immws^asan tf^gyvj;=a*. ^'*f: Zbc TUnfversitB of Cbicago FOUNDED BV JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER •■/;" r, / A STUDY OF THE HIGHER LIFE OF .V^■^v.,.,,,.^.:.,■ CHICAGO -i;: ,:--,^^':-;;. ':': ;• .>;;.■,":-. i:-^;;V;.":-- a dissertation . ■ '- '-':■,■ SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHGOL OF ARTS AND LITERAIURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGKEE OF . DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY : . .v;V: (department of sociology) . ' - •> SY THOMAS JAMES RILEY Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library : t: »■ . 'A I, \ ":.un ■ ^"^mi SEP 05 {|^ L161— H4I .!.■.•". .■■■■ n. '.'f-' i. i ',' ■:-'*Y-<: XTbe mnivetslts of Cblcaflo FOUNDED BY JOHN D. KOCKEFBLLKR A STUDY OF THE HIGHER LIFE OF ; CHICAGO .A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF doctor of philosophy (department of sociology) BY THOMAS JAMES RILEY CHICAGO 1905 V 'i^- PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, FEBRUARY, 1QO5 I -_:^.'- ^:/-':::H'^-.;;'-: preface. :■0■>:/■■•^>^■•^ •':•-■ This book is the result of a study of the cultural interests of Chicago. The commercial, industrial, and sanitary conditions of the city are assumed as given, and as forming the basis of the educational, social, moral, aesthetic, and reUgious life of the community. A discussion of all the agencies that make for the better life of Chicago has been impossible, but it is believed that those found in the following pages are representative and fairly inclusive. Special attention is called to the tables on Women's Clubs, Social Setdements, and Charities, fovmd in the Appendix. It is hoped that these may be of use for social and philan- thropic workers, and form a basis for a complete directory of these insti- tutions. :•'...;; ^. ■:•■...• ': '''■':■'■"..- ^/'-"..^r'^r-, "J ■■) ■:'■■■ It is the author's hope also that this conspectus will give an intelligent view of Chicago's endowment of culture, and furnish great cause for encour- agement to all its public-spirited citizens. The book is submitted also as a suggested plan for studying the higher life of a great city. ■ T. J. R. : October, 1904. '-■■■'[■■' vv/:;.-" ■/l^^-'-]'-"-'^-'--. ! ■ "•,-■> "S 9 r^.^ >^^fOo6 . ■ '-f '. - - t-. .-. ■■■■: TABLE OF CONTENTS. : INTRODUCTION. Chapter I. Introdttction - ^ « - ii I. The Growth of Chicago ii n. The Purpose, Scope, and Method of the Study - - - - - la m. The City's Equipment of Playgrounds, Parks, and Boulevards - - 14 PART I. THE EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF CHICAGO Chapter II. The Schools -:->""• .^ ...... ig I. Introduction - - .j ^ ^ - -- - - - - -19 . n. Statistical Statement --. 19 m. Special or Noteworthy Features - - - - - - - -21 I. The Department of Scientific Pedagogy and Child Study - - 21 . 2, Kindergartens .. ----..---22 3. Provision for Defectives — Blind, Deaf, Crippled - - - - 24 4. Provision for Morally Imperiled and Delinquent Children; the John Worthy School; the Parental School; the Juvenile Court - - 25 5. Use of Public-Sdiool Buildings for Evening Schools, Lectures, and Entertainments, and for Vacation Schools - - - - - 27 6. Manual Training, Household Arts, and Commercial Studies - - 31 7. The Field Coliunbian Musetun 'r' - - - ^ -: - - 32 8. The University of Chicago - - - - - . •■ . - - 33 Chapter III. The Libraries and the Press 37 I. Libraries ---37 1. Introduction --.----. - - - 37 2. The Chicago Public Library - - 37 3. The John Crerar Library - - -.- - - - -40 4. The Newberry Library - -- - - - - - -41 5. The Chicago Historical Society and Library - - ir : - - 4* 6. The Chicago Law Institute and Library - - -, ; * -.4* 7. The Library of the Chicago Theological Seminary - - - 42 8. The Library of Armour Institute of Technology - - - - 43 9. The Library of the Western Theological Seminary - - - - 43 10. Community-Consciousness among the Libraries - - - - 43 n. The Press 44 Chapter IV. Concltjsion to Part I 46 PART II. THE MORAL AND SOCIAL INTERESTS OF CHICAGO. Chapter V. Civic Associations and Women's Clubs - - - - - 49 I. Civic Associations .......... ^ 1. The Citizens' Association of Chicago ...--- 49 2. The Civic Federation of Chicago - - - - - - - 50 f:\ THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO n. The Municipal Voters' League . . . The Legislative Voters' League _ . _ The Civil Service Reform Association of Chicago The Illinois Civil Service Association The Merchants' Club The City Club of Chicago - - - - The Law and Order League - - - - The Municipal Lecture Association Women's Clubs ------- Activities -.---.. 3- ; 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- lO. I. 3- 4- S- 6. 7- 8. 9 ID, II, 12. 13 14. IS- 18 19 PAGE - 51 - 52 - S3 - S3 - 53 - 53 - S4 - S4 - 54 - 54 - - - 56 - - - 58 - - - S8 - - - 58 - 60 - - 60 - 61 - 61 Dramatics ------------ 62 - 62 - - - 63 - - - 63 - -. - 63 - - - 63 - - - 63 - - - 64 - - - 64 - - - 6s - - - 6s - - - 6s - 66 - - - 67 - - - 67 2. Significance - - - - Chapter VI. Social Settlements I. Residents and Workers V 2. Gymnasium and Playground Activities Thrift ----- Concerts, Entertainments, Lectures Clubs Classes Kindergartens and Day Nurseries Libraries ------- Picture Libraries - . . - - Civic Clubs ------ Outings ------- Things Secured for the Neighborhood Other Special Features - - - - An Investment for the Future - - . 16. Comparative Provision for Dififerent Classes 17. The Settlements and the Public Schools Determining Causes of Activities and Location Co-operation among the Settlements 20. As a Home --.... 21. As a Religious Institution - - - . Chapter VII. Trade Unions 1, Educational Aspects 2. Moral and Social Aspects Chapter VIIL Charities - - - 1. The Chicago Bureau of Charities 2. The Chicago Relief and Aid Society The Associated Jewish Charities Special ReUef Societies The Medical Charities The Care of the Aged The Care of Children Rescue Homes and Shelters The Care of Defectives 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 69 70 72 78 79 81 82 84 84 84 84 84 84 TABLE OF CONTENTS * 10. Legal-Aid Societies - " - - - 11. Inadequate Provision for Certain Classes - - - - - 12. Prevention Instead of Cure - - - - - * :■! 13. Religious, Radal, and National Feelings in Charity - - - 14. Co-operation -.-------- ChapetrIX. Concxusion to Part II - - - - > . » .4 ■ PART III. THE ^ESTHETIC AND RELIGIOUS INTERESTS OF CmCAGO. Chapter X. The ^Esthetic Interests ------- 1. The City Art Commission - - -- 2. The Chicago Public School Art Society . _ . - - 3. The Municipal Art League of Chicago - - - - - z^. 4. The Art Institute _..._-_-- 5. The Apollo Musical Club 6. The Chicago Orchestra . > - Chapter XI. The Religioxts Interests 1. The Illinois Woman's Christian Temperance Union - - - - 2. The Young People's Christian Temperance Union . - - . 3. The Young Woman's Christian Association - - - - , - 4. The Young Men's Christian Association __.__- 5. The Volunteers of America - - - - -- 6. The Medical Missions and Allied Charities ------ 7. The Salvation Army ---------- 8. Churches and Sunday Schools - - - - - - ,^ Chapter XII. General Summary and Some Suggestions on Social Theory PASS 8s 85 86 87 87 89 95 96 97 97 100 104 104 106 107 107 107 109 "3 "3 114 114 120 PART IV. APPENDIX. Table I. Women's Clubs in Chicago Table n. Social Settlements in Chicago Table III. Charities in Chicago - . - INDEX - * - Inset Inset 127 13s Sl-v J \ I •. •-■•'l t .■- INTRODUCTION ■■•;l „ ■■ '•■:• ^- /-V CHAPTER I. -■■■■''.^■.rr'.':-- ■ ; , - ■ INTRODUCTION. C V^ i :' I. THE GROWTH OF CHICAGO. : ;' - ; ^ Chicago is young. The history of the city lies within the memory of its oldest citizens. One of these was bom in 1822 and has just been retired from active service on the police force. In his lifetime an Indian village has been transformed into a great metropoUs. He was eleven years old when Chicago was organized as a town, and fifteen when the town became an incorporated city. He has seen the city rise new and renewed since the great fire that swept away one-half of its property only three decades ago. He has seen Chicago's population grow from two white famiUes to two miUion souls; its area, from a fort and two houses to two hundried square miles; its thoroughfares, from a footpath to 4,163 miles of streets; its drain- age, from a gutter to fifteen hundred miles of sewers; its transportation, from a portage between the Chicago and Desplaines Rivers to the greatest railroad center of the continent. He has seen Chicago grow from an Indian trading-post shipping twenty- eight bushels of wheat in 1838, to the greatest grain and provision center in the world, shipping two hundred and fifty miUions of bushels in 1902. He has seen the estabhshment of twenty thousand manufacturing plants, with an invested capital of six himdred miUions of dollars, which pay two hundred million annually in wages and turn out a yearly product of one thousand million dollars in value. He has watched over the vaults of fifteen national banks and thirty-six state banks and trust companies, the aggregate clear- ings of which for the last year were more than eight biUions. He has witnessed the growth of the biggest stock-yards in the world, now shipping more than one thousand miUion pounds of dressed beef alone each year. All this and much more it takes to make Chicago. It is the storm-center of labor disputes. Here have been the Pullman strike, the machinists* and building trades' strikes, and the anarchist Hay Market riot; here the incessant war between organized employers and organized employees. Chicago has tunneled the lake half a dozen miles for water. It cut the Chicago Drainage Canal in ten years at a cost of thirty-five miUion dollars, turning the waters of the Chicago River from the Gulf of Newfovmdland to the Gulf of Mexico. Such is commercial and industrial Chicago. But this citizen of fourscore years has seen also the laying out of sixty- %- 12 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO three parks with a total area of 2,263 acres, and the building of forty-eight miles of boulevards; he has witnessed the growth of two hundred and thirty-nine public schools, fifteen high schools, many private and church academies and preparatory schools, sixty-three professional and technical schools, and one university. He can tell of the dedication of seven hundred and eighty churches and the opening of four large Ubraries. He has shared the good works of more than a hundred pubUc-spirited women's dubs, of a dozen civic-betterment clubs, and of eighteen social settlements; he may have assisted in the ministrations of two dozen charitable societies, and directed the poor to one hundred and fifty institutions where charitable care awaited them. He may have enjoyed the beauties of a score of art galleries, and the music of as many musical societies. These, too, are a part of Chicago. It is these cultural interests that I purpose to exhibit. If Chicago has the biggest stock-yards in the world, it also has one of the greatest orchestras. If the former represents the commercial, the latter represents the higher life of the city. j n. THE PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND METHOD OF THIS STUDY. It is my purpose to bring together in a somewhat encyclopedic way the institutions and agencies in the city that are making for its intellectual, social, moral, aesthetic, and reUgious betterment. I hope by so doing to bring to the attention of those interested in this higher Ufe a somewhat comprehensive accovmt of the city's endowment of culture, to the end that they may become more conscious of the aggregated culture resources, and that the higher Ufe of the city may become conscious of itself. It will be at once evident that the comprehensiveness of the subject and the purpose of the study impose certain Umitations both as to subject-matter and method. It is impossible to include all the agencies that make both directly and indi- rectly, or both consciously and unconsciously, for this higher life, and I have therefore included only those that contribute the more directly, the more consciously, to that end. On this test, I have omitted the purely commercial clubs, but have included the civic clubs. I have omitted certain literary and social clubs whose objects are the higher life of their own individual members — purely mutual-benefit clubs — and have included others that have for their object the higher life of the commvmity as a whole, or of some considerable portion of it. Furthermore, the agencies that are included will be treated, as far as practicable, with special reference to their community or public interest. Another restriction should be mentioned. In so comprehensive a study those agencies in Chicago that have aspects common to the same agencies .4' INTRODUCTION ^l in other cities — e. g., the public schools and the churches — ^will receive but : , ^ brief, and chiefly statistical, treatment, while special features will receive. : more attention. No subject can be treated exhaustively. It is impossible -. to measure values absolutely in the things that make up the higher Ufe. !. . Representative facts and probable results are all that can be claimed for even the most statistical sections of the paper. It is, however, not details, - but a conspectus, that is to be presented. '> ... - ; f - The omission of the economic interests and the inclusion of the cultural interests do not commit the writer to any theory as to the comparative value of the two classes of phenomena. With the question of the relation of the economic to the cultural life of the people I am not concerned at present, except in a general way. To claim value for one agency should not be construed as denjdng value to another. Common-sense has no difficulty ' . in drawing the line between those agencies that are primarily economic and those that are primarily cultural. This same common-sense does not ^ hesitate to assume the inseparableness of the cultural and the economic, ," the higher Ufe and the material life. The common-sense view of the sepa- ration of the two classes of interests and of their relation of interdependence is the sufficient warrant for oiu: separation of them. One other explanation seems called for; that is, as to the meaning of . what I have called the "community-consciousness." I have in mind two ;, elements in this. The first can be illustrated by the folfowing points in the . city's history: When Chicago made the first tunnel under the lake, and laid a two-mile intake, it also laid a second one reaching farther out, but closed it up to be opened when the city should have become large enough to need it. In 1855 the city, seeing its future needs, decided to raise the level : of the city seven feet. When it had a population of only two himdred and fifty thousand, it planned a system of parks to accommodate one million people; and a Special Park Commission is now planning a system bf metropoUtan parks designed to accommodate a population of five milUon. • These things show provision for the future. Such provision is not for some ',- individual, not for some trade or industry, but for the community. The ■ planning for the future of the city as a whole is the first element in what I "= have called "community-consciousness." Closely associated with this ele- / ment, and included in it, is the planning for the present needs of the city. A second element is the co-operation manifested. In this sense, co- ' T (^eration is the measure of effective community-consciousness. An apt * : illustration of this latter element is the provision whereby each of the several . .; ^^ large hbraries in the city collects a special class of books, which, when Usted : with those of the other Hbraries, gives a large number of volumes in all the classes that the Ubrary pubUc demands. 14 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO Putting the two elements together, that of securing and planning for the present and future needs of the city, and that of co-operation among those agencies seeing these needs, we get the content of the term "group-" or "community-consciousness," as it is used in this study. This concep- tion of community-consciousness, the recognition of and co-operation in the interests of the community as a whole, will frequently be used in char- acterizing the work of the several institutions and forces treated below. in. THE city's equipment of playgrounds, parks, and boulevards. There are in the city sixty-three parks, containing 2,263 acres, and forty- eight miles of boulevards. In the tenement district, the river wards, there are only one municipal and five social-settlement playgrounds. In the entire city there are nine municipal playgrounds. Chicago is the second city in size in the United States, but the seventh in total park area, and the nineteenth in per-capita park area. The parks are for the most part too far from the laboring-man's home for him and his family to walk to them, and the street-car fare is too large for them to ride. One great problem of the city is to bring the playgroimds and parks to the people. There is, perhaps, no greater need in the interest of good health and morals than adequate provision for suitable playgrounds conveniently located and under the management of trained directors. For purposes of park administration the city is divided into four dis- tricts, each with its own park board. The South Park Board is planning fifteen new parks, each of which is to have a well-equipped natatorium. This same board has charge of the extension and improvement of Grant Park along the lake front, in which will probably be located the Field Columbian Museum and the John Crerar Library. . ^ 1 I A Special Park Commission, appointed by the mayor, has charge of planning a large system of inner and outer parks. This commission recom- mends the opening of a number of small parks and playgrounds in the more densely populated parts of the city. It has also outlined an extensive park system for parts of the city now outlying, anticipating the direction and amount of the city's growth. ' I Closely connected with the work for playgrounds and small parks is that of street-cleaning. Because of the limited taxing and bond-issuing powers of the city, its street-cleaning department is inadequate to its task. It is supplemented by about eighty-five voluntary improvement clubs. Each of these clubs works in its own locality, some of them spending ten thousand dollars annually. Several federations of these clubs have been formed, among which should be mentioned the Neighborhood Improvement mTRODUCTION n League of Cook Co., comprising about twelve neighborhood dubs, and the Federation of Improvement Clubs, comprising about fifty ward- improvement clubs. Other associations, working for the physical improve- ment of Chicago are the Architectural Club, the Woman's Auxiliary of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association, the American League for Civic Improvement, the Tree-Planting Society, and the Municipal Art League. This last has done much for small parks, and against ugly and obstructing sign-boards, and the smoke nuisance. Its chief work, how- ever, is for the aesthetic interests of the city. It will receive fuller treatment elsewhere. t M K M . 14 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO Putting the two elements together, that of securing and planning for the present and future needs of the city, and that of co-operation among those agencies seeing these needs, we get the content of the term "group-" or "community-consciousness," as it is used in this study. This concep- tion of community-consciousness, the recognition of and co-operation in the interests of the community as a whole, will frequently be used in char- acterizing the work of the several institutions and forces treated below. in. THE city's equipment of playgrounds, parks, and boulevards. There are in the city sixty-three parks, containing 2,263 acres, and forty- eight miles of boulevards. In the tenement district, the river wards, there are only one municipal and five social-settlement playgrounds. In the entire city there are nine municipal playgrounds. Chicago is the second city in size in the United States, but the seventh in total park area, and the nineteenth in per-capita park area. I The parks are for the most part too far from the laboring-man's home for him and his family to walk to them, and the street-car fare is too large for them to ride. One great problem of the city is to bring the playgrounds and parks to the people. There is, perhaps, no greater need in the interest of good health and morals than adequate provision for suitable playgrounds conveniently located and under the management of trained directors. For purposes of park administration the city is divided into four dis- tricts, each with its own park board. The South Park Board is planning fifteen new parks, each of which is to have a well-equipped natatorium. This same board has charge of the extension and improvement of Grant Park along the lake front, in which will probably be located the Field Columbian Museum and the John Crerar Library. I A Special Park Commission, appointed by the mayor, has charge of planning a large system of inner and outer parks. This commission recom- mends the opening of a number of small parks and playgrounds in the more densely populated parts of the city. It has also outhned an extensive park system for parts of the city now outlying, anticipating the direction and amount of the city's growth. i I Closely connected with the work for playgrounds and small parks is that of street-cleaning. Because of the limited taxing and bond-issuing powers of the city, its street-cleaning department is inadequate to its task. It is supplemented by about eighty-five voluntary improvement clubs. Each of these clubs works in its own locaUty, some of them spending ten thousand dollars annually. Several federations of these clubs have been formed, among which should be mentioned the Neighborhood Improvement ■\- ■ INTRODUCTION 1$ League of Cook Co., comprising about twelve neighborhood clubs, and the Federation of Improvement Clubs, comprising about fifty ward- improvement clubs. Other associations, working for the physical improve- ment of Chicago are the Architectural Club, the Woman's Auxiliary of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association, the American League for Civic Improvement, the Tree-Planting Society, and the Municipal Art League. This last has done much for small parks, and against ugly and obstructing sign-boards, and the smoke nuisance. Its chief work, how- ever, is for the aesthetic interests of the city. It will receive fuller treatment elsewhere. t t* '...'} PART I THE EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF CHICAGO .pq.m,jii iiMuuw-Pi , »iiw.ii fip!""PBW!"!»"?9!?^i5f" m' > '» ■ '". ^''■'■ppiPPiPW^^ ■ J.I. vfiii.'mv CHAPTER II. THE SCHOOLS. I. INTRODUCTION. Having indicated the limitations of the subject-matter to be treated, and the method and purpose of the study, I shall now present the agencies whose chief value is found in the educational life of the city. This section will be divided into three parts — the schools, the libraries, and the press. The first will be presented in a statistical statement, and then special or noteworthy features in connection with the schools will be discussed. The supreme effort of any state in the interest of order, progress, or righteousness should be the education of its youth. The laws of mental and physical development make it necessary that certain general requirements of subject-matter and method should be met. The experience of a hun- dred communities proves that the education of its young people cannot be left entirely to the home; for there it is often neglected, sometimes degraded, and many times incomplete. So well have the American communities learned this that compulsory attendance in a free public-school system is coming to have a moral sanction even apart from its legal enforcement. The state, acting on an eminent interest in its future citizens, exercises a regulating power over all private and parochial schools. There is no interest of the state more imperious and imperative than the making of good men and women out of its boys and girls. The city's effort in such heroic work contributes immeasurably to its higher life. The educational problem is a difficult one in Chicago. The rapid growth of the city as a whole; the xmequal growth of different sections of the city; the rapid changes in the population of some districts; the large number of foreigners clinging in a greater or less degree to their low ideals of education and standard of living, and to their traditions of child- employment; the large number of factories where boys and girls can enter as soon as able to work — all these, coupled with a severe economy in appropria- tions, make the problem of the public schools especially difficult. But the following facts will give some conception of the educational facilities as at present constituted, and furnish a basis for the discussion of certain special features and tendencies. n. STATISTICAL STATEMENT. The Board of Education of Chicago consists of twenty-one members, assisted by seven business officials. There are a general superintendent, S*-' 20 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO two assistant superintendents, fourteen district superintendents, a super- intendent of the parental school, a superintendent of compulsory educa- tion, and ten supervisors of special studies. 1 There are 327 public-school buildings, valued at $30,ooo,cxx>. The budget for the year ending June 30, 1903, was $8,737,153, of which $6,532,840 was spent for teaching, supplies, and special schools. There were in operation in the public schools in 1901-2, 89 kinder- gartens, with an enrolment of 8,835, ^^ average daily attendance of 4,093, and a teaching force of 178. In September, 1903, there were opened 118 public-school kindergartens,' with an estimated enrolment of 11,000; and 72 mission, social-settlement, and private kindergartens, with an estimated enrolment of 7,000. In the grades and high schools there were enrolled during the school year of 1902-3, 273,800 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 205,422. In private and parochial schools of the same grade, 88,448 students were enrolled.' For five months ending March 10, 1904, the Board of Education sup- ported 23 evening schools, with an average evening attendance of 8,128. In the summer of 1903, 6 vacation schools were opened for six weeks in public-school buildings. There were enrolled in these schools 4,555 children, with an average daily attendance of 2,704.3 Special departments in some of the public schools are maintained for deaf, blind, and crippled children, in which 312 children were enrolled. These public schools are supplemented by two private ones. I The Juvenile Court in the year 1903 paroled to the John Worthy School and the Parental School and to the probation officers 1,502 boys and 222 girls as delinquents, and 569 boys and 499 girls as dependents. There are in Chicago 5 theological schools,^ employing 64 professors and instructors, enrolling 644 students, and graduating 113; 5 law schools, with 158 professors and instructors, 869 students, and 195 graduates; 7 medical schools, with 430 professors and instructors, 2,694 students, and 618 graduates; 3 dental schools, with 83 professors and instructors, and 385 graduates; 3 pharmacy schools, with 30 professors and instructors, 364 students, and 100 graduates; and 23 training schools for nurses, in connec- tion with as many hospitals, having 641 students and 208 graduates. • Chicago Kindergarten Club Report, 1903-4. ■ Largely estimated. Report of the CommissioDer of Education, igoa. ' Chicago Sunday Tribune, March 30, 1904. * The statistics concerning the professional and technical schools and the church colleges are com- piled from the Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1902. M THE SCHOOLS 21 There are lo business colleges, with 89 teachers and 5,641 students; i school of technology, with 43 teachers and 1,347 students; 4 manual-training and industrial schools, with 86 teachers and 2,528 students; i normal school, with 65 teachers and 500 students; 7 kindergarten training schools, with more than 60 instructors and 225 pupils. There are 2 chiirch colleges, employing 38 professors and instructors, and enrolling 543 students. There is i large university, the University of Chicago, with a teaching force of 323 and a student body of 4,550.' -. ■ ■ '' ■ m. SPECIAL OR NOTEWORTHY FEATURES. \ The foregoing statistical statement presents the more or less permanent ■ endowment of educational interests in the city. It includes a brief state- ment of some institutions and developments that, because of some special \ ' or noteworthy features, require further treatment. ; I. The Department 0} Scientific Pedagogy andChild Study. — This depart- j ment was organized by the Board of Education in 1900. The phenomena of child-growth have been scientifically studied, and tabulations have pro- gressed far toward determining norms for height, sitting height, weight, endmrance, and vital capacity of both sexes between the ages of four and twenty years. The department has verified under scientific control the striking parallelism between physical growth and mental development that practical experience has been forcing upon the attention of teachers and physicians in recent years. It has emphasized, in the convincing way demanded by the scientific mind of today, the necessity of more careful classification of pupils through a wider range of differences; it has recom- mended greater elasticity of curriculum, larger combination of hand and brain development, and a more extensive use of audito-visual methods of teaching. - 1 / . :-'■':.'' The department declares that there is a correspondence between physical superiority and mental power, and a concomitance between physical inferiority and mental dullness. It has come to the conclusion that, with children, a high, symmetrical intellectual development is likely to be attained only where there is approach to physical perfection. It has called attention through systematic observation to the great importance of the period of puberty in the physical, intellectual, and moral life of the child. Because of the great physical, intellectual, and emotional activity of this period, the individual variations, both above and below the average, are most marked. It is at this age that the weak fall behind and the strong forge to the front. Because of this wide variation in pupils at this age, the curriculum for the corresponding years shovdd be very elastic. ' Those departments of Northwestern University that are not within the city are not included in the above statement. ■mr: •" T -iTi, ' ip.ii" . I iji^aiiia. W' aa THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO Others results from this department that indicate its further practical value may be mentioned. By testing the comparative hearing power of the right and left ears of a pupil, and the hearing power of different pupils, a better seating of the students in the room has been obtained, to the benefit of both teacher and pupil. The discovery of defects in the child has been made of value to child and parents through the advisory work of the department. It is believed that, if the findings of the department are put into effect with reference to the physical condition of the pupils, and a wider and more careful classification, especially of those not normal, is made, the result will be better work more easily done, and a lessening of truancy and the evils closely following upon it. The methods of the department are such as command the confidence of oflScers and teachers, and cannot but vindicate its work to the taxpayers. 2. Kindergartens. — The kindergarten movement in Chicago is a develop- ment worthy of special notice. For several years previous to 1899 kinder- gartens had been maintained in connection with the public schools of Chicago without legalized action. But in April, 1899, the Board of Educa- tion was authorized by a vote of the citizens of Chicago, to "establish, in connection with the public schools of Chicago, kindergartens for the instruction of children between the ages of four and six years." | According to the report of the superintendent of education for the school year ending June 30, 1902, there were in the pubUc schools 89 kin- dergartens, having an enrolment of 8,835 ^.nd an average daily attendance of 4,093, under the training of 178 teachers. In September, 1903, there were in the pubUc schools 118 kindergartens,^ with an estimated enrolment of 11,000. The superintendent of the city schools calls attention to the fact that as yet most of the pubUc-school kindergartens have been opened in communities where the need is not so great as it is in many others.* In the crowded non-English-speaking quarters the children go from their mothers' arms to the sidewalk, street, and alley. On such unwholesome playground the body is dwarfed, the intellect stunted, and the emotional life tempted astray. The kindergarten would help to keep these children from the street and give them wholesome conditions of growth, for body, mind, and soul. To save the child from those things that are bad and ugly and hurtful, and to those things that are good and beautiful and helpful, is part of the mission of the kindergarten. These little people of the street in the crowded foreign quarters would not only have more wholesome life for the tender years from four to six, but they would have learned at least as much of the EngUsh language as they now learn in the year from ' Yearbook of the Chicago Kindergarten Club, 1903-4. * The Report for 1902-3, just published, shows that 19 kindergartens have been opened in these iU-favored sections. THE SCHOOLS 23 six to seven, their first year in public school; and thus one year of schooling woiild be added to their course, cut all too short by the economic demands in their impoverished homes. The kindergarten would thus furnish these children with a better education, and better ideals and morals, and the dty with better citizens. Attention is also called to the fact that twice as many children could be acconunodated if the school buildings were opened for an afternoon session, with only a small increase in the cost of teaching.^ The pubUc-school kindergartens are supplemented by a large number of private ones. There were opened in September, 1903, 33 mission and settlement kindergartens,' and 39 other private ones, 72 in all, having an estimated enrolment of 7,000. Such a large place has been given the kindergartens in the public-school system, the need for them is so great, so many reliable voluntary associations and private individuals are maintaining them, and so effective are the seven kindergarten training schools, that the future of the movement seems seciure. Among the voluntary associations that foster the kindergartens the Chicago Kindergarten Club' shoiild be mentioned. The club was organized in 1883, and now has a membership of 142. Its members must be graduates from a training course of at least fifteen months, or of experi- ence accepted as equivalent, and are united for "mutual benefit and united effort toward a better xmderstanding of the true principles of education." The club has recently voiced co-operation and sympathy with the child- labor reform bill, and has contributed to the Chicago Orchestra Fund and the vacation schools. The presence of the large niunber of voluntary associations^ that are intelligently encouraging and supporting these private kindergartens is quite significant. Their aim, on the methodological side, is to make these kindergartens integral parts of the pubhc-school system; and, on the ideal side, the good of the child, the assistance and comfort of the home, and the betterment of the present and future of Chicago. In this connection should be mentioned the increased place given to commimity authority over the child during the years formerly considered reserved for home training alone. Kindergartens would extend public- school authority down to the fourth year of the child's life. Day nurseries, of which there are 13 in the city,^ accommodating from 300 to 400 httie ones per day, wovdd extend community care to still younger years. These ' Most of the kindergartens now have two sessions per day. • Ibid. 1 Mary L. Sheldon, president, 672 W. Adams street. * See Appendix, Table I, "Women's Clubs," and Table II, "Sodal Settlements." 5 See Appendix, Table III, "Charities." ^F»* I v*vw^^i|^n_^iiiiF .., 24 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO day nurseries are wholesome places where any child under school age may be kept during the hours when the mother must be gone from the home for work. They provide desirable playrooms, give wholesome food, and keep the children safe from the street. The mothers pay a small fee, usually 10 cents per day for one child, and 5 cents additional for each brother or sister. These charges save the families from the stigma of receiving charity, but are not sufl&cient to support the nurseries, which must, therefore, ask aid from the community.* j 3. Provision for defectives — blind, deaf, crippled. — The three classes of defective children indicated have long been differentiated from normal children. But in the light of the classifications formed by the child-study department, and the recommendations of other special students of child- growth and psychology, these three seem to be only the more evident classes of the other-than-normal children. AU kinds of variations from the normal child are receiving careful study, certain new classes are being defined, and the practical problem of special accommodations for them is engaging the mind of superintendent and school board. At one time it was considered to the profit of society to leave all children that were defective to die of exposure. At another time the good of society was believed to be conserved when such children were supported by the charity of the group. At present the opinion is that the best interests of the child and the rest of society are to be served only as the child becomes a self-supporting and self-respecting member of the community. Though formerly it was considered well to carry the child's burden, it seems far better at present to prevent the chUd's becoming a burden by making it able to support itself. By inteUigent appreciation of and ministering to the needs of bUnd, deaf, and crippled children, the community not only makes the child able to earn its own living, and enriches the joy of its life, but also elevates the moral tone of such members. [ Reasonable progress has been made in providing for defective children in the public schools of the city. There were maintained dxuing the school year ending June 30, 1902, in 13 different buildings, 23 classes for the deaf, with an enrolment of 192 and an average daily attendance of 148. In 3 public-school buildings there were 3 special- rooms where 21 bUnd children were taught. In 2 pubUc-school buildings were maintained as many schools for crippled children, with an enrolment of 99 and a teaching force of 4. As in the case of the kindergarten, so in the case of public schools for defectives, we find some supplementary schools" and voluntary societies. •See Appendix, Table I, "Women's Clubs," and Table II, "Sodal Settlements." • See also "Vacation Schools," p. 30. THE SCHOOLS 2$ There are 2 homes^ for deaf children. The work for the deaf has been greatly assisted by the Little Deaf Child's League* in contributing money and molding public opinion. There is also one private school for crippled children that accommodates 40 persons. 4. Provision jar morally imperiled and delinquent children — the John Worthy School, the Parental School, and the Juvenile Court.^ — The John Worthy School* is intended for boys who may Uve in any part of the city. They are admitted on certificate of certain quaUfications and enrolled for various lengths of time. The school work is of an elementary grade, con- sisting of "simple industrial work along the lines of invential construc- tion, basketry, elementary designing, and clay-modeUng." Fully equipped printing and shoe departments have been introduced. The school is aflSli- ated with the Juvenile Court, and in the first three years of the latter's operation enrolled on its certificate 2,000 boys, of whom 16 per cent, failed in the final test and had to take the course again. The superior quality of the educational advantages and methods of this school are evident when it is remembered that for corresponding institutions in which the educational features are not so strongly emphasized from 40 to 50 per cent, fail and have to take the work over again. The Parental School^ is intended for another class of boys who have found the usual public school unattractive or uncongenial, and, having come under the observation of those especially charged with the educa- tional interests and good morals of the city's future citizens, are prevailed upon to attend the new Parental School opened in January, 1902. The work in this school is especially designed to overcome the dislikes con- tracted by the boys for the usual pubhc school and its studies, and closely resembles that of the John Worthy School. In connection with the Pa- rental School, however, there is a farm of 50 acres, offering exceptional advantages in out-of-door occupations. Thus far an average term of four months of this interesting work, together with the ideals and ambitions encouraged, has so interested the boys that they have returned to their respective local schools with an interest that keeps them in attendance. Of the 90 boys excused to go to their own neighborhood schools during the first six months of the school's operation, only 6 lost their interest and returned to the Parental School for its renewal. ' Appendix, Table III, "Charities." ' Mrs. L. D. Doty, president, 6030 Kimbark avenue. 3 The writer conceives these institutions chiefly as schools. The terminology will therefore be that of schools as far as practicable. 4 John J. Sloan, superintendent, S. California avenue and W. Twenty-sixth street. i Thomas McQueary, superintendent, W. Burwin street and St. Louis avenue. ?. ' ;,f.'».'Ji'P)m"l.^. ^'-'n^^t-"?»"-?«^^»^'«^!W«1fWm^W!7^»»»)W^ —"^IIUW wfpwr- 26 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO A striking feature in both these schools is the preponderant amount of manual-training work. j A third very promising school for restraining and reclaiming from the evil of ignorance, low ideals, and vitiating associations is what, in the terminology of the sphere in which it originated, is called the Juvenile Court. The name as well as the conception of this school comes from the legal profession, which, in its administrations, saw the sad results of neglected education on the part of so many yoimg people, especially in great cities. This institution is designed especially in the interest of any child who for any reason is destitute, or homeless, or abandoned; or depend- ent upon the public for support; or has not proper parental care or guardianship; or who habitually begs or receives alms; .... or whose home, by reason of neglect, cruelty, or depravity on the part of its parents, guardian, or other person in whose charge it may be, is an unfit place for such a child; and any child imder the age of ten years who is fovmd begging, peddling, or selling any article, or singing or playing any musical instrument upon the streets, or giving any public entertainment, or who accompanies or is used in aid of any person so doing; also, any child under the age of sixteen who violates any law of this state, or ordinance of any city or village; or who is incorrigible; or who knowingly associates with thieves, vicious or immoral persons; or who is growing up in idleness or crime. The supervisor of this school is, in Illinois, one of the judges of the Circuit Court, and combines in himself the duties of judge, superintendent, and parent. He has under him i chief supervisor and 17 assistants, each of whom has charge of a district, and whose duties are to visit in their homes and schools the children who are assigned to them by the super- intendent. There are a large number of other workers, some of whom give all their time to the work of the school, while others give occasional assistance. If in the opinion of the superintendent the child shovdd not remain in its home, it is sent to one of the special schools mentioned above, to some other approved public or private school, or to some approved private home under the supervision of an assistant superintendent. This school acts upon the fundamental principle that the child's envi- ronment and physical condition are inseparably bound up with his char- acter. It is the legalized embodiment of the old adage that an oimce of prevention is worth a pound of cure; it takes under its training the child who is likely to become dependent or delinquent without waiting for the evil bent to run its course. The institution was organized in Chicago in July, 1899.^ In the year 1903 this school had under its management " Juvenile Court laws have been passed in sixteen states of the Union: Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Indiana, Missouri, Maryland, Colorado, Washington, District of Columbia, Kansas, California, Conneaicut, Minnesota, Louisiana, and Ohio. «^ ^wj^iv'H I. . i;iPS«.w'«.V*.'- ^ ■*'!Wi' ' ' •'■I'V'-.IJ^- WW «. ■■P'P^lJ THE SCHOOLS *7 1,586 boys and 231 girls belonging to Class B, called in legal terms "delin- quents;" and 606 boys and 519 girls belonging to Class A, called in legal terms "dependents." In addition to the superintendent and his chief assistant, there are 17 district officers, each having one or more helpers, making in all 41 workers. These oflScers are appointed by the Circuit Court, but, with certain excep- tions, no provision has been made by the state for their pay. Here is an • opportunity that several voluntary associations' have seized, and they are supporting these officers. Nineteen such are supported by private organizations, clubs, settlements, and churches. 5. Use oj public-school buildings }or evening schools, lectures and entertainments, and jar vacation schools. — Another noteworthy develop- . ment in the school system of the city is the larger use of the public-school buildings after school hours and during vacation months. The evening . use of the buildings has taken the form of free schools and free courses of lectures and entertainments. The summer use of the school buildings is commonly known as the "vacation schools." Three main causes have vmited to bring about the opening of the school buildings after the regular school hovurs. The first was the conviction, which has taken hold of many, that the large amount of untaxed property represented by the school buildings, ground, and apparatus was not being used in anything like the degree in which the successful business man uses his property. The argument took this form: either tax the property or put it to larger use. The second was the increasing demand for the privi- leges of free schools for those industrially less favored boys and girls who have been compelled to leave school for the shop. This ambitious army was reinforced by a large number of adult foreigners seeking the oppor- tunity to learn the English language and enough of the rudiments of an education to make themselves of higher economic eflSciency. The sad results of the lack of this educational equipment on the part of both these classes were all too apparent to intelligent observers. The third factor also arose from the side of need. In many neighborhoods there are no public halls or places of assembly, except those the influence from which is evil. Where can the young people and the fathers and mothers of such neighborhoods find a place of meeting under wholesome influences? Is there no place where the youth of these ill-favored quarters can go for helpful and proper association ? It is beUeved by many that these ques- tions can be answered by opening the schoolhouses for evening lectures, concerts, and social gatherings. « Appendix, Table I, "Women's Clubs." ' . 28 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO These three demands — larger use of the money invested, need of even- ing classes for those unable to attend day schools, and the lack of whole- come social centers — have been chiefly responsible for the opening of the schoolhouse in the evening. This line of social extension has taken form first in the free evening schools of the city. There were supported by the Board of Education for five months next preceding March lo, 1904, 23 evening schools,' in which were enrolled over 10,000 pupils. Of these about 70 per cent, were foreign-bom or native-bom of foreign parents. In 7 schools alone there were enrolled 6,140 students of foreign birth or of the first generation removed, representing about 40 nationaUties. The demand for the work was so great that in a few weeks after the evening schools opened the board increased the appropriation from $90,000 to $110,000. The cosmopolitanism and wide variety of needs make these schools a difficult problem. The earnestness with which the students work is the first guarantee of success, and the practical nature of the instmction insures sustained interest. Besides the work in English and the regular elementary- school subjects, there are classes in stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, manual training, sewing, cooking, industrial drawing, chemistry, physics, physical culture, French, German, and other high-school subjects. | A part of the increased use of the pubUc-school property is the opening of some of the buildings for free lectures, entertainments, lyceums, and social evenings. The social-settlement idea is becoming contagious, until, with the encouragement of public-spirited individuals and clubs, the people are asking that the schoolhouse be made the social as well as the educational center of the neighborhood. The Chicago "Daily News" Free Lecture Course' is a continuation of the work undertaken and carried on in a systematic manner by the Chicago Daily Record for several years. In the winters of 1902 and 1903 the Daily News furnished 216 lectures in 15 different school buildings. During the year of 1903-4 there were given 216 lectxures in 15 different centers, with a total attendance of about 120,000. The Merchants' Club,^ in co-operation with the Board of Education, supported the following program of classes and meetings in the John Spry School during the winter of 1902-3 ; a musical and operatic society, a literary and dramatic society, an art society, a men's club for discussion and neigh- borhood improvement, a women's club for study and assistance in the other lines of work carried on in the school, a Bohemian mothers' council, two ■ The Chicago Sunday Tribune, March so, 1904. ' The Chicago Daily News, Free Lecture Department, 133 Fifth avenue. > P. 53. V THE SCHOOLS 99 food-study and cooking classes, two sewing and dressmaking clubs, a manual-expression club, three boys' clubs, and a class in printing and stenography. In another center, the Washington School, the Merchants' Club, the West End Woman's Club,' and the Board of Education co-operated in the following interests in the winter of 1902-3: a reading-room for boys and girls, with an average evening attendance of 40; stereopticon lectures once a week to the night-school pupils, and once or twice a week to parents and others, with an attendance reaching 600; a mothers' club, with an average attendance of 30. The West End Woman's Club furnished fourteen t)q>e- writing machines for the day and evening pupils, and machines for the sewing school. The Merchants' Club inaugurated a cooking school, the Board of Education supplying the teacher, with an average evening attend- ance of 25 ; the same club also supported a choral society, under the direction of one of the public-school supervisors of music, with an average evening attendance of 100. Classes in construction work, and in iron- and wood- work, were supplied with teachers by the Board of Education, the material being furnished by the Merchants' Club. " The Merchants' Club also supported a course of free lectures and entertainments at the O'Toole School in the winters of 1902 and 1903. Each course consisted of twelve numbers. The average attendance for the season of 1903 was 300. The club also supported for ten weeks cooking and sewing classes, having an enrolment of 100 and a waiting list equally large. "In the Ghetto district, under the leadership of prominent citizens, the residents of the Henry Booth Settlement,* and the principals of the schools, there was formed in the winter of 1903 a People's Educational League that met weekly in one or the other of the school halls." The character of the meetings was popular and educational, home talent being used almost entirely. Norwegian peasant dances, Armenian singers, and Russian folk-songs made these evenings so attractive to the citizens of the community that half of those who came covdd not be admitted for lack of room. School clubs and parents^ organizations have been formed in connection ^ with fourteen of the public schools, chiefly in Englewood. The members are divided into committees such as those on kindergartens, manual train- ing, domestic science, school decoration, and buildings and grounds, working for the several objects indicated by their names. Of these committees ' those on manual training and domestic science have perhaps accomplished most. Much has been done in the way of school extension by several of the principals in their respective schools. ' Appendix, Table I, "Women's Clubs." » Appendix, Table II, "Sodal Settlements." 30 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO Vacation schools. — To the child in the crowded parts of the city, vacation does not mean grass and trees; hills and streams; strawberries, cherries, and apples; flowers, garden, and vineyard; plowing, sowing, and harvest; but long hours on busy, bare streets, on alleys lined by unsighdy garbage cans, truancy from home, stolen rides and stolen fruit. To such a child the close of school is a time of peril. He fares more ill than in the whole- some days when school is in session. As there are those who seek to better the conditions of these less-favored children through statutory regulation of conditions of employment and of sanitation, so there are those who seek to help them by furnishing their minds with higher ideals and nobler purposes — a development from within. Among these are the supporters of the vacation schools. Long observation of these children has discovered that they are lacking in appreciation of the beauty of nature and of the cleanliness of self and surroundings; that they have no development of manual power or of constructive genius. Obser- vation has also shown that the instinct of beauty and of workmanship only needs the opportunity of gratification and cultivation. It is especially to supply these two needs that the vacation school has labored. The first vacation school was opened in the summer of 1896, under the maintenance of the Civic Federation of Chicago.' To this another was added in the next summer. In the following year the chairman of the Civic Federation asked the Chicago Woman's Club' to take the initiative and form a committee of delegates from all the clubs that cared to take part in carrying on the work of the vacation schools and in securing their adoption as a part of the pubhc-school system. As a result, the Vacation School and Playground Committee was formed. This com- mittee raised $9,000, and with an appropriation of $1,000 from the school board conducted six playgrounds and five schools, accommodating 400 pupils each. In 1899, under the initiative of the Chicago Woman's Club, 50 clubs, represented by 212 delegates and alternates, formed the Chicago Permanent Vacation School and Playground Committee of Women's Clubs.' The work has steadily increased, and the co-operation of the school board in appropriation and good-will has continued. Two social-settlement playgrounds have been assisted. In the summer of 1902, 75 clubs were represented on the committee, $8,243 was received for the work, 5 schools were open for six weeks, and 4,555 children were enrolled, with an average daily attendance of 2,704. The departments for defective children are a noteworthy feature of the > p. so. » Appendix, Table I, "Women's Clubs." 3 Mrs. Gertrude Blackwelder, Morgan Park. THE SCHOOLS V 31 vacation schools. Thirty-five crippled children were hauled to and from the schools, and given suitable instruction and delightful entertainment, for six weeks, at a total cost of $255.* After the regular session closed, friends furnished them three weeks of deUghtful outing. There were enrolled also 30 children who were deaf or bUnd, at a total cost of $303. The effort is not merely to entertain these unfortimate children, but to entertain them for a purpose. The normal powers of the otherwise defec- tive child are so easily smothered in the ill-favored homes and haunts of the crowded quarters. These sliunbering powers the vacation school seeks to arouse and develop, some for their cultiural, others for their economic, value; all for the pvirpose of making a self-supporting, self-respecting, and appreciative member of the community. While there is variety in the subjects taught and adaptation of methods used, the subjects can be conveniently grouped as manual training and house- hold art, and the methods may be summed up as hand-eye methods and nature-study. Boys are encouraged to make articles that will be useful at home or in games; the girls are taught sewing, cooking, and millinery. All are given physical training, art instruction, and music. There has been no lack of interest, and twice as many apply for enrol- ment as can be admitted. The teachers not only come in touch with the children, but to some degree also get acquainted with the parents through special exercises for them, through mothers' classes and friendly visits. The Chicago Flower Mission' has added inmieasurably to the enjoyment and aesthetic life of the vacation-school children by the abundance of flowers it has sent to the rooms and thence to the homes.3 6. Another tendency in the schools of Chicago worthy of note is the increasingly large place given to manual training, household arts, and com- mercial studies. This increase has not been confined to the high schools, but has been extended in some degree to the grades. In the year 1902-3 there were maintained 135 manual- training centers,^ employing 34 teachers and enrolling 15,573 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 15,280. The total cost of maintenance was $55,000. In this same year there were maintained also 28 household-art centers, employing 30 teachers and enrolling 6,953 pupils in cooking, and 7,840 in sewing. The total cost of maintenance was $29,150. These figures show an average gain of about one-fourteenth in manual training and about one-ninth in domestic science I Summer of 1903. * Mrs. Frederic Dickinson, president, 26 Bryant avenue. ' In the Appendix in the table of "Women's Clubs" will be found a column showing which of them assist the vacation schoob. * Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Board of Education, p. 65. i.^l'mi'fmi^ '•> •'.•.f", j^"';i»»p^j»i^i»»^^B- ^. <'.m y,««if» 32 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO over the work done in the year next preceding. The Board of Education has recently decided to build a $500,000 commercial high school. | Three things seem to conspire to cause this tendency toward manual training, household art, and commercial studies; the increasing realization that the public schools fiunish to the majority of young people their only school days; the demand of method for activity in learning, or of hand and brain co-ordination; and the increasing claims of the spirit of industrialism. A review of both the general and special features of the public-school system and their supplementary agencies' leaves the following points most prominent: Changed economic and social conditions and ideals have brought about a change in the curriculum, in the hours of free instruction, and in the social uses of the public-school buildings; the kindergarten and day nursery are a part of the same movement by which home industries and instruction have been taken over to the factory and the school, and by which the mother has been taken out from the home for her occupation; the large r61e played by private associations in initiating school extension and supplementing the public schools is noteworthy, while the appreciation of the enlarged opportunities by those classes that create the need is most gratifying. All these are phenomena of growth, and suggest the essential unity of the economic, educational, and social interest of the community. Two institutions should have special mention as parts of the educational endowment of the city, as represented by the schools: the Field Columbian Museum, as supplementary to the public-school and college work, and the University of Chicago, as complementary to these same institutions. | 7. The Field Columbian Museum. — This museum, located in Jackson Park, is a product of the World's Columbian Exposition. The collections are housed in the Art Gallery of the "White City," and were secured by gift and purchase through the foresight, plan, and endowment of a group of members of the exposition management. Many exhibits of the fair were thus secured to the museum. The building was formally opened to the public Jvme 2, 1894. The museum is open free at all times to school children in actual attend- ance upon any of the public schools, and to students and teachers of all the universities, colleges, and seminaries of the country. While striving to serve these special classes, the museum is designed to elevate and educate all. It is open free to the public on Saturday and Sunday. There are three separate functions of the museum: an exhibition of mate- rial, the publication of a series of scientific bulletins, and the offering of " The class work of the settlements should be considered in the supplementary agencies. It will be presented in connection with the settlements (see pp. 6i ff.). Another important supplementary work is that of the Young Men's Christian Association (see pp. 109 S.). THE SCHOOLS ~ 33 courses of lectures. The material is separated into two grand divisions by an imaginary line running north and south through the center of the dome, the works of man occupying the east half of the building, and the works of nature the west half. The subjects are grouped under the departments of anthropology, botany, geology, ornithology, and zoology, and embrace collections valued at $3,000,000. In economic botany, North American ethnology, and economic geology the museum is especially rich. Two courses of nine lectures each are regularly given on popular scientific subjects by members of the museum staff and visiting specialists. About sixteen expeditions are made each year to the chief research fields of North America in the interest of all the departments of the museum. The library of the museum contains about 30,000 books and pamphlets, and receives currently about 154 periodicals. - A department of printing and photography has proved of great value to the institution in the prepara- tion of labels, negatives, slides, prints, and enlargements. The total attend- ance at the museum during the year ending September 30, 1902, was 263,000, of which 23,000 were paid admissions. The large increase of 14,000 admis- sions over those of the preceding year, including an increase of 2,500 in the paid admissions, and the increase of 650 students and teachers, show, in the opinion of the director of the museum, a remarkable growth in the popu- larity of the museum.' It has been the observation of the director that there is a marked increase in the use of the museum by the public schools, the colleges, and the universities of Chicago and vicinity. 8. The University of Chicago. — The growth of the University of Chicago has been remarkable. The doors of the university were opened October i, 1892. In twelve years the property and endowment have increased from 4 buildings, a few bare city blocks, and some securities, all valued at about $3,000,000, to 31 buildings, 140 acres of land, 65 of which surround the original campus, and securities — in all, more than $17,000,000. During the first year about 900 students matriculated in the several departments of the university, exclusive of the Extension Division. In the year closing June 30, 1904, there were enrolled 4,580 students. Four things stand out as characteristic causes and results of this growth : large, constructing, analyz- ing forethought; generous, opportune, reliable financial aid; the coming and development of teachers, writers, and investigators who are authorities in their respective fields; the cosmopolitan character of the students, and a university grade and method of work. The division of the year into quarters of approximately twelve weeks each is a departure from the conventional plan. The university is in session ■ The decrease of 1,000 in the free attendance of school children on pay days was probably caused by inclement weather, according to the report of the director. 34 THE EQGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO with the regxilar corps of teachers and courses throughout the four quarters. Thus the siunmer quarter of the University of Chicago is not like the .1 usual summer school, but is a regular session of the university. The sum- 1 mer quarter takes on special characteristics owing to the presence of large J. numbers of teachers from public schools, academies, and colleges, and of l> many professors from other American and foreign universities who offer courses during the quarter. ) From its beginning, the university has maintained a department of extension work. This is divided into two parts, the Lecture-Study Depart- ment and the Correspondence-Study Department. The average number of persons attending the extension lectures for each year of the decade closing 1902 was about 30,000, while 1,534 different courses were offered, and 715 traveling libraries, comprising 25,000 volumes, were sent to the several lectvure centers. In the Correspondence-Study Department, during the first decade, about 3,000 different students have registered; of these, 1,715 have matriculated in the university through this department. The University of Chicago is the second institution in America to provide a course of training from the kindergarten to the degree of doctor of philoso- phy. Within this scope comes the School of Education, founded by the consolidation of the Chicago Institute with the university. It comprises the College of Education, the University High School, and the University Elementary School. I The College of Education offers courses which deal, from the point of view of pedagogy, with the problems arising in elementary and secondary education; courses which are designed for the training of teachers and supervisors in elementary, secondary, and normal schools, and for the preparation of kindergartners and other specialists in educational work. It aims to develop educational theory and to illustrate in practice educational principles. Its curriculum embraces the pedagogical presentation of all subjects taught in the kinds of schools last mentioned above, as well as psychology and the history of education. The enrolment of different students in the College of Education for the year ending June 30, 1904, was 563. ■ ' I The work of the University High School and the University Elementary School is such as their names indicate, and prepares the students for col- lege and university admission. They are laboratory and practice depart- ments in the School of Education. The university has one of the largest graduate schools in the United States. From the founding of the university great emphasis has been given to the graduate schools. At present two are organized — the Graduate i THE SCHOOLS 35 School of Arts and Literature and the Ogden (Graduate) School of Science. In these schools are offered about 700 courses, distributed among 28 departments. The enrolment in the graduate schools for the school year 1903-4 was distributed as follows: 20 doctors of philosophy pursuing special courses, 72 men and 36 women who had been admitted to candidacy for higher degrees, and 552 men and 330 women who had not yet been admitted to candidacy; making a total of 1,010 students. The General Library of the university is housed temporarily in the Press Building. Here are located 262,488 of the 367,442 volumes com- prising the Ubrary collections. The other volimies, together with the greater part of the 1,287 periodicals currently received, are kept in the several departmental libraries located in the different buildings convenient to the lecture- and seminar-rooms of their respective departments. The libraries are designed especially for members of the faculties and students, and are such as would be used by them in reference and research work. Another special feature of the university is the division of the usual four-year coxirse into two parts — the Junior College, comprising the freshman and sophomore years, and the Senior College, comprising the junior and senior years. The title of "associate" is given to the persons completing the Junior College. The division is based upon the well-recognized change in the attitude and habit of the student taking place approximately with the beginning of the third year of college study, and the generally adopted plan of allowing a wide range of electives at this same stage of college work. It is closely joined with a further distinguishing feature of the university — that of afl&liated schools and colleges. This afliliation is of two sorts for high schools and academies: those which have been found by the University of Chicago to be of high grade, but which derive their support from public funds, are called '"co-operating schools;" while academies that have voluntarily placed themselves under the advisory direction of the univer- sity as to facilities, curriculum, and educational methods are called "affli- ated schools." There are also aflSliated colleges that have definite arrange- ments of co-operation with the university. The Junior College and the group of affiliated schools are part of a plan for the development of a real university center, with its preparatory schools, in the hope of increasing the efficiency of both college and university grades of work, and of assisting in the solution of the problems of the small college. The University of Chicago Press was organized with the university. It is divided into a manufacturing, a publishing, and a retail department. The manufacturing department is equipped to do all kinds of printing and .1 - . I . iiMi«!iPin«NV«)*i^"(nv« T w^ 36 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO book -making, with special attention to the execution of academic work, including theses, and the reports of educational bodies and learned societies.' | The purchase and retail department purchases library books and laboratory supplies for the university, and stationery and ofl&ce supplies for the depart- ments, and carries on a retail book and stationery trade. The publication department published 56 different books and pamphlets during the year 1903-4, and 289 in all since 1892. It publishes regularly twelve journals or periodicals in addition to the university calendars, bulletins, registers, and reports. Among the most noteworthy recent books published are the "Decennial Publications" of the university. These comprise two series of books, published by the authority of the university, and at a cost of about $60,000, upon the completion of its first decade of history. The first series consists of two quarto volumes of official reports, and eight quarto volumes of results of investigations and research by the several departments of the university. The second series consists of eighteen octavo volumes of similar research, systematic treatises, and unpublished documents. Other noteworthy recent publications are The Code of Hammurabi, edited by Professor Robert Harper, of the university, and A History 0} Matrimonial Institutions, by George Elliott Howard, professorial lecturer in history in the university. The University Press has also entered extensively into the field of religious education, to which its most noteworthy contributions are the " Constructive Bible Studies," under the general editorial direction of President William R. Harper and Professor Ernest D. Burton. » The University oj Chicago, a sketch by Nott Flint (University of Chicago Press, 1904, for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis). CHAPTER III. THE LIBRARIES AND THE PRESS. I. LIBRARIES. 1. Introduction. — The public schools and the supplementary agencies already mentioned constitute the first great endowment of educational interests of the city. There is, however, a second very important educa- tional force represented in the Ubraries. Such institutions minister to the aesthetic and moral life, but for the purpose of this study their educational value shall determine their classification. Libraries supplement and complement the pubUc schools, colleges, universities, and seminaries. They furnish the opportunity for gratifying the taste for Uterature and books that these institutions develop. They are valuable aids in investigation and research. They furnish a large store whence those whose schooling has been foreshortened by industrial demands draw large supplies. A library is a palace of the people. Here is their armament; for the struggles of the future will not be determined by the sword and flaming torch, but by knowledge, education, and the ballot.' 2. The Chicago Public Library. — The city is provided with 4 large libraries and many smaller ones. Chief among the greater ones is the Chicago Public Library. The fire of 187 1 destroyed nearly all the libraries in the city. A consignment of books from England, collected by Thomas Hughes, the author of Tom Brown's School Days, formed no small part of its first collections after the fire. But the library had no permanent home until 1897. The ground for a new building was broken July 27, 1892, and the comer-stone was laid Thanksgiving Day, 1893. On Monday, October II, 1897, the Ubrary in all its departments was thrown open to the public. The entire cost of the building, equipment, and furniture was about $2,125,- 000. It is a magnificent structure, "no sham, genuine and honest." Its walls and panels of granite and marble, the result of six years of earnest toil and thought, are the fit home for the soul of a great past imparting intelUgence and experience to the living. The accompanying table' will show the history of the library since the opening of the new building: ' Thornton, address at the opening of the Chicago Public Library. > Compiled from the report of the librarian. 37 : . !^.:, .'"iWfJPWi" """ •v^'?"TV".""^""-?AJ".'."^"' "ii,|R '.• »npj«imBpnpw!^»w5^f!»W' 38 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO 5 CmcuLATDJG Department | s g H >< Growth EN Volumes Registration Totals for General Library and De- livery Stations Delivery Stations Vol- umes Acces- sions At Gen. Library At Del. Stations Total Entire Circulat'n Daily Average Volumes % of Total Circ. No. of Stats. Cost V^. 1898 1899 1900 IQOI 1902 1903 235.38s 350,011 258,498 273,376 279.686 285.087 18,456 20,184 12,911 21,854 15,609 9,110 18,672 16,066 16,838 16,091 14,665 14.571 21.935 23.330 23.371 24.316 26,34s 16,472 40,607 39.396 40,209 40,407 41,910 31.043 1,346,131 1,690,904 1.749.775 1.772.741 1,701,540 1,165,588 4,620 5. 53 1 5.769 5313 5.577 3.872 744.995 1,069,031 1.143.391 1,164 320 1,123,406 622,973 6^ 65 66 66 54 59 57 60 ^s 67 68 $2.35 3. II 1.70 1-55 1.79 1.66 Reference Department Reasing-Rooms I m ^ II 2:8 11 la o o J u o a. V Closed six months. * Report of the librarian for the year ending May 31, 1903. THE LIBRARIES AND THE PRESS 39- There are two art-rooms on the fifth floor in which is a collection of books on fine art, the more rare and costly books of the library, and the elaborately illustrated works that are not circulated. There is also a grow- ing collection of books for the blind. Some interesting items are developed by a study of the classes of books in circulation from the Ubrary. The average percentage of the total circulation during the six years from 1898 to 1903 inclusive was as follows: EngUsh prose fiction, 44.5 per cent, of the total, which class showed a steady gain throughout the six years; juvenile literature, 27.4 per cent. — a steady increase up to and including 1902; history and biography, 6.46 per cent. — a gradual decrease to and including 1902 ; geography and travels, 3.45 per cent. — a gradual decrease throughout the whole period; science and arts, 6.02 per cent. — a decrease to and including 1901; poetry and drama, 1.82 per cent. — a steady decrease throughout the six years; mis- cellaneous, 2.61 per cent.; foreign languages, 7.71 per cent. An offer to erect a branch library at the intersection of Forty-ninth street, and Lake and Washington avenues, was made the city in 1901 and accepted by the Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library. The library, called the T. B. Blackstone Memorial Branch Library, is being built in Grecian Ionic architecture, of white granite on the outside and ItaUan marble on the inside. There will be reading- and reference- rooms, a room for yoimg people, a circulating room, and a shelving capacity of 25,000 books. Two incidents in connection with the delivery of books from the Chicago Public Library are significant and suggest greater possibilities. A delivery station has been in operation for a number of years at the Gad's Hill Social Settlement in the neighborhood of the McCormick factories. The local librarian, who is a resident of the settlement, goes every week to the offices of the factory and receives calls for books from the laborers employed, and also collects the books to be retiuned. This is literally taking the books to the people where the people do not come to the books. This factory circulation reached 1,500 volumes during the year 1903, which was two- thirds of the total circulation for that delivery station. A second incident is the opening of a special delivery in the establishment of Sears, Roebuck & Co., by means of which the books are taken directly to the men in the shops. The delivery is from the PubUc Library, but the proprietors superintend the collection and distribution, and furnish a wagon for hauling the books. This is another method of taking the books to the men that has resulted in a large increase in the use of books by the employees. It is a practical sug- gestion to other employers. V'.t, .i,liUi».J i«iii,.. "^yT^^fif^f^ ■Wi'iminf" • fmtMiwfD^H.. . .1 llUiajp^fpq^Plpif^ I I L.li lUWIIHUIPfil 40 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO .JlWf' 3. 7"^e /oA» Crerar Library. — The endowment of this library was made in the will of John Crerar. In December, 1901, it was estimated to be $3,400,000. The library was incorporated October 12, 1894, and opened to the public April i, 1897. The first act of the directors after organization was to reserve the entire endowment for the support of the library, and to decide that a fund for the purchase of land and books, and for the erection of a building, should be created from the income. In 1903 this income had provided a building fund of $457,084 and a book fund of $184,048. The second act of the directors was to determine the character and scope of the library. After careful study of the libraries of the city, and conferences among the trustees of the larger ones, the special field of the John Crerar Library was defined as that of the natural, physical, and social sciences, and their applications. It is the purpose of the directors to develop the library as sjrmmetrically as possible within these limits, and to make it exceptionally rVch in files of scientific and technical periodicals, both American and foreign.' It is a non-circulating scientific library, with a staff of 35. ' Temporary quarters were secured in the Marshall Field & Co. Build- ing consisting of a reading-room, accommodating nearly 100 readers and shelving 3,000 volumes, a periodical alcove, two stackrooms, and adminis- tration rooms. It is thought that the law entitled "An act concerning free public libraries in public parks," approved by the governor May 14, 1903, will enable the trustees of the John Crerar Library to build a permanent home for the library in Grant Park, along the lake front. | The total accessions to the library during the year 1902 were 13,000 books, making a total collection of 89,219 volumes. The library receives 1,654 periodicals currently and 4,644 other serials. In 1902, 66,512 visitors were recorded — a daily average of 213, and an increase of 11,684, or 22 per cent, over 1901; 39,606 calls for books, and 12,250 for periodi- cals — an increase of 9,922 in all, or 23 per cent.; 1,167 readers were admitted to the stacks — an increase of 121, or 12 per cent. As in previous years the rate of increase in the calls for books and periodicals is practically constant, but the admissions to the stacks show decided variations. The purchase of the Ely collection should have the effect of increasing the scholarly use of the library in the department of social sciences. The accompanying table* will show the recorded use of the library for the years 1898 to 1902 inclusive, arranged according to five classes of subjects: ' Report of the librarian, igo2. ' Compiled from the reports of the librarian. , * "Vf^rmftff^arwwHIW^ THE LIBRARIES AND THE PRESS 41 RECORDED USE OF THE JOHN CRERAR LIBRARY, 1898-1902. Subject 1898 1899 1900 Books Periodi- cals Stack Books Periodl- rals Stack Books Periodi- cals Stack General works. . . . Social sciences Physical sciences. . Natural sciences . . Applied sciences . . 2,792 2,208 2,705 1,622 6,040 2,565 1,153 363 148 2,984 55 105 109 167 220 3,707 2,760 3,373 1,679 7,371 2,443 1,288 379 125 3,778 130 133 306 190 258 4,86s 3,568 3,833 2,251 9,478 2,605 1,616 579 114 3,753 122 139 208 260 290 Total 15,367 7,213 656 18,890 8,013 1,017 23,995 8,667 1,019 Subject 1901 1902 Books Periodi- cals Stack Books Periodi- cals Stack General works Social sciences Physical sciences Natural sciences. . . . Applied sciences 6,812 4,761 5,455 2,768 12,397 3,159 1,460 741 174 4,207 107 97 199 292 351 8,461 6,286 6,157 3,694 15,008 4,399 1.590 576 177 5,508 ICXD 120 255 235 457 Total 32,193 9,741 1,046 39,606 12,250 1,167 An analysis of the use of the library during the year 1902 contains some items of interest. With seven exceptions, every subject shows an increase in the number of calls, though, as in previous years, the increases are by no means in imiform proportion. The calls for landscape gardening, industrial art, and photography have more than doubled, and those for political economy, astronomy, and agriculture have increased more than one-half. On the other hand, calls for philosophy and logic have diminished more than one-half, and those for bibliography and mathe- matics about one-fifth.' The library keeps on file a copy of its printed card catalogue in the fol- lowing institutions: Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago Public Library, Field Columbian Museum, Library of Congress, Northvpestem University, University of Chicago, and University of Illinois. 4. The Newberry Library. — This library has large and permanent quarters. Its eleventh annual report, issued for the year 1902, shows the library's assets to be over $420,000 and the total number of volumes in the library to be 260,773, comprising 191,501 books and 62,272 pamphlets, maps, manuscripts, etc. ; the accessions by gift and purchase for the year, 7,003 volumes and 1,947 pamphlets. There were 78,419 visitors, who • Report of the librarian, 1902. 42 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO consulted 129,493 books. The several departments are those of medicine, bibliography, philosophy, public documents, art and letters, history, and genealogy. The staff consists of 26 members. j 5. The Chicago Historical Society and library. — The Chicago Historical Society, the objects of which are "to institute and encourage historical inquiry, to collect and preserve the materials of history, and to spread historical information, especially concerning the northwestern states," was organized in 1856 and incorporated in 1857. The roll of members in 1903 contained 301 names; the six special funds and the one general fund amounted to almost $93,000. The library is in keeping with the objects of the society. It consists of about 40,000 volumes and 7,000 pamphlets, manuscripts, etc. The accessions during the year ending November 16, 1903, were 1,329 volumes and 3,484 pamphlets, manuscripts, etc.; while the number of readers was 392, and of visitors 2,133. While the number of readers is at no time large compared with that of libraries suppl)dng general Uteratiure, the per- centage of merely casual readers is very small, the clientele being made up of persons making serious original research in the field of Chicago and the old Northwest. | The field of service of this society and its library is much larger than Chicago. It contributes to the preservation of all knowledge — a service to mankind. Its local value is chiefly that of education and preservation of knowledge of the city, the development of an enlightened civic pride, and the refining, elevating, and wholesome effect that the presence of a body of noble-spirited and able scholars has upon the community in which they live and work. 6. The Chicago Law Institute and library. — The charter of the Chicago Law Institute says that "the object and intention of this corporation is for literary purposes, the cultivation of legal science, the advancement of juris- prudence, and the formation of a law library in the city of Chicago, coimty of Cook." As yet only the last-named has been accomplished, except in so far as a great law hbrary contributes to these several ends. During the year ending December 31, 1903, there were added to the library 996 volumes, making a total collection of 40,268 volumes. One- hundred and twenty-six periodicals are subscribed for. The books of the library are open to 859 active members, 72 ticket-holders, 704 clerks of members under cards, 164 students, and 3 honorary members. Visitors to the number of 216 were temporarily admitted to consult the hbrary upon introduction by members. 7. The library 0} the Chicago Theological Seminary. — ^This library ■ »jn^ii.«ij;^ii»iyx«iii!.|^(ww,i ■■■f . ^upmifimmnrmm^tw* THE LIBRARIES AND THE PRESS 43 aspires especially to perform a threefold service: to maintain the best possible working library for the faculty and students of the seminary; to aid the seminary alumni and other ministers by keeping them in touch with current theological Uterature; to put at the disposal of all religious workers of the city a large reference library. The library contains about 23,000 volumes, with a yearly circulation of 3,500. The Ubrary is used most by ministers and students, and consists chiefly of theological books. 8. The library of Armour Institute oj Technology. — This library is con- nected with the Armour Institute of Technology and is first of all a part of the equipment of the school. It contains 20,000 volumes and receives about 125 papers and magazines, chiefly on technical subjects. The circu- lation of books, chiefly among students, is 500 per month, of which the subject of engineering furnishes the largest share. The library service is performed by students, five being constantly employed. 9. The library oj the Western Theological Seminary. — This is practically a private library thus far, containing 5,400 volumes on theological sub- jects, and patronized by theological students only. A librarian is in attendance only part of the time. The Ubrary's annual expense is about $50 for periodicals. All books are donated. The libraries of the University of Chicago have been treated as a special feature of the university. The library of the Art Institute as well as the art school under the same management will be treated among the aesthetic interests, where the Art Institute as a whole will be presented. There are a large number of small libraries and reading-rooms in connection with settlements,' women's clubs,' Sunday schools, and Young Men's Christian Associations,^ all of which are supplemented by a still larger number in private homes. No attempt has been made to obtain infor- mation about these latter, and only partial reports could be gotten from the 10. Community-consciousness among the libraries. — In the agreement among the larger libraries of the city whereby each has its own special kinds of subjects, and endeavors to make the collections in those subjects espec- ially complete, is seen an excellent illustration of effective community- consciousness. In this specialization the whole need of the city as a book- using community is more thoroughly provided for than would be possible under a system where each library would collect all it could of all kinds of books. By express agreement, the Chicago PubUc Library is striving to develop a great circulating and reference library of general literature, ' See p. 63; also Appendix, Table II, "Social Settlements." • See p. ss'i also Appendix, Table I, "Women's Clubs." » See pp. iii, 112. 44 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO the John Crerar Library seeks to surpass in the collection of books on the natural, physical, and social sciences, and the Newberry Library collects especially public documents and books on the liberal arts. Such a division of the Ubrary field can be made with little difficulty, and is a suggestion which could profitably be applied by groups of agencies cultivating other fields in the city's higher life. n. THE PRESS. The educational power of the press of Chicago is difficult to estimate. The influence is of a subtle character, the number of readers within the city cannot be determined, and the value of the press in leading public opinion is difficult to measure. The chief function of the great dailies is to give the news. This is done with httle conscious effort at more than peddling infor- mation and selhng the papers. But the intellectual and social stimulus furnished by these thousands of papers has its part in the mental hfe of the community. It may be that the work of the great dailies is most powerful in exposing corruption and driving it from private and public life, in securing the best men in municipal office, and in aiding all the great movements for civic betterment. The role of the newspapers as trustees of and contributors to special relief and philanthropic purposes should be mentioned. Statistics of the different kinds of papers and their circulation give no adequate measure of the cultural value of these agencies of education and of civic and social betterment. But some idea of the magnitude of these interests may be given as a kind of skeleton to be clothed with life as the reader may be able to appreciate the work of the press. There are in Chicago 29 daily papers,' with an estimated daily circula- tion^ of 1 ,334,095 and an additional Sunday circulation of 757,822. Nine of the largest English daiUes have a circulation of 1,087,000 and an addi- tional Simday circulation of 709,184. Of the whole number of papers and periodicals published in the city, 32 are German, 6 of which are dailies; 14 are Bohemian, 3 of which are dailies; 14 Polish, 2 of which are dailies; 10 Norwegian- Danish, i of which is a daily; 10 Swedish; 5 Hebrew, i of which is a daily; 4 Italian, 2 Croatian, and i each of the following: Danish, French, and Lithuanian. There are 44 religious publications, 31 of which are week- lies with an estimated circulation of 398,678, and 10 of which are monthhes with a circulation of 67,783. There are 33 agricultural pubU cations, 2 of which are dailies, 16 weeklies, and 11 monthlies; 23 medical journals, 21 ' All these figures are compiled from the American Newspaper Annual, 1902, published by N. W, ^yer & Son, Philadelphia. * Not limited to Chicago. ,.j^"iBfH ^.fiiijjjwi_^4ji iiji^m^apiRtH .y^fetfn jHi. I THE LIBRARIES AND THE PRESS 45 of which are monthKes; 12 educational publications, 9 of which are monthUes with a circulation of 67,820, and 2 weeklies with a circulation of 15,000; 14 monthlies, 3 bimonthlies, and 4 quarterlies devoted to science and mechan- ics; 4 prohibition and temperance publications, 9 secret society journals, 2 college pubUcations, and 182 trade and miscellaneous papers. (j«PW"«^f;ff^^m]pw!JWl.SM,i.^»ywpiPW-'."'r' ■ ' • ■ .'.ww" ■?■!■ liewi.ip ..■.tjijiiijij.w.Wiip J-»5T j^ujiipnimimu,! II iji.ji ipj^j^iiiiii; CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION TO PART I. 1 Reviewing the educational interest of the city as represented by the public schools and the voluntary agencies for their extension, by the supple- mentary work done in the museum, settlements, and private schools, by the complementary rdle of the libraries, the professional schools, and the university, the educational endowment of the city appears of no small proportions. The adequacy of this endowment is not yet measured. It is impossible for the writer at present to make comparisons of this work with that done in other cities. There are, however, some indications as to the adequacy of the equipment to meet the demands made upon it. The means of providing appropriate rooms, classes, and teachers for all the classes of school children other than normal are almost entirely lack- ing; the care and special instruction for the defective children who should be in school are entirely inadequate to accommodate these once patient, but now restless, classes; the support, coming partly from private individuals or society subscriptions, and partly from public funds, fails to provide for more than a small portion of the worthy appUcants. The crowds that clamor for admission to the vacation schools, but cannot enter because of lack of money to take care of them, indicate a need of more generous provision; the anxiety to learn that often makes the waiting Usts for the classes in cooking and sewing as large as those that can be admitted, is deserving of larger gratifica- tion at the hands of the community. The ambitious foreigner, and the factory boys and girls, knocking at the closed doors of the pubUc-schooI buildings, should find more doors swing open ; the industrial "shut-ins" of our crowded quarters are looking toward these same centers and asking why they cannot share these public benefactions in ways to fill out their narrow lives. Blessing the voluntary clubs that have opened the schoolhouses for lectures, musicals, and social evenings, they pray for the hastening of the general opening of public-school property to all the people. The reductions in municipal appropriations that have decreased the teaching force in the city schools, and reduced the circulation through the branches of the PubUc Library by one-third, are unfortunate limitations upon the city's intellectual Ufe. i 46 -^^mm^fmiiim^ifmfif^mmmfiK- '■• : • '. I ".^WB^fi^^PpPPWi vy PART II . ♦ THE MORAL AND SOCIAL INTERESTS OF CHICAGO CHAPTER V. CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS AND WOMEN'S CLUBS. In this division I have brought together those leagues, associations, and clubs, that have for their chief object the improvement of civic conditions or the furthering of some moral interests. I have included under the above title also the social settlements, the trade unions, and the charitable institu- tions of the city. Attention should again be called to the purpose of the study as deter- mining the selection of the agencies included in this section and the manner of treating them. No club or institution is presented for its own sake, but for the sake of the community interests it subserves. There are a large number of mutual-benefit societies whose community-value is felt through the increased value of their members as individuals. They contribute directly to the improvement of their own members, and thus indirectly to that of the community. Among these are the many secret societies and fraternal orders, the purely Uterary and social clubs, and the athletic clubs.* These mutual-benefit societies have not been included. I. CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS. I. The Citizens^ Association of Chicago' was established in 1874. Its object is to insure better labor legislation, to protect the city and its citizens against abuses and corrupt officials, and to develop the commercial and business interests of the city. It is non-partisan, non-sectarian, and does not undertake to further the interests of any organizations engaged in pro- moting temperance or sumptuary legislation. Its members must be legal voters and taxpayers of Cook county. The expenses are met by voluntary subscriptions and annual dues. The association has had a leading part in nearly all the governmental, commercial, and sanitary undertakings and problems of the city in the last three decades. Its chief work in the last two decades has been the initia- tion of and assistance in carrying out reforms along the following lines: high-license laws, city railways, lotteries, poUce, theaters, tenement houses, smoke, food adulteration, civil service, primary-election law, election frauds, ventilation of pubhc-school buildings, prize-fighting, gambling, corrupt ' Some of these will be found in Table I of the Appendix. > Room 33, 92 LaSalle street, Chicago. .^rMy-«. - j."u ^tJ '■^r'i»«pppfi»j -^ I . 1 11 n* wj wi^if 'I' 5© THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO j; w |,»»»1I.U - administration, the sanitary districts for the drainage of Chicago, gas trusts, public improvements, the improvement of the Chicago River, the abatement of nuisances, etc., etc. "Enforcement of the laws is the keynote of the association's work." In the last six months of 1903 it aided in the Police Department investiga- tion, and in the indictment of five inspectors of the Sanitary Bureau of the Health Department; and secured 179 indictments against policy-shop operators. 2. The Civic Federation of Chicago^ was organized early in the year 1894, growing out of the efforts to care for the great numbers of persons left stranded in Chicago at the close of the Columbian Exposition in 1893. ^^ its earlier years it had departments of poUtical action, philanthropy, moral improvement, and legislation. Each of these had standing committees, and each in its way did eflfective work; but it was soon found that they seriously conflicted with each other when conducted by the same controlling body. It was because of this that the Bureau of Charities and the Municipal Voters' League were organized, each with its specific purpose. For the same reason the Committee on Morals was subsequently discontinued, and the federation has recently concentrated its energies upon the one line of needed legislation. The work of the federation, when brought together, shows a large niunber of accomplishments of practical value: The federation has attacked public gambling, the social evil, pay-roll stuffing, fraudulent street-paving and sweeping, filthy bakeries, impure ice, corruption in the Water Department, registration frauds, frauds at the primaries and at the polls, crooked assessors and collectors, sellers of obscene literature, opium dens, mortgage sharks, and numerous other municipal evils. To carry on this work a secret-service department has been organized, with one of the best secret- service men of the United States at its head.' In 1895 a joint committee, organized by the Civic Federation and com- posed of representatives of leading clubs of the city, drafted the present civil-service law and secured its passage. The federation has regularly taken violators of the law before the Civil Service Commission, and in many cases prosecuted them in the courts. In 1896 the federation raised $3,000, and demonstrated to the city that the down-town district could be cleaned at $10 per mile, instead of costing $18.50 which the city had been paying, but for which it has since paid only $10.50. "The movement for vacation schools in Chicago was started by the Civic Federation," and the first school was held in 1896. This society called the conference at the headquarters « 184 LaSalle street. Address, . ' The Civic Federation oj Chicago — What it Bos Accomplished, report of the secretary, 1899. ':/- CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS AND WOMEN'S CLUBS 5 1 of the federation which resulted in the joint committee from about ten organi- zations that secured the legislation creating the Parental School. It was instnmiental also in having enacted, in 1903, a bill providing for the opening of school buildings for socials, lectures, and dub meetings. The Penny Savings Society was organized by the federation in 1897. The federation was largely instrumental in securing the passage of a revenue and a primary- election law. It has promoted three national conferences: in 1894 in Chi- cago, on arbitration; in 1898 in New York city, on primary-election reform; in 1898 in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., on the future policy of the United States with reference to international arbitration. In October, 1903, the Civic Federation called a convention composed of delegates from twenty-three clubs and business organizations in the hope of concentrating the efforts then being made to secure the constitutional modifications that would make possible long-desired improvements in the city government. It was called the Chicago New Charter Convention. The federation is co-operating intimately with this body in the campaign now being carried on for a new charter. 3. The Municipal Voters^ League.^ - The Municipal Voters' League is an independent political organization, the sole purpose of which is the election of honest and competent municipal officers in Chicago. It has confined its attention to members of the city coimcil. It is absolutely non-partisan and intensely practical. It was organized in 1896 by a Committee of One Hundred, composed of a Republican and a Democrat from each of the thirty-four wards then in the city, and thirty-two members chosen from the city at large without regard to residence or political affiliation. This Committee of One Hundred was the result of a meeting of about two hun- dred and fifty representatives of various clubs and organizations called together by the Civic Federation to devise means of improving conditions in the city council. The Mimicipal Voters' League thus formed consists of an executive committee of nine men, supported by a large general membership of many thou- sands of voters in all parts of the city who signed cardsin 1896 expressing approva of its purpose and methods, and who have since identified themselves with its work or supported its recommendations at the polls.* The league has but one aim — the election of honest and capable officials to whom the interests of the entire city are of paramoimt importance. To accompUsh this, it appeals to the non-partisan minority; strives to quicken and keep aUve the civic conscience; investigates carefully the records, private and public, of retiring ofl&cials, of nominees and "those spoken of" **; as candidates; and publishes its recommendations at such time, and sup- » Walter L. Fisher, secretary, 107 Dearborn street. ■ The Municipal Voters League — What It Really Is, published by the league. .\- 52 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO ported by such facts, as the executive committee deems expedient. It prefers not to make a nomination, but to indorse or condemn those abready made; but in cases where there is no alternative in a ward but to vote for bad candidates, the league may nominate. In exceptional cases it will hold mass meetings in the interest of a good candidate. Each year the league pubUshes a report setting forth the problems of chief interest to the city, together with a short unequivocal platform on the current municipal questions. This platform it submits to each candidate, asking him to sign it, or some other equally explicit one which shall be his pledge to the city. Only a few days before each city election the league publishes a bulletin indorsing the candidates it beUeves most worthy in the several wards. The purpose of the league finds sympathy with all honest citizens; and its methods are so honorable and eflFective, its recommendations so uniformly justified, and the results so wholesome, that it can hardly be too strongly commended. Largely through its efforts, party lines in the city council have given place to honor lines, and a council that in 1896 consisted of forty-six members who were beheved to be dishonest had in 1902 been transformed into one having only seventeen believed to be dishonest and fifty-three believed to be honest. In these efforts the Municipal Voters' League has, with one or two exceptions, had the most generous co-operation of the city press. 4. The Legislative Voters^ League^ is a political-reform association organized in 1901 under the inspiration of the annual meeting of the Citizens' Association, and whose character and methods are much the same as the Municipal Voters' League. The former strives to do for the legislature at Springfield, especially with regard to the members from Cook county, what the latter does for the council in Chicago. Its present effort is to secure such representatives as will give Chicago the legislation necessary to give the city larger autonomy, and to wipe out the evils still existing in the city government that originate in combinations of dishonest men whose operations have been transferred from the city council, on account of the successful work of the Municipal Voters' League, to the legislature at Springfield. To accomplish this, the league follows the action of each Cook county legislator at Springfield, having a committee present for that purpose, and publishes this record in a pamphlet issued to the voters of the county, making such non-partisan recommendations as the several records seem to justify. The league also publishes exposures of schemes by the "organi- ' George E. Cole, president, 92 LaSalle street. CnC ASSOCIATIONS AND WOMEN'S CLUBS $3 zation," whether at Springfield or Chicago, at primaries or elections; tries to awaken the voters to their civic duty, warns them of their danger, and instructs them how to secure their rights. 5. The Civil Service Reform Association of Chicago^ was organized to secure an adequate civil-service law for Chicago. Through the work of this association, and co-operation of kindred societies, the law of 1895 was passed. Since that time the association has been a jealous guardian of its enforcement. > ,. 6. The Illinois Civil Service Association^ was organized in 1902. It is more than a local organization, whose work is to secure for the state of Illinois a good civil-service law. The headquarters are in Chicago, many of its officials are citizens of Cook county, and the results of the law would be of wide application in this city. Nine clubs and associations of the city were represented in the convention that organized the association. A bill was drafted, but inasmuch as the governor anticipated the association in getting a bill before the legislature, the association co-operated with those in charge of this bill. But it failed of passage, and preparations are now being made for a second trial at the next meeting of the legislatiu^e. 7. The Merchants^ Club^ is composed of some of the city's public- spirited men who have been directing their eflforts toward municipal reform and school extension. Under the former, they instituted an investi- gation of the methods of bookkeeping used in the city departments. The reports of the experts employed by this club disclosed a lack of system, and consequent inability to determine the financial condition of the city, and also suggested a different and simpler plan. Under the encouragement of the club, this system has been extensively adopted in the city's affairs. The club was the chief factor in the organization of the First State Pawners* Society of Chicago (1899). This society has proved that loans can be made at much lower rates than had been, and usually are, charged by private pawn societies, and a large dividend stUl be paid to stockholders. It is evident, from the testimony of pawners and the representatives of charitable societies, that the society has not only reduced interest to its customers, but "prevented unreasonable exactions by private pawners in thousands of cases." The work of the Merchants' Club on school extension has been indicated in the division on schools.* 8. The City Club of Chicago^ was organized in November, 1903, as a ' F. W. BuU, 184 LaSaUe street. > William B. Moulton, president, 61 Market street. ' C. D. Norton, secretary, 108 LaSalle street. « Pp. 28, 29. i George E. Hooker, secretary, 180 Madison street. W.WT' 54 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO i sort of clearing-house for the executive and finance committees of the chief civic associations of the city. It strives to enlist a large number of business and professional men, and thus to "further the growing movement in Chicago for higher civic conditions by promoting personal co-operation in the investigation and improvement of pubUc affairs." It maintains club- rooms and a lunch-room, and encourages the formation and meeting of groups of workers in all lines of civic improvement. Two investigations have been carried on under the management of the club: that by Captain Alexander Piper on the discipline and administration of the local Police Department, and that by Mr. John R. Freeman on fire protection in Chicago theaters. These reports were both by experts in their respective fields and have been immediately valuable in securing a safer Chicago. 9. The Law and Order League was formed early in 1904 for the pur- pose of assisting in the enforcement of the laws against keeping the saloons open after one o'clock in the morning, selling liquor to minors, child- gambling, and the smoking of cigarettes by children. Thus far the efforts of the league have been directed chiefly against cigarette-seUing. 10. The Municipal Lecture Association^ was organized in June, 1902, as a voluntary organization to provide free public lectures on problems of municipal life and government. During the season of 1902-3 lectures were given in the Auditorium, under its auspices, by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Hon. Josiah Quincy, Dr. Lyman Abbott, Dr. Washington Gladden, and Mr. Jacob A. Riis. Dxiring the season of 1903-4 lectures were given by Bishop Spalding, David J. Brewer, and Mr. Jacob A. Riis. I Note. — There are other long-established and valuable clubs in the city having departments of civic improvement which have rendered valuable service in initiating or co-operating in the work mentioned above, but whose objects are chiefly commer- cial or partisan, and are omitted from our present study. n. women's clubs.' I. Activities. — Just as it is impossible to measure the work of a mother in her home, so it is impossible to measure the value of the women's clubs in Chicago. But as it cannot be doubted that the mother's work of love is indispensable to the happiness and welfare of the home and commimity, so it cannot be denied that the women's clubs' labors of love and intelli- gence are necessary to the happiness and welfare of the community, city, and state. A brief conspectus of what these clubs are doing will make these propositions significant. ' George R. Peck, chairman, 916 Monadnock Block. * See Appendix for list. I !^IWWi|i.nH!,jWg., CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS AND WOMEN'S CLUBS $5 There are in the city approximately no women's dubs that do some- thing directly and consciously for the higher life of the city. I sent a questionnaire to loo of these, and received 85 repUes. The information obtained has been carefully tabulated, and appears in general form in the Appendix. The following statements can be made from that inductive study, and are an understatement rather than an overstatement of what these 85 clubs are doing. These 85 clubs have 12,500 active and 250 honorary members. They own very litde real estate, although two clubs are building club-houses at present, and they have fiirniture and Ubraries valued at $12,000. The clubs are groups of effective size, the larger ones being divided into depart- ments, which in the case of the Chicago Woman's Club practically amount to six different clubs. Twenty-one of the clubs are thus divided, the depart- ments being distributed among the following subjects: art and Uterature, education, home, philanthropy, music, philosophy, and science. The greater nvunber, however, direct all their efforts toward their several objects under the leadership of special or standing committees. The activities of the clubs and the subjects they are interested in may be grouped as educa- tional, aesthetic, social or moral, philanthropic, and charitable. In things chiefly educational, 6 women's clubs contribute to kinder- gartens and carry on a campaign to increase the number of kindergartens in the public schools; 40 contribute most of the money for the support of the vacation schools in the city, suppl3dng teachers, transportation for defective children, and materials for domestic science and manual training; 1 club furnishes fourteen typewriters for the day and evening classes in the John Spry PubUc School; 16 clubs send delegates and contribute to the School of Domestic Arts and Sciences, while 4 support classes in cooking and sewing in the pubhc schools; 3 contribute to the support of the Parental School, or co-operate with it to prevent truancy; 21 pay to the support of the probation officers; 16 have assisted in the opening of small parks and playgrounds, or contributed to the Jackson Park Sanitariiun; 25 support each a circulating library or one or more traveUng libraries. In things chiefly aesthetic, 10 clubs send delegates to the Public School Art Society^ and contribute money to its support; 26 are members of the Mvmicipal Art League;" 12 hold receptions at the Art Institute^ during the annual exhibition of the paintings by Chicago artists; 3 regularly purchase pictures during the exhibition, thereby encouraging local artist talent; while 2 offer cash prizes for the best picture by a Chicago artist. One dub con- tributed to the Chicago Orchestra Fund. ' p. 97. ' p. 97. ' P. 100. , • 56 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO In things chiefly social or moral, 8 clubs contribute to the support of day nurseries; 17 assist in the work of the Chicago settlements by cash con- tribution, "emergency chests," and co-operation; while 11 have taken part in the efforts to secure better labor legislation. In things chiefly philanthropic and charitable, 7 clubs contribute to the support of homes for children; 8 to rescue homes, and 14 to hospitals; 10 give money to charitable societies in the city, and 8 to the Protective Agency for Women and Children; 10 send delegates to the Model Lodging House Association, and contribute to its support; while 2 support lunch-rooms and noon-day rests for women working in the center of the city. 2. Significance. — It is no mere figure to compare the work of the women's clubs to that of the mother. A review of their work, as presented above, seems to justify the statement that the work of the women's clubs is the work of the mother in the home projected into the community. A little reflection makes this appear quite natural. First of all, the wives and mothers who are members of these clubs are not club women, but women. Not their club for its own sake, but for the good it can do, is an apt expres- sion of the attitude of these members to their work. That the club is a means to an end needs no further demonstration than the above enumera- tion of things done. It is only a part of the great industrial revolution that women should now find more and larger community interests than formerly. Division and specialization of labor, the introduction of machin- ery that can be managed by women, the increased trade, professional, and business opportunities for them, have gone hand in hand with taking the educational function from the home to the state, the art of sewing and the science of cooking from the home to the shop or school; the baking of bread, the canning and preserving of foods, are now little performed in the home. All these things have both freed women from such work in the home and have enlisted their interest in the commvmity where these things are now per- formed. Education was not taken from the home without taking women along as teachers; weaving and sewing were not taken to the factories and the women left behind; the means of caring for the defective child, of disci- plining the mischievous, or of reclaiming the wayward, have been changed, but the mother's love has followed the children. It would have been quite unnatural for women not to have taken an active interest in the community's educational and reformatory work under these changed conditions. If better ways have been found for relief than by giving it from the door women's intelligent sympathy has been quick to give in these better ways; hence her interest in the city's charities. If women have gone out into •wmmm'mm^ft'&^ffffK CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS AND WOMEN'S CLUBS 57 larger relations, their sjmipathy has found expression in larger movements; hence her interest in labor legislation, in rescue and protective agencies, and in public health. If they and their children must spend much time in the public schools, in the store and factory, and along the streets and boulevards, then the school, the store and factory, and the city's out-of- doors must be made beautiful; hence their interest in public-school and municipal art. The enumeration of what the women's clubs are doing shows that, as a whole, they are aware of the city's needs, especially in those hnes where women naturally find their interest and can effectively assist. May it not be hoped, however, that this conspectus will give to the clubs a dearer view of the essential unity of their interests, and the part they bear in the whole of the city's higher life ? It may be doubted whether there is a large degree of consciousness of purpose on the part of the individual clubs and of the clubs as a whole. The forty clubs that contribute to the vacation schools, no doubt, are conscious, as individual clubs and as a group, of a definite purpose to make the vacation schools a regular part of the free pubhc schools. They are planning and working accordingly. But there is no evidence that any other group is equally conscious of its purpose and plan. Are those who are supporting the probation oflScers? Are those who are maintaining libraries ? How clear and how wide is the vision of those interested in the problems of women in industry ? It might be asked: How far does there exist an effective consciousness, measured in terms of co-operation, between the women's clubs as a group and the social settle- ments as a group ? Between them and the civic clubs ? Between them and the libraries of the city ? Between them and the trade unions ? Yet there are many points of common interest between the women's dubs and these groups. - CHAPTER VI. SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.' One way of expressing the settlement movement is to say that it is the practical embodiment of the interest of the more favored in the less favored members of the community. In its historical meaning the settlement is a home among neighbors whose homes it loves to make better. The spirit of its inception was the desire to Uve near those whom one loved to help. Every settlement desires to be considered a home among its neighbors. Because these neighbors' homes lack so many things essential to completer living, the settiement has enlarged these better things while cxiltivating a desire for them. Thus the settlement becomes a neighborhood center. Through this center are cultivated acquaintanceship, friendship, sympathy, neighborliness, community interest, and pride. Here are more extended opportunities to gratify the spirit of play, the love of contest, the aesthetic sense, uncultivated in two rooms with barren walls, and the intellectual thirst, unsatisfied in the foreshortened school days. The incompleteness of the poorer homes, the extent and nature of the industrial demands, the helplessness of the social spirit in the namelessness of the city life, and the absence of public meeting-places, have enlarged the settlement activities until they include gymnasium classes, clubs, and contests; savings banks, concerts, entertainments, dramatics, lectures, dubs, dances, and receptions; classes in the common branches, trades and industries, household subjects, rehgious study; kindergartens and day nur- series, books and picture libraries, summer outings, ward-improvement clubs, dispensaries, postal stations. j 1. Residents and workers. — There are in Chicago now in operation i8 settlements, the homes of about 85 women and about 50 men, and where 300 women and 100 men from other homes and fields give of their labor. The spirit in which all these labor, and the value to themselves, their neighbors, and the city, cannot be expressed in figures or the amount overestimated. 2. Gymnasium and playground activities. — One departement of the larger home life of the settlement may be called the gymnasium and play- ground, with their classes, games, sports, and contests. One-third of the settlements have gymnasia more or less completely equipped, while only ■ See Appendix, Table II, "Social Settlements." j 58 SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS 59 four report no room provided for athletic games or classes. The others have one or more rooms convertible into a gymnasium. All have one or more classes in physical training or games. The recognition of the value of such work is unanimous, and its larger use is prevented only by the difficulty of securing money and leaders. There are also six play- grounds used or directed by the settlements. These, with the gymnasia and equipment, represent the material for this valuable department of work. A questionnaire sent to the head residents of all the settlements concern- ing the aim, value, and problems connected with their several lines of work, contained among others the following aims for the gymnasiimi and play- ground activities: the aims are educational and social; physical development amid the most suitable surroundings which will lead to an improvement in moral character; contact, interest, and physical development; moral improvement, the ultimate purpose; health and development of body, and consequent good effect on mind and morals, also recreative. These same replies furnish expert testimony as to the value of physical training and games. Among the evidences of their value the following are representative: an increased appreciation of the time- and order-sense; corrective effect on deficient muscles and tendency toward spinal curvature; moral atmosphere cleared up; a marked improvement in moral tone noted; a valuable means to a moral end; brings together the children of different ages, temperament, and nationaUties, and unites them in sympathy and interest; the children are developing in the sense of justice, of fair play, of consideration for others, and of equal rights of the weaker with the stronger; they are gaining in self-control; the moral and social influence is shown by all in their desire for the higher, better, and truer things of life; muscular strength, better circvdation, strengthening of anaemic hearts — of which, one settlement examiner reports, there are about 35 per cent, in the women's classes — better alimentation of foods, better sleep and rest, less nervous- ness, improved carriage of body, as well as development of parts, shown by the increase in muscular girths, in height, in strength, and in general healthf Illness. Gymnasimn groups often become social groups for parties and picnics. The yoimger boys' classes have many members who are "on probation" from the Juvenile Court, and the gymnasium has been found to be one of the best measures for keeping t