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STATE DOCUMENTS COLLEGTIOM

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MONTA!-:.\ STATE LIBRAW.

1515 E. 6th AVE.
"HELENA, MONTANA 59620

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Prepared by

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Bob Brannon

March, 19S7

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EAST FRONT GRIZZLY STUDIES

^tO;-^rr/.H; 5-..; •:i.:./..v/

um E 6& Ave.

HSSNA, MONTANA 39420

Prepared by

T^ev VVv H'-^N";

Keith Aune
wridlife Biologist

Bob Brannon
Wildlife Biologist

Approved b)^ Y'W'N^t^ '^ . T^

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Jim Mitchell

Regional Wildlife Manager

Arnold Olsen

Wildlife Division Administrator

March, 1987

Contributors: U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of

Land Management, Montana Department Fish, Wildlife and Parks, William Bros.
Exploration, Sun Exploration Co., Superior Oil Co., American Petrofina Co.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success of the East Front bear studies has been largely a result of the
guidance, support and cooperation of many. I cannot express enough appreciation
to all of the following people who supported this effort.

I would like especially to thank my wife and family who have supported me and
tolerated my long absences during this research. A special thanks goes to
Research Assistants who worked on this project: Tom Stivers (1979-84), Mike
Madel (1983-86) and Bob Brannon (1986-87). All three assistants performed above
the standards required. Each made personal sacrifices and deserve a large
portion of credit for making this project a success. Their wives' and families
also endured the demands of this project and a special thanks goes to them.

I am indebted to research aides Wayne Kasworm, Bart Schleyer, Carrie Hunt, John
Murnane, Dave Delsordo, and Paul Suek. Mapping assistants working in 1985 who
deserve credits are: Chuck Burns, Craig Jourdonnais and Carrie Hunt. This
project received supervision and administrative assistance from Jim Posewitz,
Bob Martinka, John Mundlnger, Glenn Erickson, and Dr. Arnold Olsen. Scat
analysis and laboratory assistance was provided by Ken Greer and Bill Callahan.
Wayne Kasworm conducted cattle fecal analysis. Computer assistance and data
processing were provided by Dal Burkhalter and Terry Lonner. Pilots, Gene
Sherman, Jim Lowe, and Jim Heppner have provided exceptional air support for the
study. Doug Getz provided his talents as helicopter pilot.

Cooperators on this project included: Wayne Brewster and Dale Harms, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service; Glenn Freeman and Tad Day, BLM; Dale Gorman, Don Godtel,
Stu Buchanan, Butch Fitzpatrick, and Lloyd Swanger, U. S. Forest Service; Bob
Kiesling, Dave and Cindy McAllister, The Nature Conservancy, Big Sky Field
Office; and Jim Mitchell, Dan Vincent, John McCarthy, Gary Olson, Gayle Joslin,
Tom Bivens and Bert Goodman, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Financial support was provided by U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Mont. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Many companies and their representatives from the oil and gas industry provided
support and financial assistance. These include Williams Brothers Exploration
Co., Sun Exploration Co., Superior Oil Co., and American Petrofina Co. Mr.
Marcellus Merrill provided a private contribution to the project.

Keith Aune
Project Leader

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 1

METHODS 5

Field Methods 5

Data Analysis 7

Distribution, Home Range and Movement 7

Activity Patterns 7

Food Habits 8

Den Studies 9

Impacts of Oil and Gas Exploration and Development 9

Habitat Studies 9

Habitat Mapping -. 10

Black Bear Investigations II

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11

Trapping and Radio Tracking 11

Physical Characteristics 13

Distribution 16

Observation Records 30

Home Range 32

Breeding Areas 45

Activity Patterns 46

Food Habits 50

Den Studies 64

Impacts of Oil and Gas Activity 70

Habitat Studies 70

Bear Management Unit Constituent Elements 70

Vegetation Studies 82

Population Biology 85

Density Estimation 87

Minimum Counts 90

Production Data 90

Mortality 92

BLACK BEAR STUDIES 92

Trapping and Radio Tracking 96

Physical Characteristics 96

Distribution 102

Home Ranges 102

Den Studies 112

Food Habits 112

Habitat Use 116

Population Data 1976-86 116

Density Estimates 123

Black Bear Harvest Rates 129

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 135

Management Guidelines 135

Cumulative Effects 135

Research Studies 135

Other 136

iii

PAGE

Literature Cited 137

APPENDICES 147

Appendix A 147

Appendix B 155

Appendix C 176

Appendix D 180

Appendix E 187

Appendix F 188

Iv

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PAGE

1 Grizzly bears radio monitored, 1986 12

2 Physical measurements and marking data from grizzly

bears captured on the Rocky Mountain Front, 1986 14

3 Mean teat length and diameter in each age class of

female bears , 1980-86 16

4 Equations for predicting live weights of grizzly

bears on the Rocky Mountain East Front 16

5 The number of observations plotted on the Sun River

North overall and seasonal distribution maps,

1976-86 19

6 The number of observations plotted on the Sun River

South overall and seasonal distribution maps,

1976-86 27

7 Number of observations for each season by observation

type for the Sun River North study area, 1986 27

8 Number of observations for each season by observation

type for the Sun River South study area, 1986 27

9 Number of observations of grizzly bears by

number of bears/observation and total number of

bears observed on the Rocky Mountain East Front,

1980-86 30

10 Number of observations of grizzly bear cubs by

number of cubs/observation and total number
of cubs observed on the Rocky Mountain East
Front, 1980-86 30

11 Number of observations of litters of yearlong

grizzly bears by litter size and total number

of yearlings on the Rocky Mountain East

Front, 1980-86 30

12 Activities of grizzly bears from observation

records, 1980-86 31

13 Number and percent of observations in each

habitat component, 1980-86 32

14 Modified minimum and minimum annual home range

sizes of grizzly bears, 1984, 1985, and 1986 34

15 Mean annual home range size of sex and age classes

of bears, 1980-86 34

16 Minimum and modified minimum home ranges of

grizzly bears for years combined 44

17 Comparison of home range size between classes

of bears along precipitation and habitat

gradients 1980-86 45

18 Data from activity monitoring sessions, 1979-86 46

19 Hours of monitoring within each 1 hour sampling

period, 1979-86 48

20 Hours and levels of activity for two bear groups

on the East Front, 1979-86 48

21 Analysis results from 1020 grizzly bear scats

1979-86 51

22 Percent frequency and percent volume of bear food

taxon for each month and rank of each 63

PAGE

23 Data from 68 grizzly bear den within the study

area, 1977-86 65

24 Dates of movements to dens and final entry of dens

for grizzlies, 1980-1986 72

25 Dates of den emergence and movement from den

sites, 1980-86 74

26 Area's of bear management units and spring and

denning habitat for each unit 83

27 The number and percent of feed sites and bedsites

in each grizzly bear habitat component, 1978-86 84

28 The number and percent of activity plots for

each feeding and nonfeedlng grizzly bear activity

type, 1978-86 84

29 Elevations of activity plot records, 1978-86 85

30 Age and sex data from the marked grizzly bear

population. Deep Creek to Birch Creek, 1986 85

31 Age and sex data from marked plus observed grizzly

bear population, 1986, Deep Creek to Birch Creek 86

32 Age structure reported for Deep Creek to Birch Creek

core area, 1980-86 86

33 Density estimates for the Deep Creek-Birch Creek

core study area, 1980-86 89

34 The number of cubs with each female observed in the

study area south of the Sun River, 1980-86 90

35 The number of cubs with each female observed in the

study area north of the Sun River, 1980-86 91

36 The number of females with cubs observed in the

entire East Front area, 1976-86 91

37 The number of females with yearling cubs observed

in the entire East Front area, 1976-86 92

38 Age and sex data from 32 grizzlies lost from the

Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem along the

East Front, 1977-86 93

39 Man-caused mortality summary for Rocky Mountain

East Front grizzlies, 1977-86 95

40 Black bears captured on the Rocky Mountain East

Front study area, 1986 99

41 Mean teat length and diameter by age for female

black bears on the Rocky Mountain East Front,

1976-1986 101

42 Equations for predicting live weights of black 102

43 Rocky Mountain East Front black bear observations

by observation type, north and south of the

Sun River, 1977-86 104

44 Home range area's for black bears on the Rocky

Mountain East Front, 1981-84 113

45 Mean home range areas for black bears in North America 114

46 Data from 14 black bear dens, 1978-86 115

47 Dates of movement to dens and final entry of dens

for black bears, 1981-83 116

48 Dates of den emergence and movement from den sites,

1982-84 116

vi

PAGE

49 Analysis results from 274 black bear scats from 1981-84.... 117

50 Percent frequency and percent volume of bear foods

taxon for each month and rank of each 122

51 Black bears captured, and marked bears killed by

hunters on the Rocky Mountain East Front, 1976-98 122

52 Female black bears with cubs sighted on the Rocky

Mountain East Front, north and south of the

Sun River, 1980-86 124

53 Black bears captured In the Beaver Creek-Willow Creek

sample area, 1983-1984 128

54 Black bear harvest from the Rocky Mountain East Front,

1985 130

55 Black bear harvest from the Rocky Mountain East Front,

1986 132

56 Black bear harvest by hunting district for the Rocky

Mountain East Front, 1985-1986 133

57 Monthly black bear harvest by hunting district for

the Rocky Mountain East Front, 1985-1986 134

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. PAGE

1 Map of the study area north of the Sun River 2

2 Map of the study area south of the Sun River 3

3 Mean baculum length, testes length, and testes

width of male grizzly bears by age class, 1980-86 17

4 Distribution of 3,170 grizzly bear observations,

1976-86 north of the Sun River 18

5 Distribution of 999 grizzly bear observations

collected during spring, 1976-86, north of the

Sun River 20

6 Distribution of 1,273 grizzly bear observations

collected during summer, 1976-86, north of the

Sun River 21

7 Distribution 898 grizzly bear observations collected

during fall, 1976-86, north of the Sun River 22

8 Distribution of 759 grizzly bear observations 1976-86,

south of the Sun River 23

9 Distribution of 305 grizzly bear observations collected

during spring, 1976-86, south of the Sun River 24

10 Distribution of 257 grizzly bear observations collected

during summer, 1976-86, south of the Sun River 25

11 Distribution of 197 grizzly bear observations collected

during fall, 1976-86, south of the Sun River 26

12 Trap sites north of the Sun River, 1980-86 28

13 Trap sites south of the Sun River, 1980-86 29

14 The number of observations recorded per 5 day time

periods, March - Nov. , 1980-86 33

15 Annual home range of bear 316, 1986 35

16 Annual home range of bear 301, 1986 36

17 Annual home range of bear 355, 1986 37

18 Annual home range of bear 500, 1986 38

19 Annual home range of bear 335, 1986 39

20 Annual home range of bear 467, 1986 40

21 Annual home range of bear 466, 1986 41

22 Annual home range of bear 366, 1986.... 42

23 Annual home range of bear 313, 1986 43

24 Number of pairs of grizzly bears observed in 5 day

time periods, April 21-July 15, 1980-86 47

25 Activity patterns of lowland and backcountry

grizzly bears, 1979-86 49

26 Den sites north of the Sun River, 1977-86 68

27 Den sites south of the Sun River, 1977-86 69

28 Percent of grizzly dens in each 30 degree aspect

category, 1977-86. 71

29 Constituent element map, 1986 76

30 Constituent element map, 1986 77

31 Constituent element map, 1986 78

32 Constituent element map, 1986 79

33 Constituent element map, 1986 80

34 Constituent element map, 1986 81

35 Composite home range options for density analysis,

1977-86 88

viii

PAGE

36 Black bear distribution, 1976-86, for the Rocky

Mountain Front study area north of the Sun River 97

37 Black bear distribution 1976-86, for the Rocky

Mountain Front study area south of the Sun River 98

38 Mean testes length and width and mean baculum length

by age of male black bears on the Rocky Mountain

East Front, 1976-1986 103

39 Home range of female black bear 523, 1981-84 105

40 Home range of female black bear 509, 1981-84 106

41 Home range of male black bear 506, 1981-84 107

42 Home range of male black bear 212, 1981-84 108

43 Home range of male black bear 288, 1982 109

44 Home range of male black bear 515, 1983-84 110

45 Home range of male black bear 517, 1982-84 HI

46 Area used for Beaver Creek - Willow Creek density

estimate 126

^^ Composite and modified composite home range of black

bears along the Rocky Mountain East Front, 1981-84 127

ix

INTRODUCTION

In the conterminous 48 states, only six areas are found to contain
self-perpetuating or remnant populations of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos
horrlbllls) (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1981). Of these six areas, the
Northern Continental Divide population Is contiguous with Canadian and Alaskan
grizzly bear populations, and stands the best chance of survival In the future.
The northern Continental Divide ecosystem Includes Glacier National Park, parts
of the Flathead and Blackfeet Indian reservations, parts of five national
forests (Flathead, Helena, Kootenai, Lewis and Clark and Lolo) , four wilderness
areas (Bob Marshall, the Great Bear, Mission Mountains and Lincoln Scapegoat),
and a significant amount of state and private land. One of the more unique
segments of this ecosystem is the Eastern Rocky Mountain Front where the great
plains meet the steep north and south running ridges which form the Sawtooth
Range, more commonly known as the Rocky Mountain Front range. Here, along a
narrow strip exists the last place where the grizzly bear occupies a plains
habitat.

In 1977, research was initiated on the grizzly bear along the east slope of the
Rocky Mountains in northwestern Montana. The study, which was continued until
1979 by the Border Grizzly Project, provided much baseline data concerning
grizzly bear populations, home range, movement, and habitat use (Schallenberger
and Jonkel 1980). Research efforts were continued in 1980 through a contract
agreement between the Bureau of Land Management and the Montana Department of
Fish, Wildlife and Parks personnel and Border Grizzly Project personnel (Aune
and Stivers 1981). In 1986, monitoring of the East Front grizzly population was
continued with support and funding from the Bureau of Land Management, the
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, the US Forest Service, US Fish
and Wildlife Service and Sunmark Exploration Company. The Nature Conservancy,
Williams Exploration Company, Mr. Marcellus Merrill, Superior Oil Company,
American Petroflna and Sunmark Exploration Company previously committed funding
to this project (Aune and Stivers 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985). Impetus for
continuing research on the grizzly bear in this area is the Endangered Species
Act of 1973, the grizzly's listing as a threatened species in 1975, and the BLM,
USES and Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks' need for information on the
species in making resource management decisions. This is especially important
in relation to increased oil and gas exploration /development and human
activities within the study area.

The objectives of the study are: (1) to review and analyze previously
accumulated data on grizzly bears, (2) to further delineate and define essential
habitat and important use areas within the study area, (3) to determine impacts
associated with oil and gas exploration and other human activities, and (4) make
recommendations to protect and maintain grizzly populations and habitat.
Specific information regarding plant phenology and presence of bear foods,
grizzly bear habitat requirements on a seasonal basis, population numbers on a
seasonal and year long basis, food habits on a seasonal basis, interaction with
other wildlife species, and bear home ranges, movements and distribution were
gathered.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The study area lies along the east face of the Continental Divide in
northwestern Montana (Fig's 1 and 2). The northern boundary is Highway 2 and

-1-

/ Choteaul

Figure 1. Map of the study area north of the Sun River.

-2-

Miles
0 12

Figure 2. Map of the study area south of the Sun River.

the southern boundary is Highway 200. The study area is bounded on the west by
the upper portions of the South Fork of the Flathead River, and the Middle Fork
of the Flathead River within the Flathead, Lolo, and Helena National Forest's.
The eastern boundary extends to approximately Range 6 West. BLM lands, Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks wildlife management areas. Forest Service
non-wilderness and private lands with federal oil, gas and minerail rights were
the primary focus of the research.

The study area has been described in Picton (1960), Schallenberger (1966),
Knight (1970), Mudge (1972), Erickson (1972), Frlsina (1974), Holdorf (1981),
Schallenberger (1974 and 1976), Schallenberger and Jonkel (1978, 1979 and 1980),
and USDA Forest Service (1977). Picton and Picton (1975), Schallenberger (1974
and 1976), Dupuyer Centennial Committee (1977) and USPS (1977) present
historical information from the study area. Information on grizzly bears in the
region has been reported by Jonkel (1976 and 1977), Schallenberger (1974 and
1976), Sumner and Craighead (1973), Hamlin and Frisina (1974), Schallenberger
and Jonkel (1978, 1979 and 1980) and Aune and Stivers (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984,
1985, and 1986).

Briefly described, elevations on the study area range from about 4200 ft. (1280
m) in river valleys and plains to the east of the mountains to 9392 ft. (2863 m)
on mountain tops. Sedimentary rocks of the limestone and dolomite types
generally form the peaks and high ridges, while rocks of the sandstone type
often underlie the valley bottoms. Alpine glaciers extensively modified
landforms in the past.

Annual precipitation averages about 12 inches (31 cm) at Choteau and up to 65
Inches (167 cm) near the Continental Divide. Approximately 80 percent of the
precipitation falls as snow. Temperatures range from 90° F (32° C) to about
-50° F (-46° C) . The climate is characterized by long, cool winters, short,
warm summers and strong southwest winds. Climatological data from two reporting
stations for 1980-85 along the east front are presented in Appendix A.

The major drainage systems within the study area include the Dearborn River, Sun
River, Teton River, Birch Creek and Two Medicine River. Many of the drainages
form a characteristic trellis pattern with narrow canyons joining main rivers at
abrupt angles (Mudge 1982). Riparian vegetation extends into the high plains
and provides food and cover for black and grizzly bears far from mountainous
habitat (Schallenberger and Jonkel 1980, Aune and Stivers 1981, 1982, 1983,
1984, 1985 and 1986).

Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) is dominant and represents climax on most of
the timberline forest. Stands of spruce (Picea spp.), white-bark pine (Pinus
albicaulis) , lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) , Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) , limber pine (Pinus flexilis) , aspen (Populus tremuloides) , and
Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) are found on select locations, depending on
landform, aspect and elevation. Natural grasslands cover the plains and
foothills at lower elevations and intergrade westward into limber pine savanna
(Schallenberger and Jonkel 1980).

-4-

METHODS
Field Methods

Bears were trapped using front foot snares (Aldrlch Snare Co., Clallam Bay,
Washington). Before trapping began, snares were boiled for several hours in
bark, needles and leaves from willow, kinnikinnick and Juniper. Then the snares
were lightly waxed with melted paraffin. All trapping equipment and bait were
handled with gloves. Bait included carcasses of road-killed deer, beaver
carcasses from trappers, horses and cattle, plus miscellaneous meat scraps.

Snares were set at the mouth of log cubbies, on trails, and occasionally a dip
or barrel set was made. Cubbies were built and prebaited before snares were
set. A drag, which consisted of a piece of ripe bait on a rope, was pulled
between each snare set and along bear travel routes to attract bears to the set.
Warning signs were posted announcing the general location of the set to minimize
human/bear encounters. The traps were checked by vehicle or with saddle horse
and pack string, daily.

Captured bears were darted with a Palmer Cap-chur gun. Phencyclidine
hydrocholoride (Sernylan) and promazine hydrochloride (Sparine) mixed in equal
portions were used to immobilize grizzly bears. A 2:1 ratio of ketamine
hydrochloride (Ketaset) and xylazine (Rompun) was used on small grizzly bears
and black bears.

Grizzly and black bears were marked with two colored plastic ear tags, all with
the same number. One tag was placed in each ear. A numbered lip tattoo which
matched the ear tag number was applied to the inside upper lip.

Grizzly bears were fitted with radio transmitters in the 164 MH range (Telonics,
Inc., Mesa, Arizona). Ear tag transmitters (Telonics, Inc., Mesa, Arizona) were
fitted on yearling grizzlies. Small grizzlies were not collared to avoid
problems associated with increasing neck girth of growing Individuals and the
possible restriction by the radio-collar. All collars placed on subadult
grizzlies were padded with foam up to two inches thick or had breakout spacers
inserted to allow for expected increases in neck girth over time.

Once trapped and drugged, physical measurements of the bear were taken. Weight
was determined using a cattle weighing tape or a spring scale for bears under
3001bs. The first premolar was extracted and used to determine age of the bear
from cementum annull counts (Stoneberg and Jonkel 1966).

Radio-instrumented bears were monitored during frequent (twice weekly) aerial
flights made in a Piper Supercub. The airplane was equipped with a
belly-mounted antenna system. Black and white photos were taken at each
location for future reference. Ground tracl<;ing efforts were conducted
immediately after aerial flights were completed. All locations were plotted on
USGS 1:24,000 quad maps by UTM coordinates. Bgars were tracked until they
denned or until the radio malfunctioned.

Specific radio locations made by ground and aerial tracking efforts were visited
to determine the reasons for the bears' presence at each site. Scats, tracks,
beds, digging sites, den sites, destruction of rotten logs, dug up squirrel
caches, marking trees, hair on fences and other objects, trails, evidence of

-5-

2
feeding activity or any other evidence of activity were noted. A 375 m (0.1

acre) circular plot was delineated within the activity site. Plant species

phenology and canopy coverage of each were recorded at the site. Vegetation

structure was determined by assigning canopy coverage values to structural tree

and shrub heights. Plants were identified according to Hitchcock and Cronquist

(1973).

Scats and reports of grizzly bear sightings, tracks, dens, kills and
depredations were collected from many sources during the study. Federal and
state government agencies, outfitters, guides, hunters, ranchers, and other
outdoorsmen cooperated by reporting such information.

Grizzly scats were collected, tagged and frozen. Scats were differentiated as
to species when collected from unknown bears. Scats of greater than 2-inch
diameter or 1 quart in volume were labeled grizzly bear scats. Some scats were
differentiated as to species by keying guard hairs found in beds and on trees or
brush or from tracks found near the scat collection site. Most of the grizzly
scats collected were from known radio-collared grizzlies.

Activity patterns were determined by 24-48 hour continuous monitoring of
individuals. Real time motion sensing collars were placed on bears to increase
reliability of activity data. Nonmotion-sensing collars could yield activity
data by interpretation of signal strength by an experienced observer.
Motion-sensing collars are designed to transmit in two different modes,
depending on the collar position. Constant transmission in either mode
indicates a stationary collar. Intermittence of mode indicates motion of
collar, and bear.

Bears were selected for 24-48 hour monitoring according to their availability
and proximity to areas of disturbance. Instrumented bears were ground tracked
by foot, horseback, or vehicle, for as long as possible. Observers monitored
the bears' every one-quarter to one-half hour, from as close as possible (for
maximum radio reception) without disturbing the bear. Activity and locations
were determined by trlangulation, signal integrity, visual contact, or state of
transmitted mode. Information recorded on the activity forms included date,
bear number, observers, receiver type, observation time, location of observer,
location of bear, signal strength, consistency or intermittency of signal, and
transmitter mode.

Dens were located by random chance, by helicopter surveys in denning habitat,
and by radio tracking bears to their dens from air or ground. Dens were
inspected on the ground as time permitted. Pertinent data gathered from each
inspection included elevation, aspect, slope, habitat type, land type, den type
and condition of the den. Dens located by helicopter were photographed with
color slide film from low altitudes while hovering above the den.

The current dominant class of livestock grazing at each radio location was
reported and coded. Also, each vegetation plot conducted in the field was rated
from 0-5 where 0 would describe an area not grazed for 2 years or more and 5
described an area which appeared overgrazed. Occular estimates were used to
appraise the site condition.

-6-

Data Analysis

Distribution, Home Range, and Movement

Observation data were plotted on USPS (% lnch=l mile) maps to record
distribution. Distribution maps for each spring, summer and fall season were
prepared. The Information collected since 1980 was recorded by UTM's and
section, township and range. Each observation represented from one to eight
grizzly bears. Radio locations were Included as an observation and were plotted
on both USPS (h lnch=] mile) maps and USGS topographic quadrangle maps. Grizzly
observation data were coded then entered Into computer files for analysis using
SAS computer software.

Grizzly bear home ranges were described by the minimum home range method (Mohr
1947, Hayne 1959) and the modified minimum method (Harvey and Barbour 1965).
Home range maps were created with the aid of a Honejrwell computer and plotter.
The Telday home range program was provided by the Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks. Area calculations for the minimum home range of each bear
were completed on the computer. Modified minimum home range area measurements
were done using a planimeter.

To quantify daily movements, all consecutive day radio locations were pooled
over a 10 year period (1977-1986), Straight line distances (in meters) from 1
day's location to the next, were determined using each day's UTM coordinates to
calculate the hypotenuse of a right triangle. Where there were more than one
location on each consecutive day, the pair of coordinates yielding the greatest
distance was used. These daily movements were categorized by season. Seasonal
dates were spring - den emergence through June, suipmer - July through August,
and fall - September to den entrance.

All radioed bear movements recorded during 24-48 hour monitoring were plotted on
USGS topographic quadrangle maps. Straight line distance between coordinates
recorded at the beginning and end of a 24-hour monitoring session were measured.
These were compared to the distance planlmetered from a mapping of the bears'
actual movements.

The distance between consecutive radio fixes was calculated on a computer. The
Telday program provided a calculation option which outputs the mean distance,
standard deviation and range of distances betweeiji consecutive radio fixes.
Comparisons were made between bears and years.

Activity Patterns

Activity patterns determined by radio telemetry in 11980-83 were recorded in a
slightly different format than during 1985-86 (Aiine et. al. 1984). During
1980-83 activity was categorized as stationary active, active, or inactive (Aune
and Stivers, 1982). Not all radioed bears were fitted with activity sensitive
collars and most monitoring was conducted on the lowland front country.
Monitoring was focused on the periods when bears were most active and less
Intense during the inactive period. Objectives were primarily to define
movements rather than to quantify activity patterns. |

In 1985 and 1986 activity patterns data collection ^nd analysis followed those
described by Garshelis and Pelton (1980). Data were gathered from mostly
backcountry settings. Motion sensitive collars were monitored in all sessions.

-7-

Sessions were selected from the 1979-86 activity patterns data which could be
formatted into 15 minute monitoring intervals according to methods of Garshelis
and Pelton (1980). These sessions were divided into lowland sessions occurring
along the low elevations of the Rocky Mountain Front and backcountry sessions
occurring in remote wilderness/semi-wilderness settings. Average activity
patterns were created for each bear group. Differences in the average hours
spent in vigorous versus moderate activity were compared between each group of
bears. Vigorous activity was defined as a probability of activity greater than
50 percent. Moderate activity was defined as a probability of activity less
than 50 percent. A chi-square test was used to test differences between each
group in hours of each level of activity. Analysis of variance was used to test
the significance of differences between levels of activity for bear groups.

Food Habits

Frozen and dried scats were soaked then washed through two wire mesh screens
twice. The first wash, using hot water was followed by a second with cold
water. Coarser materials gather in the coarse mesh screen (0.156), while finer
materials gather in the finer mesh screen (0.0937 inch). The contents of each
screen were then placed in a large porcelain pan. Cold water was added and the
scat material examined. Dissecting and compound microscopes were used to aid in
identification. Items present were identified as to genus and species when
possible. The parts of each item were also identified (e.g., leaf, stem, root,
berry, etc.). The percent volume of each item was visually estimated. Data
from each scat including information about the collection site were coded on
computer sheets. Data were sorted and analyzed by computer methods.

The frequency, percent frequency, total volume, percent volume, percent
composition, importance value and importance value percent were calculated.
Formulas are presented below:

Frequency = Number of scats having the same item

Frequency percent - Frequency of item x 100

Total number of scats

Total volume - Total volume of the same item in all scats
of the sample

Total volume percent = Total volume of item x 100

Total volume of scat samples

Percent composition = Total volume of item x 100

Number of scats with item

Importance value = Percent composition X percent frequency

100

Importance value percent = Importance value of item

Sum of importance values for all items

-8-

Den Studies

Dens were located by helicopter or Inspected on the ground and were plotted on
USGS and USPS (h inch = 1 mile) maps by UTM's or Section, township and range.
Physical characteristics data of dens Inspected on the ground were derived from
actually measuring and observing. Physical characteristics data from dens
located by helicopter were derived from both observation (with the aid of color
slides) and interpretation of data from USpS quad maps. Physical
characteristics data from dens not visited on the ground but accurately plotted
on USGS maps by UTM's were extracted from maps anii aerial photographs of the
area. Physical characteristics data were summarized and put into tables. Data
on entrance and emergence from dens by grizzly beats were determined by radio
monitoring individuals.

Impacts of Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Abtlvitles

Home ranges were mapped in relation to oil and gas drilling and seismic
exploration activities. Radioed bears were monitored for 24-48 hour periods in
the area of oil and gas exploration/development activities. Grizzly bear
movements and locations were plotted by UTM's on USGS quad maps.

Accurate records of oil and gas drilling activity and the associated phases of
activity were kept. Seismic activity Information was recorded by the USPS.
These were plotted on Jg" - mile maps for annual recoirding of activities.

Two methods were employed to test the hypothesis that grizzly bears were
displaced by seismic activity and separated their Activities both In time and
space. The first method Involved mapping bear relocations on h" to 1 mile scale
maps for the period of time that a specific seismic jiroject was conducted. Each
radio location was dated. Then seismic lines were ihapped on the same scale and
each was separated into sections with appropriate dates when major activities
(blasting, helicopter crews, etc.) was prevalent. It is recognized that some
preparatory activity (i.e. survey crews) occurred oil each section of line prior
to the major survey activities. Distances were measured from each radio
location to the nearest active seismic line section. Summary statistics were
calculated for each radioed bear and all bears poole^.

The second method Involved monitoring specific beha-vfioral responses of bears to
seismic activity. These were recorded In the field by intense monitoring of
individual bears and were reported on a case study basis.

Habitat Studies

Habitat data recorded at each radio location included elevation, aspect, slope,
habitat components, land type, site Information, topography, decade of burn
where they occurred, current grazing regime, photointerpretlve type, distance to
perennial water (meters) , and distance to road (meters) . Each radio location
was plotted on USGS maps and then Information was recorded from maps, air photos
or when the site was visited on the ground. Data irom specific locations were
coded and recorded in computer files. Data were analyzed by the SPSS
statistical program to determine frequency and relative percent of each input
parameter.

Aune and Stivers (1983) discussed the habitat components defined for the East
Front. However, In 1984 the component classification used in 1983 was modified.

-9-

The broader timber component was subdivided into open and closed timber
components. These were defined by Aune et al. (1984). Each radio location from
1977 to 1984 was reviewed and reclassified as necessary to accommodate this
modification. Habitat component use was described using SPSS cross-tabs program
to cross-correlate bear activity, elevational occurrance, and season of use for
each component.

Seventeen habitat components have been defined for the Rocky Mountain Front
study area. These seventeen specific components are often closely associated
with each other. For each radio location the exact component utilized by a bear
was recorded. However often times a bear was very near a second or associated
component. When this occurs a component association was recorded which gives
the component the bear is in first, followed by the associated component.
Generally if a bear was located and if a 1/10 acre plot conducted at the site
would overlap two components an association was formed.

Habitat types were recorded according to Pfister, et al. (1977) and Mueggler and
Handl (1974). Nonwilderness land types follow Holdorf (1981) and wilderness
land types follow Holdorf, Martinson and On (1980). Land type maps of the study
area were obtained from the USFS. Photo interpretive type maps were obtained by
the USFS. This system was defined by C. W. Brown (1970) for USFS timber
inventory (unpubl. data). Data for burns and grazing come from current maps of
burn locations and allotment maps provided by the USFS. No maps exist for these
parameters outside USFS boundaries, but data are being collected for their
production.

2
Vegetation data collected from 375 m circular plots were coded for computer

analysis. Programming was developed to analyze and sort plots by habitat type

or any input parameter.

Habitat availability was determined using nonmapping methods described by Marcum

and Loftsgaarden (1980). Composite home range polygons were developed according

to methods described in Servheen (1981). Analysis of utilization-availability

data followed Nue et al. (1974) and Servheen (1981).

Habitat Mapping

Constituent elements were defined as spring, summer, fall and denning habitat
(USFS, 1984). Six bear management (BMU's) were mapped into denning and spring
habitat. Summer and fall habitats included the entire unit area. Detailed
component maps were available for two BMU's. Detailed component maps identify
specific physical/vegetation communities whereas constituent element maps are
collections of these detailed communities into important seasonal habitats.

Criteria were developed to define denning and spring habitat from data developed
during intensive studies of grizzly bear. Denning habitats and spring habitats
were initially described by elevation. From a data set of 68 grizzly bear dens
a lower elevational limit was described for each BMU. An elevation of (6400)
1950 m. ft. and above was used to describe denning rage for 5 BMU's. While one
BMU, the Badger-Two Medicine, a 6000 foot elevation was the lower limit used to
describe denning habitat. Other criteria used to refine this Initial separation
were land type, slope, and aspect. Spring habitat was also initially described
by an elevation. Analysis results showed that 90% of spring radio locations
were below 1950 meters (6400 foot) elevation. Spring habitat was then further
refined using landtype, distribution data, habitat component mapping and I.R.
photographs to define the boundaries of major seasonal spring ranges. All

-10-

mapping was initially conducted on USGS 1:24000 quadrat maps with landtype
delineations on these base maps. Complete map polygons were then transposed to
1" to mile scale photo reduced composites of USGS quad maps as a base. Area
calculations were made using the geoscan program (MDFWP) with a digitizing
table-computer linkup.

Black Bear Investigations

Methods utilized in black bear investigations parallel those described above.
Radio collars were placed only on mature animals. Sub-adults and smaller adults
were ear-tagged, but not fitted with radio collars. No site inspections of
black bear radio locations were made as time limited the development of these
studies. Habitat data were extrapolated from maps, air photos and examination
of sites from the air. Black bear habitat use data were analyzed with the aid
of computer methods described above.

Results and Discussion

Trapping and Radio Tracking

Trap lines were operated in six separate regions within the study area in 1986.
Trapping during spring was conducted by two trap teams; one in the Badger-Two
Medicine area and another in the Smith Creek - Willow Creek regions. The
Smith-William Creek trapline was operated from May 13 - June 4. The trapline in
the Little Badger area along the Blackfoot Reservation Boundary was operated
from May 15 - June 4. In the Smith-Willow Creek area there were four captures
of three grizzlies and 16 captures of 16 black bears. On the Little Badger Line
no grizzlies were captured and there were 10 captures of 7 black bears.
Traplines were operated in late spring-early summer in the Fairview-Willow Creek
area and the N. Fk. Badger area. The Fairview-Willow Creek trapline was
operated from June 10 - June 30 and resulted in the capture of one grizzly and 4
captures of 3 black bears. In the N. Fk. Badger area traps were set from June
10 to July 11 and resulted in 6 captures of 5 grizzlies and 8 captures of 8
black bears.

Two summer trap operations were conducted in the S. Fk. Sun Bear Management Unit
in an effort to capture a female bear for monitoring. The first was a short
trapping effort was conducted in Hoadley Creek from August 8-16. No bears were
captured during this effort. The second trapping effort from Sept. 4-13 in the
Patricks Basin - Windfall Creek area resulted in the capture of no grizzlies and
5 captures of 4 black bears.

The total research trapping effort in 1986 resulted in the capture and marking
of eight grizzlies in 11 captures and 38 black bears in 43 captures. Management
actions during 1986 resulted in the capture of 3 grizzlies and 5 black bears.
Total capture of bears for research and management in 1986 was 11 different
grizzlies and 48 different black bear.

Thirteen different grizzly bears were monitored to some extent during the 1986
report period (Table 1). Bears 312 and 392 cast collars at their den after
emergence from the den. Bears 317, 412, and 355 all cast collars during the
field season. Bears 498 and 410 died shortly after handling. Bear 410 was
killed by a larger male after leaving the trap site while 498 probably suffered
post-drugging complications after traveling Jg mile from his capture site.

-11-

Table 1. Grizzly bears radio monitored, 1986.

Bear No. Sex Age March-April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Total

301*

312*, a

313

316*

317*, b

335

355c

366*

392*, d

410e

412f

466

467

498g

500*, h

F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
F

13.5
3.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
8.5

10.5
7.5
4.5
3.5
7.5

15.5
3.5
7.5
7.5

2
1
3
3
3
0
6
2
1

4

1

7

7

5

6

0

1

7

5

6

6

4

1

7

1

—

»

3

5

2

-

1

7

-

-

10

-

1

1

3

4

6

26

30

30

66

7
7

6
6
8

6
6

61

1
2

2
1
2

2
2

17

7
3

9
10

47

1
0

33
1

31

33
3

16

- 30
1 32

1

1

10

1 26

1 29

2

- _34
5 282

RELOCATED BEARS
lOli F 3.5
106j M 4.5
335*, k F 8.5

-

-

2

2

-

2

2

0

10
14

*Includes den location

a Bear 312 cast her collar at her den.

b Bear 317 cast her collar in spring.

c Bear 355 cast his collar in early
September.

d Bear 392 cast his collar at his den.

e Bear 410 died after being captured
in May.

f Bear 412 cast his collar in early July.

g Bear 498 died after being captured
in June.

h Bear 500 was radio located at her den
in Oct. but not since.

i Bear 101 was relocated west of the
Divide and was illegally killed.

j Bear 106 was relocated and illegally
killed.

k Bear 335 has not been located since
early September - her fate is unknown.

Grizzlies 101 and 106 were relocated in management actions but both were
illegally killed shortly after relocation. Bear 335 could not be radio located
after early September and is either dead or her radio malfunctioned. A total of
7 functioning radios were present on the study area by denning time in 1986.

A total of 282 radio contacts were made with 15 different grizzlies during the
research monitoring period beginning March 15 and ending November 10 for an
average of 31 locations a month. Table 2 presents the distribution of tracking
effort for each bear by month. A total of 258 of the radio locations were
specific locations.

-12-

A total of 14 radio contacts were made with 3 different grizzlies following
relocations. These locations were widely distributed throughout the Northern
Continental Divide Ecosystem and were not added to East Front research data
bases.

Physical Characteristics

Physical measurements were recorded from each grizzly bear captured in 1986

(Table 2) . These data were combined with the data from captures in previous

years (Aune and Stivers 1981, 1982, 1983; Aune et al. 1984, 1986; Aune 1985) to
provide for preliminary analysis of physical characteristics.

To determine if a relationship existed between female nipple length and age of
first reproduction we conducted an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of mean nipple
length by age. This analysis indicated that there was a significant difference
(F=6.14, P=0.009, N=17) between ages in mean nipple length. The
Student-Newman-Kuels multiple range (SNK) test indicated that females 5 years
old and younger had a shorter (P=0.05) mean nipple length than females older
than 5 years (Table 3).

Aune (1985) reported age at first reproduction for two females as 5.0 and 6.0
years old. In 1986 female grizzly 366 was captured in July and was lactating
indicating that she had produced cubs at the age of 7.0 years. Her cubs were
not observed at that time nor any other time in 1986 indicating that she lost
her cubs. The mean age of first reproduction for these three bears then is 6.0
years. McLellan (1982) reported that in British Columbia females produced their
first litters at age 5.0 years. Craighead et al. (1969) reported a mean age of
first reproduction of 6.13 years in Yellowstone and Knight and Eberhardt (1985)
reported age of first reproduction as 6.0 years in Yellowstone.

Our analyses indicate that a nipple length of at least 12.7 mm may indicate
prior reproduction as the minimum length for females 6 years old was 12.7
mm. Further evidence supporting this contention is that grizzly 366 had not
produced a litter by age 5.0 years in 1984 and her nipple length when captured
in June was 9.7 mm. When captured in 1986 after producing her first litter her
nipple length was 16.0 mm. Grizzlies 335 and 500 had nipple lengths of 12.7 and
19.1 mm, respectively, when captured in 1985 after producing their first
litters.

Using data from grizzly bear captures in 1986 (Table 4) and from previous years
(Aune and Stivers 1981, 1982, 1983; Aune et al. 1984, 1986; Aune 1985) we
derived equations for predicting body weight for males, females and both sexes
combined. We used two regressions for predicting weight, the first is a log,^ -
log._ regression of chest girth and weight, the second is a regression of a Body
index (body length times chest girth squared) and weight (McLellan 1982). The
fit (as determined by the coefficient of determination) varied with the
regression used and the sex class (Table 4). The best fit (r =0.95) was for
males regressing the body index against weight. Although the sample sizes are
small the coefficients of determination (Table 4) indicate that it may be
possible to estimate body weight using these equations when scale weight is not
possible or impractical to obtain. Relationships between chest girth and body
weight have been reported for all species of North American bears (Payne 1976,
LeCount 1977, Sterling et al. 1977, Glen 1980, Kingsley et al. 1983, Nagy et al.
1984, Woddell and Brown 1984).

-13-

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Table 3. Mean teat length and diameter in each age class of female bears,
1980-86.

N

Mean (mm)

Observed

Age

Teat Length N

Teat Width

Lactation

2

3

8.6 3

8.5

No

3

5

7.9 3

2.1

No

5

1

9.7 1

9.7

No

6

1

19.1 1

19.1

Yes

7

1

12.7 1

12.7

Yes

8

3

15.9 2

11.2

Yes

12

1

25.1 1

9.7

Yes

15

1

16.0 1

12.7

Yes

19

1

19.1

-

Yes

17

13

Table 4.

Equations

for

predicting live weights of

grizzly bears on

the Rocky

Mountain

East

Front .

'^

Sex

Equation

r

N

All bears

W=- 1.407+0,00996701
W=2. 82177*

0.85

27

0.89

27

Males

W=-7. 947+0. 90007371
W=-3. 08935*

0.96

14

0.93

14

Females

W=19. 322+0. 90905221
W=-2.38314* • "^

0.57

13

0.80

13

W=Body weight, I=Body index (body length times chest girth squared),
G=Chest girth.

An ANOVA by age was used to determine if testes length or width, or baculum
length could be used to estimate sexual maturity in males. The results
indicated that a significant difference existed for mean testes length (F=6.98,
P=0.0001, N=32), mean testis width (F=10.98, P=0.0001, N=32) , and mean baculum
length (F=5.98, P=0.0002, N=35) but the SNK multiple range test failed to reveal
any biological significance for these measurements in testing for sexual
maturity. Plots of these mean measurements however, indicate that they may be
useful as a measure of growth (Figure 3) .

Distribution

Distribution of grizzly bears was determined by plotting 3,170 observations
gathered between the years 1976 and 1986 for the Sun River North study area
(Fig. 4). A total of 698 observations were reported in Schallenberger and
Jonkel (1980). During the 1980-86 field seasons 2,474 observations were
collected. About 31.6, 40.1, and 28.3 percent were collected during the spring,
summer, and fall respectively (Table 5).

-16-

00

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Glacier
Park

< .-'^■■*k.

MilM

0 _1 3

"Seal*

■ H*«rt
' Butt*

-"*".

'^i,

. ..>>

' • -•

r

/.

y^

Figure 4. Distribution of 3,170 grizzly bear observations, 1976-86,
north of the Sun River.

-18-

Table 5. The number of observations plotted on the Sun River North-
overall and seasonal distribution maps, 1976 - 1986.

Period ,,

Spring

Summer

Fall

Total

1976-79-'

148

345

205

698

1980

50

83

62

195

1981

186

128

89

403

1982

173

200

148

521

1983

183

189

165

537

1984

84

149

94

327

1985

116

87

71

274

1986

61

92

64

217

TOTAL

1,001

1,273

898

3,172

1 - North of Township 21-22 line.

2 - Reported in Schallenberger and Jonkel, 1980.

Figures 5, 6, and 7 show the seasonal distribution of observation data. Seasons
are defined as spring (March - June 30) , summer (July 1 - August 30) , and fall
(September 1 - November) .

Distribution of grizzly bears south of the Sun River was determined by plotting
759 observations gathered between 1976 and 1986 (Fig. 8). A total of 289
observations were reported in Schallenberger and Jonkel (1980) and 470
observations were collected during 1980-86 field seasons. Approximately 40.2,
33.8, and 26.0 percent of the observations were collected during spring, summer
and fall, respectively (Table 6). Figures 9, 10, and 11 show the seasonal
distribution of observation data south of the Sun River. Seasons are defined as
above .

Table 7 presents the 1986 observation data by type for each season, north of the
Sun River. Table 8 presents observation data by type for each season, 1986, for
the area south of the Sun River. Observation data north of the Sun River is
composed of 67.3 percent radio locations whereas south of the Sun River 55.7
percent of the distribution data is from radio locations.

Seasonal distribution maps reveal the importance of river valley, creek bottom
and foothills habitat to grizzly bears during the spring. Schallenberger and
Jonkel (1980), Servheen (1981), and Jonkel (1980) reported the importance of low
elevation wet sites and creek bottoms to grizzly bears in the spring. The
concentration of grizzly bears along these foothills, creeks and river bottoms
appears to be related to the early snow melt from these sites and the phenology
of important bear foods. Grizzly bears distribute themselves more evenly
throughout the area during summer and fall.

Several biases exist In present distribution maps. The study area is large and
back country areas received less field effort. Much of the Information in these
regions reflects a low intensity of field work, rather than the true
distribution of grizzly bears. Restricted access to some private land also
prohibited field work in areas which deserve attention. The Deep Creek and
Harrison Basin area appears to receive high grizzly bear use; however,
observation data are limited in this area. Another area deserving more
attention is the Birch Creek-Lower Badger area west of Heart Butte.

•19-

■'<i

■"\,

\

/■

^^■"

]'^-^.

Figure 5. Distribution of 999 grizzly bear observations collected durinj
spring, 1976-86, north of the Sun River.

■20-

Teal*

-Heart
■ Butt*

V.:...:

>.

v\

'"rn

.?

■ ■■■'. « '-'-^ •• •.

V . "^

A

]Chot*au

'Agiver^

Figure 6. Distribution of 1,273 grizzly bear observations collected during
summer, 1976-86, north of the Sun River.

-21-

Glacivr ,

National \ Ctoct«r^^

MilM

0_J ^

Seal*

'^"^'x* >-t7^..^^

\^r

'▲AnuloiM

/Chotoau

Figure 7. Distribution of 898 grizzly bear observations collected during fall,
1976-86, north of the Sun River.

-22-

Figure 8. Distribution of 759 grizzly bear observations 1976-86,
south of the Sun River.

-23-

Figure 9. Distribution of 305 grizzly bear observations collected during
spring, 1976-86, south of the Sun River.

-24-

Miles
0 1 1

Figure 10. Distribution of 257 grizzly bear observations collected during
summer, 1976-86, south of the Sun River.

-25-

Figure 11. Distribution of 197 grizzly bear observations collected during
fall, 1976-86, south of the Sun River.

-26-

Table 6. The number of observations plotted on the Sun River South -
overall and seasonal distribution maps, 1976 - 1986.

1/

Period

Spring

Summer

Fall

Total

2/
1976-79-'

87

1980-83

57

1984

23

1985

71

1986

67

TOTAL

305

93
37
29
55
43
257

109

289

6

100

30

82

35

161

17

127

197

759

1 - South of township 21-22 line.

2 - Reported In Schallenberger and Jonkel, 1980.

Table 7. Number of observations for each season by observation
type, for Sun River North study area, 1986.

Observation Type

Spring

Summer

Fall

Year

Radio Location

33

Sighting

15

Scat

0

Track

13

Other

0

75

10

3

2

2

48

156

5

30

0

3

11

26

0

2

TOTAL

61

92

64

217

Table 8. Number of observations for each season by observation
type, for Sun River South study area, 1986.

Spring

Summer

Fall

Year

Radio Location

51

Sighting

4

Scat

1

Track

10

Other

1

38
1
0
4
0

14

103

1

6

0

1

2

16

0

1

TOTAL

67

43

17

127

Examination of trap site locations indicate the relative proportion of the study
area sampled (Figure 12 and 13). Distribution data is poor in areas where
trapping and radio relocation efforts have not occurred. Areas needing
significant field efforts in order of priority are the Heart Butte area. Deep
Creek area, and the North Fork of the Sun River.

-27-

Glactor .

\ East

NatioiMl \ GlMisr

Park

TWoMcdleltM

MIIM
0 1 2

«▲ Antalop*

^T•lMI

">.

'^i»«r^

Figure 12. Trap sites north of the Sun River, 1980-86.

-28-

Miles
Oil

Figure 13. Trap sites south of the Sun River, 1982-86

-29-

Observation Records

Data on grizzly bear observations including those from radio relocation were
presented in the Distribution discussion above. This section presents the data
on observations collected without the aid of radiotelemetry.

From 1980 to 1986, 881 observations of grizzly bears or their sign were
recorded. Bears were actually sighted in 312 of these. The type of sign
recorded in the remaining records included 280 observations of tracks, 228 of
scats, 38 of digs, and 23 observations of other types of sign including dens,
hair, marking trees, and evidence of depredation, carrion feeding and predation.

The number of grizzlies observed, either by sighting or from their sign, was
determinable for 580 observations. Nine hundred-seven grizzlies or their sign
were recorded in observations of from 1 to 7 bears (Table 9) . There were 56
records of the sighting or sign of grizzly cubs. The number of cubs recorded
per observation was from 1 to 5 and totalled 116 (Table 10). The observation of
5 cubs was an observation in 1982 of 2 adult females with 5 cubs (1 with 2 cubs,
1 with 3 cubs) on Rocky Mountain. There were 40 records of the sighting or sign
of yearling litters (yearlings accompanied by an adult female) ranging in size
from 1 to 3. The total number of yearlings observed in these litters was 80
(Table 11).

Table 9. Number of observations of grizzly bears by number of bears/observations
and total number of bears observed on the Rocky Mountain East Front,
1980-1986.

Number of bears/observation
Number of observations
Total number of bears

1

2

3

4

5

7

Total

387

95

68

26

3

1

580

387

190

204

104

15

7

907

Table 10. Number of observations of grizzly bear cubs by number of cubs/observation
and total number of cubs observed on the Rocky Mountain East Front,
1980-1986.

Number of bears/observation
Number of observations
Total number of cubs

1

2

3

4

5

Total

19

20

12

4

1

56

19

40

36

16

5

116

Table 11. Number of observations of litters of yearling grizzly bears by litter
size and total number of yearlings on the Rocky Mountain East Front,
1980-1986.

Yearling litter size
Number of observations
Total number of yearlings

-30-

1

2

3

Total

11

18

11

40

11

36

33

80

The kinds of activities grizzly bears were recorded doing from the observations
records were similar to activities reported for radio collared bears by Aune et
al (1984) (Table 12). Bears were sighted most commonly feeding at a carcass, at
alpine dig sites, in berry fields, grazing in parks, and while traveling. Bears
were rarely observed while bedded or feeding in dense cover types. This is in
contrast to activities reported for radio collared grizzlies by Aune et al
(1984) , where radio collared grizzlies were more commonly bedded and utilizing
food resources in timber and shrub plant communities.

Table 12. Activities of grizzly bears from observation records, 1980-86.

Activity

No . obs .

Percent obs.

Feeding Activities
General feeding
Carcass or Carrion
Grazing
Digging roots
Digging Pine Nuts
Digging small mammals
Tearing logs
Tearing anthills
Turning cowchips + rocks
Turning over litter and duff
Feeding on berries
Anthropogenic foods

14
100

29
116

20
5
1
1
9
1

24

29

2.65
18.56
5.49
21.97
3.79
0.95
0.19
0.19
1.70
0.19
4.55
5.49

Non-feeding Activities

General

Bedded

Traveling

Mating and courting

Denning-predenning

Wallowing

Playing

17

17

110

16

9

2

3

358

3.22
3.22
20.83
3.03
1.70
0.38
0.57
100.00

The kinds of habitat
13) was similar to ha
al. 1986). However a
component reveals a
habitat component,
statistically, it
in the observation
Rock/Talus /Scree, moui^
probably over repres
observations recorded
In contrast, 10.8
with little or no cove

components used by grizzlies observed in this study (Table

bltat component use by radio collared grizzlies (Aune et.

comparison of the percent of observations In each habitat

difference with the percent of radio locations In each

Although no test was conducted to compare results

that use of heavy cover types were under represented

tecords. The use of open habitat components such as

tain grassland, sidehill parks and prairie grassland was

ted in the observation records. Forty percent of the

were In habitat components with little or no cover value.

of 1424 radio locations occurred In habitat components

r (Aune et. al. 1986).

appears

en

percent

-31-

Table 13. Number and percent of observations In each habitat component, 1980-86,

Habitat

Component No. Observations Percent Observations

Cutting Unit 1 0.12

Meadows 17 2.06

Roads 2 0.24

Sidehill Parks 35 4.01

Snowchutes 6 0.73

Shrubfields 8 0.98

Rock/Talus/Scree 141 16.90

Closed Timber 186 22.38

Open Timber 53 6.32

Limber Pine Savanna 36 4.38

Prairie Grassland 99 11.98

Mountain Grassland 32 3.89

Populus Stand 101 11.92

Riparian Shrub 69 8.27

Riparian Complex 35 4.13

TOTAL 821 100.00

8072/2

The number of observation for each 5 day period from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1980-86
was determined to examine the time period of observation and when bears were
most commonly observed (Figure 14). Observation records are prevalent from the
second week of March until the last week of November. However, one record for
the month of February was available. The record of observations is consistent
with data from radio instrumented bears regarding den emergence and den
entrance. The largest number of observations by 5 day period was 36 during mid
August. This corresponds with the time that radio collared bears were commonly
found in open alpine areas digging roots and are thus easily observed.

Home Range

Annual home ranges were mapped and sizes calculated for 9 different grizzly
bears monitored during 1986 (Table 14, Figures 15-23). Minimum annual home
range size varied from 59.3 to 542.4 sq. km. for female grizzly bears in 1986.
Two minimum annual home ranges for males were 599.5 and 805.2 sq. mi. in 1986.
Over all years (1980-86) the mean annual minimum home range of adult males was
larger than all females (F=15.62, P= 0.001) but was significantly smaller
(F=3.08, P=0.10) than subadult males (Table 15). The mean modified minimum home
ranges of adult males and subadult males were not significantly different
(F=0.06, P=0.806). Subadult female and adult female mean annual minimum and
mean annual modified minimum home ranges were not significantly different
(F=0.69, P=0.41, F=0.17, P=0.68). The modified minimum home range of all males
was larger (F=5.84, P 0.025) than for all females.

Adult bear home ranges are probably a factor of habitat and reproduction. Adult
female annual home ranges are more likely driven by habitat conditions with the
female strategy to optimize the conversion of energy into progeny. The adult

-32-

c

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1

TT

i

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1

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(

T-

1 — *^

I

•

1 —

o

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3

t

1

<

I

r"

1

>

f—

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7*>

—J

1

r —

1

UJ

{—

3C

c:

»__—

3

^

—

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1

1

>-

1

<

1

y

c

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a:

a.
<

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4
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M
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a

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4->

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(1)
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ca
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3
00

Table 14. Modified minimum and minimum annual home range sizes of grizzly
bears, 1984, 1985 and 1986.

1984 (km=")

1985 (km^)

1986 (km^)

Mod.

Mod.

Mod.

Bear No.

Sex

Age

Mln.

Mln.

Mln.

Mln.

Mln.

Mln.

335

F

7.5

—

—

—

—

—

435.4

500

F

6.5

91.3

559.3

180.8

621.7

198.9

423.4

313

F

4.5

45.6

195.5

52.9

127.0

144.6

243.5

366

F

5.5

10.9

95.4

60.2

128.9

84.4

190.5

466

F

15.5

—

—

—

—

10.8

59.3

355

M

8.5

84.7

512.61

348.5

831.9

397.7

599.5

301

F

13.5

—

—

117.5

336.6

87.7

317.4

316

F

4.5

—

—

188.1

655.6

446.0

542.4

467

M

3.5

—

—

—

—

168.7

805.2

Table 15. Mean annual home range size of sex and age classes of bears 1980-86.

Mod. Mln.

(km^^)

Minimum (km^)

N

Mean S.D.

Range

Mean

S.D. Range

Adult Males

238.62 181.07

68.0-456.4

660.83

221.48 388.1-1000.1

6

Adult Females

158.89 90.43

10.8-288.5

382.11

160.59 59.3- 734.6

21

Subadult Males

263.97 191.18

71.6-606.4

1118.43

604.09 441.7-2055.8

8

Subadult Females

143.49 123.19

10.9-446.0

334.07

158.50 95.4- 655.6

12

male strategy for maximizing reproductive output Is to Include more females In
his home range. Subadult males require no larger a portion of habitat annually
than adult males (I.e. modified minimum range sizes are similar), but because of
large exploratory movements have larger annual minimum home ranges.

Table 16 presents minimum and modified minimum home ranges of bears (Includes
all years data) . A modified minimum home range for subadults was not derived
because subadult males dispersed so widely that modified minimum ranges were not
considered valid measures of home range. Adult females and subadult females
were pooled because no significant difference existed between home range size of
these age classes (F=0.17, P=0.68 for modified minimum F=0.69, F=0.41 for
minimum) .

Aune et al. (1986) hypothesized that grizzly bear home range size may be a
function of habitat quality. Jonkel (1982) stated that food and cover are major
determinants of home range size and shape. Home ranges should thus be smaller
in areas where food and cover (habitat quality) are better. Picton (1983)
suggested that climate could predict grizzly bear litter size. This indicates
that energy in a temporal sense can effect bear nutritional status. It is also
likely that long term climate patterns which vary from place to place can affect
long term spatial arrangements of energy. Thus areas with optimal climates for
bear foods which can grow in abundance within a small area would result in small
home ranges. In contrast areas with less optimal climates for bear foods which
cannot grow in abundance in small areas but are more dispersed could result in

-34-

Figure 15. Annual home range of bear 316, 1986.

-35-

Figure 16. Annual home range of bear 301, 1986.

-36-

Figure 17. Annual home range of bear 355, 1986.

-37-

Figure 18. Annual home range of bear 500, 1986.

-38-

Figure 19. Annual home range of bear 335, 1986.

-39-

Figure 20. Annual home range of bear 467, 1986.

-40-

Figure 21. Annual home range of bear 466, 1986.

-41-

Figure 22. Annual home range of bear 366, 1986.

-42-

Figure 23. Annual home range of bear 313, 1986.

-43-

Table 16

Minimum

and modified

minimum home ranges

of grizzly

bears

for years

combined

•

Bear No.

Minimum (km^)

Modified

Minimum (km^)

No Fixes

Adult Males

485

873.34

502.99

78

218

661.99

—

38

271

1709.13

1374.70

84

355

1084.45

872.75

94

282

1389.22

1097.73

75

346

1000.04

—

30

229

649.81
1052.57

—

19

Mean

962.04

S.D.

386.24

368.51

Subadult

Males

467

805.19

—

27

333

26,672.00

— —

93

544

1747.63

—

72

498

2239.50

—

51

328

2300.07

— —

41

392

453.81

—

44

529

1366.39

—

35

326

2909.81

—

32

Mean

4811.80

S.D.

8869.82

Females

313

274.13

238.37

92

366

213.36

170.68

100

466

59.34

10.80

23

335

919.50

635.18

143

220

1022.99

713.17

258

548

385.50

257.00

48

273

528.30

342.19

249

301

552.34

342.83

53

500

890.68

496.73

154

317

391.66

195.83

52

518

379.56

257.12

53

316

827.68

512.09

68

Mean

537.09

347.67

S.D.

310.90

204.89

larger home ranges. In summary the spatial arrangement of energy available to
bears could be largely a factor of climate, in particular precipitation, and
would dictate home range size.

In 1986 we examined two gradients in precipitation and the subsequent
implication that habitat quality might be reflected in home range size. By
dividing the area north and south along a bear management unit boundary we
tested home range size in the Badger-Two Medicine Area with home range size
south of this management unit. The Badger-Two Medicine Unit has been
subjectively labeled higher quality bear habitat due to distribution of foods

-44-

and the influence of a moist pacific maritime climate (Aune et al 1986).
Weather records substantiate the higher precipitation average for this unit as
compared to the BMUs to the south which have drier climates and habitats. A
gradient in moisture from east to west is also evident. Here we have used the
forest boundary as a divider between bears. Using the geometric activity center
of the home range of a bear we classed bears into north or south and east or
west classes. An ANOVA was then used to test sex classes of bears by location
(Table 17) . A distinct difference between home range size in the Badger-Two
Medicine BMU and the BMUs to the south is supported for females and both sexes
combined. A sample of only one male in the Badger-Two Medicine BMU makes
conclusion in regard to males impossible. However in line with the supposition
that females home range size is more directly linked to habitat the statistical
test is supportive of a difference of habitat influencing home range size. The
test between east and west bears in our sample was not conclusive. There was a
weak relationship between females home range size west and east of the divide
but not a significant one. It is likely that our sample from east to west is
not along a large enough gradient to confirm the hypothesis. Home range size of
females from west of the divide would be needed to make the sample span the full
spectrum of this moisture and habitat gradient.

Table 17. Comparison of home range size between classes of bears along
precipitation and habitat gradients, 1980-86.

Class

N

Minimum

Home

Range

N

Modified Minimum Ho
Mean (km^) F-Value

me Range

Sex

Mean (km^)

F-Value

Prob.

Prob.

Males

North
South

1
6

873.34
1083.11

0.22

0.66

1
5

502.99
796.21

0.29

0.62

Females

North
South

3
9

182.28
655.36

9.00

0.01

3
9

139.95
416.90

5.97

0.03

Both

North
South

4
15

355.04
826.46

4.90

0.04

4
14

230.71
552.37

2.81

0.11

Males

West
East

3
4

1222.31
926.27

1.01

0.36

3
3

916.81
577.87

0.78

0.43

Females

West
East

5
7

403.73
632.34

1.67

0.22

5
7

279.57
396.30

0.94

0.35

Both

West
East

8
11

710.70
739.22

0.02

0.89

8
10

518.54
450.78

0.15

0.70

Breeding

Areas

Seven individual courtship associations were observed in 1985. Bear pairs were
observed in Debrota Creek, Crow Ridge, Smith Creek, Elk Creek, Landers Fork,
Crow Creek, and the Two-Medicine Ridge between the dates of May 20 to June 17.
Also female bear 366 was located near the capture site of male bear 498 in late
June suggesting another possible association. No courtship associations were
observed for female bears 500 and 313 in spring, 1986. However, movements of
these bears suggest that both may have returned to area's where male bears and
breeding activities were observed in previous years. Male bear 355 also
returned to an area in which he had encountered females in past years.

Data from 1980-86 has shown that all spring range is used during the breeding
season and should be considered breeding area. In addition some female bears
appeared to select some remote areas which are not considered spring range, to
breed. Bears such as 301, 257, 335 and unmarked females with males 355 and 346
selected high elevation subalpine or alpine areas to mate.

-45-

Thirty-seven courtship associations of bears were observed from April 21 to July
15 during the period 1980-86. All but 6 of these courtship associations were
recorded by radio telemetry. A total of 56 paired bears were observed in these
courtship associations including multiple sightings of a single pair. The peak
of pairing and most probably breeding activity is in late May with possibly a
second pulse of activity in mid June (Fig. 24).

The observed duration of courtship associations varied from 1 to 19 days. The
mean duration of a courtship association resulting in a pair bond was 8.2 days
(N=19) . In most cases radio monitoring intensity was insufficient to determine
the actual duration of the pair bond. Our assumption is that radio monitoring
probably underestimated the duration. However in some of the longer cases it is
possible that more than one female was in an area and a male bear was associated
with more than one bear during the monitoring effort.

Activity Patterns

Activity patterns measured on the Rocky Mountain Front were previously reported
(Aune et al (1982, 1983, 1984, and 1986)). Aune et al 1984 discuss the
hypothesis that there may be differences in activity patterns between bears in
remote areas and bears in areas with high levels of human intrusion. To test
this hypothesis we examined East Front bear data from 1979-86.

Activity data were insufficient to test an individual bear within two different
settings or during the spring period. However data were sufficient to compare
groups of bears during the summer /fall period.

Table 18 presents data from monitoring sessions conducted in 1979-86. Data from
17 monitoring sessions were valid for this test. We had to exclude sessions
involving impact monitoring as the influence of disturbances would bias this
sample. Sessions were also selected according to the ability to format data
according to Garshelis and Pelton (1980) and to include as many different bears
as possible.

Table 18. Data from activity monitoring sessions 1979-86.

No.

Bears

No.

Sess

ions

Hours Monitored

Aug

Hr/Session

1979

2

2

36.00

18.0

1981

4

15

204.87

13.6

1982

5

11

105.65

9.6

1983

4

11

102.04

9.3

1985

1

2

56.00

28.0

1986

3
9

5
46

107.00
611.56

21.4
13.3

Ten sessions, involving 152 hours of monitoring on 5 grizzlies, were combined to
represent the average activity patterns of lowland bears. Three sessions were
included which did not involve monitoring of motion sensitive collars. However
these sessions were necessary to give the sample a stronger representation from
the daytime period. The data used was biased toward sampling of the dusk to
dawn period as monitoring in 1979-83 was primarily directed during the time when
bears were active and moving (Table 19). We do not feel that this bias caused a
serious problem in this analysis. Most likely daytime activity may be
underestimated but the pattern observed was real and matched those observed in
monitoring sessions of individuals in this group not included in our analysis.

-46-

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Table 19. Hours of monitoring within each 1 hour sampling period, 1979-86.
No. Hours

Backcountry 7 7 7788776666667766777 877

Lowland

999999876422433446568999

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time (hrs)

Seven sessions involving 163 hours of monitoring on 3 different grizzlies were
used to represent the activity pattern of backcountry bears. All sessions
included bears fitted with motion sensitive collars. Sampling was more uniform
throughout a 24 hour period within this group (Table 20) .

Table 20. Hours and levels of activity for two bear groups on the East Front,
1979-86.

Prob. Activity 50%
Lowland
Backcountry

Prob. Activity 50%
Lowland
Backcountry

Actual

Hours

In

Mean

Sample

13.5

85.5

12.0

81.5

X^

= .0015

10.5

66.5

12.0

81.5

X2 = 1.19

Prob. of Activity

Mean S.D.

N

82.4 13.3

14

62.5 6.7

12

F = 21.25

20.0 9.9

10

26.9 8.7

12

F = 3.24

Aune and Stivers (1985) discuss the nocturnal habits of grizzly bears along the
Rocky Mountain Front lowlands. In the sample of lowland bears a nocturnal
activity pattern confirms previous observations (Fig. 25). In general nocturnal
patterns have been noted in all bears while utilizing low elevations habitats
along the Front (Aune et al 1982, 1983, and 1984). These patterns usually vary
in length according to the length of day and temperatures. Activity during the
daylight hours in these environments is generally confined to the dusk or dawn
hours. Occasional midday feeding bouts in dense secure cover while berries are
ripe have been recorded for lowland bears.

In contrast to the lowland bears the average activity pattern of backcountry
bears is crepuscular with peaks of activity near 0700 and 1900 hours. The
actual activity patterns of individuals was variable. Diurnal, crepuscular and
complex patterns of Interspersed periods of activity were recorded. In some
cases as many as 5 distinct activity peaks occured during one 24 hour monitoring
period.

-48-

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There was no significant difference (P=0.90) In the average hours of vigorous
activity between lowland and backcountry bears (Table 20) . There was no
significant difference (P=0.25) difference in the average hours of moderate
activity between lowland and backcountry bears. It appeared that both bear
groups spent equal amounts of time engaged in vigorous activities within a 24
hour period, usually 10-15 hours. The average probability of activity of
lowland bears was significantly higher (P=0.0001) than backcountry bears during
vigorous activity. The average probability of activity was significantly lower
(P=0.087) during moderate activity for lowland bears when compared to
backcountry bears.

These differences could be a product of the level of human Intrusion influencing
bears, age and sex of the bear, or differences in habitat and food resources.
Schleyer (1983) suggested food, cover, and temperature have major Influences on
bear activity patterns. Lowland bears on the front were exposed to concentrated
food and cover along cool riparian areas In higher temperature environments.
They are also exposed to high levels of human Intrusion throughout the daylight
period. It appears that lowland bears have adopted an activity pattern to
accommodate their environment and human competition. Giest (1971) stated that,
"mammals learn to minimize encounters with humans if harassed enough by reducing
activity to areas, habitats and times of day where encounters with humans are
minimal." Grizzly bears along the lowlands of the Rocky Mountain Front are
exposed to many forms of harassment throughout the summer-fall period and are
hunted during the fall. These pressures over time may have resulted In the
evolution of activity patterns from crepuscular toward a nocturnal pattern.
Andrews (1979) Indicated that shifts in "time territories" may be a mechanism
for reducing stress in behavioral Interactions. Interactions between bears and
humans along ' the Rocky Mountain Front can be a matter of life and death for
either party. The adjustment of "time territories" may be essential for the
maintenance of grizzly populations across the Front lowlands.

Further study is needed to determine if adjustments are made in activity
patterns during movements to and from the lowlands and backcountry areas by an
individual bear. Also further sampling Is needed to reinforce data sets thus
far analyzed. Information is also needed on the Influence of these shifts in
activity patterns on energetics of the bear and its ability to access
environmental resources.

Food Habits

Bear scats contained food items from 9 major taxonomlc groups including;
mammals, insects, birds, trees (pine nuts), sporophytes, forbs (Including roots
and corms) , gramlnoids, shrubs (fruit) and debris (Table 21). Bear food taxon
were ranked according to percent frequency and percent volume which may Indicate
food availability and seasonality (Table 22). Gramlnoids, forbs, and insects
were the most common bear foods along the east front and have high percent
frequency values. In contrast seasonally important or less common foods such as
fruit, mammals, sporophytes, and pine nuts had low percent frequency values.
Gramlnoids, forbs, and fruit had the highest percent volume of all bear food
taxon.

Domestic cattle and deer were the most common mammals eaten both in frequency
and volume. Other large herbivores in the diets were domestic sheep, elk,
bison, moose, and black bears. The percent frequency and percent volume of

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domestic cattle were 11.37 and 4.14 representing 45.3 percent and 47.4 percent
of the total frequency and volume of all mammals in the scats analyzed. Most of
the domestic cattle are available from livestock boneyards along the East Front.

A large amount of debris was found in scats. Ingestion of debris appears to be
related to mammal feeding, root digging, pine nut digging, and insect feeding.
During these activities bears ingest large amounts of dirt, litter, and wood
chips. A small amount of garbage was found in the scat contents. Many
boneyards of the front include garbage and open pit garbage dumps are also
available.

Evidence of bird feeding was noted in the sample of scats analyzed. The little
activity noted was concentrated in the May-September period. We hypothesize
that some feeding may be related to the nesting season of many birds and the
possibility of opportunistic predation on ground nesting bird species. Species
determination was not possible.

Plant parts selected by grizzlies varied with species. Berries and leaf parts
were common items from shrub species. Graminoids were primarily composed of
stem or leaf parts. The parts of forbs varied considerably by species. Upper
plant parts such as leaves, stems, fruit or seed, and flowers were commonly
eaten for species such as Heracleum lanatum, Angelica spp., Equisetum spp..
Taraxacum spp., and Lathyrus spp. Roots, tubers and corms were parts selected
for species such as Hedysarum spp., Lomatium spp., and Claytonia megarhiza.

Den Studies

Sixty-eight grizzly bear dens have been located since 1977 in and near the study
area (Table 23). Fifty-six of these dens were located North of the Sun River
and twelve were South of the Sun River (Figures 26 and 27). Fifty-six of these
dens were east of the Continental Divide and twelve were located west of the
Continental Divide. Data from those dens not visited or found on the ground are
considered accurate, but may be subject to change if a ground inspection is
made.

Dens were found in eleven different land types and nine different habitat types.
East of the divide dens ranged in elevation between 1859-2438 m (6097-8000 ft)
and averaged 2164 m (7100 ft). Slopes ranged between 35-80% averaging 58%, and
^.LT,^"„ ^^K^"^ °^ '^^"^ ^^^ ^^°- '^^"s west of the divide ranged between
II o'J, "* (5799-8000 ft) averaging 2019 m (6625 ft). Slopes ranged between
30-80^ with a mean of 52%, and the mean aspect was 65°.

Gillespie and Jonkel (1980) reported that dens in the south fork of the Flathead
River were on southwestern to southeastern exposures. Seventy percent of East
Front dens were on northwest (315°) to southeast (135°) aspects (Figure 28). To
compare the mean aspect of dens west and east of the continental divide
Gillespie and Jonkel's (1980) data were combined with data from the present
study. The mean aspect for dens west of the divide (92°, N=19) was different (P
?;i?o ''^^"x*^^ "^^^ ^°'' "^^"^ ^^^^ °^ '^he divide (36°, N=56) . The mean aspect
(194 , N=7) just for dens in Gillespie and Jonkel's (1980) study was also

o^o"T,.?. °'?°^^ '^^" ^°'' °"'' ^^"^y- Servheen's (1981) mean den aspect
U3Z , N-15) for the Mission Mountains also differed (P 0.0025) from east side
dens. The mean aspect for dens from our study that were west of the divide was

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-68-

Figure 27. Den sites south of the Sun River, 1977-86.

-69-

not significantly different (65°, N-12, P=0.25) from the mean east of the
divide. These findings show that grizzlies east of the divide use northeast
aspects while grizzlies west of the divide use southwest aspects for denning.
Because northern aspects retain more snow depth than southern aspects and
snowfall east of the divide is less than that west of the divide, the above
findings would be expected.

Gillespie and Jonkel's (1980) data on den elevation were also combined with our
data to_ compare den elevation on each side of the divide. Westside dens were
lower (x=1977m, P=0.j)005) than eastside dens (x=2164 m) . Den elevation in the
Mission Mountains (x=2124 m) did not differ (P=0.10) from that east of the
divide.

All dens in the present study were dug except four which were natural cave dens.
Three of these were found in one area. Two of these four dens were known to
have been used by grizzlies. Three dens in our sample were used more than one
year by the same grizzly bear. Seven dens were in an unusable condition the
year following their original occupation.

For all grizzlies den entrance dates ranged between October 14 and December 5
with a median date of November 8 (Table 24) . Movement to dens occurred from
October 6 to approximately December 1. Emergence dates ranged between March 10
and May 13 with a median date of April 10 (Table 25). Bears in the Mission
Mountains moved to dens between October 10 and November 20 and denned between
November 2 and November 22 (Servheen (1981)). Den emergence occurred between
April 12 and May 9 and den entrance between November 2 and November 26 in the
South Fork of the Flathead River (Gillespie and Jonkel (1980)).

Adult males and females with yearlings or two year-olds emerged from their dens
(median = March 30) earlier than females with cubs (median = May 1) and
subadults (median = April 13). Pregnant females entered their dens (median =
November 5) earlier than subadults (median = November 8) and adult males and
females with cubs which entered on the same median date (November 18).

Impacts of Oil and Gas Activity

No oil and gas wells were drilled in 1986 and no seismic exploration was
conducted. As a result no work was accomplished in this area. The reader is
referred to past annual reports for data and study results regarding this topic.

HABITAT STUDIES

Bear Management Unit Constituent Elements

East Front grizzly bear habitat was divided into 6 Biological Evaluation Units
in 1984 (USDA). These units were modified in 1985 and constituent element maps
were created for two evaluation units (Figures 29 and 30). These units were
renamed Bear Management Units (BMUs) for better interagency communication
(Young, 1986). Constituent element maps for the remaining 4 BMUs were created
in 1986 (Figures 31-34).

Constituent elements were defined as spring, denning, summer, and fall habitats
according to the U.S.F.S. (USDA 1984). Summer and fall habitats encompass the

■70-

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Figure 30. Constituent element map, 1986,

■77-

TETON - SUN BEAR MANAOEMENT UNIT
DENNING AND SPRINO HABITAT CONSTITUENT ELEMENT MAP

rm SPRING HABITAT
F=l DENNING HABITAT

Figure 31. Constituent element map, 1986.

-78-

NORTH FK. SUN BEAR MANAGEMENT UNIT
DENNING AND SPRING HABITAT CONSTITUENT ELEMENT MAP

rm SPRING HABITAT

DENNING HABITAT

Figure 32. Constituent element map, 1986.

-79-

II I I SPRING HABITAT
DENNING HABITAT

Figure 33, Constituent element map, 1986.

H

-80-

I
I

I

00

00

entire BMU in each unit. Therefore constituent elements maps only provide
specific information on spring and denning habits which are provided by portions
of each BMU.

A total of 1756 km^ (677.8 mi^) of bear habitat were constituent element mapped
in 1985. Four BMUs covering 2994 km^ (1155.7 mi=^) were constituent element
mapped in 1986. Almost all (99.4%) of the denning habitat occurs within the
Lewis and Clark Forest (Table 26). In contrast over 60% of the spring habitat
of grizzly bears is outside of the Lewis and Clark Forest. In only two BMUs
does the proportion of spring habitat within the forest exceed the proportion
outside the National Forest. The four other BMU's have 63.9 to 81.5 percent of
the spring range outside of the National Forest.

This emphasizes the important relationship between public and private lands
along the Front. This marriage of public and private lands to form a complete
ecological land unit suitable for grizzly bears is more significant in some BMUs
where a predominance of spring habitat is outside of the National Forest. For
example the Teton-Birch Creek BMU has over 80 percent of its spring habitat
outside of the National Forest. Distribution data of grizzly bears within this
unit indicates the high value of these lands to bears within this BMU (Figure
4).

Vegetation Studies

A total of 300 activity site plots have been recorded at radio locations between
1978 and 1986. These include 237 feed sites and 97 bed sites, activity site
plots were recorded for 27 different grizzly bears during the study.

The frequency of activity plots by bear number, habitat type, habitat component,
elevation, aspect, slope and date were evaluated to determine bias in sampling.
Future emphasis in activity plot recording can be directed to weaknesses in our
sampling. Up to this date activity plots have been conducted in 42 forested
habitat types (Pfister et al, 1977), two grassland habitat types (Mugeggler and
Handl, 1974), and 11 community types (Aune et al (1984)). Activity plots were
recorded within 13 different habitat components. Generally habitat components
most frequently used by grizzly bears received emphasis in activity plot data
(Table 27). Bears were engaged in 11 feeding and 3 nonfeeding activities at
sites where an activity plot was conducted (Table 28). Again the more uncommon
activities received less emphasis in recording activity site data. Activity
plots were conducted from about 1280 meters (4200 ft) to 2866 meters (9400 ft)
(Table 29).

To facilitate computer analysis of data from activity plots, a complete plant
species list for the East Front was developed (Appendix B) . Expansion and
development of the list was continued in 1986.

At the present time 10 species representing 6 genera of trees, 75 species from
36 genera of shrubs; 10 species within 7 genera of ferns or fern allies; 137
species representing 41 genera of graminoids; and, 486 species from 215 genera
of forbs have been reported and listed as occurring on the East Front. A total
of 718 species of plants representing 304 genera is listed in Appendix B.

-82-

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Table 27. The number and percent of feed sites and bedsltes In each grizzly bear
habitat component, 1978-86.

Habitat

Feed

Site

Bed

Site

Component

No. Sites

Percent

No. Sites

Percent

Meadows

5

2.1

_

>.

Sldehill Parks

8

3.4

_

_

Snowchutes

2

0.9

_

_

Shrubfields

9

3.9

•mm

_

Rock/Talus/Scree

21

9.0

_

_

Closed Timber

44

18.8

22

23.0

Open Timber

42

18.0

20

20.8

Limber Pine Savanna

10

4.2

3

3.1

Prairie Grassland

3

1.3

Mountain Grassland

1

0.4

_

_

Populus Stand

45

19.2

22

22.9

Riparian Shrub

37

15.8

29

30.2

Riparian Complex

7

3.0

.

_

Missing Records

3

237

1
97

Table 28. The number and percent of activity plots for each feeding and nonfeedlng
grizzly bear activity type, 1978-86.

Activity

Feeding Activities

Gen. Feeding

Carass or Carrion

Grazing

Digging Roots

Digging Pine Nuts

Digging Small Mammals

Tearing Logs

Tearing Anthills

Turning Rock and Cowchlps

Feeding on Berries

Stripping Bark

Non Feeding Activities
Bedded
Traveling

Dennlng-Predennlng
Unknown
Missing Records

No. Sites

5
12
56
34
26

1
22
12

9
42

1

58

10

1

8

3

300

Percent

1

.7

4

.0

18

.9

11

.4

8

.7

0

.3

7

4

4

0

3

0

14

1

0.

3

19.

5

3.

4

0.

3

2.

7

-84-

Table 29. Elevations of activity plot records, 1978-86

Elevation No. Sites

4000-4500 26

4500-5000 55

5000-5500 49

5500-6000 47

6000-6500 38

6500-7000 36

7000-7500 31

7500-8000 8

8000-8500 7

8500-9000 2

9000-9500 1

300

Percent

8.7
18.3
16.3
15.7
12.7
12.0
10.3

2.7

2,3

0.7

0.3

Population Biology

A decline in field emphasis from the Deep Creek to Birch Creek core study area
occurred in 1984. However, marked plus observed data from grizzly bears was
collected and produced a seventh year of population data from the core area.
Lower intensity of field effort probably reduced the reliability of data in
1984, 1985 and 1986 as compared to previous years. Some assumptions were made
regarding previously marked bears on the area.

Sex and Age Data

Table 30 presents age and sex data from the marked population within the core
study area (Deep Creek to Birch Creek) during 1986. Since 1977, 35 individual
grizzly bears have been ear tagged in this area (Appendix C). Twenty-eight of
these have been radio monitored, 3 were moved off the study area, and 13 are
known to be dead or removed permanently from the ecosystem over a ten year
period.

Table 30.
to Birch

Age
Creek,

and sex
1986.

data

from the marked

grizzly bear

population.

Deep

Creek

Adult

Subadult

Yearling

Cubs

Total

Male
Female
Unknown
Total

li/
3^/
0
4

2
3
0
5

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

3
6
0
9

- No evidence could be found in 1986 to indicate presence of marked bears
2/218 or 203.

- Excludes Bear 548, 220, or 257 since we could not verify these bears presence
in 1986.

-85-

Table 31 presents age and sex data from the marked plus observed grizzly
population from Deep Creek to Birch Creek, 1986. It is likely that more bears
exist than were observed on this core area in 1986. Little field effort was
focused in this unit and more subadults were present but could not be clearly
separated by color marking or other physical features. Several adult bears
expected to be present in the area were not accounted for because little
trapping has been conducted in this area since 1983.

Table 31. Age and sex data from marked plus observed grizzly bear population,
1986, Deep Creek to Birch Creek.

Male
Female
Unknown
Total

Adult

Subadult

Yearlings

Cubs

Total

1-
6
1
8

2

0
0
5
5

0
6-'

3

9

14

26

- Lower field effort reduced efficiency of observing adults. In 1984 we
observed two different adult males and eight adult females. It is likely that
1984, 1985, and 1986 figures are lower than expected because we spent less

2 /time on this area.

- More subadults probably existed than could be easily distinguished in 1986.
We count only those clearly identifiable to avoid duplication.

The average number of bears observed in the last seven years is 28.6 (Table 32)
The average number of adults in the area has been 9 and appears to be stable.

Table 32.

Age

structure

reported for

Deep

Creek

to

Birch

Creek core

area.

1980-86.

Adult

Sub adult

Yearlings

Cubs

Total

1980

8

6

6

7

27

1981

9

8

7

2

26

1982,

9

11

2

11

33

!c^?*l/

11

4

8

3

26

1984,i'
1985,

'Vj

7
7

3
15

'\y

33
29

1986

8

7

5

6

26

Decreased field emphasis in the core area reduced reliability at upper end of
population range. It is likely more bears exist than indicated in this table.
These numbers represent a minimum count of distinguishable bears based on
.marked and observed animals.

- These data were modified from that reported in Aune (1985) to reflect the
2/discovery in 1985 of three young for bear 335 in 1984.

- In 1986 records indicate two females with 5 yearling cubs on Rocky Mountain
apparently not observed in 1985 (one with non functioning radio collar) . If
adjusted there could be 9 females and 5 cubs and a total count of 36 bears
present for 1985.

-86-

I
I

Density Estimation

Density estimates were calculated for 1980-86 in the Deep Creek-Birch Creek
area. A major problem encountered in density estimation is determining the area
used for the population estimate. Servheen (1981), and Aune and Stivers (1985),
used composite home ranges for determining the area of analysis. In
re-evaluating densities of bears on the East Front in 1985 we examined
influences of subadults on outside polygons and the effects of habitat on
polygon shape and density estimates. Three different polygons were developed
using composite data from all bears captured and monitored from the area 1977-85
(Figure 35). The largest polygon (Area 3) is a simple convex polygon from all
radio monitored bears. The second polygon (Area 2) is the outside polygon for
all adult bears in this unit. The third polygon (Area 3) is a modified polygon
with 98% of the radio locations of adult bears included and exclusion of
nonhabitat areas along the mountain front which would otherwise be included in
the analysis area.

Table 33 presents results of density estimates using each of 3 analysis areas
and evaluating densities for developing a minimum marked population and marked
plus observed population estimate. Results indicate that analysis area 3 is
probably too large an area for population analysis and is not a closed area
because subadult bears widely disperse into surrounding areas. Area 2 in this
analysis may be a better estimate of the proper analysis area but Includes
significant prairie and farmland area not utilized by grizzlies along the East
Front. Area 3 probably more properly estimates the actual area used by bears
monitored and observed in the analysis area.

Data from the three analysis areas also indicated the extent of emmigration from
the core area to areas outside. Of all the bears captured outside the core area
(in the areas to the south and north of it) none have Immigrated to the core
area. Given the highly observed emigration and limited evidence of Imlgratlon
by radio monitored bears, the consistent observation of unmarked bears in the
core area, and the evidence that all bears in the area are not marked, it is
unlikely that the population is at the minimum estimates presented for 1980-86.
A more accurate population estimate would Include the marked plus observed
animals. Using these animals and analysis area 1, a density estimate of 1
bear/51.9 km^ (20.0 mi^) is calculated as an average for 1980-86. This is very
similar to density estimates of 1 bear/57.5 km=^ (22.2 mi^) in fall reported by
Aune et al. (1984). Spring concentration of grizzly bears may double densities
of bears along the East Front spring range. Densities for each year ranged from
1 bear/44.5 km^ (17.2 mi^) in 1982 and 1984 to 1 bear/56.4 km^ (21.8 mi^) in
1981, 1983 and 1986.

Density estimates were calculated in 1986 for the marked plus observed
population. Highly visible marks were not placed on each animal and marks were
also lost. Our data only allowed imprecise estimates of the minimum - maximum
marks present on the study area from 1984-86. Because new marks have not been
placed on animals since 1983 our population data from the core area has become
less reliable. Our Inclusion of data from this period 1984-86 In all population
tables is to demonstrate the minimum information available for those years.

-87-

Figure 35. Composite home range options for density analysis, 1977-85.

-88-

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Minimum Counts

Minimum counts were conducted in three areas of the East Front. These data
represent minimum numbers of bears sighted and are not to be considered
population estimates for the entire front. All counts included only verified
sightings of bears by field personnel and other biologists in the areas.

As discussed previously, a total count of 26 grizzlies was made for the area
from Deep Creek to Birch Creek. No records were included in this area from the
areas west of the Sun River where track records, etc. Indicate many bears exist.

In the north-half of the Badger-Two Medicine area, 8 different grizzlies were
observed in 1986. These included 5 marked bears, 2 cubs of a marked female, and
1 unmarked male. Tracks indicated that 1 other adult female with at least 1
yearling cub was in the area.

South of the Sun River, 12 different bears were observed. These included marked
bears 355, 301, 316, 412, 410, 101 and two 2-year old cubs of bear 301. Three
unmarked males and 1 unknown sex adult grizzly were also sighted.

Over all a total of 46 different grizzlies were sighted on the East Front in
1986. In comparison 41 grizzlies were observed in 1983, 52 in 1984, and 50 in
1985. From the period 1983-86 an average of 47.3 grizzlies were observed
annually.

Production Data

Production as recorded by observations of females with cubs has been very poor
south of the Sun River (Table 34). In contrast records north of the Sun River
show an average minimum production of 7.8 cubs per year (Table 35). Evidence
gathered from observations of females with yearlings in 1986 were included in
data for 1985. A radio collared female was observed with 3 yearlings in 1986 as
well as a female (possibly a marked bear) with 2 yearlings. We assume that
these bears were present in 1985 although not observed during that year.

Table 34.

The number of cubs with each female observed in the study area south
of the Sun River, 1980-86.

Year

y-

1980^-

198li^

1982^'

1983

1984

1985

1986

TOTAL
1/

No.

Females

No

. Cubs

Average Litter

1

2

2.00

0

0

0.00

0

10

0.00

1

1

1.00

2

13

1.50

0

0

0.00

0

0

0.00

4 26

Intensive field efforts did not begin in this area until 1983.

1.5

-90-

Table 35. The number of cubs with each female observed in the study area north
of the Sun River, 1980-86.

Year

No . Females

No. Cubs

Average Litter

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985i'

1986

3
1
4
2
6
2
3

7
2

11
5

15
5
8

TOTAL
1/

2.33
2.00
2,75
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.67

21

53

2,52

Data changed from 1985 to reflect observation of 2 females in 1986 with 5
yearlings (one was radio-marked).

A total of 80 cubs were sighted in 35 litters since 1976 for an average litter
size of 2,29 cubs (Table 36), Craighead et al (1974) reported a mean litter
size of 2,24 in Yellowstone National Park while Knight and Eberhardt (1985)
report an average litter size of 1.9 in the same area. Elsewhere in Montana,
litter sizes ranged from 2,12 in the Mission Mountains to 2,66 along the N. Fk,
of the Flathead River (Dood et al 1986), The average yearling litter size
recorded in observations from 1976-86 was 2,09 (Table 37). This was not
significantly lower than the average litter size for cubs (T=0.80, 0.5 less than
P less than 0.2 df =10) . The yearling litters from each year (1981-85) when
projected back one year account for 98% of the cub litters reported for 1980-85.
This suggests that most cubs seen in one year for 1980-85 were observed again
the following year as yearlings. Prior to 1980 records were less consistent and
suggest fewer cubs were observed in one year (70% of the yearling population the
next year) than yearlings the next year.

Table 36. The number of females with cubs observed in the entire East Front
area, 1976-86.

Year

No . Females

No. Cubs

Average Litter

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986

3
2
4
1
4
1
4
3
8
2
3

5

5
9
2
9
2
11

^/
8

1

.67

2

.50

2

.25

2

.00

2

.25

2

00

2

75

2

2.

2.

00

25|;

50-^

2.67

TOTAL

35

80

2,29

-91-

Table 37. The number of females with yearling cubs observed in the entire East
Front area, 1976-86.

Year

No . Females

No. Cubs

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986

8
6
4
3
2
4
1
5
2
9
2

16

11
8
6
5
9
2

11
5

18
5

Average Litter

2.00
1.83
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.25
2.00
2.20
2.50
2.00
2.50

TOTAL

46

96

2.09

Mortality

Total known grizzly mortalities since 1977 along the East front consists of 32
bears (Table 38) . Twenty-two of these mortalities occurred north of the Sun
River. Man-caused mortalities include 30 bears. One mortality (#372) cause was
undetermined and one was natural (410). Of these mortalities, 20 (67%) were
nonhunting while 10 (33%) were hunting mortalities (Table 39). A skew toward
nonhunting mortalities was again observed in 1986 when a limited hunting season
was experienced.

Males accounted for 69% of the mortalities and females 31%. Less than one
female mortality per year has been reported since 1977. Subadults accounted for
58% of the mortality while adults comprised 42% of the total mortality.

The amount and type of mortality experienced by grizzly bears on the study area
since 1977 has changed dramatically. From 1977-83 grizzly mortality averaged
2.3 bears per years. Fifty percent of the mortality was caused by sport hunting
and 12.5 percent was Illegal man-caused mortality. From 1984-86 grizzly
mortality averaged 5.3 bears per year. Forty-four percent of the mortality in
this later period was illegal man-caused mortality. Only two hunting
mortalities (12.5%) occurred from 1984-86 as there were very short seasons in
1984 and 1986 and no season during 1985.

Black Bear Studies

Black bears and grizzly bears are sympatric on the Rocky Mountain Front. Since
they are closely related species, some black bear information was accumulated
incidental to the ongoing grizzly bear monitoring program. Results of studies
of black bears from 1981-86 are summarized in this report.

-92-

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Figures 36 and 37 present the distribution data for black bears along the East
Front. The northern study area (Figure 36) lies north of the Sun River above
T21N and East of R14W. The southern study area (Figure 37) lies south of the
Sun River along the East Front, south of and including T21N and East of Range
14W. The core area extends from Deep Creek north toward Birch Creek; the
western boundary is the eastern boundary of the Bob Marshall Wilderness. The
area is described elsewhere in this report. Black bear trapping and observation
data were collected for the entire East Front whereas radio telemetry studies
were focused in the core area.

Trapping and Radiotracking

During 1986 trapping was conducted in six locales within the study area; the
Badger-Two Medicine area. North Fork Badger Creek, Smith Creek - Willow Creek
area, Fairvlew-Willow Creek area, Hoadley Creek, and Patricks Basin. There were
48 captures of 43 black bears in these areas (including 5 captures of 5 bears in
management actions) (Appendix D) . Twenty-nine (67%) of these bears were males
and 14 (33%) were females. Twenty-two bears (51%) were adults ( 5.5 years
old), 19 (44%) were subadults ( 2.5 to 5.5 years old) and 2 (5%) were cubs
(Appendix D) .

Seven black bears were captured, fitted with radio-collars and monitored during
1981-1984. By June 1, 1984 all collars were non-functional. No further black
bears were collared, and radio-monitoring was not conducted in 1985 or 1986.
Preliminary results from radio-locations of collared black bears relating to
home ranges, denning, food habits and habitat use were previously presented
(Aune et a. 1984).

Physical Characteristics

Physical measurements were recorded from each black bear captured in 1986 (Table
40) . These data were combined with data from captures in previous years (Aune
and Stivers 1981, 1982, 1983; Aune et al. 1984, 1986; Aune 1985) to provide for
preliminary analysis of physical characteristics.

An ANOVA was conducted to determine if a relationship existed between female
nipple length and age of first reproduction. There was a significant difference
(F=10.09, P=0.0003, N=24) between ages in mean nipple length (Table 41). The
SNK multiple range test indicated that females older than 2 years had a mean
nipple length greater (P=0.05) than those 2 years or younger.

Although the analysis we conducted only indicate a statistically significant
difference in mean nipple length between 2 year olds or younger and those older,
a biological difference was apparent at age 5.0 years. Although the data
indicates that mean nipple length at age 5.0 years was 11.2 mm and at age 8.0
years was 9.7 mm (Table 41), two exceptions should be noted. First, black bear
331 had not yet produced cubs at 5.0 years old when her nipple length was 9.7
mm, but at age 7.0 after producing her first litter at age 6.0, her nipple
length was 16.0 mm. If we exclude her from the analysis at age 5.0 years, then

-96-

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Figure 36. Black bear distribution 1976-86, for the Rocky Mountain Front
study area north of the Sun River.

-97-

Figure 37. Black bear distribution 1976-86, for the Rocky Mountain Front
study area south of the Sun River.

-98-

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Table 41. Mean teat length and diameter by age for female black bears on the Rocky
Mountain East Front, 1976-1986.

Age

Teat Length (mm)

N

Teat Diameter

(mm)

N

Observed Lactation

1

3.3

1

3.3

1

No

2

4.5

5

7.7

5

No

3

9.7

1

9.7

1

No

4

9.1

3.

7.5

3

No

5

11.2

2

12.8

2

No

6

15.9

2

8.0

2

Yes

7

15.9

3

9.7

3

No

8

9.7

1

9.7

1

No

9

12.7

1

9.7

1

Yes

12

12.7

1

6.4

1

No

13

12.7

2

9.5

2

Yes

16

16.0

1

9.7

1

No

20

25.1

1

12.7

1

Yes

the mean nipple length for age 5.0 years was 12.7 mm. Second, bear 336 was
captured at 8.5 years of age without any young and a nipple length of 9.7 mm.
When captured she showed no evidence of having previously suckled young.
Excluding bears 331 and 336, of the remaining 22 females captured, all bears
older than 5.0 years had a nipple length of at least 12.7 mm and all bears
younger than 5.0 years had nipple lengths of 9.7 mm or less. Kasworm (1986)
reported that a nipple length of at least 12 mm for black bears appeared to
indicate previous production of young. Our analysis support this suggestion.

Black bear female 331 had not yet produced cubs when captured in 1984 at the age
of 5.5 years. She was recaptured in 1986 at the age of 7.5 years and had
yearlings with her, indicating she had produced her first litter at the age of
6.0 years. Jonkel and Cowan (1971) reported the age at first reproduction as
6.0 to 7.0 years in Montana. Collins (1973) reported that 80% of the black
bears in North Carolina produced first litters at age 4.0 years. Reynolds and
Beecham (1980) reported a mean age at first reproduction of 4.8 years in Idaho.

Using data from black bear captures in 1986 (Table 40 and from previous years
(Aune and Stivers 1981, 1982, 1983; Aune et al. 1984, 1986; Aune 1985) we
derived equations for predicting body weight for males, females and both sexes
combined. We used two regressions for predicting weight, the first is a log _ -
logjQ regression of chest girth and weight, the second is a regression of a Body
index (body length times chest girth squared) and weight (McLellan 1982). The
fit (as determined by the coefficient of determination) varies with the
regression used and the sex class (Table 42). The best fit is for males
(r =0.93) regressing log^^ chest girth against log weight. These analysis
indicate that it may be possible to estimate body weight using these equations
when scale weight is not possible or Is impractical to obtain. Relationships
between chest girth and body weight have been reported for all species of North
American bears (Payne 1976, LeCount 1977, Stirling et al. 1977, Glenn 1980,
Klngsley et al. 1983, Nagy et al. 1984, Waddell and Brown 1984).

-101-

Table 42. Equations for predicting live weights of black bears on the Rocky
Mountain East Front.

Sex Equation^ r^ N

All bears W=4.486 + 0.00006061 0792 82

W=-2.81046G^*^^^ 0.92 82

Males W=6.571 + 0.00005961 0.92 60

W=-2.64855G^-^^^ 0.93 60

Females W=4.689 + 0.00005691 0.83 22

W=-2.98702G^-^^^ 0.85 22

a

W-Body weight, I=Body index (body length times chest girth squared),
G=Chest girth.

An ANOVA by age was used to determine if testes length or width, or baculum
length could be used to estimate sexual maturity in males. The results
Indicated that a significant difference existed for mean testes length (F=11.77,
P=0.0001, N=117), mean testis width (F=9.01, P=0.0001, N=117), and mean baculum
length (F=14.40, P=0.0001, N=116) but the SNK multiple range test failed to
reveal any biological significance for these measurements in determining sexual
maturity. Plots of these mean measurements (Figure 38 ), however, indicated
that they may be useful as a measure of growth.

Distribution. 1976-1986

Maps of black bear distribution on the East Front were developed from
radio-locations, trapping, sightings, and bear sign collected during 1976-1986
(Figures 36 and 37). Table 43 displays the distribution data by observation
type. A total of 1,226 observations have been recorded; 80% of the data were
from observations in the northern study area (Figure 37). This difference
probably does not reflect population differences, but is due instead to the
focus of bear studies on the East Front which have been concentrated on grizzly
bears and incidental black bear observations in areas north of the Sun River.

Home Ranges

Home ranges were mapped for 7 black bears monitored between 1981 and 1984
(Figures 39-45). Black bear 288, an adult male cast his collar in August 1982
only 3 months after being instrumented. Therefore, his home range was probably
underestimated.

The minimum home range area for adult males in this study (Table 44) was
considerably larger than in the Cabinet Mountains, Montana (66.9 km^, Kasworm
1986) and the East Boulder River, Montana (152 km^, Rosgaard and Simmons 1982).
Adult female home range area was also considerably larger in this study than
reported by ^ Kasworm (1986) (16.4 km^) or by Rosgaard and Simmons (1982)
(6.5-35.2 km ). Home range sizes for both sexes are larger in the present study
than for other populations in North America (Table 45) Amstrup and Beecham

■102-

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Table 43.

Rocky Mountain
tyipe, north and

East Front black bear observat
south of the Sun River, 1977-

ions by
1986.

observation

Radio
Location

Bear
Sighting

*

Scat Track

Other

Trap
Site

Total

1986

North
South

0
0

20
12

1 8
0 3

2
0

23
25

54
40

1985

North
South

0
0

16
5

4 6
3 8

4
0

0
14

30
30

1984

North
South

23
0

53
14

18 5
25 5

0
0

9

47

108
91

1983

North
South

163
0

50
21

36 15
10 7

0
0

2
25

266
63

1982

North
South

124
0

42
3

73 34
1 1

0
0

12
0

285
5

1981

North
South

48
0

50
1

51 0
1 1

4
0

7
0

170
3

1980

North
South

0
0

20
4

2 1
0 0

0
0

10
0

33
4

1977-1979

North
South

0
0

6
1

3 1
0 0

1
0

30
2

41
3

TOTAL
North
South

358

358

0

318

257

61

228 105

188 80

40 25

11

11

0

206

93

113

1226
987
239

_jk

This category does not include scats collected at trap sites,
radio-location sites, or any scat known to be from a marked
bear.

8072/2

-104-

Figure 39. Home range of female black bear 523, 1981-84.

-105-

Figure 40. Home range of female black bear 509, 1981-84.

■106-

Figure 41. Home range of male black bear 506, 1981-84.

■107-

Figure 42. Home range of male black bear 212, 1981-84.

-108-

Figure 43. Home range of male black bear, 288, 1982.

-109-

Figure 44, Home range of male black bear 515, 1983rl984.

-110-

Figure 45. Home range of male black bear 517, 1982-84.

-Ill-

(1976) suggested that the quality, quantity and distribution of food, as
influenced by climate and topography, probably determine home range size. On
the East Front the climate is more arid than In many other areas of North
America. Another factor in home range size of black bears could be interaction
between grizzly and black bears. The Influence of grizzlies on black bear home
ranges is not known and no literature is available to support the hypothesis of
grizzly Influence on black bear home ranges.

Den Studies

A total of 14 black bear dens have been located within the study area (Table
46). Nine of these dens were examined from the ground. All of the Inspected
dens were dug. Black bear dens ranged In elevation from 1368-2267 meters for an
average of 1716 m. Slopes of den sites ranged from 5-70 percent and averaged
32,6 percent. Black bear dens were found in 11 different habitat types and
seven different land types.

Dates of den emergence and den entrance are presented in Tables 47 and 48.
Black bears entered dens from October 13-November 30 and emerged from dens March
20-May 5.

Black Bear Food Habits

A total of 274 black bear scats were analyzed to determine black bear food
habits (Table 49). Black bear scats contained food items from 9 major taxonomic
groups including; mammals. Insects, birds, tree's (pine nuts), sporophytes,
forbs (Including roots and corms) , gramlnolds, shrubs (fruit), and debris. Bear
food taxon were ranked according to percent frequency and percent which may
reflect differences in food availability and seasonality (Table 50).
Gramlnolds, forbs, and Insects were the most common bear foods along the East
Front and these foods had high percent frequency values. In contrast seasonally
Important or less common foods such as fruits, mammals, sporophytes, and Pine
nuts had low percent frequency values. Gramlnolds, forbs, and fruit had the
highest percent volume of all bear food taxon.

Domestic cattle and deer were the most common mammals eaten, as indicated by
both frequency and volume. Other large herbivores in the scats of black bears
were domestic sheep and elk. Insects and birds were present in black bear diets
also. The major Insect eaten was ants. As with grizzlies bird parts were
Infrequently found in scats and then most often during nesting season. Tardell
and Doerr (1982) reported black bear depredations on bluebird nest boxes.
Bluebird nest boxes and many ground nests of bird species are available to black
bears along the Eastern Rocky Mountain Front.

In the vegetation eaten by black bears item parts selected varied with species.
Berries and leaf parts were common items in shrub food species. Gramlnolds were
primarily composed of stem or leafy parts. The forbs in black bear diets were
mostly upper plant parts including leaf, stem, flowers, seeds, and fruit. Very
little root matter was detected In analysis of black bear scats.

-112-

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Table 45. Mean home range areas for black bears in North America.'

Home Range Area (km'')
Adult "^

Study Location Male

Female

Reference

Alaska

Alaska

Alaska

Arizona

Idaho

Idaho

Washington

(Island)
Washington

(Mainland)

(79-100)"
153 (4-611)^
141 (41-341)
29 (15-69)
105 (61-156)
112 (109-115)
5 (2-13)

61 (13-87)

(10-30r Modafferi (1982)

117 Miller and McAllister (1982:98)

21 (4-46) Schwartz et. al. (1983)

18 (10-30 LeCount (1977)

18 (12-26) Reynolds and Beecham (1977)

49 (16-130) Amstrup and Beecham (1976)

2 (1-4) Lindzey (1976:39)

5 (3-6) Poelker and Hartwell (1973:72)

a
b
c
d

Adopted from Schwartz et al. (1983) page 77.

Age greater than 3 years-old.

Includes all age classes.

Includes all bears greater than 2 years old.

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Table 47. Dates of movements to dens and final entry of dens for black bears.
1981 - 1983.

Bear

Movement to

Approximate

Reproductive

No.

Sex

Age

Year

Den Site

Den Entry

Status

509

F

10.5

1981

Oct. 13

Oct. 13-16

Pregnant

212

M

6.5

1981

Oct. 22

Oct. 28

mm

509

F

11.5

1982

Nov. 4

Nov. 8-18

Cubs present

523

F

3.5

1982

Oct. 25

Nov. 2

Pregnant

517

M

5.5

1982

Nov. 8

Nov. 8-18

...

523

F

7.5

1983

Oct. 28

Nov. 5-9

No cubs

506

M

4.5

1983

Nov. 5

Nov. 9-27

515

M

4.5

1983

Oct. 5

Nov. 9-27

-

Table 48. Dates of den emergence and movement from den sites, 1982-84.

Bear
No.

Sex

Age

Year

Approximate Movement from
Den Emergence Den Site

Reproductive
Status

509

F

11.5

1982

Apr. 23

May 1

Cubs present

212

M

7.5

1982

Apr. 2-9

Apr. 10

^

509
523

F

12.5

1983

Apr. 1-6

Apr. 7

Yearlings present

F

4.5

1983

Mar. 10-26

Mar. 26

No cubs

517

M

6.5

1983

Apr. 5

Apr. 18

523

F

5.5

1984

Apr. 1-3

Apr. 4

Cubs present

506

M

5.5

1984

May 1-5

Apr. 1-4

_

515

M

5.5

1984

March 26-28

May 5-8

-

Black Bear Habitat Use

This phase of black bear data was not completed at the time of this report.
Black bear habitat use was previously summarized (Aune et al. 1983 and 1984).
Work will continue on this subject for inclusion in the final project report.

Population Data. 1976-1986

During 1976-1986 at total of 69 and 70 black bears were captured and marked
north and south of the Sun River, respectively (Appendix D) . A grand total of
139 bears were marked, for an average of 12.6 new bears captured each year.
Table 51 presents the number of black bears trapped, recaptured, and hunter
killed during 1976-1986 for the north and south study areas.

?coi?^ ^-^^"^^ ^^^^^ captured, 102 (73%) were males and 37 (27%) were females. 74
(53%) were subadults, 55 (40%) were adults, 8 (6%) were yearlings and 2 (1%)
were cubs. Sex and age ratios of captured bears were only slightly different
between the north and south study areas (Table 51) (Appendix E) . The mean age
of black bears captured on the East Front was 5.5 years.

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Between 1976 and 1986, 44 bears (32%) were recaptured at least once (Table 50),
(Appendix D) , for an average of 4.0 bears recaptured each year. Mean time
between recaptures was approximately 12.6 months (Appendix D) . Of the 102 males
and 37 females captured during the study, 35 (34%) and 9 (24%) were recaptured,
respectively. Of the bears recaptured, 80% were males and 20% were females; 66%
were adults, 32% were subadults, and 2% were yearlings (Table 51).

For the period 1976-1986 a total of 42 (30%) of the 139 marked black bears were
killed by hunters, for an average of 3.8 marked bears killed each year (Table
50), (Appendices D and E) . Of the 102 males and 37 females initially captured
and marked, 33 (32%) and 9 (24%) were killed by hunters, respectively. Of
these, 64% were adults and 36% were subadults. No marked yearlings were killed
by hunters (Table 51). The mean age of marked black bears killed by hunters on
the East Front was 6.3 years.

Twelve (9%) of the marked bears were recaptured and later killed by hunters, for
an average of 1 bear each year. All were males (Table 51). Correspondingly, of
the 44 bears that were recaptured, 25% were later killed by hunters. Of the
bears falling into this category 9 (75%) were adults and 3 (25%) were subadults.

Due to the short duration of the radio-monitoring program little data on
reproductive rates was accumulated from collared bears. Only 3 (8%) of the
females captured were known to have cubs of the year with them at the time.
Table 52 was developed from creditable reports of sightings of black bears.
During 1980-1986, 311 black bear sightings were reported, for an average of 47
sightings each year. Eighty-one percent of the sightings were of black bears in
the area north of the Sun River. Thirty-nine (12.5%) of all sightings were of
females accompanied by cubs of the year. The average litter size of female
black bears observed along the East Front was 1.79 cubs per female.

Black Bear Density Estimates

Black bear density estimates were developed for two areas along the East Front.
The estimate for the first area, the Beaver Creek-Willow Creek area, south of
the Sun River, was derived from capture-recapture data for 1983-84. The minimum
population estimate (N=21) for this area was the total number of Individual
black bears captured during 1983 and 1984. The total population estimate was
derived using the Lincoln Index. This method requires four assumptions: (1) no
loss of marks; (2) no recruitment (births or immigrations); (3) no difference in
mortality of the marked and unmarked individuals; (4) catchabillty is the same
for marked and unmarked individuals. For the sample period we used, assumption
(1) was probably true. Although ear tags may be lost within one year, the lip
tatoos are not likely to be lost. Assumptions (2, 3, and 4) may or may not be
true and could bias the results. However given the lack of any substantive
effort to determine population size or density of black bears in this region we
chose to use the index for the purpose of deriving a conservative population
estimate for the analysis area.

The number of bears caught and marked in 1983 was 10 (Table 53). The total
number of bears caught in 1984 was 13 of which 2 were previously marked in 1983

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(Table 53). Using the Lincoln Index:

N=Mn
m :

where N=total population size

M=total number of individuals originally marked
n=total number of individuals caught at a subsequent time
m=total previously marked individuals caught at a subsequent
time;

N = 10(13) = 65 black bears
2

The estimated area used by these bears was determined by drawing a circle, with
a radius of % the average standard home range diameter, around each capture site
within the trap circuit and determining the area enclosed by these circles using
a planimeter. The average standard home range diameter was derived from the
standard home range diameter for male and female black bears radioinstrumented
in the Deep Creek-Birck Creek study area, weighted by the number of males and
females caught during the sample period in the Beaver Creek-Willow Creek area.
The resulting area was 728 km^ (281 mi^) (Fig. 46). The minimum density
estimate for this area was 1 bear/34.7 km^ (13.4 mi^), and the total density
estimate was 1 bear/11.2 km^ (4.3 mi^).

The density estimate for the Deep Creek-Birch Creek study area was derived from
the composite home range of radioinstrumented black bears, modified to exclude
habitat unsuitable to black bears along the eastern edge of black bear range,
(Fig. 47) to determine the area, and the number of radioinstrumented and
unmarked but identifiable observed bears for the total population estimate (Aune
et al. 1984). The area of the composite home range was 1101 km^ (425 mi^) and
the total population estimate was 39 bears for a density of 1 bear/28.2 km^
(10.9 mi ). Without excluding unsuitable habitat the composite home ranee was
1136 km^ (439 mi^).

After deriving density estimates for the Beaver-Willow Creek and Deep
Creek-Birch Creek area we calculated a population estimate for the entire East
Front by applying the density for the Beaver-Willow Creek area to the BMUs
(North Fork Sun River, South Fork Sun River, Dearborn-Elk Creek; total area 2202
km (850 mi^); N=198 bears) (Figures 32, 33 and 34) with habitat similar to that
area, and applying the density for the Deep Creek-Birch Creek area to the BMUs
(Badger-Two Medicine, Teton-Birch Creek, Teton- Sun River; total area=3549 km=^
(984 mi ), N=126 bears) (Figures 29, 30 and 31) with habitat similar to that
area. This method yielded a total population estimate of 324 black bears for
the East Front.

It is most likely that the black bear density in the northern regions is
somewhat higher than estimated. The total area of black bear habitat used in
our analysis is probably over estimated because it is based on area calculations
from grizzly bear BMUs. Data from radioed black bears indicated they probably
do not extend easterly as far as grizzly bears and are more closely tied to
timbered habitats along the front. Reducing the size of the total area would
reduce the population estimate. At this time no other population estimate is

■125-

« Captur*
Sit*

Figure 46. Area used for Beaver Creek-Willow Creek density estimate.

-126-

Figure 47. Composite and modified composite home range of black bears along the
Rocky Mountain East Front, 1981-84.

-127-

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available for the Rocky Mountain Front. Further work is needed to validate
these estimates.

Black Bear Harvest Rate

In 1986, 61 black bears were harvested along the Front by hunters as determined
by the mandatory hunter tooth check established in 1985. (Table 54).
Considering the total population estimate the harvest rate was 19% for 1986.
Data from 1985 indicated a harvest of 34 black bears via the tooth check
information (Table 55), for an estimated harvest rate of 11%. The average
harvest rate for the last two years is 15%.

Recommended black bear harvest rates range between 10-20% in North America
(Erickson 1965, Poelker and Hartwell 1973, Waddell and brown 1984, Kohn 1982).
Kasworm (1986) recommends a harvest rate of 10% for northwestern Montana.
Considering that the density of bears in his study area is higher and the
population is probably more productive than in the East Front, a higher level of
harvest would not be suitable for the drier less productive black bear habitats
of central Montana.

An annual harvest of 61 bears at a harvest rate of 10% requires a population of
610 black bears considerably more than our current estimate of 324 black bears.
A population of 610 black bears along the East Front would translate into bear
densities of 1 bear/3.0 sq. mi. a density more common to areas with richer
coniferous forest and better quality habitat.

Harvest rates calculated for the East Front may be underestimated due to
noncompliance with the mandatory tooth check regulation. It is likely that
actual harvest thus presented are actually higher. Jerry Brown (pers. comm.)
indicated that compliance with the reporting regulation in Montana's management
region 1 was 70% in 1985 and that compliance in 1986 was improved but still
below 100%. A compliance rate of 70% in 1985 would correct our 1985 harvest to
49 black bears and our 1985 harvest rate to 15% raising our two year harvest
average to 17%. While a harvest of 15-19% might be acceptable as a one year
perturbation, a long term harvest rate of this level could reduce the population
along the East Front and will certainly affect the age structure and quantity of
trophy black bears along the East Front. This level of harvest coupled with the
poor bear food years of 1985 and 1986 with subsequent higher natural mortality
and lower production may quickly impact the population. Recent studies
suggested that the nutritional base affects cub production and survival (Jonkel
and Cowen 1971, Rogers 1976, Beecham 1980, Alt 1982, Lecount 1982, and Hugie
1982) . The absence of annual production data and harvest trends from the East
Front to measure the impact of increased harvest rates and drought conditions
creates further concern.

Data on the age and sex composition of the harvest on the East Front are also of
concern. In 1985 the median age of harvested males, females and both sexes
combined was 3.5 years. In 1986 the median age for each of these sex classes
was 4.5 years. The sex composition of the harvest was 75% male, 25% female in
1985, and 71% male, 29% female in 1986. In 1985 the subadult: adult ratio of
the harvest was 63:37 and in 1986 it was 61:39. Kasworm (1986) reported that
the median age decreases and the subadult proportion of the harvest increases as
hunting pressure increases on black bears. Similar findings have been reported

•129-

Table

54. Black bear

harvest from the Rocky

Mountain East

Front, 1986.

Hunting

Bear

Date

District

Location

Sex

Age

Color

No.

4/17

424

Ford Cr.

M

10.5

Brown

_

4/26

442

S. Fk. Teton R.

M

4.5

Brown

—

5/6

424

Elk Cr.

M

5.5

Brown

_

5/16

422

Green Cr.

F

15.5

Black

_

5/16

424

Smith Cr.

F

4.5

Black

405

5/17

425

Willow Cr.

F

7.5

Brown

5/18

424

Beaver-Willow

M

2.5

Black

, ,

5/18

425

Burdoff

F

4.5

Brown

..

5/20

442

Green Timber Cr.

M

9.5

Black

352

5/21

424

Elk Cr.

M

6.5

Black

478

5/22

422

Elk Cr.

M

4.5

Brown

353

5/24

442

Lynx Cr.

M

10.5

Black

5/25

424

Elk Cr.

M

9.5

Brown

354

5/26

422

Sawmill Cr.

M

4.5

Black

495

6/3

442

Rierdon Gulch

F

4.5

Black

6/12

424

Beaver Cr.

M

1.5

Black

■IK

6/14

442

N. Fk. Sun R.

M

2.5

Black

^

7/5

442

Big George

F

16.5

Brown

_

7/20

442

Big George

M

4.5

Black

_ "

7/26

442

-

M

2.5

Black

..

8/2

424

Fairview Cr.

F

7.5

Black

417

8/10

441

Birch Cr.

M

1.5

Black

8/22

441

Jones Cr.

F

2.5

Black

, „

9/1

424

Fairview Cr.

M

1.5

Black

.^

9/2

406

Birch Cr.

M

2.5

Black

_

9/3

406

Teton R.

M

2.5

Black

^

9/8

406

Teton R.

F

9.5

Black

_

9/13

424

S. Fk. Sun R.

M

4.5

Brown

_

9/13

441

E. Fk. Teton R.

M

4.5

Brown

_

9/20

425

Rose Cr.

M

5.5

_

9/20

425

N. Fk. Barrs Cr.

M

4.5

Brown

„„

9/20

442

Sawmill Flats

F

1.5

Black

_

9/21

442

Beaver Cr.

M

10.5

Balck

427

9/25

422

Blubber Cr.

M

15.5

Black

202

9/27

422

Elk Cr.

F

6.5

Blond

345

9/28

422

Cunniff Basin

M

4.5

Brown

337

9/28

441

Dupuyer Cr.

F

8.5

Black

531

10/1

442

Ear Mtn.

M

7.5

Brown

10/3

450

Teton R.

M

7.5

Black

_

10/4

441

S. Fk. Dupuyer Cr.

M

2.5

Brown

„„

10/4

404

Beartooth

F

13.5

Black

105

10/5

442

Teton R.

F

8.5

Brown

10/5

442

Deep Cr.

M

5.5

Black

■»•

10/6

441

Scoff in Cr.

M

2.5

Black

«.

-130-

I

Table 54.

Black bear

harvest from the

Rocky

Mountain East

Front, 1986.

Hunting

Bear

Date

District

Location

Sex

Age

Color

No.

10/6

442

Deep Cr.

F

1.5

Brown

10/7

442

Deep Cr.

M

4.5

Black

10/7

442

Ear Mtn.

M

2.5

Brown

10/8

415

East Glacier

M

2.5

Black

458

10/11

422

Green Cr.

M

4.5

Brown

10/11

450

-

M

2.5

Black

10/11

450

Teton R.

F

2.5

Black

10/21

441

Crazy Cr.

M

4.5

Black

10/22

422

Elk Cr.

M

2.5

Black

11/2

442

Arsenic Cr.

F

3.5

Black

11/23

441

Dupuyer Cr.

M

3.5

Brown

6/8

415

Two Medicine R.

M

12.5

Black

10/11

442

Little Willow Cr

•

M

2.5

Black

9/26

424

Wood Lake

M

4.5

Black

4/17

441

Cow Cr.

M

6.5

Brown

4/20

441

Teton

M

7.5

Black

5/6

415

S. Fk. Two Medicine R.

F

4.5

Brown

-

8072/2

-131-

Table

55. Black bear

harvest from the Rocky Mountain East

Front, 1985.

Hunting

Bear

Date

District

Location

Sex

Age

Color

No.

5/6

424

Smith Creek

M

7.5

Black

_

5/8

424

Ford Creek

M

3.5

Brown

5/11

424

Smith Creek

M

15.5

Brown

_

5/15

422

Elk-Blubber Cr.

M

5.5

Black

535

5/15

441

Scoff in Cr.

M

6.5

Black

5/16

422

Blubber Cr.

M

?

Black

5/18

442

Rierdon Gulch

M

7.5

Black

517

5/20

442

Rierdon Gulch

M

6.5

Black

5/23

424

Ford Creek

F

15.5

Black

_

5/25

428

Lange Creek

M

2.5

Black

5/25

442

Arsenic Cr.

M

1.5

Brown

5/2b

424

Bear Gulch

M

7.5

Brown

5/27

424

Fairview Creek;

M

7.5

Brown

492

5/28

442

Hannon Gulch

M

1.5

Black

6/1

^ 1 f\

425

Sun River Game Range

F

21.5

Cinnamon

380

6/2

442

S. Fk. Teton River

M

3.5

Black

6/4

442

Waldron Creek

M

2.5

Brown

6/6

442

Ear Mountain

M

2.5

Black

_

6/6

442

Ear Mountain

F

3.5

Brown

6/15

441

N. Fk. Teton River

F

2.5

Brown

6/15

442

N. Fk. Sun River

M

4.5

Brown

7/?

442

Moose Creek

M

3.5

Blonde

330

8/11

441

Jones Creek

M

6.5

Black

515

9/6

422

Falls Creek

M

3.5

Black

370

9/25

406

Teton River

M

3.5

Brown

9/25

442

Little Willow Cr.

M

?

Black

10/27

424

Lime Gulch

M

1.5

Brown

10/29

442

Stovepipe Cr.

F

12.5

Brown

10/29

422

Joslln Basin

F

2.5

Black

362

10/31

424

Smith Creek

F

1.5

Black

10/31

424

Willow Creek

M

1.5

Brown

11/3

422

Falls Creek

M

4.5

Black

11/5

442

Blacktail Creek

M

1.5

Brown

11/6

428

Bighead Creek

F

3.5

Black

400

8072/2

-132-

elsewhere in North America (Beecham (1980, Hugie 1982, Kohn 1982, Modafferi
1982, Woddell and Brown 1984). Although we do not have data from enough years
for the East Front to make these comparisons, the median age and subadult
proportion of the harvest are similar to those reported by Kasworm (1986) as
being cause for concern.

Management guidelines for black bears in MDFWP Administrative Region 1 call for
1) median age of harvested females 1-2 years above age of first production, 2)
female proportion of the total harvest should not exceed 40%, 3) subadult
proportion of the total harvest should not exceed 50%, and 4) the harvest rate
should be approximately 10%. Our data for the East Front indicates that the age
at first reproduction is 5 years or greater, female proportion of the harvest is
28%, subadult proportion of the harvest is 61%, and the harvest rate is 15-19%
over the past two years. These data show that the harvest on the East Front
exceeded three of the four criterion. Actions should be initiated to bring
these parameters within responsible management guidelines.

It is our recommendation that hunter harvest be reduced to 10% for the Rocky
Mountain Front region. This could be accomplished by restricting season length,
permit hunting, quotas, or redistribution of hunter pressure. Hunting harvest
may be related to accessibility of an area by vehicle (Hugie 1982, Lecount 1982,
and Manville 1983). Although data are not available for the front area
specifically, observations seem to support that much of our harvest comes from
drainages and areas accessible with vehicles (Table 56). These do not comprise
whole hunting districts but most generally portions of districts. A significant
portion of the black bear habitat is within remote wilderness areas. In these
portions harvest rates are generally low. Some redistribution of hunting
pressure is possible but it would not likely reduce hunting harvest appreciably.
Harvest rates by hunting district could not be calculated. However, further
work could produce some data by hunting district groups and further monitoring
of harvest could provide hunting harvest trends. Mandatory tooth collection
should be continued along the front because this may be the only data base from
which to base management decisions.

Table 56. Black
Front

bear
, 1985

harvest by hunting district for
and 1986.

the Rocky Mountain East

Year 404

406

415

422

Hunting District

424 425 428

441

442

450 Tota

1985 0

1986 1
TOTAL 1

1
3
4

0
3
3

5

8

13

9 1 2
11 4 0
20 5 2

3
10
13

13
18
31

0 34
3 61
3 95

Some specific problem areas may exist on the Rocky Mountain Front. Heavy hunter
pressure is being experienced in local areas such as Elk-Blubber Creek, Ear Mtn.
WMA, and Jones Creek. These areas are popular to the sportsman and could be
mortality sumps that are maintained only by their proximity to remote and
wilderness areas. Hunting district 415 reports only 3 black bears harvested in
two years. This is productive black bear habitat adjacent to the Blackfoot

-133-

Indian Reservation. Black bears harvested by the tribal members may not be
reported to the Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. The absence of such
information is likely to make season setting for this district difficult. Data
from grizzly and black bear studies demonstrates the interdependence of foothill
and front country to the interior mountains in providing a complete habitat for
bears. This interdependence means that management of black bears in H.D. 415 is
related to management of adjacent areas in the Blackfoot Reservation.

The most likely options to appreciably reduce harvest rate of black bears are
restricting season length, permit hunting, or quotas. Season length adjustments
are not likely to reduce recreation opportunity as much as the other two. A
split season from April 15 to May 31 and Oct. 1 to Nov. 30 could result in a
harvest rate of 9% if there is a direct correlation with bears killed and hunter
effort over time (i.e. a reduction of 37 harvested bears based on data from
Table 57). However it is likely that restrictions in season length will result
in greater hunter effort during a shorter time frame rather than a reduction in
the harvest. If season restrictions are imposed, monitoring of harvest rate
should be initiated to evaluate whether this rate is affected.

Table 57. Monthly black bear harvest by hunting district for the Rocky Mountain
East Front, 1985-1986.

Hunting

District

Month

404

406

415

422

424

425

428

441

442

450

Total

April

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

1

0

4

May

0

0

1

5

11

2

1

1

6

0

27

June

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

7

0

11

July

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

4

August

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

3

0

0

4

Sept.

0

4

0

4

3

2

0

2

3

0

18

Oct.

1

0

1

3

3

0

0

3

8

3

22

Nov.

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

2

0

5

Total

1

4

3

13

20

5

2

13

31

3

95

It is unlikely that black bear management in Montana will remain simple. More
sophisticated forms of data will be necessary to make management decisions. The
absence of trend data on harvest rates, production data, and limited population
data coupled with complex demands of the users of this wildlife resource can
only increase the potential for problems with management in the near future.

Without adequate biological information bears, cats and other large
predatory/scavenger wildlife species are susceptible to overharvest (Beecham
1983, Bunnell and Tait 1981, Hemker 1984 and Harris 1984). These species
require different management philosophies and harvest programs than large
herbivores. High mobility, low density, complex prey relationships, and
propensity to conflict with humans in fact or fiction make large carnivorous
species more sensitive to slight but increased selection pressures by sportsmen.
As such, management has to be correspondingly more sensitive to changes in the
biological parameters of the population.

-134-

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Management Guidelines

Rapid distributional recession and declines in grizzly bear populations
occurring with the development of increased human activity has been well
documented in Europe and North America (Martlnka 1982, US Fish and Wildlife
Service 1981, Roben 1980, Cowan 1972, Mysterud 1980, Buchalczyk 1980, Markov
1980, Roth 1976, Elgmork 1978, Grachev 1976, Kaal 1976, Vereschagin 1976,
Pearson 1975, Curry-Llndahl 1972, Stebler 1972, Zunino and Herrero 1971, Guilday
1968, Buss 1956 and Storer and Trevis 1955). Human activities within grizzly
bear range will continue to have effects, however subtle, on grizzly bears.
Management guidelines developed by the Interagency Wildlife Monitoring and
Evaluation Program were developed as a direct result of grizzly bear monitoring
conducted on the east front (Appendix F) . If followed, these guidelines will
mitigate but not eliminate detrimental influences of human activities on grizzly
bears and grizzly bear habitat.

Cumulative Effects

Recent studies in North America have expressed concerns regarding Increasing
human access and activities within grizzly bear habitat. The influences of
timber harvest, livestock grazing, boneyards and dumps, recreation, sport
hunting, road access, mining, subdivision, and hydrocarbon exploitation have
been discussed (Craighead 1979, 1980, Craighead and Craighead 1967, 1971, 1973,
1974; Knight et al. 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1980a, 1981; Chester 1976,
Jonkel and Servheen 1977, Jonkel 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980; Harding and Nagy 1980;
Schallenberger and Jonkel 1980, Knight and Judd 1980, Blanchard 1978, 1980;
Servheen 1981, Pearson 1975, Reynolds and Hechtel 1980, Nagy and Russell 1978,
Russell et al. 1978, Hamer et al. 1977, Mundy and Flook 1973). Each activity
contributes an additive stress to grizzly bear populations. It is recommended
that responsible agencies continue to develop the ongoing cumulative effects
model to measure impacts of human activities. Modeling results should be
biologically validated using scientific research techniques and the existing
grizzly bear data base. Application of the model should occur only after
complete development and validation are completed. The model should be
continually refined as knowledge and data indicate a need for revision and
refinement. Such a project has widespread applicability to all wildlife species
concerned.

Research Studies

The relationship of grizzly bears to all types of human activities as well as
oil and gas development must be understood. Monitoring programs should be
further directed and focused toward filling important gaps in the data base. A
summary of existing data is needed to indicate where these gaps exist. Analysis
of habitat preference, denning habits, distribution, food habits, movement and
home range data should be continued. Intensive efforts to gather data
pertaining to livestock/bear relationships, population estimation, oil and gas
development impacts, the role of sport hunting, the effects of animal
depredation control programs, and the interaction of black and grizzly bears
deserve further investigation. Field emphasis should be directed toward
securing baseline data in the south half of the Badger-Two Medicine BAU, the
area south of the Sun River, and the remote backcountry areas.

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Other

Management recommendations were previously presented (Aune et al. (1981, 1982,
1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986)). It is recommended that work continue on the
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks zoned management plan for the
East Front. Regional Management Plans are essential to proper direction and
devising management to achieve specific goals. Efforts should be made to
coordinate regional plans with existing interagency programs and recovery
objectives for grizzly bears. Mortality and population trend monitoring
programs should be outlined in the management plan so that program revisions and
refinements can be made.

8072/2

-136-

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Appendix C. Grizzly bears captured on the East Front, 1977-1986.

DATE OF AGE

CAPTURE NO. SEX (1986)

LOCATION

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

FATE

5/04/77 257 F

5/07/77 110 F

5/25/77 271 M

6/08/77 273 F

5/20/78 218 M

5/29/78 531 M

6/16/78 282 M

6/17/78 229 M

5/17/79 332 M

5/20/79 220 F

5/22/79 333 M

5/23/79 203 M

7/27/79 347 M

5/14/80 348 M

5/20/80 335 F

6/10/80 291 F

8/14/80 223 M

8/07/80 430 F

5/20/82 529 M

17*5 Blackleaf

2%* Blackleaf

7%* Teton River

10%* Teton River

16% Teton River

10% Blackleaf

8%* Elk Cr.

10%* Elk Cr./
Dearborn

23% Elk Cr.

25% Teton area

8% Blackleaf to

Badger Cr.
8% Teton area

5%* Dearborn area
4%* Blackleaf

8% Blackleaf to
Birch Cr.

9% Blackleaf

11% Blackleaf to
Badger Cr.

2%* Badger Cr.

2%* Teton to Sun
River

5/26/82 550 M 3%*

6/18/82 518 F 3%*

Blackleaf to
Two Medicine

Teton to
Deep Cr.

Orange/Yellow
(metal)

Red/Yellow

(metal)

Blue/Yellow

(metal)

Yellow

(metal)

Blue/Red

(metal)

Silver /Orange

(metal)

Red (metal) &

Green (rototag)

Blue/Yellow

(metal)

Red/Yellow

(metal)

Yellow/Blue

(metal)

Blue/Yellow
(metal)
Orange/Green
(metal)

Silver/Red
(metal)
Red /Orange
(metal)

Red/Green
(metal)
Yellow/Blue
(metal)

Blue
(rototag)

Blue
(rototag)

Red
(rototag)

Recaptured & radioed 6/13/80.

Recaptured & radioed w/

helicopter in August, 1982.

Recaptured 6/9/77, relocated,

dead 1977.

Recaptured 5/20/78 & 5/9/79.

Poached 1979.

Recaptured 5/16/81 & radioed.

Illegally killed 9/23/84.

Radio nonfunctional, possibly

alive .

Relocated 1978 to Flathead.

Recaptured & radioed 5/4/83.
Hunter-kill 10/24/84.
Hunter-kill 1979.

Relocated to British Columbia.

Recaptured 6/8/79 & 4/29/81 &
reradioed w/helicopter in May
1983. Slipped collar at den
site, winter 1984.
Recaptured 6/10/80 & 4/21/81.
Lost collar in August 1982.
Sighted in 1981.

Killed in 1980 by sheepherder.
Killed in 1980 by USFWS near
Lincoln, Montana.
Recaptured 5/29/81 & radioed.
Radio malfunctioned May 1984.
Recaptured, radioed, &
relocated, preventative action,
to Elk Cr. 9/13/85.
Fate unknown, radio
nonf unct ional .
Fate unknown, radio
nonfunctional.
Relocated & dead in 1980.
Recaptured & radioed 5/25/82.
Hunter-kill 1982, at N. Fk.
Sun River.

Lost collar in July, 1982.
Hunter-kill Sept. 1983, after
relocation.
Ear-tag transmitter.
Recaptured in 1983. Hunter-
kill 10/21/84.

* 8

age at death

-176-

Appendix C. Grizzly bears captured on the East Front, 1977-1986.

DATE OF
CAPTURE

NO.

SEX

AGE
(1986)

LOCATION

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

dlUl^l

519

M

IJ5*

Teton area

Blue

bllSl^l

544

M

4J2*

Teton area

(rototag)

Blue

(rototag)

8/17/82

548

F

I4J5

Deep Cr.

Blue
(rototag)

5/03/83

522

F

4J1

Pine Butte

Red

5ln/83

524

F

4J2

Rinkers Cr.

(rototag)
Red

5/31/83

500
499

F

ih

Teton River

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

FATE

6/10/83

498
497

M

ih

Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

7/10/83

485

M

10!^

Whiterock

Green

484

Creek

(rototag)

4/06/84

328

M

4^

Teton

Green

6/20/84

313

F

5h

Two Medicine

(rototag)
Green

6/26/84

366

F

ih

Two Medicine

(rototag)
Green

7/06/84

355

M

%h

Two Medicine

(rototag)
Green

8/23/84

378

M

4^5

Teton

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

9/10/84

317

F

5h

Teton

Green

9/18/84

372

F

Bh*

Alice Cr.

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

9/18/84

343

M

IJ5*

Alice Cr./
Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

9/25/84

392

M

4%

Teton

Green
(rototag)

* = age

at death

Hunter-kill 1982 at Teton

River.

Radioed in 1982, still

functional. Recaptured 1984,

Killed illegally Sept. 1984.

Captured & radioed w/helicopter,

recaptured in 1983. Radio

malfunctioned .

Unknown

Radioed w/ ear-tag transmitter;
1983. Radio malfunctioned.
Radioed. Helicopter darted,
recaptured, radioed at
depredation site 6/11/85,
relocated to S. Fk. Flathead.
Helicopter darted, recaptured
at depredation site 6/29/85,
relocated to E. side of Mission
Mtns . , returned .
Radio malfunction spring 1985.
Recaptured 6/23/86, trap/drug
caused mortality.
Radioed.

Recaptured 6/26/84. Collar
slipped approx. 7/1/85.
Radioed, recaptured 5/19/84.

Radioed, still operate 1985.

Recaptured 7/6/86 and radioed.

Recaptured 5/23/86, 5/27/86,
6/21/86. Slipped collar 8/86.
Helicopter darted, radioed,
recaptured 9/27/84 at
depredation site relocated
to S. Fk. Flathead.
Radioed, still operate 1985.

Radioed, relocated to S. Fk.

Flathead - dead Oct. 1984 at

Burdoff Cr. cause of death

unknown.

Helicopter darted cub of 372

recaptured, radioed, at

depredation site 6/29/85;

capture mortality.

Radioed, still operate 1985.

-177-

Appendix C. Grizzly bears captured on the East Front, 1977-1986.

DATE OF
CAPTURE

NO.

AGE
SEX (1986)

LOCATION

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

10/02/84 326 M

3% Teton/Middle
Fk. Dearborn

5/11/85 316 F

5/18/85 342 M

5/23/85 346 M

6/11/85 M

6/11/85 338 M

4Js

Cunlff Cr.

Green

2,h

Fairfield

Bench

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

ih

Cunlff Cr.

Green

1J5*

Deep Cr.

(rototag)

ih

Deep Cr.

Green
(rototag)

6/11/85 341

ih

6/17/85 301 F 13Js

9/13/85 306 M 7h

9/13/85 381 M Ih

9/13/85 312 F 3^5

Deep Cr.

Moudess Cr.
Dupuyer Cr.

Dupuyer Cr.
Teton River

age at death

FATE

Green Radioed, collar slipped in
(rototag) November 1984. Recaptured &

radioed 4/4/85. Recaptured &

relocated, livestock

depredation 8/3/85. Illegally

killed.

Radioed, recaptured 5/14/85.

Radioed & relocated,
preventative action, to Middle
Fk. Flathead. Recaptured at
depredation site 6/1/85,
transported to zoo, Mexico City.
Radioed. Collar slipped early
Oct., 1985.
Helicopter darted at
depredation site, capture
mortality. Cub of 500 unmarked
Helicopter darted at
depredation site, relocated to
So. Fk. Flathead. Helicopter
darted & recaptured at
depredation site 6/29/85,
relocated to E. side of Mission
Mtns. returned. Cub of 500
Green Helicopter darted at
(rototag) depredation site, relocated to
So. Fk. Flathead. Helicopter
darted & recaptured at
depredation site 6/29/85,
relocated to E. side of Mission
Mtns. returned. Recaptured
at depredation site 5/14/86,
transported to zoo, Detroit.
Cub of 500.
Green Radioed,
(rototag)

Green Radioed & relocated,
(rototag) preventative action, to S. Fk.
Flathead. Returned. Illegally
killed late Oct., early Nov.,
1985. Cub of 335
Green Radioed & relocated,
(rototag) preventative action, to S. Fk.

Flathead. Cub of 335
Green Radioed & relocated,
(rototag) preventative action, to Sun
River Game Range. Returned.

-178-

Appendix C. Grizzly bears captured on the East Front, 1977-1986.

DATE OF
CAPTURE

5/16/86

5/20/86

5/21/86

6/28/86

6/28/86

7/6/86

10/9/86

NO.

AGE
SEX (1986)

LOCATION

101 F

410 M

412 M

464 F

466 F

467 M
106 M

3^5*
3%

ih

Cub
I5J5
3i5
43s*

Ford Cr.
Smith Cr.
Petty Cr.
Badger Cr.
Badger Cr.
Elbow Cr.
Teton area

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

* s

age at death

FATE

Radioed, relocated, preventive

action, killed illegally 1986.

Died of natural mortality

5/20/86.

Radioed. Slipped collar 7/86.

Cub of 466.

Radioed.

Radioed, recaptured 7/9/86.

Captured at depredation site
and relocated. Illegally
killed 10/86.

8072/2

-179-

Appendix D. Black bears captured on the East Front, 1976-1986.

DATE OF

AGE

EAR TAG

CAPTURE

NO.

SEX

(1986)

LOCATION

(TYPE)

COLOR

FATE

9/15/76

190

F

16

Badger Cr.

Blue /Green
(metal)

Black

Recaptured

emin.

s/mpd

153

F

Adult

Badger Cr.

Red/Green
(metal)

Black

Recaptured

10/16/76.

10/01/76

150

M

Adult

Badger Cr.

Red /Blue
(metal)

Black

Unknown.

10/02/76

2

M

Adult

Badger Cr.

Yellow
(metal)

Black

Unknown .

10/07/76

3

M

12

Badger Cr.

Yellow
(metal)

Brown

Unknown .

hfh^lll

117

M

14

Dupuyer Cr.

Yellow/Blue
(metal)

Black

Recaptured

5/3/77.

5109111

173

M

12

Dupuyer Cr.

Yellow/Blue
(metal)

Black

Unknown .

5/09/77

262

M

18

Dupuyer Cr.

Yellow/Orange
(metal)

Brown

Recaptured

6/3/78.

5/22/77

207

F

11
*

Teton River

Blue/Orange
(metal)

Brown

Unknown.

5/23/77

201

M

5h

is

Teton River

Orange
(metal)

Black

Hunter-kill

1980.

5/27/77

265

M

ih

Teton River

Blue /Yellow
(metal)

Brown

Recaptured
Hunter-kill

5/10/78.
1980.

6/05/77

274

M

11

Teton River

Yellow/Blue
(metal)

Black

Unknown .

e/OBIll

209

F

22+

Teton River

Orange/Silver
(metal)

Brown

Unknown .

6/19/77

213

M

11

Badger Cr.

Blue/Green
(metal)

Black

Unknown.

6/25/77

219

M

17

Badger Cr.

Blue /Green
(metal)

Black

Recaptured

eii^lii.

6/26/77

204

M

12
*

Badger Cr.

Orange/Silver
(metal)

Black

Unknown.

5/10/78

256

M

(>h

Teton River

Orange /Red
(metal)

Brown

Hunter-kill

(>I3/19.

5/12/78

211

M

19

Teton River

Yellow/Orange

Black

Relocated to Blackleaf

. *

(metal)

8/21/80.

b/OdllS

212

M

ih

Blackleaf

Blue /Red

Black

Recaptured 9/25/80

(metal)

& 6/23/81 &

radioed.

Recaptured 5/24/82.

*

Hunter-kill

7/11/82.

6/13/78

202

M

15

Elk Cr.

Orange /Blue
(metal)

Brown

Recaptured 5/2/84

% Elk Cr. Hunter-kill

6/U/l^

205

M

Adult

Elk Cr.

Orange /Red
(metal)

Black

9/25/86.
Unknown .

5/20/79

288

M

17

Blackleaf

Green/Red

Brown

Recaptured 5/10/80

(metal)

& 6/29/82 &

radioed.

Radio off Sept. 1982.

* = age

at death

-180-

Appendix D. Black bears captured on the East Front, 1976-1986, (continued).

DATE OF
CAPTURE

NO. SEX

5/28/79
6/09/79
6/09/79
5/19/80
5/21/80
5/28/80
5/30/80
6/07/80
6/09/80

5/20/81
5/23/81
5/27/81
5/02/82
5/17/82

5/17/82 514 M

AGE
(1986) LOCATION

5/22/82
6/19/82
6/24/82

255 F 10 Teton River

115 M 14 Teton River

294 M 9%* Teton River

329 M 5J5* Blackleaf

223 M 9 Blackleaf

538 M 5J5* Blackleaf
505 M 8 Blackleaf
542 M 5^5* Blackleaf
509 F 15 Blackleaf

545 F 8 Blackleaf

546 F 8 Blackleaf

516 M 8 Blackleaf

539 M 4% Teton River
513 M 6 Teton River

Ih Teton River

531 F 8 Dupuyer Cr.

523 F 9 Teton River

517 M 7's* Teton River

7/12/82 533 F 10% Badger Cr.

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

COLOR FATE

Orange/Silver Brown

(metal)

Yellow/Green Brown

(metal)

Green/Orange Black

(metal)

Yellow/Red Black

(metal)

Blue Brown

(rototag)

Blue Brown

(rototag)

Red Black

(rototag)

Blue Black

(rototag)

Red Black

(rototag)

Blue Black

(rototag)

Blue Brown

(rototag)

Red Brown

(rototag)

Blue Brown

(rototag)

Red Brown

(rototag)

Red Brown

(rototag)

Blue Black

(rototag)

Red Black

(rototag)

Red Black

(rototag)

Blue Brown

(rototag)

Recaptured 5/16/82.

Unknown .

Recaptured 5/23/82.
Hunter-kill 5/23/82.
Hunter-kill 8/6/80
(a Cave Mtn.
Unknown.

Hunter-kill June 83
@ Ford Cr.
Recaptured 9/1/80.

Hunter-kill 10/28/82
@ Green Timber Gulch.
Recaptured 5/14/81
& radioed; observed
8/22/84.
Recaptured 5/21/81.

Unknown .

Unknown .

Hunter-kill 11/3/83
Patricks Basin.
Recaptured 6/19/83,
5/17/84 at Sun River
Game Range.
Recaptured 6/26/82.
Hunter-kill 10/2/82
@ Jones Cr.
Hunter kill 9/28/86.

Radioed until 5/25/84
when collar was cast.
Radioed. Recaptured
May, 1983, collar dead.
Hunter-kill 5/18/85 @
Reirdon Gulch.
Hunter-kill 10/19/83 (3
Badger Cr.

age at death

-181-

Appendix D. Black bears captured on the East Front, 1976-1986, (continued).

DATE OF AGE

CAPTURE NO. SEX (1986)

LOCATION

4/30/83 530 M
354

4/30/83 535 M
365

5/18/83 536 M

5/19/83 506 M

5/24/83 515 M

Blubber Cr.

1

5/27/83
6/11/83
6/12/83
6/13/83
6/16/83
6/17/83
6/18/83
6/20/83
6/21/83
6/25/83
6/25/83
6/27/83
6/27/83
7/12/83
7/12/83

537 M

532 M

525 F

534 M

478 M

479 F

520 M

507 M

477/ F
409

491 F

492 M
494 F
476 M
520 M
547 M

8/05/83 401/ F
426

11
, *

eh*

4%*

, *

5h
1
6
6
4
5
4
13
5

Ih*
3
6
6

Blubber Cr.

Blubber Cr.
Fine Butte
Rinkers Cr.

Blubber Cr.

Willow Cr.

Blubber Cr.

Sun River
Game Range
Sun River
Game Range
Beaver Cr.

Blubber Cr.

Blubber Cr.

Willow Cr.

Beaver Cr.

Beaver Cr.

Rose Cr.

Willow Cr.

N. Fk. Badger Cr,

Whiterock

S. Fk. Teton

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

COLOR FATE

Blue /Green
(rototag)

Blue/Green
(rototag)

Blue

(rototag)

Red

(rototag)

Red

(rototag)

Blue

(rototag)

Blue

(rototag)

Red

(rototag)

Blue

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Red

(rototag)

Red

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Red

(rototag)

Blue

(rototag)

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Black

Black
Black
Black

Recaptured 5/27/83,
5/4/84, renumbered 354
on 6/3/84, recaptured
5/17/86. Hunter-kill
5/25/86.

Recaptured 6/17/83,
renumbered 365 on 5/12/i
Hunter-kill 5/15/85.
Recaptured 5/27/83
& 6/15/83, 5/12/84. ■
Radioed. Hunter-kill SeA
1984 @ Jones Creek.
Radioed until 5/11/84, _
collar dead. Hunter-killB
8/11/85 (a Jones Cr. ■
Unknown .

I
I
I
1
I

Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Brown
Black
Brown
Black
Black Unknown.
Cinnamon Recaptured 5/26/86.

Black Recaptured 6/4/84.

Hunter-kill September
1984 @ Badger Cr.

Black Nuisance bear captured
@ Circle 8. Nuisance
bear recaptured 8/30/86,
renumbered 426.

Hunter-kill 5/21/84 @
Ford Cr.
Recaptured 5/25/86.

Recaptured 6/27/83,

5/11/84.

Probably hunter killed

5/21/86, tatoo id.?

Unknown.

Unknown .

Recaptured 6/22/83,
5/17/84.

Recaptured 5/21/86
& renumbered 409.
Unknown .

Hunter-kill 5/27/85
@ Farview Cr.
Unknown .

Two black bears

* = age at death
inadvertantly #'d the same - one is cinnamon and one is black.

-182-

Appendix

D. B

lack

bears c

aptured on the East

Front, 1976-

-86, (continued).

DATE OF

AGE

EAR TAG

CAPTURE

NO.

SEX

(1986)

LOCATION

(TYPE)

COLOR

FATE

5/02/84

327/

M

12

Willow Cr.

Green

Brown

Recaptured 5/23/84,

418

*

(rototag)

renumbered 418 on 6/27/86

5/05/84

352

M

9

Beaver Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 5/12/84 at
Middle Fk. Beaver Ck.
Hunter-kill 5/20/86.

5/07/84

455

M

4

Blubber Cr.

Green

Cinnamon Recaptured 5/28/84

*

(rototag)

Goss Ck.

5/08/84

353

M

4

Beaver Cr.

Green

Cinnamon Hunter-kill 5/22/86.

(rototag)

5/08/84

475

M

9

Elk Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 5/11/84 at
Sawmill Pass.

5/10/84

364

F

4

Sun River
Game Range

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

5/10/84

339

M

11

Ford Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

5/10/84

344

M

3

Beaver Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Blonde

Unknown .

5/12/84

332

M

4

Blubber Cr.

Green

Cinnamoi? Recaptured 5/18/84 at

(rototag)

Sawmill Pass and
6/10/84 at Blubber Cr.

5/13/84

375

M

16

Sun River
Game Range

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

5/14/84

331

F

7
*

Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Recaptured 5/18/84 &
5/16/86.

5/18/84

495

M

4

Elk Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill 5/26/86.

5/19/84

388

M

2?5

Smith Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Hunter-kill in October
1984 @ Elk Creek.

5/22/84

380

F

21%*

Shed Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Cinnamon

Hunter-kill 6/1/85 @
Sun River Game Range.

5/22/84

387

M

3

Shed Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

5/23/84

389

F

4
*

Beaver Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

5/26/84

393

M

9h

Elk Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill August
1984 @ Elk Cr.

6/02/84

383

M

5
. *

Blubber Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 6/4/84 at
Sawmill Cr. and
6/13/84 at Goss Cr.
Hunter-kill 10/15/86

6/03/84

399

M

4*5

Elk Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Hunter-kill 10/19/84
@ Bighorn Lake.

6/04/84

318

M

4

Gross Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown .

6/05/84

360

M

4

Hyde Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

6/07/84

356

F

4

Mettler Coulee

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 5/29/86.

6/09/84

345

F

6

Cyanide Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Blonde

Hunter-kill 9/27/86.

* = age at death

-183-

Appendix

D. Black bears captured on the East

Front, 1976-

1

-86, (continued).

DATE OF

AGE

EAR TAG

1

CAPTURE

NO.

SEX

(1986)

LOCATION

(TYPE)

COLOR

FATE

6/11/84

336

F

10

Mettler Coulee

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown. ■

6/19/84

322

M

7

Mettler Coulee

Green

Cinnamon Unknown.

(rototag)

6/19/84

386

F

4

Hyde Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown . ^

6/Ul^h

349

M

15

Hyde Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown . ■

6/25/84

348

M

4

Box Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

eiisiu

397

M

11

Mettler Coulee

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown . I

6/28/84

330

M

3J5*

W. Fk. Sun River

Green
(rototag)

Blonde

Recaptured 7/5/84.
Hunter-kill July 1985 1
(3 Moose Cr. ■

7/01/84

400

F

3J5*

S. Fk. Sun River

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill 11/6/85 @
Bighead Cr. ■

7/03/84

390

M

14
. *

W. Fk. Sun River

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Recaptured 6/23/86 & |
6/25/86.

^lieiu

376

M

2J5

Simms

Green
(rototag)

Black

Relocated to SRGR. mm
Hunter-kill 9/11/84 I
in Sun River Canyon.

10/07/84

340

M

4

Smith Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Cinnamon

Relocated to Beartooth
Game Range. 1

5/14/85

362

F

2%

Poplar Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Hunter-kill 10/29/85 ■
@ Joslin Basin.

5/19/85

377

M

10

■k

Cuniff Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 5/16/85 0 ■
Cuniff Cr. and 5/26/85 |
% Big Skunk Cr.

5/19/85

337

M

4

Cuniff Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Hunter-kill 9lUlS(>. m

5/19/85

367

M

4

Cuniff Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown.

5/25/85

370

M

3%*

Cuniff Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill 9/6/85 @ 1
Falls Cr. ■

5/28/85

334

F

14

Cuniff Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

5/29/85

351

M

9

Cuniff Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown. |

6/11/85

304

M

10

Moudess Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Recaptured 6/18/85 @ m
Moudess Cr. I

6/20/85

303

M

9

Dearborn River

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

6/21/85

309

M

8

Dearborn River

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 5/23/86 @ ■
Smith Cr. ■

6/23/85

311

M

5

Moudess Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Recaptured 5/17/86 %
Smith Cr. ■

5/15/86

407

M

3J5

Smith Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown . |

5/16/86

403

M

6J5

Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown. b

* = age at death

-184-

Appendix

D. Black bears c

aptured on the East Front, 1976-

-86, (continued).

DATE OF

AGE

EAR TAG

CAPTURE

NO.

SEX

(1986)

LOCATION

(TYPE)

COLOR

FATE

5/16/86

405

F

4^*

Smith Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill 5/16/86.

5/18/86

459

M

hh

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Recaptured 5/23/86,
6/2/86.

5/19/86

406

M

3J5

Smith Cr .

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown.

5/20/86

408

M

4%

Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

5/21/86

404

F

II5

Ford Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Blonde

Unknown .

5/21/86

473

M

4J2

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Recaptured 6/1/86.

5/24/86

413

M

ih

Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

5/24/86

414

M

ih

Willow Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown.

5/25/86

458

M

ih

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill 10/8/86.

5/26/86

415

M

\h

Ford Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

5ini%(>

416

M

3h

Petty Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown.

5/28/86

457

F

12%

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown .

5/29/86

461

M

6%

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

6/12/86

472

M

3%

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

6/17/86

468

M

3*2

Muskrat Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown.

6/19/86

462

M

Sub-
Adult

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

6/23/86

417

F

7%

Fairview Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Hunter-kill 8/2/86.

6/23/86

471

F

9%

Kip Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

6/28/86

469

M

(>h

Kip Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown .

dll^/Sd

474

M

3h

Muskrat Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown

6/29/86

463

M

9h

Crucifixion Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Black

Unknown.

7/10/86

482

F

3%

Badger Cr.

Green
(rototag)

Brown

Unknown.

8/30/86

102

M

3%

Teton River

Yellow

Brown

Relocated to Whiterock

8/30/86

103

F

Cub

Teton River

(rototag)
Yellow

Cinn.

Pass.

Relocated to Whiterock

8/30/86

104

M

Cub

Teton River

(rototag)

Yellow

(rototag)

Black

Pass.

Relocated to Whiterock

Pass.

* = ag

e at death

-185-

Appendix D. Black bears captured on the East Front, 1976-86, (continued).

DATE OF AGE

CAPTURE NO. SEX (1986) LOCATION

9/6/86 437 M 10%

9/7/86 428 F 1655

9/10/86 427 M 835

9/11/86 105 F ISJs*

9/12/86 434 M hh

Windfall Cr.
Lange Cr.
Windfall Cr.
Sun River
Windfall Cr.

EAR TAG
(TYPE)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

Yellow

(rototag)

Green

(rototag)

COLOR FATE

Brown Recaptured 9/9/86

Hunter-kill 9/21/86.
Black Unknown.

Brown Unknown .

Black Hunter-kill 10/4/86.

Brown Unknown.

8072/2

* =

age at death

-186-

Appendix E. Black bears captured, and marked black bears killed by hunters each year for
study areas north and south of the Sun River, 1976-1986.

Year

Area

# Bear

Captured

# Marked Bears Hunter-

Killed

Tot.

M

F

AD

SA

YR

C

Tot.

M

F

AD

SA

YR

~C

1976

North

5

3

2

4

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

South

-

-

-

—

—

—

_

_

_

..

1977

North

11

9

2

4

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

South

-

-

—

—

—

_

_

_

_

_

1978

North

3

3

0

2

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

South

2

2

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1979

North

4

3

1

3

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

South

-

-

-

—

—

—

_

—

—

_

1980

North

6

5

1

2

4

0

0

3

3

0

3

0

0

0

South

-

-

-

—

—

_

mm

-m

mm

.

1981

North

3

1

2

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

South

-

-

—

—

_

_

—

_

_

_^

1982

North

7

4

3

2

5

0

0

4

4

0

3

1

0

0

South

-

-

-

—

—

_

»

_

_

_

^

1983

North

5

4

1

1

4

0

0

3

2

1

2

1

0

0

South

16

11

5

5

8

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1984

North

8

5

3

4

4

0

0

2

2

0

2

0

0

0

South

26

20

6

9

15

2

0

5

5

0

2

3

0

0

1985

North

-

-

-

-

-

—

—

2

2

_

2

0

0

0

South

11

9

2

6

5

0

0

7

4

3

2

5

0

0

1986

North

20

13

7

11

7

0

2

3

2

1

2

1

0

0

South

23

16

7

16

5

2

0

12

8

4

8

4

0

0

Total

North

72

50

22

33

37

0

2

18

16

2

15

3

0

0

South

78

58

20

38

33

7

0

24

17

7

12

12

0

0

Total

150

108

42

71

70

7

2

42

33

9

26

15

0

0

8072/2

-187-

Appendix F. Grizzly bear management guidelines. East Slope,

Rocky Mountain Front. (Excerpted from Interagency
Rocky Mountain Front Management Guidelines, 1984)

Introduction

The Interagency Rocky Mountain Front Wildlife Monitoring/Evaluation Program was
initiated in 1980. A principal goal of this program was to sponsor study
efforts; whereby wildlife management guidelines, based on sound scientific
findings, could be developed to aid land managers in their planning of human
activities along the Rocky Mountain Front.

The original charter for this program specified that management guidelines were
to be considered "interim" until five years of study had been incorporated into
them. However, the guidelines developed thus far are currently being used as
firm guidance by the involved agencies. Further, at the end of this five year
period these guidelines should not be locked in concrete by the term "final".
It is highly likely that studies will continue and additional findings will
dictate new or revised guidelines. Therefore, these two terms will not be used
and the management guideline development process and associated document are to
be considered part of a dynamic planning process subject to periodic review and
modification as additional study findings become available and as long as the
need for them is present.

In the event that on-going monitoring results in the need for a new guideline or
the modification of an existing guideline, it can be submitted at anytime by the
procedures described and on the form given on the last two pages of this
document .

The following management guidelines are based on the best information currently
available. They are a result of current or recently completed studies on
selected wildlife species. Field investigators conducting the studies have
completed extensive literature reviews on the various species considered. The
guidelines which have been formulated and presented in this document are not
only the result of study findings and literature review, but incorporate the
professional judgement of the technical personnel involved.

Objective

The need for management guidelines is predicated on management concerns
involving the effects of existing and proposed land uses and human activities
upon various wildlife species and their habitat. The objective of the
development and application of management guidelines is to avoid or minimize the
following effects of human related activities which may adversely impact some or
all of the selected wildlife species being considered:

A. Physical destruction of important wildlife habitat components.

B. Human disturbance that would displace various wildlife species from
important seasonal use areas.

C. Increased direct human caused mortality.

D. Increased stress due to higher human activity levels.

-188-

E. Direct mortality or physical impairment resulting from environmental
(chemical) contaminates .

F. Increased wildlife/human interaction resulting from habitat intrusion
or displacement.

Management Guidelines

Management guidelines provide coordination measures designed to avoid or
minimize the potential conflicts previously identified between human related
activities and wildlife. Although many of the guidelines are applicable to a
variety of human activities, some of them are specific to a single activity.
Oil and gas exploration and development has received special emphasis due to the
relatively high level of activity in recent years. As a result, some of the
guidelines apply specifically to that activity.

Approved management guidelines will be included in permits, contracts or other
formal authorizations for human activities as applicable. Omissions or
modifications of applicable guidelines in such authorizations will be documented
in an EA report or other appropriate document concerning the activity involved.

Monitoring

A majority of the radio tracking and habitat survey data collected to date has
been baseline information including the identification of seasonal ranges,
reproduction areas, breeding areas and migration corridors. Future studies will
place increasing emphasis on the monitoring of effects of increased human
activity levels, particularly those associated with oil and gas exploration, on
the wildlife species being studied. The management guidelines presented in this
document are only partially based on monitoring information collected during the
current studies on the Rocky Mountain Front. An important consideration in
further monitoring efforts will be to test and validate the guidelines as to
their effectiveness and applicability.

PART A. General Management Guidelines

The following general management guidelines are applicable coordination measures
that will be considered when evaluating the effects of existing and proposed
human activities in identified seasonally important habitats for a variety of
wildlife species.

1. Identify and evaluate for each project proposal the cumulative effects of
all activities, both existing uses and other planned projects. Potential
site specific effects of the project being analyzed are a part of the
cumulative effects evaluation which will apply to all lands within a
designated biological unit. A biological unit is an area of land which is
ecologically similar and includes all of the year long habitat requirements
for a sub-population of one or more selected wildlife species.

2. Avoid human activities or combinations of activities on seasonally
important wildlife habitats which may adversely impact the species or
reduce the habitat effectiveness.

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3. Space concurrently active seismographic lines at least nine (9) air miles
apart to allow an undisturbed corridor into which wildlife can move when
displaced. One line survey crew will be allowed to work between active
lines in order to reduce the total time of activity in any one area (Olson.
G. 1981).

4. Establish helicopter flight patterns of not more than one-half (Jg) mile in
width along all seismographic lines, between landing zones and the lines,
and between landing zones and other operations, unless flying conditions
dictate deviations due to safety factors.

5. Because helicopters produce a more pronounced behavioral reaction by big
game and raptors than do fixed-wind aircraft, helicopters will maintain a
minimum altitude of 600 feet (183 meters) above ground level when flying
between landing zones and work areas where landing zones are not located
on seismic lines, unless species specific guidelines recommend otherwise
(Hinman, H., 1974; McCourt, K.H., et al 1974; Klein, D.R., 1973; Miller,
F.L. and A. Guinn, 1979).

6. Designate landing zones for helicopters in areas where helicopter traffic
and associated human disturbances will have the minimum impact on wildlife
populations. Adequate visual and/or topographic barriers should be located
between landing zones and occupied seasonal use areas.

7. The use of helicopters instead of new road construction to accomplish
energy exploration and development is encouraged.

8. Base road construction proposals on a completed transportation plan which
considers important wildlife habitat components and seasonal use areas in
relation to road location, construction period, road standards, seasons of
heavy vehicle use, road management requirements, etc.

9. Use minimum road and site construction specifications based on projected
transportation needs. Schedule construction times to avoid seasonal use
periods for wildlife as designated in the species specific guidelines.

10. Locate roads, drill sites, landing zones, etc. to avoid important wildlife
habitat components based on a site specific evaluation.

11. Insert "dog-legs" or visual barriers on pipelines and roads built through
dense vegetative cover areas to prevent straight corridors exceeding
one-forth (h) mile where vegetation has been removed (Stubbs, C.W. and B.J.
Markham, 1979).

12. Roads which are not compatible with area management objectives and are no
longer needed for the purpose for which they were built will be closed and
reclaimed. Native plant species will be used whenever possible to provide
proper watershed protection on disturbed areas. Wildlife forage and/or
cover species will be utilized in rehabilitation projects where deemed
appropriate.

13. Keep roads which are in use during oil and gas exploration and development
activity closed to unauthorized use. Place locked gates and/or road guards
at strategic locations to deter unauthorized use when activities are
occurring on key seasonal ranges.

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14. Impose seasonal closures and/or vehicle restrictions based on wildlife or
other resource needs on roads which remain open.

15. Bus crews to and from drill sites to reduce activity levels on roads.
Shift changes should be scheduled to avoid morning and evening wildlife
feeding periods.

16. Keep noise levels at a minimum by muffling such things as engines,
generators and energy production facilities.

17. Prohibit dogs during work periods.

18. Prohibit firearms during work periods or in vehicles traveling to and from
work locations.

19. Seismographic and exploration companies should keep a daily log of
activities. Items such as shift changes, shut dovm/start up times, major
changes in noises or activity levels, and the location on the line where
seismic crews are working should be recorded.

PART B: Species Specific Management Guidelines

The species specific management guidelines which follow provide coordination
measures necessary to protect Important habitats or seasonal use areas for
several wildlife species which were selected for intensive baseline surveys on
the Rocky Mountain Front Study Area. Monitoring of the effects of human
activities on these species and their habitats will continue to receive special
study emphasis.

Maps which delineate the seasonally Important habitats for which timing
restrictions are specified have not been included in the management guideline
document and are not available for general distribution. Copies of these maps
are available for inspection at the offices of the four Agencies involved in the
Rocky Mountain Front Wildlife Monitoring Program.

These guidelines together with the "general management guidelines" will
minimize, but not eliminate, the impacts of disturbances caused by human
activities on these species. Species specific guidelines are currently
available for grizzly bear, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, elk, mule deer and
raptors.

Grizzly Bear

The Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee approved the application of guidelines on
National Forest System, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and National Park System
lands throughout grizzly bear ecosystems in the States of Idaho, Montana,
Washington, and Wyoming. (November 26, 1986 Federal Register, Vol. 51, No.
228). These guidelines are known as the Interagency Grizzly Bear Guidelines
(IGBG). The IGBG provide definition and management direction for grizzly bear
Management Situations I, II, III, iv and V and further provide generalized
guidelines on how to coordinate various activities with the bear in the various
management situations. Further, the IGBG were more specifically developed for
the Yellowstone Ecosystem.

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The Rocky Mountain Front Guidelines (RMFG) found in this document do not
identify management situations or provide definitions or management directions
of the stratification. The Management Situations designated on the Front
pursuant to the IGBG identify where the emphasis on grizzly bear needs to be
placed, and if there is a conflict, where the conflict should be resolved in
favor of the bear; but the RMFG are the best management practices for
coordinating multiple use activities with the grizzly bear on the Front. The
RMFG are detailed coordination measures for specific activities that will assist
land managers in meeting the management direction provided in the IGBG.

Study results documented to date along the east Rocky Mountain Front are the
basis for the development of management guidelines for grizzly bear and their
habitat. During the period from 1977-1979, research was carried out by the
Border Grizzly Project under a contract with the BLM. Since 1980 the Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks has assumed the intensive grizzly bear
monitoring work with funding continuing from the Interagency Rocky Mountain
Front Task Force private industry (American Petrofina, Williams Exploration, Sun
Exploration) and the Nature Conservancy. In addition, a BLM funded
livestock/grizzly bear interaction study was conducted by a graduate student
from Montana State University during the field seasons of 1985 and 1986.

These guidelines were developed as a direct result of grizzly bear monitoring
conducted on the East Front. They represent guidelines that, when followed,
will mitigate but not eliminate influences of human activities on grizzly bears
and grizzly bear habitat. Human activities within grizzly bear range will have
effects, however subtle, on grizzly bears.

All previously mentioned "general management guidelines" are applicable
coordination measures that should be considered when evaluating human activities
in grizzly bear habitat. The following are additional species specific
guidelines.

1. Avoid human activities in identified grizzly bear habitat constituent
elements or portions of constituent elements containing specific habitat
values during the following seasonal use periods (see data summarization):

A. Spring habitat (concentrated use areas) April 1 - June 30

B. Alpine feeding sites July 1 - September 15

C. Subalpine f ir/whitebark pine habitat types— August 1 - November 30

D. Denning habitat October 15 - April 15.

2. Avoid human activities in grizzly bear habitat components which provide
important food sources during spring and early summer, April 1 - July 15.
These habitat components include riparian shrub types, Populus stands, wet
meadows, sidehill parks, and avalanche chutes. Maintain an undisturbed
zone of at least h mile between activities and the edge of these habitat
components where many important bear foods occur.

3. Establish flight patterns in advance when activities require the use of
helicopters. Flight patterns should be located to avoid seasonally
important gjrizzly bear habitat constituent elements and habitat components
during the designated seasonal use periods.

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4.

5.

6.

8.

9.

11.

12.

No seismic or exploratory drilling activiti
minimum of one mile of den sites during
(Reynolds, P.E., et al, 1983).

Seismic permits should include a clausfe
temporary cessation of activities, if
conflicts.

es should be conducted within a
the October 15 - April 15 period

providing for cancellation or
, to prevent grizzly /human

necessary

Scheduling of well drilling on adjacent
bear use areas, should be staggered to
displaced bears.

sites, within important grizzly
pijovide a disturbance free area for

Pipeline construction required for the
should be condensed into the shortest
seasonal restrictions when conducted in

development of a gas or oil field
tjfme frame possible and subject to
important grizzly bear habitat.

Field operation associated with seismic
should be placed carefully to avoid seasoii
or constituent elements. Such placement
avoid direct or potential conflicts between

Retain frequent dense cover areas adjacebt
and security cover necessary to protect
Three sight distances are desirable
grizzlies. A sight distance is the
other large animal is essentially hidden
vegetation cover. The same security
timber harvest units.

tto

average

or oil/gas exploration activities
lally important habitat components
of sites is necessary in order to
man and grizzly bear.

C(pver

10. No off-duty work camps will be allowed
constituent elements.

wil|hin occupied seasonally important

Incinerate garbage daily or store in beat-
local landfill dumps daily.

Commercial activities permitted on publjic
coordinated to avoid conflicts with grizz
conducted under the monitoring program,
trapping operations are active will be
administrative actions by the agencies involved

land should be planned and

Ly bear trapping operations being

general public use of areas where

controlled through appropriate

The following are grizzly bear management
toward livestock grazing:

Livestock grazing on Important spring
deferred until after July 1.

In pastures grazed after July 1, cattle shbuld
of the riparian forage base is reduced by
structural damage.

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to roads for travel corridors
Important habitat components,
provide visual security for
distance at which a grizzly or
from the view of an observer by
guidelines also applies to

proof containers and remove to

guidelines specifically oriented

habitat for grizzly bears should be

be removed before the amount
50 percent by either grazing or

3. Exceptions to the July 1 entry date can be made when a pasture is part of a
grazing system (for example, rest rotation or deferred rest rotation) that
does not cause a decrease in the condition or size of the riparian plant
communities.

4. In riparian habitats that receive high amounts of bear use, fencing to
exclude livestock grazing and trampling may be necessary.

5. Boneyards and livestock dumps are prevalent along the East Front and are
frequented by grizzly bears. Ranchers and landowners should be encouraged
to place carcasses of dead livestock and garbage on remote areas of their
land. Dead cows and calves should be hauled a considerable distance from
calving grounds to discourage bears from feeding on carion and newborn
calves .

6. Options given in the IGBG for sheep allotments where grizzly - livestock
depredation has been authenticated will be followed and include:

(a) change the season of use, bedding practices, or grazing area to avoid
known problem areas or other habitat important to grizzlies in time
and space;

(b)

change the class of livestock from sheep to cattle if the range is
suitable for cattle; or

(c) remove all livestock and close the allotment. Vacant sheep allotments
will not be restocked with sheep.

In addition to the guidelines listed above for livestock grazing practices, the
following research/management recommendations are presented:

1. The condition and trend of all riparian plant communities and their
production of Angelica arguta, Heracleum lanatum, and Osmorhiza
occidentalis need to be determined on all East Front public lands grazed by
livestock.

2. For pastures where the condition of riparian plant communities needs
improving, the construction of special use pastures is recommended. A
special use pasture should be constructed where large areas of riparian
vegetation are enclosed so an adequate forage base will be available to
allow for stocking rates compatible with livestock operations. (Exclosures
should be considered if riparian areas are too small.) These pastures
should only be grazed after July 1, and the livestock should be removed
before the special use pastures should be incorporated into a deferred rest
rotation grazing system similar to that described by Marlow (1985). Some
other methods which may be used to reduce impacts to riparian include;
development of alternate water sources, placement of salt away from
riparian, and improved herding practices.

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For riparian areas where the abundance of
grizzlies for cover (Populus tremuloides,
or Betula spp.,) or food (Angelica arguta
occidentalis) has been reduced, reestablis

important plant species used by
Populus tricocarpa, Salix spp.,
I Heracleum lanatum, or Osmorhiza
ifiment should be attempted.

Marlow, C.B. 1985. Controlling riparian zone

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.
AgResearch 2(3): 1-7,

8072/2

damage with little forage loss.
Moiitana State University. Montana

■

I

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