDAE 43, 194, 226 Rallus 44 ramadeya, Lethe 184 Ramiheithrus 177 RAMPHASTIDAE 54 Ramphocinclus 59 Ramphodon 53 Ramphotyphlops 83 ramsayi, Aspidites 83 ramsayi, Fluviopupa 122 ramuensis, Glossolepis 107 Rana 90, 198 Rangifer 222 RANIDAE 90, 198 raniformis, Litoria 88 RAPHIDAE 195 Raphiomydas 175 Raphus 195 raptor, Paranyctimene 8 raricosta, Pomatias 119 rarum, Aciagrion 159 Rasbora 98 raspaili, Tacheocampylaea 145 rastellus, Syncomistes 110 rathbuni, Typhlomolge 92 Ratsirakia 114 rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 90 Rattus 31, 193 Ratufa 224 raveneliana, Alasmidonta 146 ravidus, Turdus 196 raviventris, Reithrodontomys 31 rayi, Moitessieria 123 razae, Alauda 58 reapert, Farula 176 recta, Westraltrachia 143 recticulus, Ochthebius 170 rectum, Cristilabrum 141 rectunguis, Centropus 51 recurvatum, Enallagma 159 RECURVIROSTRIDAE 45 reddelli, Rhamdia 101 reddelli, Stygobromus 156 redfieldi, Partulina 131 Redigobius 115 redimita, Xerarionta 146 Redunca 224 REDUVIIDAE 166 reevesii, Syrmaticus 42 regalis, Heliangelus 52 regalis, Hypseleotris 114 regani, Chirostoma 106 regani, Neosalanx 101 rehsei, Acrocephalus 60 reibischi, Bulimulus 135 reighardi, Coregonus 102 reisalpense, Bythiospeum 121 Reithrodontomys 31, 226 relevata, Leiostyla 132 relicta, Helenoconcha 137 relicta, Myonycteris 8 relictus, Larus 46 relictus, Platysaurus 81 Relictus 98 remota, Partula 204 remotus, Conocephaloides 163 remyi, Hypnophila 132 remyi, Suncus 7 Renea 119, 200 res, Ningbingia 142 reses, Orthalicus 135 resinus, Mandibularca 96 restrictus, Cisticola 60 reticulata, Amastra 202 reticulata, Eos 48 reticulata, Eusthenia 165 reticulata, Insulivitrina 140 reticulatus, Coeranoscincus 81 retiformis, Bufo 87 Retinella 140 RETROPINNIDAE 102, 199 retusa, Obovaria 148 retusus, Chlamyphorus 5 reventazoni, Palaemnema 160 reverberii, Atelognathus 88 rex, Balaeniceps 37 rex, Ogasawarana 200 rex, Percina 112 reyniesit, Bythinella 121 reynoldsi, Neoseps 82 reynoldsiana, Spheterista 177 Rhabdornis 65 RHABDORNITHIDAE 65 Rhachis 203 Rhadine 168 Rhagada 143 Rhagomys 31 Rhamdia 101 Rhantus 169, 208 RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE 163 Rheinardia 42 rhencola, Litoria 88 Rheobatrachus 89 Rheocles 108 Rheodytes 77 rheophilus, Taudactylus 90 Rhincodon 93 RHINCODONTIDAE 93 Rhinichthys 198, 229 Rhinoceros 25 RHINOCEROTIDAE 25, 221 Rhinoclemmys 74 RHINOCRYPTIDAE 56 Rhinocypha 158, 159 Rhinoderma 90 RHINODERMATIDAE 90 RHINOLOPHIDAE 9 Rhinomyias 63 Rhinonicteris 9 Rhinoptilus 45 Rhipidolestes 159 Rhipidura 63 Rhithrodytes 170 Rhizosomichthys 199 Rhodacanthis 197 Rhodacmaea 130 Rhodeus 229 rhodocorytha, Amazona 49 Rhodonessa 194 rhombifer, Crocodylus 78 rhombosomoides, Cairnsichthys 106 RHOPALIDAE 166 Rhophodon 137 Rhopornis 56 Rhyacophila 175, 208 RHYACOPHILIDAE 175, 208 Rhyacornis 63 rhynchida, Kenkia 117 Rhynchochydorus 152 Rhynchocyon 33, 226 Rhynchomeles 3 Rhynchomys 31 Rhynchopsitta 50 Rhyncogonus 174, 208, 213 RHYNOCHETIDAE 44 277 Rhynochetos 44 Rhysoconcha 205 Rhytida 136 RHYTIDIDAE 136 richardsoni liberiensis, Poiana 220 richardsoni, Phrantela 123 rickseckeri, Hydrochara 170 ricordi, Cyclura 80 ricta, Hemidaina 163 ridgwayi, Buteo 39 ridgwayi, Thalurania 53 ridleyi, Hipposideros 9 riedelii, Tanysiptera 53 Riekoperla 165 rijersmai, Alsophis 83 rileyi, Cyclura 80 rileyi, Poecilmitis 182 rimiculus ssp., Catostomus 230 rimosus, Lemiox 148 ringens, Diplommatina 118 RIODINIDAE 235 risi, Progomphus 161 rist sakishimana, Planaeschna 232 risora, Alectrurus 57 rita mattonii, Eupkilotes 234 ritsemae, Lacconectus 169 riversiana, Xantusia 79 rivulatus, Trichomycterus 101 Rivulus 104 roberti, Alloperla 208 roberti, Gymnuromys 30 roberti, Nesidiolestes 166 robertsi, Euastacus 157 robertsi, Zenacrchopterus robusta, Actinella 144 robusta, Alasmidonta 207 robusta, Dubiraphia 172 robusta, Mystacina 192 robusta, Pantagenia 207 robusta, Pyrgulopsis 124 robusta ssp., Gila 229 robustus, Rivulus 104 rochussenti, Scolopax 46 rockefelleri, Nectarinia 65 rockhamptonensis, Sphaerospira 143 rodericana, ‘Alectroenas’ 195 rodericana, Geonemertes 117 rodericanus, ‘Necropsittacus’ 195 rodericanus, Bebrornis 60 rodericanus, Necrospar 197 rodolphei, Stachyris 64 rodricensis, Pleropus 9 rodriguezensis, Plegma 139 rogersi, Atlantisia 43 Roimontis 137 rolandiana, Moitessieria 123 Romanichthys 112 Romankenkius 199 Romerolagus 33 ronaldi, Beddomeia 120 roosevelti, Anolis 79 roquettei, Phylloscartes 57 rosae, Amblyopsis 103 rosalia, Leontopithecus 12 Rosalia 173 rosalinda, Gerbillus 29 rosea, Achalinella 201 rosea, Partula 134 rosei, Capensibufo 87 rosei, Heleophryne 87 roseicapilla, Ptilinopus 48 rosenbergii, Gymnocrex 44 5 roseus, Opisthopatus 188 rosmarus laptevi, Odobenus 220 rossi, Apatalestea 174 rossi, Trigonoscuta 208 rossiana, Paryphanta 136 rossmaessleri, Chilostoma 144 rossouwi, Aloeides 180 rossouwi, Thestor 182 rostrata rostrata, Aprasia 228 rostratus, Galaxias 102 rostrogaleatus, Engaeus 157 roswellensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 rotanus, Semperdon 138 rothschildi, Leucopsar 70 rothschildi, Ornithoptera 179 rothschildi, Phalanger 3 rotula, Himeroconcha 137 rotulata, Obovaria 148 rotundata, Parantica 184 rotundatus, Sandracottus 170 rotundicauda, Carcinoscorpius 151 rotundicollis, Dysticheus 174 rourei, Nemosia 67 rousseloti, Dendroprionomys 29 rowelli bakerensis, Eremarionta 231 rowelli mccoiana, Eremarionta 231 Rowetlia 67 rowleyi, Eutrichomyias 196 roxellana bieti, Pygathrix 219 roxellana, Pygathrix 14 Ruatara 205 rubecula, Poospiza 67 rubella, Palaina 118 rubellum, Pleurobema 149 rubens, Amastra 132 rubens, Orthetrum 162 rubescens, Gallicolumba 47 rubicundus, Helixarion 139 rubida, Rhinoclemmys 74 rubiginosa, Prionailurus 16 rubra, Foudia 69 rubranura, Felexamia 167 rubricollis, Charadrius 45 rubripes, Odontopodisma 164 rubritorques, Anthrepltes 65 rubriventer, Eulemur 10 rubrogenys, Ara 49 rubrum, Etheostoma 111 rubrum, Pleurobema 149 rucki, Cyornis 61 ruddi, Heteromirafra 58 rudei, Necydalis 173 rudis, Hetaerina 159 rudis, Heteropholis 78 rudis, Jacksonena 142 rudis, Sinployea 206 rueppelli, Vulpes 15 rufa, Formica 187 rufa nigra, Aplodontia 224 rufa phaea, Aplodontia 224 rufa, Trichocichla 64 rufescens, Atrichornis 58 rufescens, Rhagomys 31 ruficauda, Myrmeciza 56 ruficaudatus, Lepilemur 11 ruficeps, Eucerceris 187 ruficeps, Luscinia 61 ruficeps, Paradoxornis 62 ruficollaris, Todirhamphus 53 ruficollis, Automolus 55 ruficollis, Branta 38 ruficollis, Madanga 65 rufifrons, Formicarius 55 rufifrons, Gazella 28 rufigularis, Hyetornis 51 rufina, Gazella 192 rufipectus, Arborophila 41 rufipennis, Nectarinia 65 rufipes, Phrynops 77 rufiventris, Alsophis 83 rufiventris, Sallator 67 rufocinerea, Grallaria 56 rufogularis, Pachycephala 62 rufolavatus, Tachybaptus 35 rufomarginatus, Euscarthmus 57 rufomerus, Chrysococcyx 51 rufoniger, Spilocuscus 4 rufozonata, Pachystyla 206 rufula, Georissa 117 rufum, Rhinoderma 90 rufus, Canis 15 rugensis, Metabolus 62 rugiferus, Bulimulus 135 rugosa, Deinacrida 163 rugosiceps, Oceanides 166 ruki, Rukia 65 Rukia 65 rulieni, Miloderes 174 rumppi, Agabus 168 rupicapra asiatica, Rupicapra 224 rupicapra balcanica, Rupicapra 224 rupicapra cartusiana, Rupicapra 224 rupicapra caucasica, Rupicapra 224 rupicapra tatrica, Rupicapra 224 Rupicapra 224 rupicola, Lacerta 81 ruppi, Myomys 30 ruschi, Abrawayaomys 29 ruspolii, Tauraco 50 Russatus 138 rustica, Partula 204 Rutilus 98 ruwenzorii, Micropotamogale 5 Ruwenzorisorex 7 ruweti, Ploceus 70 ryakyuensis amamii, Coeliccia 232 ryakyuensis ryukyuensis, Coeliccia 232 Ryssota 139 ryukyuensis asatoi, Stylogomphus 232 ryukyuensis watanabei, Stylogomphus 232 sabahensis, Lacconectus 169 sabrinus coloratus, Glaucomys 224 sabrinus fuscus, Glaucomys 224 sacramento, Anthicus 173 Sadleriana 125 sadonis, Sorex 7 saeronius, Bulimulus 135 Saga 164 Sagitiatus, Otus 51 Sagittirostris, Viridonia 197 Saguinus 12, 217 Saiga 224 Saimiri 13 saintjohni, Mautodontha 205 sakaramyi, Pachypanchax 103 saladonis, Notropis 96 Salamandra 92 SALAMANDRIDAE 92 salamandroides, Lepidogalaxias 101 Salamis 185, 236 salamonis, Gallicolumba 47 SALANGIDAE 101 Salanoia 17 salaziensis, Ctenophila 138 278 salebrosa, Lithasia 129 salifana, Partula 204 salimalii, Latidens 8 salinasensis, Lampsilis 148 salinus milleri, Cyprinodon 230 salinus salinus, Cyprinodon 230 Salmo 103 salmoides ssp., Micropterus 230 SALMONIDAE 102, 199, 230 salmonis, Beddomeia 120 Salmothymus 103 Saltator 67 saluposi, Mexilana 154 salvadorii, Psittaculirostris 50 salvanius, Sus 25 Salvelinus 103, 199 sambavae, Acraea 185 Samoana 134, 204 samoensis, Pleropus 9 sampsoni, Dysnomia 207 sanctacrucis, Nyctimene 191 sanctaecrucis, Zosterops 66 sanctaehelenae, Charadrius 45 sanctaehelenae, Succinea 138 sancticrucis, Alsophis 198 sandawanum, Graphium 178 sandbergeri, Bythiospeum 121 Sandelia 115 Sandracottus 170 sandrius, Gomphus 161 sandvicensis, Branta 38 sandwicensis, Eleotris 113 sandwichensis, Porzana 195 sandwichensis, Pterodroma 36 sanfelipensis, Capromys 32 sanfordi, Cyornis 61 sanguinea, Laminella 132 sanguineus, Rhachis 203 sanguinichristi, Pisidium 151 sanitwongsei, Pangasius 100 sankara nar, Neptis 236 santaanae, Catostomus 99 santaecrucis, Gallicolumba 47 santamariae, Cyprinella 95 santovestris, Aplonis 70 Sanzinia 83 Sapheopipo 54 sarasinorum, Tamanka 115 Sarasinorum, Xenopoecilus 106 saratogae, Belostoma 165 sardus, Prolagus 193 Sarotherodon 113 Sarothrura 44 Sasakia 185 Satan 100 satanas, Colobus 13 Satanas satanas, Chiropotes 218 satanas utahicki, Chiropotes 218 SATURNIIDAE 186 satyavati, Lethe 184 SATYRIDAE 184, 235 Satyrodes 236 saundersi, Larus 46 sauveli, Bos 27 ?Sauzieri 196 savesi, Aegotheles 196 sawtelli, Collocalia 52 Saxicola 63 sayi, Zoraena 161 scalarina, Palaina 118 scamandri, Hydrobia \22 Scaphirhynchus 93 SCARABAEIDAE 170, 233 Scaturiginichthys 108 Sceloglaux 196 Scelotes 82 Scepomycter 63 schadenbergi, Atrophaneura 178 schadenbergi, Crateromys 29 schaeferi, Pseudois 28 schalleri, Myosorex 7 schauinslandi, Caconemobius 164 schauinslandii, Monachus 18 schaumi shenandoah, Sphaeroderus 233 Schayera 164 scheepmakeri, Goura 47 Schismatogobius 115 schistacea, Coracina 58 schistacea, Zoothera 64 Schistura 98, 99 schlegeli, Pseudocheirus 4 schlegelii, Tomistoma 78 schleiermacheri, Polyplectron 42 schneideri, Bitis 85 schneideri, Pitta 58 Schneideri, Tiradelphe 184 schoelleri, Micropanchax 105 schoenigi, Parantica 184 schomburgki, Cervus 192 Schoutedenapus 52 schoutedeni, Schoutedenapus 52 schreiberi, Lacerta 81 schrencki, Acipenser 93 schrenki, Perca 111 schulzi, Cinclus 59 schweizeri, Vipera 85 SCIAENIDAE 112 SCINCIDAE 81, 197, 228 scindocataracta, Geminoropa 137 sciopleryx, Nesomimesa 187 scipio, Erebia 184 scitula antiochensis, Perdita 236 SCIURIDAE 28, 224 Sciurus 224 sclateri, Austroglanis 100 sclateri, Cercopithecus 13 sclateri, Chlorotalpa 6 sclatert, Lophophorus 42 Sclerodermus 186 Scleropages 93 SCOLOPACIDAE 45, 195 Scolopax 46 ‘Scops’ 196 Scortum 110 Scotopelia 51 Scotorythra 209 scotiae, Dendrolagus 4 scratchleyi, Thryssa 94 Scripta callirostris, Trachemys 227 scrofa riukiuanus, Sus 221 Sculptiferussacia 135 sculpturatus, Bulimulus 135 sculpturatus, Megacolabus 174 scutula, Discus 138 scutulata, Cairina 38 Scytalopus 56 secedens, Hyla 87 sechellarum, Copsychus 61 sechellarum, Foudia 69 sechellensis, Bebrornis 60 sechellensis, Sooglossus 91 sechurae, Dusicyon 15 seclusus, Paracymus 170 sedula, Prototrachia 143 seeberi, Labeo 96 Selasphorus 53 Selenarctos 19, 220 selina, Crocidura 7 selium, Nesidiolestes 166 sellare, Etheostoma 199 semicarinata, Partulina 131 semicaudata, Emballonura 9 semicostata, Omphalotropis 127 semilirata, Tropidophora 200 semipalmatus, Eleutherodactylus 88 semipalmatus, Limnodromus 45 semiplumbeus, Rallus 44 semoni, Helixarion 139 Semotilus 98 Semotrachia 143 semperasper, Notropis 96 Semperdon 138 semperi, Leucopeza 68 semperi, Paludinella 123 senegalensis, Trichechus 24 senex, Todirostrum 57 senicula, Hypena 210 senilis, Gambusia 105 sentaniensis, Chilatherina 106 Sephanoides 53 seplendecim, Magicicada 167 septendecula, Magicicada 167 septentrionalis, Lepilemur 11 septentrionalis, Ordtrachia 142 seplima, Gomphus 161 sequoicola consors, Helminthoglypta 231 sergenti, Somatogyrus 125 seriatus, Psacadonotus 164 Serica 171 SERICOSTOMATIDAE 176 Sericulus 70 Serinus 69 serpensinsula, Nactus 78 serra, Barbus 94 Serranochromis 113 servillei, Onconotus 164 SESIIDAE 177 setaroi, Bradypodion 79 selicostatus, Heterexis 174 selifrons, Xenornis 56 setiliris, Ctenophila 138 Setobaudinia 143 Setomedea 138 selosa, Monadenia 146 selosis, Mesacanthotelson 154 setosus, Euastacus 157 setubalensis, Candidula 144 sexdentata, Helenoconcha 206 sexlineata, Melanotaenia 108 sexnotatus, Dryobius 173 sextuberculata, Podocnemis 77 seychellensis aldabrensis, Pteropus 217 seychellensis, Coleura 9 seychellensis, Pelusios 77 seychellensis, Tachycnemis 88 Seychellibasis 232 shafferyi, Meliobba 142 sharpei, Terenura 56 shastae, Hydromantes 91 shenandoah, Plethodon 91 shepardiana, Elliptio 147 shepherdi, Tasmacetus 24 Sheppardia 63 Shijimiaeoides 235 shortridgei, Pseudomys 31 Shoshone, Pelocoris 166 279 shoupt, Orconectes 156 showalteri, Anculosa 200 showalteri, Gontobasis 128 showalleri, Lepyrium 122 showalteri, Pleurocera 129 Siacella 166 siamensis, Crocodylus 78 siamensis, Oreoglanis 101 sthayi, Silhouettea 115 sicki, Terenura 56 Sicydium 115 Sicyopterus 115 Sicyopus 115 sidamoensis, Heteromirafra 58 siemtradzkii, Carduelis 69 sierrana, Tetrix 165 Siettitia 208 Sigmodon 226 signata, Belontia 115 signata, Emydura 77 signifer, Stypodon 198 sijuensis, Schistura 99 sikorae, Rheocles 108 silenus, Macaca 13 Silhouettea 115 silindensis, Aethomys 29 SILPHIDAE 170 SILURIDAE 100 Silurus 100 silus, Gambelia 80 silus, Rheobatrachus 89 silvatica, Geoemyda 73 silveri, Glyptorhagada 142 silvestris, Gallinula 43 simalus, Batrachoseps 91 simensis, Canis 15 similis, Engaewa 157 similis, Troglohyphantes 152 simoni, Aneuretus 186 simoniana, Moitessieria \23 simonyi, Gallotia 80 Simoselaps 84 Simoxenops 55 simplex, Branchinella 153 simplex, Cristilabrum 141 simplex, Pyrgulopsis 124 Simpsoniconcha 149 simrothi, Arion 206 simsoniana, Fluvidona 122 simulator, Leiostyla 203 simum, Ceratotherium 25 simum cottoni, Ceralotherium 221 simus, Cyprinodon 104 simus, Hapalemur 10 simus, Kogia 22 simus, Notropis 97 sinailicus, Paragomphus 161 sinclairi, Carelia 202 sinensis, Alligator 77 Sinocyclocheilus 98 Sinployea 138, 206 Sinumelon 143 sinuosa, Hirasea 205 sinus, Phocoena 22 sipedon insularum, Nerodia 228 SIPHLONURIDAE 158, 207 Siphonorhis 52 siquijorensis, Ixos 59 sirang, Puntius 98 sirintarae, Pseudochelidon 58 sirtalis tetrataenia, Thamnophis 228 SISORIDAE 101 sisyphodemus, Eleutherodactylus 88 Sitta 64, 65 SITTIDAE 64 situla, Elaphe 83 sivalikensis, Burmagomphus 160 sjoestedti, Papilio 179 Skiffia 105 sleighti, Belocephalus 163 sloatianus, Nephronaias 148 smaragdilis, Tinostoma 209 Smerina 185 Sminthopsis 3 smithi, Euathlus 151 smithi, Nemacheilus 98 smithi, Siacella 166 smithi, Thermosphaeroma 154 smithi, Trochidrobia 125 smithii, Stygobromus 156 smlthi, Neoplanorbls 130 snelli, Thapsia 139 snelsoni, Notropis 97 snowi, Myrmotherula 56 snyderae, Tilapia 113 snyderi, Catostomus 99 sodalis, Myotis 10 soemmerringii, Gazella 28 sokokensis, Anthus 58 solangiae, Sitta 65 solaris, Dirce 186 Solatopupa 133 solatus, Cercopithecus 13 Solenodon 5 SOLENODONTIDAE 5 Soliperla 165 solitaria, Argiocnemis 159 solitaria, Pezophaps 195 solitaria, Samoana 134 solitarius, Atelognathus 88 solitarius, Buteo 39 solitarius, Raphus 195 solitarius, Relictus 98 solitudum, Cristilabrum 141 Solomys 31 solus, Pyrgulopsis 125 soluta, Wrayanna 127 Somatochlora 162 Somatogyrsus 125 Somatogyrus 125 somphongsi, Barbus 94 somuncurensis, Somuncuria 89 Somuncuria 89 sondaicus, Rhinoceros 25 Sonorella 146 SOOGLOSSIDAE 90 Sooglossus 90, 91 Sorex 7 sorghophilus, Acrocephalus 60 SORICIDAE 6 soror, Odynerus 187 sororcula, Tyto 51 Sosippus 152 Sotalia 21 soumagnei, Tyto 51 Sousa 21 sowerbyana, Achatinella 131 spadiceus, Dyacopterus 7 spadix, Cephalophus 27 spadix, Dendrolagus 4 spaldingi, Achatinella 201 spaldingi, Ougapia 136 spana, Epargyreus 177 spangleri, Hydroporus 169 Spanglerogyrus 170 sparsa, Quadrula 149 spathula, Polyodon 93 spatulatus, Clinus 113 spatulatus, Onchotelson 154 speciosa bohartorum, Philotiella 235 speciosa, Gambusia 105 speciosa, Geothlypis 68 speciosa, Stachyris 64 speciosus, Pleropus 9 spectaculum, Cristilabrum 141 spectrum, Osmerus 101 spectrum, Tarsius 11 Speirops 65 spekei, Gazella 28 spelaea, Amblyopsis 103 Spelaeodiscus 132 Spelaeornis 64 spelaeotes, Lucifuga 103 spelaeus, Platymantis 90 spelaeus, Speleoperipatus 187 spelaeus, Typhlotriton 92 Spelasorchestia 155 Speleomantes 91 Speleoperipatus 187 spelunca, Physa 130 Spelungula 152 spenceri, Bothriembryon 134 spenceri, Litoria 88 spenceri, Opisthotropis 84 Speocirolana 154 Speoplatyrhinus 103 Speothos 15 Speyeria 185, 236 Sphaerodactylus 79 Sphaeroderus 233 SPHAEROMATIDAE 154 Sphaerospira 143 Sphalloplana 117 Spharagemon 164 SPHECIDAE 187, 236 SPHENISCIDAE 35 Spheniscus 35 Sphenocichla 64 Sphenodon 78 SPHENODONTIDAE 78 Spheterista 177 SPHINGIDAE 186, 209, 236 sphinx, Mandrillus 14 sphyurus, Underwoodisaurus 79 spiculosa, Ceratella 158 spilocephalus stresemanni, Otus 227 Spilocuscus 3, 4 spiloptera, Porzana 44 Spilornis 40 spilota imbricata, Morelia 228 spilota, Mogurnda 114 spilota, Tasmanoplegas 176 spina, Damochlora 141 spinachoides, Microphis 109 spinata, Rhyacophila 175 spinatus, Stygobromus 156 Spindasis 182 spinicaudatus, Engaeus 157 spinifer, Austrosaga 163 spinifera, Acanthinula 132 spinifera, Paralucia 182 spinipennis, Hadramphus 174 spinipes, Troglohyphantes 152 spinipinnis, Phocoena 22 spinosa, Elliptio 147 spinosa, Heosemys 73 280 spinosus, Pseudocordylus 81 spirizona, Amastra 132 Spirorbula 145 spirulina, Disculella 144 spixii, Acanthochelys 77 spixii, Cyanopsitia 49 Spiza 197 Spizaetus 40 Spizocorys 58 splendens, Ameca 105 splendens, Buprestis 171 splendens, Cynolebias 103 splendens, Macromia 161 splendens, Pupina 119 splendida, Neophema 50 splendida, Partulina 131 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 57 spongotroktis, Tilapia 113 sporadica, Orangia 205 Sporophila 67 spp., Cyprinodon 199 spp., Itodacnus 213 Spratellicypris 98 spratti, Trochoidea 144 spurca, Ptychodon 205 squalida, Spirorbula 145 squamata, Poblana 108 squamatus, Mergus 38 squamigera, Brachypteracias 54 squamosa, Tridacna 150 squamulosa, Baccalena 141 srilankensis, Puntius 98 stabilei, Retinella 140 Stachyris 64 stacyi, Zelotypia 177 Stagnicola 129 Stallingsia 178 stamineus, Awaous 114 stanauli, Noturus 100 standingi, Phelsuma 79 stapes, Quadrula 149 starki, Alabamaubria 172 starki, Taeniopteryx 165 Starnoenas 48 starostini, Troglocobitis 99 Steatomys 31 stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 91 steerii, Centropus 51 steerii, Pitta 58 stegaria, Cyprogenia 147 steinbachi, Parides 180 steinbachi, Sarotherodon 113 steindachneri, Cichlasoma 112 steinstansana, Elliptio 147 stejnegeri, Hynobius 91 stejnegeri malonei, Trachemys 227 stejnegeri, Mesoplodon 23 stellmacki, Stygobromus 156 STENASELLIDAE 154 Stenella 21, 22 Stenelmis 172, 233 Steno 22 Stenobothrodes 165 stenocephala, Crocidura 7 Stenodus 230 STENOPELMATIDAE 163 Stenopelmatus 163 STENOPSYCHIDAE 176 Stenopsychodes 176 Stenotrema 140, 231 Stenotrupis 174 stephani, Heterelmis 172 stephanidisi, Cobitis 98 stephenensis, Anagotus 173 stepheni, Poecilmitis 182 stepheni, Thestor 182 stepheni, Vini 48 stephensi, Dipodomys 29 stephensi, Hoplodactylus 78 Sterkia 133 Sterna 46 sternalis, Engaeus 157 sterrhopteron, Wetmorethraupis 68 stewardsoni, Dysnomia 207 stewartii, Achatinella 131 sthenele sthenele, Cercyonis 235 sthennyo, Erebia 184 Stictonetta 38 stictoptera, Touit SO stilbocarpae, Hadramphus 174 stimpsoni, Sicydium 115 Stiobia 125 stiversiana miwoka, Helminthoglypta 231 stiversiana_ williamsi, Helminthoglypta 231 stocki, Argonemertes 117 stocktonensis, Tryonia 126 Stomatepia 113 Stonemyia 208 stormi, Ciconia 37 stormi, Plethodon 91 straminea, Palaua 138 strauchi, Neurergus 92 streber, Zingel 112 streckeri illinoensis, Pseudacris 229 streckeri, Lampsilis 148 strengi, Somatogyrus 125 strenuus, Zosterops 196 STREPTAXIDAE 135, 204 Streptocitia 70 stresemanni, Graphium 178 stresemanni, Merulaxis 56 stresemanni, Zaratornis 57 stresemanni, Zavatiariornis 71 striata, Coxiella 121 striata, Paratherina 108 striata, Vitrea 140 striatipila, Omphalotropis 127 striatulum, Etheostoma 1\1 striatum, Leiolopisma 82 striatus, Chaetornis 60 striatus fosteri, Epicrates 228 striatus, Simoxenops 55 strigata kororensis, Palaina 231 Strigata, Palaina 118 STRIGIDAE 51, 196, 227 Strigidorsa, Mustela 18 strigirostris, Didunculus 47 Strigops 50 strigosa goniogyra, Oreohelix 231 striolata, Palaina 118 strobila, Pachysaga 164 STROMBIDAE 239 Strombus 239 strophium, Odontophorus 42 strutti, Thestor 182 Strymon 182, 235 Stupidogobius 115 Sturanyella 118 sturdeei, Pipistrellus 191 sturio, Acipenser 93 Sturnella 69 STURNIDAE 70, 197 Stygionympha 184 Stygobromus 155, 156, 207 stylodon, Erepta 206 Stylogomphus 232 STYLONISCIDAE 154 Styloniscus 154 Stylurus 161 stymphalicus, Pseudophoxinus 97 Stypodon 198 styriaca, Belgrandiella 120 Styx 182 subangulata, Lampsilis 148 subaspera, Rana 90 subcalliferus, Caseolus 144 subcavernula, Libera 205 subcristatus, Conolophus 80 subcylindrica, Cryptazeca 132 subcylindrica, Lamellidea 131 subdetecta, Harmogenanina 206 subequalum, Thermosphaeroma 154 subflayus, Epicrates 83 subgulturosa marica, Gazella 223 sublaevis, Canthocamptus 153 sublevata, Semotrachia 143 submaritima, Omphalotropis 127 submissus, Helixarion 139 subniger, Pleropus 191 subpersonatus, Ploceus 70 subplicata, Idiomela 145 subplicatus, Chilonopsis 204 subrostrata, Amastra 202 subruficollis, Aceros 54 subsimilis, Epigomphus 160 subsoror, Amastra 202 subspinosus, Chaetomys 31 sublecta, Petasina 143 subtila, Westraltrachia 143 subtilis, Mautodontha 205 subtilis, Sphalloplana 117 subtilis, Stygobromus 156 subtruncatus, Chilonopsis 204 SUBULINIDAE 204 subviridis, Lasmigona 148 Succinea 138, 206 SUCCINEIDAE 138, 206 sudetica, Erebia 184 suenoae, Mandarina 142 suevica, Vallonia 133 SUIDAE 25, 192, 221 sukatschewi, Garrulax 61 sula, Coracina 58 sulcata, Nesosydne 167 sulewattan, Parantica 184 sulfusus, Nysius 166 SULIDAE 36 sulphuraria, Poecilia 105 sulphurata, Emberiza 67 sulphurea, Cacatua 48 sulphurius, Hydroporus 169 sumatraensis, Capricornis 27 sumatraensis sumatraensis, Capricornis 222 sumatrana, Lutra 17 sumatrensis, Dicerorhinus 25 sumichrasti, Bassariscus 18 sumichrasti, Hylorchilus 59 sumnerensis, Cygnus 194 suncoides, Ruwenzorisorex 7 Suncus 7 Sundoreonectes 99 superba, Pitta 58 superbum, Spharagemon 164 superciliosa, Ophrysia 194 281 superficialis, Ataenius 171 supramontes, Speleomantes 91 surda, Touit 50 Sus 25, 192, 221 suspectum, Heloderma 83 sulerit, Omphalotropis 127 suteri, Peripatoides 188 sutilosa, Cupedora 141 suttkust, Scaphirhynchus 93 suturalis, Omphalotropis 127 suluralis, Partula 204 swalesi, Turdus 64 swanepoeli, Lepidochrysops 181 swanepoeli, Poecilmitis 182 swanepoeli, Thestor 183 swazicus, Lamprophis 84 swezeyi, Aeschrithmysus 173 swezeyi, Nesithmysus 173 swezeyi, Pseudopsectra 167 swezeyi, Zorotypus 165 swierstrai, Chiloglanis 101 swierstrai, Francolinus 41 swiftit, Achatinella 131 swinhoei, Capricornis 27 swinhoil, Lophura 42 swynnertoni, Swynnertonia 64 Swynnertonia 64 Syconycteris 9 sylhetensis, Kachuga 73 sylvanus, Hygrotus 169 sylvanus, Macaca 13 sylvestris, Gallirallus 44 Sylvilagus 33, 226 Sylvisorex 7 Sympetrum 207 Synallaxis 55 Synanthedon 177 SYNBRANCHIDAE 109 Syncaris 156, 207 Syncomistes 110 SYNGNATHIDAE 109, 199 Syngnathus 199 SYNLESTIDAE 159 Syntheosciurus 29 Synthliboramphus 46 syriaca, Calopteryx 159 Syrichtus 177, 178 syrinx, Melisella 177 Syrmaticus 42 SYRPHIDAE 175 szezytkot, Leuctra 165 TABANIDAE 174, 208 tabellata, Discula 144 Tacheocampylaea 145 tacheoides, Tacheocampylaea 145 Tachybaptus 35 Tachycnemis 88 Tachygia 198 TACHYGLOSSIDAE 3 Tachypleus 151 taczanowskii, Nothoprocta 35 taczanowskii, Podiceps 35 Tadorna 38 taeniabronchum, Bradypodion 79 taeniata, Anculosa 128 laeniata, Partula 204 taeniatus, Ophidiocephalus 79 Taenioides 115 taeniolata, Achatinella 131 taeniolata, Palaina 118 TAENIOPTERYGIDAE 165 Taeniopteryx 165 tagmichensis, Napaeus 133 tagulichensis, Napaeus 133 Taheitia 126 tahitiensis, Numenius 45 Taipidon 206 laitianum, Pleurobema 149 takedai, Hynobius 91 TALPIDAE 7 talpina, Partulina 131 Tamanka 115 lamaragense, Conirostrum 68 tambusisiana, Idea 183 Tamias 224, 225 Tamiasciurus 225 tanago, Tanakia 98 Tanakia 98 tanasi, Percina 112 Tandanus 101 Tandonia 140 Tangara 67, 68 tanmurrana, Turgenitubulus 143 tanneri, Bulimulus 135 tanneri, Utabaenetes 163 tansaniana, Crocidura 7 tantilus, Neoplanorbis 130 tantula, Serica 171 tanycephalus, Galaxias 102 Tanysiptera 53 Taoniscus 35 Taphrolesbia 53 TAPIRIDAE 24 Tapirus 24, 25 tappaniana, Partulina 131 taprobana, Parantica 184 tarabinii, Pardiglanis 100 tarandus pearyi, Rangifer 222 tarapacensis, Tropidurus 80 tarda, Otis 45 tarichi, Chalcalburnus 95 tarnerianus, Napaeus 133 tarravillensis, Allocharopa 137 TARSIIDAE 11 Tarsius 11 tasanae, Rana 90 Taskiria 176 Taskropsyche 176 Tasmacetus 24 tasmaniae, Canthocamptus 153 tasmaniae, Megalanura 158 fasmanica, Aplteropanorpa 174 tasmanica, Beddomeia 120 tasmanicus, Bothriembryon 134 tasmaniensis, Arachnocampa 174 tasmaniensis, Edwardsina 174 Tasmanipatus 188 Tasmanophlebia 158 Tasmanoplectron 163 Tasmanoplegas 176 latarica mongolica, Saiga 224 tatei, Dactylopsila 5 tatei, Premnoplex 55 tatricus, Spelaeodiscus 132 tattawuppana, Glyptorhagada 142 tattersalli, Propithecus 11 Taudactylus 89, 90 Tauraco 50 tavala, Apatania 176 tawitawiensis, Rattus 31 taxicolor bedfordi, Budorcas 222 taxicolor taxicolor, Budorcas 222 taxicolor tibetana, Budorcas 222 taxicolor whitei, Budorcas 222 TAYASSUIDAE 25 taylori, Arius 101 taylori, Noturus 100 tectiformis, Discula 144 TEDDAE 81, 197 Teinopalpus 180 teita, Cymothoe 185 telegrapha, Hedylepta 209 teleius burdigalensis, Maculinea 235 teleius, Maculinea 181 Telespiza 68 telfairii, Leiolopisma 82 telfordi, Crocidura 7 Telmatherina 108, 109 TELMATHERINIDAE 108 Telmatobius 89 Telmatobufo 89 Telophorus 59 temmincki, Caltopuma 16 temminckii, Macroclemys 73 tempe, Thestor 183 tenax, Somatogyrus 125 TENEBRIONIDAE 172 tenebrosa, Carelia 202 tenebrosus, Phyllastrephus 59 tenella, Auriculella 131 tenerifensis, Parmacella 140 Tengchiena 139 tennentii, Ceratophora 79 tennesseensis, Phoxinus 97 tennesseensis, Somatogyrus 125 TENRECIDAE 5 tenuicostata, Sinployea 206 tenuimanus, Cherax 157 tenuirostris, Numenius 45 tenuis, Cottus 109 tenuis, Pseudobarbus 97 tenuisculpta, Liardetia 139 tenuispira, Amastra 202 Teramulus 108 TERAPONTIDAE 110 terebra, Partulina 131 Terenura 56 teretulus, Phenacobius 97 Terpsiphone 64 terrapen felis, Trachemys 227 Terrapene 74 terrestris, Zoothera 196 terrisi, Rhynchopsitia 50 terryi, Aeschrithmysus 173 tessellata, Partulina 131 tessellatus, Cualac 104 tessellum, Syrichtus 178 testudinalis, Discula 144 TESTUDINIDAE 74, 197, 227 Testudo 75, 227, 228 Tetracentrum 109 Tetracerus 28 tetradactyla, Allactaga 29 tetradactylus sangi, Petrodromus 226 Tetradactylus 81, 198 Tetranesodon 101 Tetrao 42 tetrax, Tetrax 45 Tetrax 45 tetrica, Discula 206 TETRIGIDAE 165 Tetrix 165 Tetligarcta 167 TETTIGARCTIDAE 167 Tettigidea 165 TETTIGONIIDAE 163, 208 282 teuszii, Sousa 21 tevoroa, Tridacna 151 texana, Cochliopa 121 texana, Microcreagris 152 texanus, Asaphomyia 175 texanus, Haideoporus 168 texanus, Limnebius 170 texanus, Xyrauchen 99 textilis, Amytornis 60 teydea, Fringilla 69 teysmannii, Treron 48 Thaanumella 127 thaanumi, Achatinella 201 thaidina, Bhutanitis 178 thalia, Crocidura 7 thalia, Partula 204 Thalurania 53 thamnobates, Bradypodion 79 THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 153 Thamnomys 31 Thamnophis 84, 228 Thapsia 139 Thaumatodon 136, 206 Thaumatogryllus 164 Thaumatoneura 159 thedana, Torresitrachia 143 theodori, Anas 194 Theodoxus 117 THERAPHOSIDAE 151 thermae, Zaitzeva 172 thermalis, Pyrgulopsis 125 thermophilum, Thermosphaeroma 154 Thermophis 84 Thermosphaeroma 154 thermydromis, Speocirolana 154 thero cedarbergae, Phasis 235 Theropithecus 14 Thersites 143 Theskelomensor 137 thessala, Knipowitschia 115 Thestor 182, 183, 235 thetis, Partula 134 thibetana huangensis, Ochotona 226 thibetana, Macaca 13 thibetana sikimaria, Ochotona 226 thibetanus gedrosianus, Selenarctos 220 thibetanus, Selenarctos 19 tholloni, Mesoperipatus 187 thomasetti, Edentulina 204 thomasi bethune-bakeri, Hemiargus 234 thomasi, Galagoides 11 thomasi, Microgale 5 thomasi, Ochotona 32 thomasi, Urothemis 162 thomasseti, Nesomantis 90 Thomea 135 thomensis, Columba 47 thomensis, Crocidura 7 thomensis, Nectarinia 65 thomensis, Thyrophorella 135 Thomomys 225 thompsoni, Pyrgulopsis 125 thonglongyai, Craseonycteris 9 thoracicus, Charadrius 45 THRESKIORNITHIDAE 37, 194, 226 Thripophaga 55 Throscodectes 164 Thryothorus 59 Thryssa 94 thurstoni, Samoana 134 THYLACINIDAE 191 Thylacinus 191 Thylogale 4 Thyrophorella 135 THYROPHORELLIDAE 135 thysi, Tilapia 113 tiarella, Geomitra 144 Tiaroga 98 ubialis, Anomala 171 ubiospina, Deinacrida 163 ligerellus, Gobius 115 tigrinum californiense, Ambystoma 229 ligrinus, Leopardus 16 ligris, Panthera 16 Tijuca 57 Tilapia 113 Tiliqua 82 timorensis, Ficedula 61 TINAMIDAE 35, 226 Tinamus 35 Tinostoma 209 tiomanensis, Sundoreonectes 99 Tiradelphe 184 Tirumala 184 Tischeria 209 TISCHERIIDAE 209 titei, Lepidochrysops 181 tithonus, Ornithoptera 179 lithys, Synallaxis 55 litteya, Puntius 98 tityoides, Parantica 184 Wahuacensis, Evarra 198 tlaloci, Rana 198 tobiasi, Hydropsyche 208 tobleri, Euploea 183 toboroi, Papilio 179 Todirhamphus 53, 227 Todirostrum 57 tohiveana, Partula 204 tokudae, Mogera 7 tokudae, Pteropus 191 Tokudaia 31 tolotomensis, Roimontis 137 Tolypeutes 5 tomentosus, Kunsia 30 Tomistoma 78 tomsetti, Cupedora 141 tonkeana hecki, Macaca 218 topsiae, Beddomeia 120 tormentosa, Tettigarcta 167 Tornatellinops 132 tornieri, Malacochersus 74 torobo, Oloplotosus 101 torosus, Dinornis 193 torquata, Delma 79 torquatus, Bradypus 5 torquatus lucifer, Callicebus 218 torquatus, Pedionomus 43 torquatus torquatus, Cercocebus 218 torrei, Boromys 193 torrentium, Austropotamobius 157 Torreornis 68 Torresitrachia 143 torreya, Cyclocosmia 152 torridus, Attila 57 torringtoni, Columba 47 TORTRICIDAE 177 torulosa gubernaculum, Dysnomia 232 torulosa rangiana, Dysnomia 232 torulosa torulosa, Dysnomia 232 totae, Rhizosomichthys 199 Totoaba 112 Touit 50 towert, Alaeniobius 105 townesi, Stylurus 161 townsendi, Arctocephalus 18 townsendi, Spiza 197 townsendii, Plecotus 10 toxopei, Charmosyna 48 toxopei, Parantica 184 Toxotes 112 TOXOTIDAE 112 trabalis, Villosa 149 Trachemys 74, 227 Trachypithecus 14 Tragelaphus 28, 224 Tragopan 42 TRAGULIDAE 221 Tragulus 221 tranquebarica viridissima, Cicindela 233 transpacificus, Hypomesus 101 transsylvanica, Podismopsis 164 transsylvanicus, Bienkotetrix 165 transvaalensis, Xenocalamus 84 transyersalis, Theodoxus 117 tras, Puntius 98 traski pomo, Hysterocarpus 230 trautmani, Noturus 100 traversi, Paryphanta 136 traversi, Petroica 63 treculi, Micropterus 110 Tremarctos 19 Treron 48 treurensis, Barbus 94 trevelyani, Barbus 94 trevelyani, Chrysospalax 6 Triaenodes 209 Tribolonotus 82 tricarinata, Melanochelys 74 tricellulare, Heteragrion 159 Trichastoma 64 TRICHECHIDAE 24 Trichechus 24 Trichia 143, 144 Trichocichla 64 TRICHOMYCTERIDAE 101, 199 Trichomycterus 101 trichonis, Economidichthys 114 TRICHONISCIDAE 154 trichopus, Zygogeomys 29 trichotis, Allocebus 10 tricinctus, Tolypeutes 5 Triclaria 50 tricolor, Ara 195 tricolor, Lyriothemis 162 Tridacna 150, 151 Tridacna derasa 150 TRIDACNIDAE 150 tridactyla, Jacamaralcyon 54 tridactyla, Myrmecophaga 5 tridentata ssp., Lampetra 229 tridentatus, Tachypleus 151 tridonata, Triaenodes 209 trifasciatus, Nesomimus 59 Trigonopelastes 171 Trigonoscuta 174, 208, 233 trimaculatus, Hephaestus 110 trimen, Poecilmitis 182 trimeni southeyae, Aloeides 234 Trimenia 183 Trimeresurus 85 Tringa 46 trinitatis, Hypolestes 159 trinotatus orarius, Zapus 225 triochilus, Raphiomydas 175 Triodopsis 140, 141 283 TRIONYCHIDAE 77 (ripartitus, Saguinus 12 triplex, Ephemera 158 tripunctata, Euploea 183 triquetra, Dysnomia 147 trisella, Etheostoma 111 triserrata, Cylindraspis 197 Trissexodon 145 tristis, Partula 204 tristrami, Oceanodroma 36 Trithemis 162 Tritocleis 209 Tritogenia 213 trivialis, Pyrgulopsis 125 fivirgata trilineata, Arctogalidia 220 trivittata, Kachuga 74 trocaz, Columba 47 Trochidrobia 125, 126 trochiformis, Beddomeia 120 TROCHILIDAE 52, 196 Trochochlamys 139 Trochoidea 144 Trochomorpha 139, 140 TROCHOMORPHIDAE 139 TROGIDAE 170 troglocataractus, Nemacheilus 98 Troglocobitis 99 troglodytes, Aphodius 17\ troglodytes, Monadenia 146 troglodytes, Pan 14 troglodytes verus, Pan 219 TROGLODYTIDAE 59 Trogloglanis 100 Troglohyphantes 152 TROGONIDAE 53 Troides 180, 234 tropica, Bettongia 4 tropicalis, Monachus 192 Tropidophora 119, 200 Tropidoptera 132 Tropidurus 80 Trox 170 truchnast, Nanoplectrus 176 truei, Podogymnura 6 trukana, Trukcharopa 138 Trukcharopa 138 Truncatella 126 TRUNCATELLIDAE 126 Truncatellina 133 truncatus, Chlamyphorus 5 truncatus, Ospatulus 97 truncatus, Tursiops 22 Truncilla 149 tryoni, Xerarionta 146 Tryonia 126 tschapecki, Bythiospeum 200 Tsitana 178 tuberculata, Insulivitrina 140 tuberculata, Mystacina 10 tuberculatum, Heteropoma 126 tuberculatus, Hadramphus 208 tuberculosus, Pedostibes 87 tuerosi, Laterallus 44 tularosa, Cyprinodon 104 Tulotoma 119 tumana, Lednia 165 tumba, Puntius 98 tumida, Beddomeia 120 tumida, Pilsbrycharopa 137 tumidula, Omphalotropis 127 tumidulus, Jokajdon 137 tumuloides, Libera 205 tumultuosos, Alsodes 88 turbinata, Westraltrachia 143 TURBINIIDAE 239 Turbo 239 turbotti, Anagotus 173 Turdoides 64 Turdus 64, 196, 227 Turgenitubulus 143 turgida, Achatinella 131 turgida, Partula 204 turgidula, Dysnomia 147 turgidula, Gonospira 136 Turnagra 196 turnerae, Beddomeia 120 turneri, Eremomela 61 turneri, Hubbsina 105 turneri, Posorites 143 TURNICIDAE 43 Turnix 43 turretella, Fontigens 122 turricula, Carelia 203 turricula, Discula 144 turriplana, Gittenbergeri 145 turritum, Heteropoma 126 Tursiops 22 turtoni, Chilonopsis 204 turtoni, Nesopupa 203 turtoni, Unio 149 tuscumbia, Etheostoma 111 Tuxentius 235 Tylognathus 98 Tympanocryptis 228 tympanum, Eulamprus 228 Typhaeus 170 Typhlatya 156 Typhliasina 103 Typhlobarbus 98 Typhlogarra 98 Typhlomolge 92 TYPHLOPIDAE 83, 198 typhlops, Iranocypris 96 Typhlops 83, 198 Typhlosaurus 82 Typhlotriton 92 typica, Coracina 59 lypicus, Gerrhosaurus 81 typus, Rhincodon 93 TYRANNIDAE 57, 227 Tyrannus 57 Tyrrheniella 145 Tyto 51 TYTONIDAE 51 tytonis, Chlorotalpa 6 Udeina 213 uenoi, Rhinocypha 159 ulietanus, Cyanoramphus 195 ultima, Telespiza 68 ultramarina, Vini 48 ultramontanum, Pisidium 151 Uma 80 umbargae, Argiocnemis 159 umbilicata, Amastra 202 umbilicata, Lithoglyphus 200 umbilicata, Phrantela 123 umbilicata, Pyrgina 135 umbilicatus, Neoplanorbis 130 UMBRIDAE 101 umbrina, Pseudemydura 77 umbrinus emotus, Thomomys 225 Unas 174 uncatus, Semperdon 138 uncia, Uncia 17 Uncia 17 Underwoodisaurus 79 undulata, Chlamydolis 44 unicolor chathamensis, Haematopus 226 unicolor, Corvus 71 unicolor, Crotalus 85 unicolor, Cyanoramphus 49 unicolor, Mesitornis 42 unicornis, Pauxi 41 unicornis, Rhinoceros 25 unifasciatus, Bulimulus 135 unifilis, Podocnemis 77 unilamellata, Mautodontha 205 Unio 149 UNIONIDAE 146, 207, 231 uniplicata, Auriculella 202 unipunctata, Rhyacophila 175 Uperoleia 90 uralensis, Formica 187 Uramphisopus 154 urania, Macromia 161 uranidea, Percina 112 Uranothauma 183 Uratelornis 54 Urocissa 71 Urocyon 15 urophtalmus ericymba, Cichlasoma 230 urophthalmus, Acanthocobilis 98 uropygialis, Zosterops 66 urospinosus, Euastacus 157 Urothemis 162 URSIDAE 18, 220 ursina, Lichnanthe 171 ursinii rakosiensis, Vipera 229 ursinus, Dendrolagus’ 4 ursinus, Melursus 19 Ursus 19, 220 usambarae, Charaxes 185 usambarae, Crocidura 7 usambarae, Uranothauma 183 usdagalun, Lirceus 154 usingeri, Pseudopsectra 167 ussheri, Scotopelia 51 ustulata, Baetica 163 ustulata, Partulina 131 ustulatus, Bulimulus 135 Utabaenetes 163 utahensis, Chaetarthria 170 utahensis, Hydroporus 169 ulahensis, Limnebius 170 utahensis, Physa 130 utahensis, Stagnicola 129 utahensis, Valvata 119 uvula, Gonospira 136 vae, Felovia 31 vagans, Conacmella 200 Valencia 105 valeriae, Pristidactylus 80 valgum, Macrobaenetes 163 valida, Achatinella 201 validus, Dendrohyrax 25 Vallonia 132, 133 VALLONIIDAE 132 valsanicola, Romanichthys 112 Valvata 119 VALVATIDAE 119 vancouverensis, Marmota 28 vanderbilti, Malacocincla 62 Vanellus 45 VANGIDAE 59 vanheurni, Melanotaenia 108 vanhyningi, Cincinnatia 121 284 vanuxemiana, Goniobasis 129 vanzoi, Cnemidophorus 81 vanzolinii, Alsodes 88 vanzolinii, Saimiri 13 VARANIDAE 83, 228 Varanus 83, 228 Varecia 10 varia, Partula 134 Varia 110 variabilis, Partula 204 variabilis, Partulina 131 varians, Goniobasis 201 variata, Goniobasis 129 Varicorhinus 98 varicosa, Alismodonta 146 variegata, Mesitornis 42 variegata, Mogurnda 114 variegata, Nannoperca 110 variegata, Tryonia 126 variegata, Varecia 10 variegaticeps, Alcippe 60 variegatus, Dicranopselaphus 172 variegatus, Thaumatogryllus 164 variumbilicata, Rhysoconcha 205 varius, Caconemobius 164 varius, Fregilupus 197 vasta, Hyla 87 vaterifloris, Rasbora 98 vectensis, Nematostella 117 vejdorskyi, Arion 146 velata, Brazieria 139 vellerosus, Colobus 13 velozi, Plagiodontia 193 venaticus, Speothos 15 vendia, Plentusia 143 venezuelensis, Diglossa 67 venus, Leto 177 venustus, Telmatobufo 89 venustus, Thamnomys 31 vepreculae, Hemisaga 163 verecundus, Cyprinodon 104 veritas, Milyeringa 114 vermeilipinnis, Scaturiginichthys 108 Vermivora 68 vernalis, Archaeophylax 176 vernoni, Helenodiscus 206 verreauxi, Propithecus 11 verreauxii, Litoria 88 verrucosa, Eunicella 117 verrucosa, Lithasia 129 verrucosus, Sus 25 verschureni, Malacomys 30 versicolor, Amazona 49 versicolor, Columba 195 vertebralis, Rana 90 verticornis, Epigomphus 160 VERTIGINIDAE 133, 203 Vertigo 133 vertreesi, Ceraclea 177 vertreesi, Ochrotrichia 176 verum, Pleurobema 149 verus, Procolobus 14 vervieril, Palacanthilhiopsis 123 vesontiana, Bythinella 121 Vespericola 141 VESPERTILIONIDAE 9, 191, 217 VESPIDAE 187 vestitus, Phalanger 3 vetiprovidentiae, Poecilia 105 velulus, Dusicyon 15 velulus, Pleropus 9 vexillarius, Paraxerus 29 vexillifer, Lipotes 23 vicina, Meliphaga 66 VIVIPARIDAE 119 viviparus, Girardinichthys 105 whartont, Sphaerospira 143 wheeleri, Arkansia 146 Victaphanta 136 Viviparus 119 Victodrobia 126 vociferoides, Haliaeetus 39 victori, Lepidochrysops 181 voeltzkowi, Pleropus 9 victoria, Acanthaeshna 160 volans goldmani, Glaucomys 224 victoria, Goura 47 volans guerreroensis, Glaucomys 224 victoriae, Ploceus 70 volans oaxacensis, Glaucomys 224 wheeleri, Somatogyrus 125 whilakert, Cyclodina 81 whitei, Ditropis 118 whiteleggei, Hemistoma 122 whitneyi, Pomarea 63 widdowsoni, Typhlogarra 98 victoriae, Sitta 65 victoriana, Setobaudinia 143 victoriensis, Victodrobia 126 victus, Oligoryzomys 192 vicugna, Vicugna 25 Vicugna 25 Videna 140 Vidumelon 143 vigil, Buceros 54 vilasboasi, Pipra 57 villosa, Nesocryptias 166 Villosa 149 villosus, Chrysospalax 6 Vimba 98 vinacea, Amazona 49 vinaceigula, Egretta 37 vincenti, Chironius 83 vincta, Leiostyla 132 Vini 48 violescens, Imperturbatia 136 Vipera 85, 229 VIPERIDAE 85, 229 vipio, Grus 43 Vireo 69 VIREONIDAE 69 virescens, Lampsilis 148 virgata, Anculosa 128 virgata, Sterna 46 virginianus clavium, Odocoileus 222 virginianus, Polygyriscus 140 virginiensis, Artogeia 180 virgulata, Partulina 132 viridans, Achatinella 131 viride, Windbalea 164 viridifacies, Erythrura 69 viridigenalis, Amazona 49 viridis, Aeshna 160 viridis, Bythinella 121 viridis, Elaphrus 168 viridis, Eunice 151 viridis, Heterocrossa 177 Viridonia 197 visagiei, Chrysochloris 6 vitellina, Geocrinia 89 vitellinus, Rheobatrachus 89 vitianus, Ogmodon 84 vitiensis, Brachylophus 79 vitiensis, Platymantis 90 vitrea, Paludinella 123 Vitrea 140 VITRINIDAE 140 Vitrinula 206 vitta, Mogurnda 114 vittata, Achatinella 201 vittata, Amazona 49 vittata, Anculosa 200 vittata, Lepidomeda 96 vittata, Lerista 82 vittata, Partula 204 vitulina mellonae, Phoca 220 vitulina stejnegeri, Phoca 220 Viverra 221 VIVERRIDAE 19, 220 viverrinus, Prionailurus 17 volutina, Stonemyia 208 VOMBATIDAE 3 voratus, Brotomys 193 Vormela 220 vortex, Oreohelix 138 vorticella, Ctenophila 138 vosmaeri, Cylindraspis 197 vulcanorum, Sylvisorex 7 Vulpes 15 vulpina, Achatinella 131 waccamawensis, Elliptio 147 waccamensis, Fundulus 104 wagneri, Calagonus 25 wagneri, Vipera 85 wahkeena, Nemours 165 wahnesi, Parotia 71 wakensis, Gallirallus 194 waldent, Dicrurus 70 walia, Capra 27 walkeri, Gyrotoma 201 walkeri, Liolaemus 80 walkeri, Pleurocera 129 walkeri, Potamonectes 169 walkeriana, Helminthoglypta 145 wallacei, Megapodius 40 wallacii, Habroptila 44 wallengrenii, Trimenia 183 wallichii, Catreus 41 wallicus, Pezoporus 50 waltoni, Oreohelix 138 wanamensis, Glossolepis 107 wapili, Etheostoma 111 wardi, Psittacula 196 warnerensis, Catostomus 99 warreni, Diploglossus 82 waterhouseae, Beddomeia 120 walermayeri, Syngnathus 199 walersi, Sarothrura 44 wattii, Vidumelon 143 watuliki, Aethiothemis 162 wawona, Atractelmis 172 webbiana, Lampadia 145 weberi, Dermogenys 106 Weberogobius 115 wegneri, Parantica 184 weiskei, Parantica 184 wekiwae, Cincinnatia 121 welaka, Notropis 97 wellardi, Branchinella 153 wellsi, Leptotila 47 wengerorum, Stygobromus 156 werner, Achalinus 83 werneri, Iguanognathus 84 wesselensis, Planispira 143 westermanni, Elachistodon 83 westlandica, Procellaria 35 Westraltrachia 143 Westriplectes 177 wetmorei, Buthraupis 66 wetmorei, Rallus 44 Wetmorethraupis 68 wewalkai, Deronectes 168 weymeri, Papilio 179 whartoni, Ducula 47 285 wiedit, Leopardus 16 wiesti, Euproserpinus 186 wigginsi, Catostomus 99 wiktori, Malacolimax 140 Wilfredomys 31 wilkawillina umbilicata, Glyptorhagada 231 wilkenst, Mexistenasellus 154 wilkesiella, Phildoria 177 wilkinsi, Nesospiza 67 willardi obscurus, Crotalus 229 williamsi, Kimminsoperla 165 Williamsonia 162 williamsoniana, Aeshna 160 willkommii, Chondrostoma 95 wilmotensis, Beddomeia 120 wilsoni, Hadra 142 wilson, Hemignathus 68 wilsont, Palaina 118 wilsoni, Palaua 138 wilsont perkinsi, Celerio 236 wimmert, Crocidura 7 Windbalea 164 winifredae, Scepomycter 63 winneckeana, Semotrachia 143 wintoni, Cryptochloris 6 wiseae, Beddomeia 120 wisselensis, Oxyeleotris 114 wolft, Bulimulus 135 wollastoni, Leptaxis 145 wolterecki, Paratherina 108 Womersleymeria 158 woodfordi, Nesoclopeus 194 Woodfordia 65 woodi, Trichastoma 64 woodruffi, Ataenius 171 woosnami, Zelotomys 31 worcesteri, Turnix 43 Wrayanna 127 wrightae, Rheocles 108 wrightiana, Alasmidonta 146 wroughtoni, Otomops 10 wumizusume, Synthliboramphus 46 wykehami, Lepidochrysops 181 wykehami, Poecilmitis 182 wyvilliana, Anas 38 xanthicara, Cyprinella 95 xanthomelas, Megalagrion 160 xanthomus, Agelaius 69 Xanthomyza 66 xanthophrys, Crossleyia 61 xanthophrys, Pseudonestor 68 xanthops, Forpus 49 Xantusia 79 XANTUSIIDAE 79 xederoides, Throscodectes 164 XENICIDAE 58, 196 Xenicus 58, 196 Xenocalamus 84 xenodactylus, Leptopelis 88 Xenoglaux 51 Xenoligea 68 Xenoophorus 105 Xenopirostris 59 Xenopoecilus 106 xenopterus, Laterallus 44 Xenopus 90 Xenornis 56 Xenospingus 68 Xenospiza 68 xenothorax, Leptasthenura 55 Xenuromys 31 Xerarionta 146 xerces, Glaucopsyche 209 Xeromys 31 xianggensis, Nemacheilus 98 xiphares desmondi, Charaxes 236 xiphares xiphares, Charaxes 236 xiphidium, Palaina 118 Xiphocolaptes 55 Xipholena 57 Xiphophorus 106 xiphos, Throscodectes 164 xyleborus, Semperdon 138 Xylotoles 208 xynoelictus, Aphaostracon 119 Xyrauchen 99 yammerana, Kimboraga 142 Yaquicoccus 126 yarrellii, Carduelis 69 yarrellii, Eulidia 52 yatesti, Ammonitella 136 yayeyamensis, Asiagomphus 160 yayeyamensis, Leptogomphus 161 yerelinana, Lacustrelix 142 yersini, Garrulax 61 yessabahensis, Coenocharopa 137 yildizae, Thestor 183 yilongensis, Cyprinus 198 yinnietharra, Clenophorus 79 yniphora, Geochelone 74 yorbalindae, Trigonoscuta 208 yosemitensis yosemitensis, Monadenia 231 yoshiwarana, Ogasawarana 200 youngi, Peltotrupes 171 youngi, Sinployea 206 Ypthima 236 yunnanensis, Cuora 73 yunnanensis, Sitta 65 Yunnanilus 99 Zaglossus 3 Zaitzeva 172 Zalophus 220 zamicrus, Nesophontes 191 zanzibaricus, Galagoides 11 zapahuirensis, Telmatobius 89 zapallarensis, Liolaemus 80 zappeyi, Paradoxornis 62 Zaprochilus 164 Zapus 225 Zaratornis 57 zaslictus, Clenotus 81 Zavatiariornis 71 zealandicus, Cyanoramphus 195 zebra, Cephalophus 27 zebra, Equus 24 zebra, Perdicella 202 zebra zebra, Equus 221 zebrina, Eua 134 zebrina, Mautodontha 205 zebrina, Perdicella 202 zechi, Cryptomys 31 zeehanensis, Beddomeia 120 zeidleri, Fonscochlea 122 zeidlerorum, Jardinella \22 zelichi, Sporophila 67 Zelotomys 31 Zelotypia 177 Zenacrchopterus 106 286 Zenaida 48 Zenarchopterus 106 zenithicus, Coregonus 102 Zenkerella 31 zerda, Fennecus 15 zerene behrensii, Speyeria 236 zerene hippolyta, Speyeria 236 zerene myrtleae, Speyeria 236 zetides, Battus 178 zibellina brachyura, Martes 220 ziczac, Agarodes 176 ziegleri, Chilostoma 206 zigzac ponapense, Pleuropoma 231 zigzac zigzac, Pleuropoma 231 zimmeri, Synallaxis 55 zimmermanni, Crocidura 7 Zingel 112 zionis, Physa 130 ZIPHIDAE 23 Ziphius 24 zoe, Paraphlebia 159 zonatus, Bostrichthys 113 ZONITIDAE 140 Zonocypretia 153 Zoothera 64, 196 zophonastes, Cambarus 156 Zoraena 161 ZOROTYPIDAE 165 Zorotypus 165 ZOSTEROPIDAE 65, 196 Zosterops 65, 66, 196 Zubovskia 165 zuliae, Phrynops 77 zullichi, Agriades 180 ZYGAENIDAE 209 Zygogeomys 29 zyli, Cryptochloris 6 Zyzomys 31 tm 0 — & : in ha aly & : gar oo » ; Cl ‘ a ne ? an A _T Ca ae Stn pod « Poh tee —~eup | Pais: © ee Det ee, llamas, Premtr 2 rihibs Reet 8S enya 4) IUCN Species Survival Commission The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six volunteer commissions of |UCN = The World Conservation Union, a union of sovereign states, government agencies and non-governmental organizations. IUCN has three basic conservation objectives: to secure the conservation of nature, and especially of biological diversity, as an essential foundation of the future; to ensure that where the earth's natural resources are used this is done in a wise, equitable and sustainable way; and to guide the development of human communities towards ways of life that are both of good quality and in enduring harmony with other components of the biosphere, The SSC's mission is to conserve biological diversity by developing and executing programmes to save, restore and wisely manage species and their habitats. A volunteer network comprised of 4,800 scientists, field researchers, government officials and conservation leaders from 169 countries, the SSC membership is an unmatched source of information about biological diversity and its conservation. As such, SSC members provide technical and scientific counsel for conservation projects throughout the world and serve as resources to governments, international conventions and conservation organizations. The SSC has long been associated with the Red Data Book concept, which was originated by the former SSC Chair, Sir Peter Scott, in the mid-1960s. The Red Data Books are catalogues of information on species threatened with extinction, and they aim to focus attention of the plight of the earth's vanishing wildlife, The concept has been outstandingly successful and, over two decades later, many national, regional and global Red Data Books have been published, while many more countries are in the process of compiling their own lists of threatened species. The information provided in national and regional compilations is inevitably more detailed than the global overview produced by SSC. The demand for a simple international list that categorises the status of globally threatened taxa is growing, partly as a result of the increasing number of relevant international conventions, and it was to meet this need that the first UCN Red List of Threatened Animals was published in 1986, Further editions appeared in 1988 and 1990, and this edition is a further update of the 1990 version. The SSC is currently in the process of revising and improving the IUCN Red List categories for threatened species, and it is hoped that the next version, to be published in 1996, will be based on the new categories. Produced from the advice of SSC members and the databases of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, the Red List presents, for each species, the scientific name, the English vernacular name (where possible), the IUCN Red List category, and countries of its regular occurrence. In addition, there is an introduc- tory guest essay by Georgina Mace on the process to develop the new IUCN Red List categories, and also a foreword by the current SSC Chair, George Rabb. This edition of the Red List has been edited by Brian Groombridge of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Whilst the length of the Red List makes depressing reading, the information it presents should be of fundamental value to scientists, manager and decision- makers responsible for conservation programmes. For a free copy of the complete catalogue of IUCN publications please write to: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB4 ODL, UK or IUCN Communications and Corporate Relations Division, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland