T BRAKY Ch ,o Avenue Evans ton, 111 Harvey Cushing / John Hay Whitney Medical Library HISTORICAL LIBRARY Yale University The Physical Effects of Smoking PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES By GEORGE J. FISHER, M.D., M.P.E. Senior Secretary, Physical Department. International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations, New York City and ELMER BERRY, B.S., M.P.E. Professor of Physiology. International Young Men's Christian Association College, Springfield, Mass. ASSOCIATION PRESS Nbw York: 347 Madison Avbnub 1922 #c Copyright, 1917, by The International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations hfT n Fsf /ockeJi Printed in the United States of America Dedicated To A. A. HYDE Whose Canddd Desibe fob the Truth Called Forth, and Whose Loyal Support Made Possible, these Re- searches and Theib Pre- sentation to the Public 1 5 31 INTRODUCTION I have long felt that the influence of tobacco on physical and mental efficiency should receive careful scientific study. I therefore welcome the following essay, as representing important and almost pioneer work and hope that it will be followed by numerous physiological studies throughout the world. The recent growth of the tobacco habit has been extremely rapid, especially since the cigar- ette has come into use. The great war has in- creased the use of tobacco, though it has de- creased the use of alcohol. Women are begin- ning to smoke. A fashionable New York hotel has opened a special smoking room for women. Producers of cigarettes are advertising them more widely than ever before. In China, taking advantage of the elimination of the opium traffic, the producers of tobacco are making a special effort to substitute the tobacco habit. While those who profit commercially by the sale of tobacco are thus seeking to increase the use of it, very little counter-influence has, as yet, been exerted. This has been partly due to indif- ference, but partly also to the fact that the ques- vi INTRODUCTION tion of the harmfulness of tobacco has not been fully investigated. It is a common opinion among medical men that smoking in "moderation" is harmless, or even beneficial. The public has a right to know whether this opinion is based on correct observa- tions or is an unconscious concession to popular custom and prejudice. The following essay would seem to indicate that smoking is more injurious than we have sus- pected. It will give pause to those who smoke or contemplate smoking, if they value their physical and mental alertness. Irving Fisher, Yale University. CONTENTS Page FOBEWORD IX General Method xv Part I. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure. . . 1 Part II. Return of Heart Rate to Nor- mal after Exercise 43 Part III. Neuro-Muscular Precision 79 Part IV. Accuracy in Baseball Pitching. . . . 125 Part V. General Summary 173 Bibliography 181 vn FOREWORD About four years ago I was giving a course of lectures on physical training and hygiene sub- jects at the Summer School of the Young Men's Christian Associations of the West at Estes Park, Colorado. In the course of one of my addresses I was asked several questions regarding the physical effects of smoking. I found the ques- tions very difficult to answer, because there was so little reliable data available. Most of the ma- terial on this subject is based upon opinion and not upon research and is, therefore, not reliable. The fact that students who smoke in colleges are poorer in their studies than those who do not is not proof necessarily that smoking produces poor scholarship. There may be many other factors involved. I am sure there are. The same may be true of the delinquent boy who smokes. He is not necessarily delinquent because he smokes ; he may smoke because he is delinquent. The fact of the matter is, very little research has been at- tempted. Upon making a statement of this char- acter at the aforesaid place, I was approached by Mr. A. A. Hyde of Wichita, Kansas, a well- known philanthropist, who asked whether some x FOREWORD experiments of a scientific character could not be made really to determine, at least to some extent, what effect smoking had upon the heart and nerv- ous system. He volunteered to stand the expense of such experiments. I gave the matter considerable thought and tried to arrive at some method by which we could eliminate other factors and actually determine the effects of smoking on the physical organism. A little later I came across a study made by Prof. Lombard, who stated that in making ex- periments upon himself he had discovered that the smoking of a single cigar had caused a rise in the heart rate. Following this Mr. B. D. Brink of Boston made an experiment on an in- dividual and found the same result. These experiments of course were too limited to be of value, but they gave direction to my thinking. In the summer of 1912, Mr. Elmer Berry and Mr. G. B. Affleck, of the faculty of the Eastern Young Men's Christian Association Summer School, made some physical tests of students attending the school, but we found our technique so faulty that we believed the results to be inaccurate and worthless. I then requested Prof. Berry to elaborate the method, stating that I would take care of the ex- pense, but I did not reveal the name of the indi- vidual who was furnishing the funds. FOREWORD xi Mr. Berry and I worked out a method which we believed isolated the factor of smoking in its physical results, so that we could determine the physical effects. Mr. Berry describes this method elsewhere. After the first experiments, we were led to take up the subsequent ones. We are still continuing the work of experimentation. We hope to include tests to determine the effects of smoking upon endurance and upon mental concentration. Our method may be open to considerable criti- cism. We have, however, tried to be honest in our attempts to get at actual facts. We are per- fectly dispassionate in the matter. We have not tried in them to establish any preconceived idea of the effects of smoking. We are hunting for the truth. We would like to know what to say to young men, when they inquire of us what effect smoking will have upon them if they in- dulge themselves. Smoking has become an almost universal habit. It seems to be growing in extent. Furthermore, many men smoke a great many cigars in a day. A large number buy them by the box. We should surely know what the effects are of a habit which is so universal. If there are no bad effects then we need not, on physiological grounds, be concerned. On the other hand, if smoking is injurious we should surely know of it. This is the attitude taken xii FOREWORD throughout these tests. Both smokers and non- smokers were used in the experiments. In the first and the last tests the students who directed the experiments were smokers. In the other tests they were non-smokers, so that any psychological influence was neutralized. The results of the experiments were a surprise to all of us who had any part in them. I did not imagine that the smoking of a single cigar would have such demonstrable effect, especially in such general movements as are used in baseball pitching. We do not, by any means, claim that these ex- periments are conclusive. They are not published as such. They are simply announced for what they are worth. They are presented as tentative and preliminary, and with the hope that others will repeat the experiments and announce their results. Two things we would have the reader keep in mind. First, that these tests were made upon an exceptional group of men, mostly physical direc- tors in more than the average physical condition and between the ages generally of 21 and 25 years. Perhaps if boys in the late teens had been used for experiment, or men of maturer years, the results would have been greater in degree. Perhaps, too, if men who were inveterate smokers had been tested, the evils would have FOREWORD xiii been shown to be greater. Furthermore, the room in which the experiments were made was well ventilated, which is unlike most of the conditions under which men smoke, and which if they had obtained might have accentuated the results. In the second place, the results obtained were consistent in each of the four tests. This con- sistency is a considerable factor in emphasizing the results. It compels us to believe that smok- ing does affect the heart rate; does interfere with its return to the normal, delaying the process; and does affect neuro-muscular control. However, we wish the reader to come to his own conclusion after reviewing the tests. If it is evident that the smoking of a single cigar interferes with an individual's efficiency, we believe that many men knowing this will greatly modify their habits — in fact, will give up smoking, which many have indulged in because they believed it to be physically bene- ficial; in fact, doctors have prescribed smoking because they have believed the results to be of value. We believe these experiments will stimu- late many others to repeat them. This is our hope. We believe also that the results discovered should cause smokers to inquire carefully into their own experience and to act accordingly. George J. Fisheb, M.D. GENERAL METHOD The material here brought together represents an effort to secure definite experimental data re- garding the effects of smoking. The original sug- gestion that such a series of experimental studies should be prosecuted came from Dr. George J. Fisher. The studies were made possible by Dr. Fisher through the interest and assistance of a friend. The work has been done as graduation theses at the International Young Men's Christian As- sociation College, Springfield, Mass., under the direction and general supervision of the writer. The entire theses, as presented by the students, bound in typewritten form, may be found in the library of the College. The material is published in its present form with the consent and approval of the faculty. The work here presented covers the researches conducted along this line during the years 1914-1916. Additional studies are now in process. This material is presented entirely as prelim- inary and tentative work and with the idea of being suggestive and stimulative, rather than be- cause of any belief that anything is as yet defi- xv xvi GENERAL METHOD nitely proven. Many physical directors in Young Men's Christian Associations, schools, and col- leges, and many physicians and physiologists are in a position to conduct such researches and secure evidence along similar or related lines. These studies should be repeated and verified or disproven by other observers. There is tremen- dous need of definite facts regarding the effects of smoking. A host of careful studies are needed to establish the fundamental truths underlying the whole problem. While this work is preliminary and tentative and is offered rather because of its suggestive than its absolute value, nevertheless the writer believes that the results are reliable. Very little other definite experimental data is available on this subject, and it seems that the public should be put in possession of the material at hand. The work has been done in every case in a care- ful scientific spirit. Every effort has been made so to plan and conduct the experiments as to shut off all other influences except that of smoking. No preconceived theories were set up to be proven. Two of the studies were conducted by smokers — one of whom has since ceased to smoke because of the results which he secured — and two by non-smokers. The students undertook the studies rather expecting that no particular results would be shown, and they were assured GENERAL METHOD xvii that such an outcome would be quite as satisfac- tory, so far as the thesis was concerned, as the most striking results either for or against smok- ing. The men who served as subjects were all normal, healthy, athletic fellows between the ages of 21 and 25, either non-smokers or moderate smokers. They, too, for the most part expected no results and were kept as far as possible in ignorance of the progress of the experiment. There was no incentive to beat anybody or any- thing. They gave their time to aid the investiga- tion largely as a personal accommodation to the student who was conducting the study, and be- cause of a general interest in the problem. Most of them were decidedly surprised and excited by the results of the experiments when they were made known. A surprising feature is the remarkable uni- formity and persistency of the results. The aver- ages secured are not due to one or two big freak exceptions, but to the small, regular, persistent effects recorded by nearly every subject in almost every case. The individual tables for each study are given in an appendix following each part, largely so that this particular feature may be studied by those interested. It is one of the fac- tors which give the writers the greatest confi- dence in the value and reliability of the studies. The exact method of procedure is given for iviii GENERAL METHOD each study in each part. For the purposes of these and similar studies a room was set aside in the third story of the gymnasium at the Young Men's Christian Association College at Spring- field as a smoking laboratory. This was comfort- ably and cheerfully equipped with chairs, tables, etc., so that the subjects could read, write, or study while smoking. The scientific apparatus for making the desired tests was placed in this room. All of the studies so far have been con- ducted in the early evening after a light supper. The men came to the laboratory, went through the preliminary tests, smoked, repeated the tests and left. The willingness of the men to serve in this way is worthy of special commendation. All were students at the college. None of them would be classed as really heavy smokers. Inter- esting and valuable studies might be made of what the effects would be on men long accus- tomed to heavy smoking, on middle-aged business men, on young boys, and on those in poor condi- tion of health, and also with different forms of tobacco (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). The same brand of a strong cigar was used throughout these studies. A partial study, using cigarettes, was made in one case. The studies are arranged in chronological order, as each was suggested by or grew out of the pre- vious study. The general method of presenting GENERAL METHOD xix them is to state the objective and purpose of the thesis, give the conditions of the experiment and method of procedure, present one to three in- dividual detailed tables as examples, then give the general average or summary tables, and fol- low with the final summary and conclusions. Following this appears an appendix, giving all of the detailed individual tables from which the average and summary tables were compiled. Throughout the book the letters A to M used in referring to the subjects of the experiments in- dicate non-smokers; the letters N to Z indicate smokers. Elmer Bbeey. SUGGESTIONS TO THE READER This book is intended both for popular reading and also for thorough study. The material is so arranged that a general survey of each experiment can be quickly and readily made. It is also arranged so that those who would study the tests in careful detail have all the tables available for scrutiny. The book is arranged in four parts. Each part contains the results of a special research. Each part in turn is presented in two sections, namely, a general statement with one or two typical tables and general summary, and an appendix containing a large number of tables giving the details in full. If the tables in the several ap- pendices are passed over the first time, it will make the reading very simple and give a compre- hensive survey of the studies. Then the tables can be returned to and studied in careful detail. PART I THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE Experimental Work by J. W. PAYNE International Young Men's Christian Association College, Springfield, Mass., 1914 The Effects of Smoking on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure The object of this study was to determine the effect of smoking upon heart rate and blood pressure. The room in which the tests were taken was the smoking laboratory previously mentioned, and while the conditions were not ideal, they did not vary from day to day. The ventilation was direct and no effort was made to control the humidity. The temperature, however, was kept as nearly as possible at 68 degrees F. The subjects were young men, leading active, healthy lives, none of them smoking oftener than twice each day, so that they may be classed as moderate smokers. They had supper at six p. M. and came to the room, which was a short dis- tance from the dining hall, as soon as possible after they had eaten. In addition to walking this distance, there were two nights of stairs to climb, but if these were climbed in a leisurely manner, there was very little effect on the heart 3 4 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING rate. If it was thought that a man had hurried, he was made to sit quietly, for a longer period than usual, or until conditions were normal. Irrespective of the amount of exertion previous to entering the room, the subject was seated quietly for not less than five minutes. From where he was seated to where the horizontal tests were taken was not more than ten feet, but to obviate any effect which the rising from the chair, etc., might cause, he was allowed to lie for at least three minutes before the pulse rate was taken. An ordinary watch having a second hand on the dial was used. The radial pulse was taken in the horizontal position, in three periods of a quarter second each, with a five-second interval between. Immediately after this the blood pres- sure was taken. The subject then rose to a stand- ing position and time varying with the individ- ual was allowed for cardiac adjustment. The pulse rate was again taken as in the horizontal position and this was followed by the blood pres- sure record. The palpitation method was used to determine the blood pressure and the instrument used was a Stanton Sphygmomanometer, a modification of the Kiva-Eocci instrument. Any change less than three millimeters was not considered. Pres- sure was applied until the pulse was obliterated HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 5 and then released, allowing the mercury to fall not more than 5 mm. at a time until the pulse reappeared. The mercury was again raised a few millimeters, obliterating the pulse, and low- ered slowly until the pulse again reappeared and this reading was taken. The so-called normal tests (i. e., without smok- ing) were taken to determine what effect the environment would have on the men. To get this the heart rate and blood pressure were taken according to the procedure already described and again at the end of 30 minutes, and except for the fact that the men did not smoke every other condition was the same. The subjects, whether smoking or not, were allowed to study, read, or write letters as they wished. It was observed, however, that more attention was given to the cigar than to the task they had set themselves and it is believed that the physical element did not enter into the tests to any great extent. After smoking, the heart rate and blood pres- sure readings were taken again as before. Illustrations of the individual tests on Mr. P. follow : PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING NORMAL TESTS (Without smoking) Mr. P. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 1/15 7:00 72 109 84 118 7:30 76 109 84 114 4 0-4 II. 2/2 6:40 72 123 84 123 7:25 64 109 80 120 -8 -14 -4 -3 III. 2/6 7:05 80 111 96 117 7:40 72 109 80 111 -8 -2 -16 -6 IV. 2/6 7:15 80 101 92 105 7:50 72 100 88 110 -8 -1 -4 5 V. 2/11 7:40 76 106 84 108 8:15 66 105 76 107 -10 -1 -8 -1 CIGARETTE TESTS Mr. P. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.b. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. I. 2/9 7:05 88 114 92 116 7:50 .92 109 96 115 4-5 4-1 II. 2/12 7:10 76 114 88 116 7:55 76 115 88 117 10 1 III. 2/18 7:20 84 111 90 113 7:45 72 109 92 117 -12 -2 2 4 IV. 2/19 7:05 76 104 84 103 7:35 76 108 88 113 4 4 10 V. 2/25 7:10 76 106 88 109 7:40 80 110 88 113 4 4 4 VI. 3/2 7:15 80 108 100 110 7:45 76 104 92 106 -4 -4 -8 -4 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 7 II III IV CIGAR TESTS Mr. P. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. 14 Date. Time H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. . 1/22 7:00 80 112 94 117 7:40 88 112 96 124 . 1/26 7:00 84 106 88 113 7:40 90 108 102 114 . 1/30 7:20 72 103 84 114 8:00 72 108 84 110 , 3/3 7:20 80 108 92 112 8:10 76 110 88 110 3/4 7:05 76 119 84 122 8:00 72 122 88 127 -2 S PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING V ja cp co o 6"a •43 .2 -^ _d & o >> ■■3 bb « .3 p. 2 o? g (H CO bfi d S-l CD > d o3 d S o to S J3 CD to M to CD M ££ .S ft « ° S Sf J) O P CD X! -d d Ph o3 cd bO 03 > 03 to 8 O 3!. CO o CO o co o CO co CO CO CI * ■»» "•• > \ --• -' ,■" -• BS W H a K O b a £0 £ (* O 00 § 8 S 10 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING --, 2 * ^ Jj ( // -» <•■ »' ,* .«* -" 5; * * US t Hi HO u ^_ * ^ \ *<" ^ r \ \ / • > > /" V V V v * ^. «> > § O CO o < "^ P ^ «* ." ."' S s 3 o tO in o 8 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 11 The curves in the diagrams for Mr. P. show that under the conditions of the experiment with- out smoking there was a tendency for the heart rate and blood pressure to drop. With smokiug the heart rate and blood pressure were generally raised. Ten men were studied, 6 smokers and 4 non- smokers. One hundred and nineteen experiments were made, 44 normal, 33 with cigarettes, and 42 with cigars. Observations on the change in heart rate and blood pressure were recorded 236 times, approxi- mately half of them in the horizontal position and half in the vertical position. Of these 88 were normal, 64 with cigarettes and 84 with cigars. A summary of all the tests follows which shows the number of times in which the heart rate and blood pressure increased, remained the same, or decreased, both in the horizontal and vertical positions and the per cent which each forms of the total number of observations. This is indi- cated for the normal individual where no smok- ing was done, after smoking cigarettes, and after smoking cigars. 12 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING SUMMARY OF TABLES Normal Cigarettes Cigars Heart Per Per Per Rate Hor. Vert .Tot. cent. Hor. Vert. Tot. cent. Hor. Vert. Tot. cent. Decrease 23 25 48 54.5 8 6 14 21.8 4 6 9 10.7 Same 18 12 30 34.1 12 11 23 35.9 8 5 13 15.5 Increase 3 7 10 11.4 12 15 27 42.2 30 32 62 73.8 Blood Pressure Decrease 17 19 36 41 7 9 16 25 1 13 14 16.7 Same 21 16 37 42 16 14 30 46.9 12 16 28 33.3 Increase 6 9 15 17 9 9 18 28.1 29 13 42 60 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 13 Percentage of Change in Heart Rate id < bJ a. u hi Q < if) Ill < a. u Z 70 < / 60 f / / / 50 \ / / X / 40 \ / \^ / 30 ^^* ■•• /-. 20 \ / --, X. ..Normal .cigarettes ■ClOABB 14 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Percentage of Change in Blood Pressure Qfl DECREASE SAME INCREASE . ,\ . '' *40 X'V / oO / .-' \ 20 s' \ .'- V 10 ..Normal ■Cigarettes .Cigars SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 1. The conditions under which the normal tests (without smoking) were taken favored a de- crease in heart rate and blood pressure. In heart rate 54.5 per cent decreased, 11.4 per cent in- creased. In blood pressure 41 per cent decreased, 17 per cent increased. HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 15 2. Some subjects were affected more than others. 3. Cigarette smoking caused an increase in heart rate and maintained a blood pressure which otherwise would have dropped. 4. Cigar smoking caused a considerable in- crease in heart rate and blood pressure. 5. In a number of instances in the cigar tests, the heart was unable to maintain in the vertical position the increased blood pressure found in the horizontal position, showing a disturbance of vaso-motor control. 6. The effect noted in conclusion 5 was more pronounced in tests taken on non-smokers. In addition to these effects, there were some general impressions created, which are not stated in the conclusions from the tables of the tests. These impressions are given with a full realiza- tion that there are no figures from this study to substantiate them, and are as follows : Before smoking, or during the tests taken to determine the effect of the environment, the time necessary for cardiac readjustment, as evidenced by the heart rate in changing from the recumbent to the vertical position, was usually from thirty to forty seconds. After smoking, it was often necessary to wait for a minute and a half or longer for the heart to resume its normal rhythm. 16 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING The reader should keep in mind in his sum- mary of these experiments the following points : 1. The conditions under which the tests were taken favored a slowing down of the heart rate and a lowering of the blood pressure. 2. Instead of a slowing down, there was in most instances an actual increase in the heart rate and a rise in blood pressure. 3. Only a single cigar was used in each test. This should be kept in mind. It was surprising to find that such a minimum amount of smoking would reveal such measurable results. 4. The fact that the heart was not only accel- erated, but took some considerable time to return to normal was significant— more so than that the heart simply rose in rate. If a single cigar will disturb the rhythm of the heart to the extent that it will take some con- siderable time for it to return to the normal, then for a man to smoke several cigars a day would, in the course of a day, produce considerable dis- turbance in this important organic function. It will pay the reader to read the detailed accounts of each experiment in the appendix to Part I, which follows. INDIVIDUAL TABLES For the reader who wishes to follow the first experiment in detail. HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 17 APPENDIX TO PART I NORMAL TESTS (Without Smoking) Mr. P. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. I. 1/15 7:00 72 109 84 118 7:30 76 109 84 114 4 0-4 II. 2/2 6:40 72 123 84 123 7:25 64 109 80 120 -8 -14 -4 -3 III. 2/5 7:05 80 111 96 117 7:40 72 109 80 111 -8 -2 -16 -6 IV. 2/6 7:15 80 101 92 105 7:50 72 100 88 110 -8 -1 -4 5 V. 2/11 7:40 76 106 84 108 8:15 66 105 76 107 -10-1-8-1 CIGARETTE TESTS Mr. P. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 2/9 7:05 88 114 92 116 7:50 92 109 96 115 4-5 4-1 II. 2/12 7:10 76 114 88 116 7:55 76 115 88 117 10 1 III. 2/18 7:20 84 111 90 113 7:45 72 109 92 117 -12 -2 2 4 IV. 2/19 7:05 76 104 84 103 7:35 76 108 88 113 4 4 10 V. 2/25 7:10 76 106 88 109 7:40 80 110 88 113 4 4 4 VI. 3/2 7:15 80 108 100 110 7:45 76 104 92 106 -4 -4 -8 -4 CIGAR TESTS Mr. P. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 1/22 7:00 80 112 94 117 7:40 88 112 96 124 8 2 7 II. 1/26 7:00 84 106 88 113 7:40 90 108 102 114 6 2 14 1 III. 1/3 7.20 72 103 84 114 8:00 72 108 84 110 5 0-4 IV. 3/3 7:20 80 108 92 112 8:10 76 110 88 110 -4 2 -4 -2 V. 3/4 7:05 76 119 84 122 8:00 72 122 88 127 -4346 18 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. P. The heart rate of this subject is higher than is usually found in the men here. The blood pres- sure, however, is well within the normal range. Apparently the conditions under which the tests were conducted did not affect the subject. In only one experiment, 1/15, did the heart rate increase and the same is true of the blood pres- sure, there being a rise of 5 mm. of Hg. in experi- ment 2/6. With these two exceptions, there is a uniform drop in both heart rate and blood pressure. In the tests taken to determine the effect of cigarette smoking, the heart rate in the horizon- tal position shows a rise in two experiments, a drop in two, and in two it remained the same after smoking as before. The greatest change occurred in experiment 2/18. Here the heart de- creased 12 beats per minute after smoking. This decrease might be taken as an indication of the soothing effect of tobacco smoking, but the range in heart rate between the horizontal and vertical positions is more likely to be an indication of car- diac disturbance. There is a possibility, how- ever, that the fatigued condition of the subject had something to do with the change. In the ver- tical position, there is a more general tendency of the heart rate to increase except in test 3/2, in HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 19 which it will be noticed that the heart rate before smoking was exceptionally high. In the horizontal position, the blood pressure shows an increase in three readings and a de- crease in three readings. These gains, or losses, however, do not exceed 5 mm. In the vertical position, there is a decrease in but one experi- ment, 3/2, the other records showing at least the same if not an increased blood pressure after smoking. In view of these tests, there seems to be little cause for alarm over the moderate use of cigar- ettes, as far as heart rate and blood pressure is concerned, and the most that can be said in con- clusion is that the smoking in a number of cases maintained a heart rate and blood pressure that otherwise would have fallen. Cigars affected the subject but little more than the cigarette. The decrease in heart rates in both horizontal and vertical positions is slight, but the rise, where there is one, is more decided and the same is true of the blood pressure. However, the number of negative changes is smaller than was found when cigarettes were used, and it does not seem to be an exaggeration to say that cigar smoking caused a slight increase in heart rate and blood pressure. 20 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING NORMAL TEST Mr. R. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.n. b.p. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 1/15 7:00 60 113 68 122 7:30 60 119 76 123 6 8 1 II. 2/12 7:45 72 123 92 119 8:15 68 101 84 105 -4 -22 -8 -14 III. 2/16 7:10 72 123 88 118 7:40 60 112 88 111 -12 -11 -7 CIGARETTE TEST Mr. R. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.R. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 2/8 6:55 50 128 60 135 7:S0 68 129 72 128 12 1 12 -7 II. 2/11 7:30 72 122 80 122 8:05 68 119 84 120 -4 -3 4 -2 III. 2/13 3:00 64 122 84 124 3:30 70 123 92 128 6 1 8 4 IV. 2/20 6:40 60 119 84 114 7:20 64 119 84 116 4 2 V. 2/25 6:30 *64 125 80 123 7:05 72 140 88 135 8 15 8 12 * Three cigarettes. CIGAR TEST Mr. R. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 1/21 8:10 62 116 72 115 9:00 62 123 76 122 7 4 7 II. 1/23 7:00 64 133 92 129 7:40 72 134 88 123 8 1 -4 -6 III. 1/28 7:45 72 134 88 124 8:25 72 133 88 125 -1 1 IV. 3/4 6:40 60 123 76 121 7:20 72 127 80 123 4 4 4 2 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 21 CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. R. Mr. E. could not give the time necessary for the completion of the tests and they are unsatisfac- tory on that account. The first experiment, 1/15, was taken the first time the subject came to the room and he was, therefore, not used to the con- ditions. The rise in heart rate and blood pres- sure could very easily be attributed to some excit- ing factor, though a careful consideration failed to reveal anything out of the ordinary. In the other two tests there is a decided de- crease in both heart and blood pressure, except in test 2/16, in which case the heart rate in the vertical position remained the same. In view of the decided change in these two tests, it is fair to say that the heart rate and blood pressure dropped. The cigarette tests show a general increase in heart rate, except in test 2/11, in which there was a decrease of 4 beats per min. in the horizontal position, and in test 2/20 it remained the same in the vertical position. However, the increase of over four beats in almost every other instance proves that cigarette smoking caused the heart rate to increase. The blood pressure shows no great changes. In test 2/8 the increase in heart rate and tbe change of seven in pressure between the vertical 22 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING and the horizontal positions before smoking, as contrasted with a lack of change after smoking, might be considered an indication of loss of vaso- motor control. In test 2/25 the subject smoked three cigarettes and the result shows that the effect was much greater. From this it would seem that only the smoking of a third cigarette would produce definite changes. The general effect on this subject seems to be to increase the heart rate and maintain a blood pressure which would otherwise have decreased. Smoking a cigar apparently did not affect this subject as much as cigarette smoking. This in all probability is due to the fact that the subject inhaled in the latter case and this would permit of greater toxic effects. According to Dr. Crampton, the blood pressure indicates poor condition, inasmuch as the pres- sure in the vertical position is less than in the horizontal position. There is little proof that this poor condition is accelerated to any ex- tent by the smoking of a cigar. In test 1/23 the heart rate is brought to a more nearly normal condition, but the blood pressure condition is aggravated and this is also true in test 3/4. How- ever, in test 1/28 the condition is improved. This is not enough evidence to prove that smok- ing is either beneficial or harmful in this sense. The survey of the cigar tests fails to bring out HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 23 any striking changes. In only one case did the blood pressure show a marked decrease and in that test it also showed a striking decrease in the pressure change between the horizontal and ver- tical position. The indication here is that the vaso-motor control is affected. Apart from this, the heart rate and blood pressure were main- tained, but the effect of tobacco smoking in this, as in all the other tests, should be measured in terms of the decrease which would have been present if the subject had not smoked. NORMAL TESTS Mr. S. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.h. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 1/22 7:00 72 122 84 123 7:30 72 118 76 115 -4 -8 -8 II. 2/2 7:00 80 133 88 135 7:30 76 134 88 138 -4103 III. 2/5 6:40 80 112 88 116 7:20 78 110 80 110 -2 -2 -8 -6 IV. 2/11 7:45 76 126 88 122 8:20 76 120 80 121 -6 -8 -1 V. 4/7 8:05 76 119 88 122 8:35 76 120 80 120 1-8-2 CIGARETTE TESTS Mr. S. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. fj Vert. Date Time h.b. b.p. *h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 2/9 7:25 76 125 96 127 8:00 76 119 96 121 0-6 0-6 II. 2/11 8:15 76 120 78 121 8:40 76 121 84 117 16-4 III. 2/12 7:15 76 119 92 125 7:40 72 113 86 113 -4 -6 -6 -12 IV. 2/17 7:30 76 114 92 111 8:00 72 115 88 116 -4 1-4 5 V. 2/19 7:30 76 124 92 124 8:05 76 132 92 128 8 4 24 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING CIGAR TEST Mr. S. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 1/15 7:00 60 113 68 122 7:40 60 119 76 123 6 S 1 II. 1/18 2:45 72 114 80 122 3:30 76 114 88 122 4 8 III. 1/19 7:25 72 116 80 116 8:05 76 122 80 127 4 6 11 IV. 1/22 7:40 72 118 76 115 8:25 72 131 72 127 13 -4 12 V. 1/26 7:05 76 123 82 125 7:50 76 129 94 126 6 12 1 VI. 1/27 6:45 74 128 84 125 7:05 78 132 94 126 4 4 10 1 VII. 1/29 7:00 68 130 80 124 7:40 76 130 84 127 8 4 3 CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. S. The heart rate in the horizontal position re- mained the same or was slightly lower. In the vertical position there is a more decided change. In only one instance, test 2/2, was the heart rate the same, a uniform decrease of eight beats being the result in the other tests. In the test in which the heart rate remained the same, there was a slight increase in the blood pressure in the vertical position. With this ex- ception, the pressure was decreased or the same. The burden of the tests then would be to prove that under the conditions of the test the heart rate and blood pressure would decrease. The results of the cigarette tests are not defi- HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 25 nite in showing either a beneficial or deleterious effect. While it is true that the negative results are not as frequent as in the normal tests and that in tests 2/11 and 2/19 the blood pressure condition is slightly changed, it might be argued from tests 2/12 and 2/17 that the effect really im- proved the subject's condition, since in the first test both heart rate and blood pressure were ma- terially reduced and in the latter case the condi- tion was more nearly normal. In view of these facts, it may be said that the cigarette smoking did not affect the smoker. In the tests taken to determine the effects of a single cigar, there is a record of but one de- crease, and that of four beats per minute in the heart rate in the vertical position, test 1/22. In a few cases, the heart rate remained the same, but the greater number of records show a definite increase. The blood pressure records show that there were no negative changes, the pressure remaining the same in six tests and showing a rise of from 3mm. to 13mm. of Hg. in eight. The relative changes, i. e., the difference be- tween heart rate and blood pressure in the hori- zontal and vertical positions, remained practi- cally unchanged after smoking. It is evident that although there were no abnor- mal conditions resulting from smoking a cigar, 2G PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING there is a tendency on the part of the heart rate and blood pressure to increase. NORMAL TESTS Mr. T. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time E.B. B.P. E.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 2/2 7:05 62 105 88 110 7:35 62 104 80 114 -1 -8 4 II. 2/11 7:25 64 110 80 115 8:00 56 107 68 110 -8 -3 -12 -5 III. 4/6 7:25 68 114 84 114 8:00 68 114 80 116 -4 2 IV. 4/9 7:15 68 106 88 108 7:55 68 108 88 112 2 4 V. 4/13 7:25 72 114 88 115 8:10 68 112 80 114 -4 -2 -8 -1 CIGAR TESTS Mr. T. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 1/18 7:30 64 108 88 114 8:10 74 114 88 120 10 6 6 II. 1/19 8:00 64 109 92 119 8:45 68 111 96 120 4 2 4 1 III. 1/20 8:30 66 109 88 117 9:10 70 109 80 112 4 -8 -5 IV. 1/21 7:30 68 110 84 122 8:15 72 109 88 117 4 -1 4 -5 V. 4/6 7:20 68 113 84 116 8:15 72 113 92 115 4 8 -1 CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. T. A study of the normal tests taken on Mr. T. shows a decided drop, or at least a maintenance of a fairly low heart rate. The blood pressure was maintained in the hori- HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 27 zontal position, except in one case in which there was a slight decrease. In the vertical position the blood pressure increased in two experiments, was maintained in two and decreased in one. It is, therefore, the conclusion that there is a slight tendency of the blood pressure to rise. The changes are so slight as to be almost negligible and the most that can be said is that there is a slight drop in the heart rate. The odor and taste of a cigarette were objec- tionable and it was possible to secure but one test, which is given here. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. 3/4 7:30 72 102 84 105 8:05 68 115 88 117 -4 13 4 12 According to this, there is a decided increase in blood pressure, but the effect on the heart rate is of no account. The change in the blood pres- sure may be due to the cigarette smoke, but a part of it is probably due to the psychical dis- turbance, since the subject made known his dis- like for this form of smoking during the entire period. While the cigar tests show no alarming changes, the action of the heart is at least definite in its increase, except in test 1/18, in which it 28 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING remained the same and in test 1/20 in which there was a decrease of 8 beats per min. In this latter case, however, the heart was irregular in its rhythm when the subject assumed the vertical position, and this would militate against the use of tobacco by this subject. The blood pressure in the horizontal position was maintained except in one case, 1/18, in which it was increased. In the vertical position in this same test there was also an increase. In two tests there was a decrease in blood pressure in the vertical position and in the remaining two tests it remained as before smoking. The conclusion is that cardiac and vaso-motor control were disturbed to a slight degree by smoking. NORMAL TESTS Mr. U. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.k. e.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.k. b.p. I. 2/20 7:25 76 118 96 116 7:55 70 122 96 119 -6403 II. 3/2 7:00 *80 130 100 116 7:30 72 127 100 122 -8-3 6 III. 4/7 7:15 76 135 92 128 7:55 76 135 88 137 0-49 IV. 4/9 7:25 76 130 88 126 80 129 88 123 4-1 0-3 V. 4/14 7:30 f76 129 92 125 72 124 84 127 -4 -6 -8 2 * Bad cold. t Indigestion. HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 29 Hor. Vert. Date Time H.B. B.P. H.R. B.P. I. 2/12 7:30 76 131 98 123 8:00 76 126 96 117 II. 2/14 7:00 84 120 88 123 7:25 80 123 100 128 III. 2/25 7:15 88 124 100 120 7:45 88 132 100 122 IV. 3/4 6:40 76 127 96 119 7:20 76 127 100 118 V. 3/30 7:05 *76 134 100 130 7:45 72 132 100 124 ! * Three cigarettes. CIGAR TESTS CIGARETTE TESTS Mr. U. Difference Hor. Vert. -5 -2 -4 3 12 8 4 -1 -4 Date Time H.R. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 3/31 7:10 84 129 110 130 8:10 80 116 108 116 II. 4/3 6:35 84 124 100 124 7:05 88 136 112 130 III. 4/6 3:05 76 128 88 125 4:10 68 128 88 125 IV. 4/8 6:55 80 129 100 122 7:40 92 135 108 116 V. 4/13 7:05 76 130 88 129 7:55 76 140 96 128 Mr. U. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. -4 -13 -2 -14 4 12 12 6 -8000 12 6 8-6 10 8-1 CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. U. A study of the normal tables of Mr. U. shows that the heart rate remained the same or de- creased, except in one instance in which there was an increase of 4 beats per min. in the horizontal position. It will be noticed, however, that the heart rate in the vertical position is higher than :50 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING is usually found in men who are taking regular exercise. The blood pressure shows that the man, accord- ing to Dr. Crampton, was in poor condition, although he laughed at the suggestion. In the horizontal position there is a slight drop in two tests, a rise in one and no change in the remaining two. In the vertical position there is a rise in three tests, a drop in one and no change in one. The evidence, therefore, would seem to be in favor of a slight rise in blood pressure in the vertical position. A close study of the table reveals the fact that the heart rate is extremely high, with a difference of 20 beats or over between the horizontal and vertical, except in test 4/9, where there is a dif- ference of 12. A second fact to be observed is that the blood pressure in every instance was lower in the vertical than in the horizontal posi- tion when the first tests were taken. The tests taken at the end of the rest period show a change in condition for the better: in two the relative difference was the same and in one the fault was accentuated. The heart rate shows an improvement in car- diac control in three tests and in two it is aggra- vated, because of a lower rate in the horizontal position. While there was not a uniformitv in the HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 31 changes, there does not seem to be evidence enough to warrant a belief that the test condi- tions affected the subject unfavorably. The tests taken after the subject had smoked the required number of cigarettes, when com- pared with the results before smoking, show no changes that, taken as a group, can be used to prove anything one way or another. The relative differences, however, show changes that give one a clearer idea of the effects. In the normal tests the balance of the results was in favor of an improved condition, but in this table the opposite is true. In every instance in which the blood pressure was lower in the ver- tical than in the horizontal position the range was increased. The heart rate was affected in the same way in two instances, and in the three remaining tests there was no change in the rela- tion. In view of these facts, it may be said that cigarette smoking affected the subject unfavor- ably in that there was a slight loss of vaso-motor control. The changes that take place after the subject had smoked a cigar are more decided than in either the normal or cigarette tests, but they are not at all uniform. It will be necessary, there- fore, to consider each test on its own merit. In test 3/31 the blood pressure has been re- duced to a more nearly normal level, but an ex- 32 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING i tremely high heart rate was not appreciably affected. In test 4/3, an already high heart rate is in- creased. The blood pressure is also increased and in addition the relation between the horizon- tal and vertical is disturbed. Test 4/6 shows no change except a decreased heart rate in the horizontal position. The next experiment, 4/8, shows a considerable increase in heart rate. The blood pressure in the recumbent position is also increased, but there is a decrease in the vertical position. These re- sults point to a loss of vaso-motor control. Test 4/13 is practically the same as the pre- ceding one and although the blood pressure in the horizontal position borders on the abnormal, the relative difference is not quite as great. It is evident from these results that cigar smoking caused a loss of vaso-motor control. NORMAL TESTS Mr. V. Differenoe Hor. Vert. . Hor. Vert. Date Time h.e. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. I. 1/21 7:00 68 123 80 133 7:30 68 123 84 131 4 -2 II. 2/5 6:55 68 129 80 130 7:30 68 123 84 125 0-6 4-5 III. 4/8 7:25 76 122 84 124 8:00 76 127 84 128 5 4 IV. 4/14 7:25 68 123 84 125 7:55 68 121 76 127 0-2-8 2 V. 4/16 6:55 72 120 80 129 7:25 76 128 80 128 4 8 0-1 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 33 CIGARETTE TESTS Mr. V. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.k. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. I. 2/12 6:45 *76 127 88 136 7:30 86 130 104 138 10 3 16 2 II. 2/18 7:00 68 118 80 125 7:30 76 122 92 124 8 4 12 -1 III. 2/20 7:15 76 115 80 117 7:45 72 113 92 116 -4 -2 12 -1 IV. 2/21 7:45 72 123 84 123 8:15 76 122 88 125 4-142 V. 4/5 7:05 *76 131 84 134 7:40 80 129 92 124 4-2 8 -10 * Three cigarettes. CIGAR TESTS Mr. V. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 1/20 7:00 68 123 84 132 7:40 88 136 108 146 20 13 24 14 II. 1/21 7:30 68 123 84 131 8:10 84 134 92 142 16 11 8 11 III. 1/22 7:10 72 129 78 132 7:55 84 139 96 132 12 10 18 IV. 1/23 6:45 72 118 84 126 7:30 90 129 100 132 12 11 16 6 V. 4/3 7:30 80 129 88 130 8:20 88 132 96 133 8 4 8 3 CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS ON MR. V. In considering the results of these tables, it should be kept in mind that this man apparently was able to concentrate on the work which he had elected to do while he was in the room. De- spite the psychical stimulus which was undoubt- edly present, there are not enough increases in either heart rate or blood pressure to permit the statement that the conditions affected him un- favorably. 34 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING The cigarette tests are consistent in the action on the heart, which is increased in every instance except in test 2/20, in which there was a decrease of 4 beats, but in this case the relative change should be considered. The blood pressure was hardly affected and the most that one can say is that the blood pressure was maintained. In the preceding statement, test 4/5 was purposely left out of the considera- tion, because in this case as in test 2/12, three cigarettes were smoked. The effect in test 2/12 was to increase the heart rate greatly. In test 4/5 the effect is on both the heart rate and blood pressure, increasing the former and disturbing the balance in the latter. The effect then of cigarette smoking, plus a psychical element, not measurable, is to increase the heart rate, and once where three cigarettes are smoked, to disturb the vaso-motor control. The cigar smoking, on the other hand, made a most decided impression. The heart rate in- creased as many as twenty-four beats and the blood pressure, except in one instance, registered an increase in arterial pressure. In the one in- stance mentioned, test III, there was no change in the vertical pressures before and after smok- ing. However, it will be observed that the heart was unable to maintain the high pressure found in the horizontal position. HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 35 The conclusion from these experiments is that the heart rate is increased slightly from cigarette smoking and both blood pressure and heart rate are materially increased when a cigar is smoked. NORMAL TESTS Mr. A. — Non-Smoker II. III. IV. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P. 2/9 7:00 64 123 72 119 7:50 60 117 88 115 -4 -6 16 -4 2/17 7:10 68 130 96 125 7:40 68 117 88 111 -13 -8 -14 2/18 7:30 68 114 88 112 8:00 68 115 88 113 1 1 3/3 7:35 68 124 80 122 8:05 64 117 88 115 -4 -7 8 -7 SMOKING TESTS— i 3IGAR Mr. A. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P. I. 3/30 7:20 *76 116 88 116 7:55 88 123 96 119 II. 3/31 7:20 72 110 84 120 8:00 80 120 96 116 III. 4/6 7:00 *76 118 88 114 7:40 84 124 100 104 IV. 4/7 7:05 *60 118 84 120 7:50 72 126 92 110 V. 4/13 7:00 *80 122 88 122 8:05 80 128 96 116 H.R. B.P. H.R. B.P. 8 10 12 -14 6 12 -10 12 8 -10 * Headache after smoking. CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. A. The normal tests of Mr. A., a non-smoker, show two rises of heart rate which cannot be accounted for, otherwise the heart rate was decreased. V • ilk 36 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Except in the test taken on 2/17, in which it did not change, the blood pressure decreased. The smoking of a single cigar caused the heart rate to increase in all except in the horizontal position in test 4/13. The blood pressure in the horizontal position increased from 6 to 10 mm. of Hg., but the heart was unable to maintain the rise in the vertical position, with the result that there is not only a decrease in the blood pressure in the vertical position, as compared with the horizontal position, but also it is lower than the pressure in the vertical position before smoking, except in test 3/30. This proves conclusively that there was a loss of vasomotor control. In addition to the heart rate and blood pres- sure changes registered in the tables, it is proper that mention should be made of the fact that the subject suffered from a headache which lasted the greater part of the evening. NORMAL TESTS Mr. B.- -Non-Smoker Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.E. B.F. H.K. B.P. U.K. B.P. 11. R. B.P. I. 3/31 7:15 76 114 88 110 7:50 76 112 92 110 -2 4 C II. 4/1 0:55 70 115 88 115 7:45 70 110 84 111 -5 -4 -i III. 4/3 7:40 *76 110 92 114 8:15 68 116 88 109 -8 6 -4 -I IV. 4/7 7:10 80 122 92 124 7:40 76 124 ♦Cold 88 124 in head. -4 2 -4 C HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 37 CIGAR TESTS Mr. B. Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.b. b.p. I. 4/6 3:45 76 122 88 117 4:40 80 131 100 116 4 9 12 -1 II. 4/14 7:00 72 120 96 121 7:40 88 133 104 123 10 13 8 2 III. 4/15 7:15 76 122 96 124 8:05 88 126 108 116 12 4 12 -8 IV. 4/16 6:45 80 121 88 122 7:20 88 129 104 124 8 8 16 2 CONCLUSIONS FROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. B. The normal chart of Mr. B. shows a general decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. In the third test of this series the subject complained of having a cold, which may account for the re- sults shown here. In view of this fact, it may be well to leave this record out of the consideration. The result of the tests taken during the smok- ing period show results similar to, but not as severe as those of Mr. A. The effect on the heart was to accelerate an already high rate, and in the horizontal position the blood pressure shows an increase. In the vertical position the blood pressure is the same or lower after smoking. Comparing the blood pressure in the vertical position with the blood pressure in the horizon- tal, it is found that there is a decided drop, the greatest being 16mm. in the first test, which was taken on the afternoon of April 6th, soon after dinner. 38 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING If the deduction used throughout this test — that there is a lower blood pressure in the ver- tical position than in the horizontal — be true, the effect of smoking was to aggravate an already poor condition. In all the tests the increase in heart rate and the lower pressure in the vertical than in the horizontal position, would argue that there was a loss of vaso-motor control. This subject felt no ill effects from the smoking. NORMAL TESTS Mr. C — -Non- Smoker Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 3/31 7:10 60 114 76 114 7:40 56 112 76 116 -4 -2 2 II. 4/2 7:10 64 111 72 113 7:40 60 110 64 109 -4 -1 -8 -4 III. 4/3 7:35 64 115 76 114 8:10 60 112 76 115 -4 -3 1 IV. 4/6 4:10 60 115 76 114 4:40 60 111 88 110 -4 12 -4 SMOKING TESTS Mr. C- -Non- Smoker Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time H.H. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. H.B. B.P. I. 4/6 7:35 *68 113 84 114 8:30 72 116 92 105 4 3 8 -9 II. 4/9 7:05 t68 116 84 110 7:35 72 119 84 109 4 3 -1 III. 4/13 7:15 $64 114 84 118 7:55 64 111 84 112 -3 -6 IV. 4/15 7:40 J64 118 88 120 8:10 64 116 * One cigai 80 127 -2 -8 7 t Two cigarettes J Three cigarettes. HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 39 CONCLUSIONS PROM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. C. Mr. C.'s blood pressure and heart rate re- mained the same or decreased during the time he stayed in the room but did not smoke. I cannot account for the increase in heart rate in the ver- tical position, test 4/6, unless perhaps it was due to the subject having to stand for a longer period than was usual, while I was opening the door of the room to admit another subject. The first cigar this subject smoked so nau- seated him that he refused to continue the tests unless he was permitted to smoke the milder cig- arette, and for this reason a complete series of cigar tests could not be obtained. The one test taken, in which the subject smoked a cigar, shows all the characteristics of a dilation of the vessels of the splanchnic area, viz. : increased heart rate, horizontal and vertical, and increased blood pressure in the horizontal position, followed by a sharp drop in pressure on resuming the vertical position. The sum of the result is that there was a loss of vaso-motor control. The cigarettes apparently did not affect the subject to a noticeable extent, except to cause a slight headache. In discussing this thesis with this subject, some time after the tests were taken, he remarked 40 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING that the tests should have been taken again, within an hour after he had left the experiment room. Apparently the full effects did not take place until some time after he had stopped smoking. NORMAL TESTS Mr. D. — Non- Smoker Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.k. b.p. h.b. b.p. b.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 3/30 7:10 72 122 84 120 7:45 68 120 88 115 -4 -2 4 -5 II. 4/2 7:15 68 123 80 119 7:45 60 116 76 117 -8 -7 -4 -2 III. 4/3 7:00 64 122 80 120 7:45 60 118 68 111 -4 -4 -12 -9 IV. 4/6 3:35 60 114 84 114 4:20 60 120 84 118 6 4 SMOKING TESTS Mr. D. — Non-Smoker Difference Hor. Vert. Hor. Vert. Date Time h.b. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. h.r. b.p. I. 4/6 7:40 *76 124 92 120 8:25 84 131 100 116 8 7 8 -4 II. 4/9 7:10 f76 120 92 116 7:40 84 120 96 118 8 4 2 III. 4/15 7:20 |68 123 88 126 7:55 68 124 88 124 10 -2 IV. 4/16 6:25 J64 124 76 127 6:40 64 122 76 128 0-201 * One cigar. Nauseated-headache. t Three cigarettes. J Two cigarettes. Nauseated-headache. CONCLUSIONS FKOM TESTS TAKEN ON MR. D. The tendency of the results of the normal tests is to show a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. The exceptions occur in test 3/30, in HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 41 which the heart rate in the vertical position in- creased 4 beats and in test 4/6, in which the blood pressure increased in both the horizontal and vertical positions. According to this the condi- tions were favorable to the subject. If, however, the greater range of heart rate and blood pressure are considered, the conditions are unfavorable, since in test 3/30 there is a greater difference in heart rate and blood pressure at the end of the period and in test 4/3 the difference in blood pressure is greater. This subject also objected to the cigar test be- cause of nausea it caused, and after the test taken on 4/6 cigarettes were used. The one cigar test taken shows the rise in heart rate and the rise in blood pressure in the hori- zontal position, followed by a fall of pressure in the vertical position, which is characteristic of the tests taken on the other novices. As in the case of the other non-smoker, on whom cigarette tests were made, there were no changes of a serious character. PAET II EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE RETURN OF THE HEART RATE TO NORMAL AFTER EXERCISE Experimental Work by GLENN A. DOWLING International Young Men's Christian Association College Springfield, Mass., 1916 II Effects of Smoking on the Return of the Heart Rate to Normal After Exercise As a result of his experimental work, Mr. Payne concluded that the control of the heart was seriously impaired by smoking. This was shown by a higher heart rate in smokers, but Payne also noticed, though he had no figures to establish his observation, that the smokers' hearts seemed more irregular and more subject to dis- tracting influences than those of the non-smokers. This suggested that the smoker's heart might be more affected by exercise than the non-smoker's heart, and that it might not return to normal after exercise as quickly as that of the non- smoker. Mr. Glenn A. Dowling addressed him- self to a definite study of this problem. Fifteen men were chosen for this work, seven of whom were non-smokers and eight classed as smokers, although smoking only three or four times per day. These latter we would then class as moderate smokers. These men were all young and healthy, taking vigorous exercise each afternoon. Having supper 45 46 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING at six, they came to the smoking laboratory a short time after they had eaten. They were asked to rest for several minutes after arriving in the room, in order to produce normal conditions of the heart rate after the exercise of coming to the laboratory. With the non-smokers the heart rate was taken for a full minute by palpitation on the radial artery at the wrist. Immediately, they took 20 jumps over a bar 18 inches from the floor at the rate of 80 jumps per minute, a metronome being used to beat time. This was to insure a similar dosage for each subject. After this exercise the heart rate was again taken, but only for 15 sec- onds. Following this the heart rate for the first 15 seconds of each succeeding minute was taken, or until the heart rate had returned to normal. The number of minutes, namely 15, for extending the taking of the heart rate was entirely arbi- trary. It was impossible for students having several hours of studying to do in the same even- ing, to remain longer than an hour and twenty or thirty minutes, which was usually the time taken to smoke two cigars and complete the ex- periment. This procedure for the non-smokers continued through five or more experiments, in order to get a normal return of the heart rate after a controlled amount of exercise had been given. Then the same procedure was repeated HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 47 with non-smokers for at least five experiments, in most cases ten, except that they were required to smoke two cigars after their normal heart rate had been taken. With the smokers we proceeded as in the latter half of the non-smokers' tests, i. e., normal heart rate for full minute, smoke two cigars, heart rate for first fifteen seconds of each succeeding min- ute, or until heart rate returned to normal. When these men had smoked for ten tests they discontinued all smoking for a period of two weeks or longer, after which the same procedure was followed as at first with the non-smokers, i. e., normal heart rate etc., without the smoking of two cigars. With these conditions of the test, comparisons may be made between smokers and non-smokers, between the condition of smokers when they smoked and when normal, between conditions of non-smokers when they smoked and when normal. For this work a good quality ten-cent cigar of medium color was used throughout. An outline of the procedure is here given, in order to show more graphically what was done. As before, the first letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, etc., represent the non-smokers and the later letters represent smokers. 48 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE Non-Smokers Without Smoking. For five tests. 1. Arrival at laboratory. 2. A rest of several minutes. 3. Horizontal heart rate for full minute. 4. Twenty jumps over bar 18 inches from floor. 5. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min- ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate returns to normal. Smoking. For five to ten tests. 1. Arrival at laboratory. 2. Rest for several minutes. 3. Normal heart rate taken. 4. Smoke two cigars. 5. Twenty jumps over bar 18 inches from floor. 6. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min- ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate had returned to normal. Smokers Smoking. For five to ten tests. 1. Arrival at laboratory. 2. Rest of several minutes. 3. Normal heart rate taken. 4. Smoke two cigars. 5. Twenty jumps over bar 18 iuches from floor. 6. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min- HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 49 ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate returned to normal. Without smoking. For five tests. After discontinuing smoking for two weeks. 1. Arrival at laboratory. 2. Best of several minutes. Normal heart rate taken. Twenty jumps over bar 18 inches from floor. Heart rate for first 15 seconds of each min- ute following, up to the 15th, or until heart rate returned to normal. 3. 4. 5. The series of observations taken on Mr. B., a non-smoker, follow as an example of the data col- lected. The complete collection of individual tables will be found in the appendix to Part II. Mr. B. Date 1-14-15 1-18-15 1-30-15 2- 2-15 2- 4-15 2- 8-15 Condi- tion Good Hr. of ex- periment 7.15 8.15 8.00 8.00 8.10 7.25 Normal H. R. 84 82 72 81 82 96 Time in H. R. for min. taken 1st 15 sec. to smoke of 1st min. 35 34 36 32 36 36 Average 82.6 34.8 2-19-15 7.10 80 69 39 3- 8-15 7.20 78 68 32 4-15-15 7.00 74 50 33 4-21-15 7.00 80 54 32 4-23-15 1.15 98* 59 39 Average 82 60 * Had been exercising quite vigorously half hour before. 35 50 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes Min. H.R. re- turned normal. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 16 2e 21 25 24 20 21 7 22 20 20 21 20 3 30 19 18 18 18 4 22 21 20 20 20 4 19 21 22 22 21 21 3 27 26 25 24 24 24 6 Average 5 . 2 21 18 20 20 20 20 4 22 21 20 21 21 21 19 20 19 19 8 25 25 24 24 23 24 23 23 24 23 23 24 23 * 24 22 23 23 22 25 23 22 21 22 22 21 22 23 * 30 28 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 * Average 11.4 * Heart rate had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. The above table may be made visible by averag- ing the rate for the first 15 seconds of each suc- cessive minute and plotting as in the following chart. HEAET RATE AFTER EXERCISE 51 8 8 r NORMAL H.R. flFOR 15 SEC; ss 1 1 I * "" " 2 7} • V 3 O a en A 5 1 r 6 m o • o \ i \ 7 i i 8 m 1 i ■ 9 > o I CO i i i IO i i II c n o \ 12 m i i i 13 < m \ 14 s 1 V !? z • 52 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING In this manner 193 experiments were con- ducted on 15 men as indicated in the following table : NUMBER OF TESTS TAKEN Smoking 10 5 Non-Smokebs A B C D E F G Without Smoking 5 6 10 10 5 5 5 37 SO Total 87 Smokers X 5 10 Y 5 10 Z 6 10 M 5 10 N 5 10 s 2 2 T 6 6 W 5 10 38 68 Total 106 193 The general tables of averages and comparisons will show the results. TABLES OF AVERAGES AND COMPARISONS Table I. — When men did not smoke H. R. average of Average of individual man individual for 1st 15 sec. man's H. R. of 1st min. after exercise. A 80.8 36 B 82.6 34.8 C 79.2 , 38 D 90.5 37.2 E 72 34 F 71.2 33.6 G 73.8 34.4 Average 78.6 35.1 HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 53 H. R. average of Average of individual man individual for 1st 15 see. man's H. R. of 1st min. after exercise. X 88 35 Y 80 35.8 Z 78.8 36.6 M 71.4 35.4 N 73.8 34.6 S 88 40 T 85.8 32 W 85.8 34.8 Average 81.5 35.5 Table I shows the average heart rate of all the men when normal, that is, not smoking. The average normal heart rate for non-smokers is 78.6 beats per minute, while for the smoker it is 81.5 beats per minute, demonstrating that the heart rate of smokers is higher than that of non- smokers. This conclusion verifies conclusion 4 of J. W. Payne's study of 1914, to the effect that cigar smoking increases heart rate. The average heart rate for the first 15 seconds of the first minute after exercise when not smok- ing, for non-smokers is 35.1 beats, for smokers is 35.5 beats. There seems to be no decided dif- ference between non-smokers and smokers when not smoking, as to the height of increase of heart rate for the first minute after exercise. 54 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Non-Smoke E8 A B C D E F G TABLE II.— When men smoked Nor. average Time in min. H. R. before taken to smoking smoke 83.8 82 81.8 87.3 64.2 84.2 73.8 63.6 60 59.5 59.9 68.4 61.2 60.2 H. R. for 1st 15 sec. of 1st min. after exercise 34.9 35 39.8 39.4 33.8 33.9 33.2 Average 79.6 60.4 35.7 Smokers X 79.7 62.2 36.6 Y 78.9 61.2 34.5 Z 72.2 59.1 38.3 M 76.5 59.2 35.2 N 80.2 60.4 39.2 S 88.5 60 44 T 89.2 60.2 37 W 86.6 60.7 35.3 Average 81.5 60.4 37.5 Table II shows the average heart rate of all the men when they smoked. During this period of time, when the non- smokers smoked, we find an increase of heart rate of one beat per minute as compared with the period when they did not smoke. This also proves that smoking increases the heart rate. We also find the heart rate of non-smokers lower than that of the habitual smoker. The average length of time for both groups to smoke two cigars was 60.4 minutes. The heart rate for the first 15 seconds of the HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 55 first minute after exercise for smokers was 1.8 beats higher than for non-smokers. Multiplying this rate by four to get the rate for a whole min- ute in order to compare with normal heart rate, we find that the heart rate for the first minute after exercise in relation to the normal heart rate is correspondingly greater by 5.5 beats for smokers than for non-smokers. Therefore the statement can be made that the heart rate of smokers after exercise is higher than non- smokers. TABLE III Time required for heart rate to return to normal after exercise. Non- Smoke es A B C D E F G Without Out of the 86 experiments Smoking, i.e Smoking from which these figures Normal are taken — 49 tests with 6.8 6.9 smoking— in 37 of the tests 5.2 11.4 with smoking, the heart 4.4 15 rate did not return to nor- 6.7 13.9 mal, but inasmuch as H. R. 4 15 was taken only until the 4 15 15th minute, the number 3.8 13.2 15 was used in averaging. Average 5 12.9 Smokers Xj 6.2 15 Out of 103 experiments — Y 5.6 7.4 65 smoking, in 39 H. R. Z 5.4 14.4 did not return to normal in M 4.2 9.5 15 minutes, so 15 was taken N 5.4 11.2 for averaging. S 6 15 T 6.16 13.5 W 4.6 10 Average 5.2 12 56 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Table III shows a comparison of the minutes at which the heart rate returned to normal when men did not smoke and when they did smoke. Out of IIS experiments when the men smoked, the heart rate in 74 increased and failed to return to normal after exercise within 15 minutes. This is a percentage of 62.72. Non-smokers smoked 50 times. Out of this number 36 increased in heart rate and did not return to normal in 15 minutes. This is a per- centage of 72. Smokers smoked 68 times. Out of this number 38 increased in heart rate and failed to return to normal in 15 minutes. This is a percentage of 55.80. For non-smokers not smoking, the average re- turn of the heart rate to normal after exercise was 5 minutes. With smoking the average return to normal was 12.9 minutes, averaging X as 15 minutes (X indicating that heart rate had not returned to normal within 15 minutes, which was as long as experiment was continued). For smokers not smoking the average return of the heart rate to normal after exercise was 5.2 minutes, which is but slightly longer than for non-smokers. When smoking, the average return to normal was 12 minutes. With non-smokers the difference, when smok- ing and not smoking, of the average minutes that HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 57 the heart rate returned to normal, was 7.9 min- utes. With the smoker the difference was 6.8 minutes. This shows that smoking caused the heart to work longer to accomplish a given amount of work. The fact that there was a difference of 6.8 min- utes with smokers in the average return of the heart rate to normal after exercise when smoking and not smoking, shows that a man has become habituated to tobacco smoking psychologically, yet physiologically his system never becomes ac- customed to it, to the extent that it is not affected. TABLE IV This table shows a comparison of the average normal H. R. and the average increased H. R. for the 15th minute in all those cases of smoking where the heart rate after exercise had not returned to normal at 15th minute. . a ~ ■> -„S ~S Z iS-SJsa lis, !j «r§ 2| *J %pl Ills ll <§i Ssl 31 llw? A 2 10 75 21 84 9 B 3 5 84 23.3 93.4 9.4 C 10 10 81.8 23.9 95.6 13.8 D 7 10 85 23.3 93.4 8.4 E 5 5 64.2 20.2 80.8 16.6 F 5 5 84.2 23 92 7.8 G 4 5 72.7 21.7 86.8 14.1 Total 36 50 Average 78.1 22.4 89.4 11.3 58 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING pjo-9 o o.gn o 5 o S«oo W|| 1 «|1 «-. -2-9 * fe, g n| . ** wis «° « a |Ss« Ills II $li 3s1 41 Igw-s X 9 10 79.2 22.8 91.2 12 Y 2 10 76 20.5 82.0 6 Z 9 10 72.2 20.1 80.4 8.4 M 3 10 71.3 19.7 78.8 7.5 N 4 10 76 22 88 12 S 2 2 88.5 24.5 98.0 9.5 T 5 6 87.4 28.2 112.8 25.4 W 4 10 80.7 22.5 90 9.3 Total 38 68 Average 78.9 22.5 90 11.1 Total 74 118 Table IV shows after exercise that the average heart rate for the 15th minute in 72 per cent of the tests when non-smokers smoked was 11.3 beats per minute higher than normal. In 55.8 per cent of the cases when smokers smoked the average heart rate in the 15th minute was 11.1 beats per minute higher than normal. In this comparison of normal heart rate and increased heart rate after exercise there seems to be but little difference between smokers and non-smokers. Out of 118 tests when both smokers and non-smokers smoked, the heart rate increased in 74 tests or f>2.72 per cent and at the 15th minute had not returned to normal. HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 59 This average increase at the 15th minute was 11.2 beats per minute higher than at normal. The total general effect of smoking in delaying the return of the heart rate to normal after exer- cise may be shown by averaging the heart rate for each 15 seconds for each man and then getting the grand average for each group. This is done in Table V and the general result is visualized by plotting for the groups as was done in the case of Mr. B. The table and chart for smokers would be almost identically the same as the above and is therefore omitted. It should be noted that this curve hardly portrays the true significance of the delayed return since the averages before smoking are often taken from individual cases. These individual cases are frequently nearly as high as after smoking. The true picture of the situation lies in the few cases that failed to return to normal after seven minutes before smoking and the large number that failed to return to normal after fifteen minutes after smoking. CONCLUSIONS I. Smokers have a normal heart rate higher than non-smokers. II. Smoking causes a delay in the return of the heart rate to normal after exercise. As evi- 60 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING ■o ■a © •o © o o d CM o © CO IN 00 o IN CM 00 CM CM CM ■* CM IO CO CM © CM CM CO CM © IN CO CM CM 00 CO CM O © CO CO (N o .-H o 00 <-l OS o IN 00 CM CM IN CM CO CM © CM IN CO CM Cd IN CM CM t~ o IN o IN CM o IN CO CO CM o © o 00 i-H CO © 00 © IN IN CO CM CO 'J' IN 05 IN CO CI CO •-< CO CM IN CM CM CM CO CM CM CO CM IN CM -* I-H CM IN CO o IN CO "CH IN IN I-H CM o 00 CO 00 © i-H IN CO »-H CM CM CO CM CO t-H CM CM CD T-4 00 CM CM i-H CM 00 i-l CM -*> O < HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 61 8 a B "1 O SO H Oi o 0, NORMAL H.R. Ui FOR 15 SEC. * 1 2 I a 3D • o oT en m p O *n rn > o c r> o m (A 0) < Z 3 V \ A- 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 |3 14 15 62 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING denced in this study, this delay is 7.9 minutes for non-smokers and 6.8 minutes for smokers. III. Equilibrium of heart rate is not estab- lished in habitual smokers, i. e., the body does not become accustomed to smoking, for there is but a slight difference in the length of time of the return of the heart rate to normal between smokers and non-smokers. IV. To the writer the most important con- clusion as shown by the work is that : — (a) In 74 tests out of 118 smoking tests, or 62.72 per cent, the heart rate was increased and did not return to normal at the 15th minute. In 72 out of 74 tests without smoking, 97 per cent of all the tests taken, the heart rate re- turned to normal in less than fifteen minutes, the average time being only five minutes. (b) The average heart rate at the 15th minute was 11.2 beats greater than the average normal heart rate. These experiments are exceedingly convincing. They are also exceedingly original. They show that the smoker apparently does not become habituated to the use of tobacco, that exercise disturbs him more than the non-smoker, that physical work causes more of a disturbance in organic function in those who smoke than in HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 63 those who do not. Apparently, therefore, ath- letic coaches have been wise in asking their ath- letes to give up smoking when training. We would imagine also that the non-smoker, other things being equal, would make the better work- man, for he can work with less disturbance to organic function. The individual detailed tables are given in the appendix, so that those desiring to do so can fol- low absolutely every detail of the experiment. Attention is called to the general uniformity and consistent results shown by the tables. 64 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING APPENDIX TO PART II Tables op Individual Data with Explanations Mr. A. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec. Date tion periment H.R. to smoke of 1st min. 1-21-15 Good 6.30 90 42 1-22-15 " 6.30 68 30 1-28-15 11 7.15 74 40 1-26-15 " 7.00 88 33 1-30-15 " 6.50 84 35 Average 80.8 36 2- 4-15 " 6.30 70 58 32 2-10-15 11 6.30 68 61 28 2-16-15 " 6.30 98 63 35 2-17-15 " 6.50 92 71 36 2-19-15 " 6.30 90 70 32 2-24-15 " 6.40 80 68 37 2-25-15 '■ 6.40 84 52 40 3- 2-15 " 6.40 89 63 39 3- 3-15 " 6.40 83 68 35 3- 4-15 " 6.40 84 62 35 Average 83.8 63.6 34.9 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: 8 9 Min. H.R. 10 11 12 13 14 15 returns to normal 20 23 23 23 22 23 22 6 19 21 20 19 20 19 20 19 19 20 18 19 19 20 * 21 22 21 24 21 20 22 21 19 19 19 19 18 19 10 23 19 22 22 22 4 20 22 21 21 21 4_ 6.8 t 7 4 4 3 3 tt 6 8 4 Average 6 . 9 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute, t Became nauseated. ft Felt rather sick, a little bit dizzy. 20 19 20 21 20 21 20 20 17 17 19 19 18 17 17 'SI 25 24 24 22 23 23 23 23 21 22 22 22 22 20 21 20 20 24 23 25 25 25 24 24 23 20 21 22 22 23 22 21 23 21 22 23 20 21 24 21 21 21 19 18 18 20 19 19 23 23 23 23 23 HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 65 Mr. B. See tables on page 49 Mr. C. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- H.R. mins. taken 1st 15 sec. Date tion periment Normal to smoke of 1st min. 1-14-15 Good 6.30 82 37 1-19-15 " 7.10 84 40 1-21-15 " 7.00 80 36 1-23-15 " 6.30 72 36 1-27-15 " 7.15 78 41 Average 79.2 38 1-28-15 (I 6.30 76 58 45 2- 2-15 " 6.30 78 61 38 2- 4-15 " 6.30 80 63 36 2- 8-15 Hard Cold 6.35 88 59 41 2-11-15 Good 6.30 72 60 42 2-16-15 " 6.30 90 58 41 2-17-15 *' 6.30 74 56 38 2-24-15 '* 6.40 84 60 38 2-25-15 *' 7.00 84 58 38 3- 2-15 " 7.00 92 62 41 Average 81.8 59.5 39.8 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 28 22 21 21 21 21 4 26 21 21 21 21 3 24 21 20 20 4 23 21 20 '•21 21 20 19 19 8 26 19 18 18 18 3 Average 4.4 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 22 22 * 23 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 24 21 24 23 * 26 24 22 22 22 23 23 22 23 22 23 23 24 23 * 25 26 25 26 25 25 24 24 24 26 25 25 24 * 21 22 23 22 23 21 23 24 23 22 23 23 24 23 * 26 27 26 27 26 26 26 26 25 26 25 25 25 25 * 22 21 23 25 24 24 24 24 23 25 24 24 23 24 * 25 25 24 25 25 26 25 26 20 26 25 26 25 25 * 24 23 24 25 26 25 24 25 25 20 25 25 24 25 * 26 23 23 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 26 25 25 25 * Average * H. R. bad not returned to normal at the 15th minute. * or 15 min. 00 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. D. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec. Date tior i periment H.R. to smoke of 1st min. 1-14-16 Goc 6.30 88 32 1-19-15 " 7.15 89 38 1-22-15 " 7.00 96 42 1-27-15 " 7.30 94 34 1-28-15 " 7.00 96 42 1-26-15 " 7.15 80 35 Average 90.5 37.2 1-30-15 " 6.30 80 61 34 2- 2-15 " 7.00 81 60 42 2- 4-15 " 6.30 84 63 40 2- 8-15 " 6.45 80 58 42 2-10-15 it 6.30 104* 56 40 2-11-15 " 6.35 94 51 41 2-16-15 " 6.40 90 62 39 2-17-15 ii 6.30 88 70 37 2-25-15 " 6.35 82 61 40 3- 2-15 " 6.40 90 57 39 Average 87.3 59.9 39.4 * Normal H. R. was taken several times and at intervals of three to five minutes for three or four times without a decrease in H.R. H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes'. Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 19 20 22 22 22 22 4 20 24 21 22 21 22 6 23 23 27 26 25 24 24 7 22 19 22 23 23 24 23 23 8 27 22 23 25 26 28 23 24 24 10 18 17 19 19 20 20 6 Average 6.7 23 20 21 22 19 18 21 21 21 20 20 11 22 22 23 23 23 23 22 23 23 22 23 21 21 22 * 23 22 23 23 22 23 23 24 25 24 24 23 24 24 * 21 20 25 23 22 22 22 22 24 21 21 21 22 22 * 22 23 24 24 23 24 24 24 24 23 24 24 23 24 t Decrs. 20 23 22 23 22 22 24 23 23 23 9 23 26 26 24 24 25 24 24 25 25 24 24 24 24 • 21 24 24 25 25 25 24 25 24 25 24 25 24 25 • 22 24 23 23 24 23 23 25 24 23 23 23 23 23 * 21 21 24 24 25 24 25 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 * Average 13 . 9 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. t Not used in averaging for increase of H.R. HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 67 Mr. E. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mine, taken 1st 15 sec. Date tion periment H.R. to smoke of 1st min. 1-19-15 Good 6.30 56 33 1-27-15 '* 6.30 70 31 1-28-15 11 7.00 76 35 1-26-15 " 7.10 72 35 2- 9-15 7.00 86 36 Average 72 34 2-11-15 14 6.30 70 50 34 2-17-15 " 7.30 64 59 34 3- 3-15 11 7.00 60 63 31 4- 2-15 '* 7.00 61 58 31 4- 6-15 " 1.35 66 62 39 Average 64.2 58.4 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: 33.8 Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 15 14 15 16 14 14 6 16 18 17 18 4 19 19 19 3 24 21 18 18 4 16 21 21 3 Average 4 19 18 18 20 21 21 21 21 22 19 20 20 20 20 * 15 17 19 19 19 19 20 Bl 19 21 20 20 20 20 * 17 19 20 20 21 20 22 22 22 21 22 21 22 22 * 15 16 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 * 16 18 20 20 20 20 19 21 19 21 20 20 20 20 * Average * or 15 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. 68 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. F. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mine, taken 1st 15 Bee. Date tion periment H.R. to smoke of 1st min. 1-21-15 Good 7.30 69 39 1-22-15 " 7.00 72 36 1-26-15 11 7.00 72 30 2- 9-15 ** 6.30 65 31 2-10-15 " 6.35 78 32 Average 71.2 33.6 Smoking 2-17-15 (i 7.30 86 68 33 3- 3-15 " 7.15 80 62 35 3- 4-15 " 7.00 77 54 32 4- 2-15 " 6.40 92 52 36 4- 6-15 " 6.30 86 70 33 Average 84.2 61.2 33.9 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: 2 3 4 5 6 7 19 18 17 17 16 17 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 14 16 16 20 21 20 20 Min. H.R. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 17 4 3 3 4 Average 4 17 22 24 22 22 24 24 23 23 24 23 24 23 24 * 27 20 23 23 24 23 22 25 23 22 22 23 22 23 * 25 20 19 21 20 21 20 21 20 22 21 20 21 21 * 27 24 26 25 25 25 25 24 25 24 24 24 25 24 * 18 23 24 22 22 23 24 23 24 23 24 23 24 23 * Average * or 15 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 69 Mr. G. Time in H.R. for Condi . Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec. Date tion periment H.R. to smoke of 1st min. 1-22-15 Goo 7.00 77 36 1-28-15 (i 6.45 64 30 1-26-15 " 6.30 72. 32 2- 2-15 " 6.30 84 38 2- 2-15 it 6.45 72 36 Average 73.8 34.4 2- 8-15 ■i 6.30 78 60 36 2-11-15 " 6.30 78 67 32 2-17-15 Slight cold 6.30 69 56 32 3- 3-15 Good 6.30 67 59 33 3-30-15 6.30 83 65 33 Average 73.8 60.2 33.2 H.R. for first 15 Beconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 19 19 19 3 17 16 16 3 17 15 16 16 17 18 18 7 22 21 21 3 22 18 18 18 3 Average 3.8 23 25 23 24 24 23 23 6 19 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 * 20 20 22 23 21 21 23 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 * 21 20 21 21 21 20 21 21 21 20 22 21 21 21 * 24 24 22 24 24 21 24 24 25 24 24 24 24 24 * Average * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. 13.2 70 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. X. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 1st 15 sec. Date i bion periment H.R. to smoke of 1st min. 1-18-15 Goo 6.50 70 65 40 1-19-15 " 6.30 59 62 40 1-21-15 " 6.30 88 68 39 1-22-15 " 6.40 92 65 36 1-26-15 ii 6.30 84 61 33 1-28-15 i< 6.30 96 62 36 1-30-15 " 6.30 79 58 36 2- 2-15 " 6.30 73 56 35 2- 4-15 " 6.30 78 62 35 2-10-15 " 6.40 78 63 36 Average 79.7 62.2 36.6 3- 2-15 ii 7.00 80 35 3- 3-15 11 *6.35 92 34 3- 8-15 11 6.30 86 39 3- 9-15 '* 6.30 90 40 3-10-15 11 7.00 96 34 Average 88 36.4 * Had worked hard. H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 21 22 20 22 19 21 22 21 19 23 20 21 19 19 19 19 23 21 21 22 20 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 26 25 24 25 24 25 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 26 28 26 29 26 26 26 25 25 26 26 26 25 28 24 23 20 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 21 21 ♦Decrs 32 28 28 24 24 25 24 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 32 28 28 24 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 26 26 24 20 24 24 22 22 22 22 20 24 23 21 25 23 22 19 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 24 21 22 21 23 25 24 22 22 25 23 24 23 24 23 23 23 23 Average 15 19 20 21 21 21 21 20 21 21 20 20 5 25 21 22 23 23 5 21 23 23 21 21 5 23 19 23 22 5 23 22 24 24 4 Average * Not used in averaging for increase of H.R. 5.2 HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 71 Mr. Y. Date 1-18-15 1-19-15 1-20-15 1-21-15 1-26-15 1-28-15 2- 2-15 2- 4-15 2-10-15 2-12-15 Condi- tion Good Hr. of Ex- periment 7.50 ♦7.15 7.00 7.00 7.05 7.10 t7.00 7.10 7.20 7.00 Normal H.R. 68 64 79 79 78 80 95 88 78 80 Time in H.R. for mins. taken 1st 15 sec. to smoke of 1st min. 63 66 62 68 69 62 55 59 56 62 34 31 35 39 34 31 35 40 35 31 Average 78 . 9 4-20-15 " 1.00 81 4-23-15 " 1.15 73 4-26-15 " 6.30 82 4-27-15 Stomach-ache 6.30 79 4-28-15 Good 6.30 85 61.2 34.5 32 32 39 37 39 Average *Up until 1.00 a. m. 80 t Swimming hard. H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: 2 3 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 22 22 23 20 26 22 23 23 19 23 19 21 19 21 23 19 24 24 20 17 17 17 19 21 21 19 24 23 25 23 19 19 17 19 17 17 19 21 20 19 24 24 35.8 Min. H.R. 15 returned to normal 4 17 19 20 18 19 2.°, 23 18 17 17 18 17 19 17 17 20 19 19 19 19 20 20 23 24 24 23 24 24 23 24 20 19 20 Average 18 19 19 21 20 21 19 18 21 18 18 20 23 21 21 24 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 22 22 23 23 21 21 21 22 22 21 22 22 21 22 21 7.4 6 5 4 * 4 Average * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute.' 5.6 72 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. Z. Time in H.R. for 1st Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 15 sec. of Date i tion periment H.R. to smoke 1st 15 min. 1-19-16 Good 6.30 57 62 33 1-21-16 " 6.50 72 65 36 1-22-15 " 8.00 70 58 46 1-26-15 " 6.30 62 62 36 1-28-15 41 6.30 73 56 42 1-29-15 II 6.30 72 61 35 2- 2-15 " 6.35 71 53 39 2- 4-17 It 7.00 81 58 41 2-11-15 " 7.00 88 62 40 2-16-15 " 6.25 75 61 36 Average 72.5 1 59.1 38.3 3- 8-15 II 6.30 78 36 3- 9-15 " 6.30 85 42 3-10-15 ** 6.30 74 36 4-20-15 " 1.15 76 34 4-21-15 14 1.00 80 36 4-22-15 " 1.15 80 35 Average 78. h 36.6 H.R. for 15 seconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 22 18 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 19 * 17 17 17 17 18 19 19 18 18 18 6 23 21 21 19 21 21 20 21 20 1!) 21 20 20 20 * 16 18 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 19 20 19 19 * 21 20 21 20 20 20 23 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 * 18 21 21 19 19 19 20 20 19 19 20 10 17 17 * 22 20 20 21 21 22 20 20 20 21 22 22 22 19 * 22 19 23 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 21 22 21 21 * 21 22 20 22 20 22 20 23 21 23 21 21 21 21 * 23 20 22 21 21 21 22 22 23 22 23 23 24 23 * Average 14.4 22 20 20 20 19 20 6 20 21 21 21 3 21 18 20 20 19 19 6 20 20 19 19 4 21 19 22 20 20 5 21 19 20 20 3 Average * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. 5.4 HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 73 Mr. M. Time in H.R. for Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken 1st 16 sec. Date tion periment H.R. to smoke of 1st 15 min. 1-18-15 Good 7.15 78 61 29 1-19-15 ** 7.00 79 67 33 1-21-15 " 7.10 92 58 40 1-22-15 ■i 7.00 78 55 36 1-27-15 " 7.00 80 60 34 1-28-15 •1 7.00 80 65 34 1-29-15 " 7.00 66 62 35 1-30-15 ii 6.50 74 53 36 2- 4-15 11 7.00 74 60 40 2- 8-15 " 7.00 74 51 35 Average 76.5 59.2 35.2 3- 2-15 " 7.00 71 31 3- 3-15 " 7.00 78 39 4-20-15 «i 6.30 68 38 4-18-15 ii 1.00 72 35 4-21-15 " 6.35 68 34 Average 71.4 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: 3 4 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 35.4 Min. H.R. 15 returned to normal 5 26 22 20 19 20 18 19 28 27 24 22 21 19 19 19 19 7 30 26 27 25 23 23 23 6 25 21 21 21 20 20 19 20 19 19 8 23 20 21 20 19 18 21 20 20 20 9 22 21 22 22 20 20 6 23 22 20 22 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 * 25 18 21 23 21 19 19 18 19 18 19 18 19 9 26 20 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 * 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 * Average 18 18 19 18 18 23 20 19 20 20 17 18 17 17 19 21 18 18 18 21 17 17 17 9.5 5 4 5 4 3 Average 4.2 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the fifteenth minute. 74 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. N. Date 1—18—15 1—19—15 1—28—15 1—26—15 1—22—15 1—30—15 2— 4—15 2—19—15 2—21—15 2—25—15 Condi- tion Good Hr. of Ex- periment 7.30 7.30 7.00 7.10 6.60 6.45 7.10 7.00 7.30 6.45 Normal H.R. 78 80 80 88 79 79 74 71 84 89 Time in mins. taken to smoke 61 66 50 60 61 57 62 65 63 59 H.R. for 1st 15 sec. of 1st 15 min. 40 35 46 31 38 35 46 45 42 34 Average 80.2 60.4 39.2 4—19- -15 h 1 .15 48 (?) 31 4—26—15 " 1 .30 90 37 4—28—15 " 1 .30 73 34 4—29- -15 " 1 .30 76 35 5— 2—15 " 1 .30 82 36 Average 73.8 34.6 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 25 28 21 21 22 21 20 18 19 10 23 21 19 21 18 19 21 20 9 24 23 23 23 25 22 23 23 23 23 24 23 23 23 * 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 tDecra 23 20 20 21 19 19 19 18 19 9 22 28 27 23 24 24 23 24 23 22 24 25 26 25 * 16 17 22 21 23 21 21 21 21 21 24 25 24 22 * 16 17 22 21 22 21 23 21 21 23 21 22 21 22 * 17 18 17 22 20 20 21 21 8 20 22 21 20 22 21 22 21 22 6 Average 11.2 13 12 12 12 4 21 24 24 23 23 5 19 18 18 18 18 3 23 17 20 21 19 19 6 19 20 21 20 21 21 4 Average * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. t Not used in averaging for increase of H.R. 5.4 HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 75 Date 2-2-15 2-4-15 Mr 8. H.R. for Time in 1st 15 sec. Condi- Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken of 1st 15 tion periment H.R. to smoke min. Good 7.00 93 58 45 7.00 84 62 43 Average 88.5 60 44 3-4-15 3-8-15 6.40 6.40 84 92 45 35 Average 88 40 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 20 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 25 26 24 23 24 24 * 21 23 23 26 26 25 25 25 26 24 23 24 26 25 * Average *or 15 25 22 24 22 21 21 35 23 22 23 Average 5 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute. 76 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. T. Date 1-18-15 1-27-15 2- 8-15 2-10-15 2-16-15 2-19-15 Average Condi- tion Good Hr.'of Ex- periment 7.30 7.00 6.45 6.30 6.30 6.40 Normal H.R. 78 89 88 92 96 92 R.H. for Time in 1st 15 sec. mins. taken of 1st 15 to smoke 65 60 63 65 60 67 mm. 31 36 31 40 34 42 Average 89.2 60.2 37 3- 3-15 6.45 82 28 3- 8-15 7.30 100 42 3-10-15 7.00 92 32 3-20-15 1.00 75 28 3-21-15 6.30 80 30 85.8 32 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 Min. H.R. 12 13 14 15 returned to 26 25 25 21 20 20 19 20 22 28 31 28 30 30 30 27 26 25 32 30 .28 29 28 25 24 24 23 26 26 26 24 24 24 24 26 24 34 33 32 31 32 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 34 28 27 29 32 31 30 31 31 30 30 30 29 29 29 27 28 28 28 27 30 28 29 28 27 28 27 26 normal 6 * * *t * Average 23 21 22 22 20 21 20 21 30 27 26 28 25 25 25 25 25 25 23 23 23 19 17 18 19 19 22 21 21 21 20 20 13.5 6 6 7 6 6 Average 6 . 2 * H.R. had not returned to normal in the 15th minute, t This was continued for 27 minutes and the rate for any 16 Bee. did not drop lower than 28 beats. HEART RATE AFTER EXERCISE 77 Mr.W. H.R. for Time in 1st 15 sec. Condi Hr. of Ex- Normal mins. taken of 1st 15 Date tion periment H.R. to smoke min. 1-22-15 Good 7.00 82 65 32 1-28-15 '• 7.00 70 60 35 2- 8-15 11 7.00 98 67 40 2- 4-15 " 6.40 80 61 36 2-10-15 " 6.30 86 56 33 2-11-15 " 7.10 95 62 42 2-17-15 " 7.00 84 58 38 2-19-15 11 7.00 100 63 28 2-24-15 " 6.30 82 68 34 2-25-15 " 6.40 89 57 35 Average 86.6 60.7 35.3 3-30-15 " 6.45 91 36 3-31-15 " 7.00 83 34 4- 1-15 " 7.00 92 32 4- 2-15 " 6.45 83 34 4- 4-15 11 7.00 80 36 Average 85.8 34.8 H.R. for first 15 seconds of following minutes: Min. H.R. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 returned to normal 18 17 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ♦fDecrs 18 17 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 * 26 24 26 24 24 24 4 26 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 21 21 * 22 19 21 21 22 21 5 24 24 24 26 24 4 27 23 22 23 25 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 * 23 23 25 24 23 25 25 4 18 20 21 22 23 21 21 21 8 24 24 23 23 24 24 23 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 * Average 10 24 23 22 22 22 23 22 23 22 4 21 20 20 21 20 5 21 22 23 23 4 17 18 19 21 21 21 21 5 18 19 22 20 20 5 Average * H.R. had not returned to normal in fifteen minutes. t Not used in averaging for increase of H.R. 4.6 PART III THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION Experimental Work by G. WESLEY BLICKLEY International Young Men's Christian Association College, Springfield, Mass., 1915 Ill The Effects of Smoking on Neuro-Muscular Precision The experiments extended over a period of four months with conditions as nearly uniform as possible. The problem of precision tests and methods of determining physical accuracy and neuro-mus- cular control is a very broad one. Discussions of this and allied subjects may be found in Whipple's "Manual of Mental and Physical Tests" and in other publications. The most prac- tical test which presented itself for use in this study for the finer coordinations was that fur- nished by the Columbia University Psychological Blanks No. 10. For the larger muscle groups it was decided to use lunging at a target with a fencing foil. These tests were taken before and after smok- ing two cigars, and a system of scoring was adopted which would indicate the results of each man's performance. In this way exact figures show the score made by each man, with the per cent of loss or gain in physical precision regis- 81 82 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING tered for each individual experiment and aver- aged for the whole test. The subjects for the work of this study were all young men leading healthy, active lives, taken from all classes in the college and varying in age from 19 to 24. For the sake of comparison seven smokers and seven non-smokers were se- lected. The smokers were men who perhaps never smoked more than twice in a day at the most, and would be classified as moderate smokers; and who, furthermore, discontinued even this amount of smoking during various seasons on account of training. On the other hand, many of the non-smokers had never used tobacco and took up the experiment merely from a personal interest in the subject. Owing to the unpleasant results, some found it impossible to finish the complete set of ten experiments. Prac- tice teaching also interfered with some. The room in which the tests were held was the smoking laboratory mentioned in the previous studies. It was well heated, well ventilated, and well lighted. There was plenty of ventilation, although it was our aim not to allow too much ventilation, as it was desired to have as nearly as possible the conditions of the club room, or the smoking car with the heavy cloud of smoke. The men came for their experiments on even- ings best suited to them, so that at any time when NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 83 they were not feeling well they were not required to come. In this way the experiments were ob- tained when the men were in the best of spirits, and at least when they were most likely to be normal. The subjects, whether smoking or not, were allowed to study, read, or write letters as they wished. It was noted, however, that the time was usually spent in conversation. The cigars used were the same as in the pre- vious tests. The men were required to smoke two cigars for each experiment, which took on the average from fifty to sixty minutes and more, the men setting their own pace. The tests were two in number and were con- ducted as follows: Smokers— after a period of rest and after conditions had returned to their normal, and the normal heart rate had been taken by Mr. Dowling, each man was required to fill in two of the five lines on the Psychological Blank, which consisted in drawing a zigzag line between two other printed lines 3/16 of an inch apart. The object of the test is to keep the third line from touching either of the other two lines. A fountain pen was used to draw these lines, and a metronome was used to time the men, 17 seconds for each line. A copy of the blank follows : 84 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING o a z ■< j m j •< o 5 o j o M H^MiaJ ►" 5 £ ■§ 33 2 « a E s. .5 * HI s s o O r3J 3 NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 85 Every time this zigzag line touched either line the subject was marked an error. An average of the errors registered in the first two lines were recorded as the score of this test before smoking. Then followed the target test. This consisted of five thrusts with the foil in true fencing style — arm straight and with the lunge — at a target about fifteen inches in diameter, which is placed on the wall about shoulder high. A bull's-eye was registered as 6; for each succeeding concentric circle five, four, three, two, and one. The averages of these five scores were then taken and recorded as the score for that individual before smoking. The subject was then allowed to smoke his two cigars, after which he filled in the remaining three parallel lines on the blank. The average, under the same conditions of scoring as before, was taken, and this recorded as the individual's score after smoking. The target test was then repeated and the average of the five thrusts re- corded as the score after smoking. Ten such experiments were taken and the scores totaled and averaged, after which each man was requested to refrain from smoking to- bacco in any of its forms for a period of two weeks. A series of five experiments were then taken, similar to the ten above, with this excep- tion that the scores were taken after exercise ; the particular form of exercise used was twenty 86 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING jumps over a stick about eighteen inches high. This experiment was taken simply to satisfy a desire on my part to know the effect of exercise on neuromuscular control. The scores were then totaled and averaged and the conclusions drawn. Non-smokers — The tests on the non-smokers were much the same as those conducted with the smokers, except that the five experiments to obtain the normal and the effects on neuro-mus- cular control after exercise were taken first. The smoking tests were then taken after the normal had been recorded. As there were but one or two trial experiments before the actual tests were started and as the men were not fully accustomed to the tests, we find that in most cases the non-smokers show an increase in physical precision in the normals taken immediately before smoking, and in the normals found for the first five experiments. But this is generally more than balanced by the per- centage lost after smoking. There are of course many outside influences which could have an effect upon the scores and which really should be considered. Chief of these is the fact of general improvement which the men show as a result of greater experience with the apparatus. There is also a difference in the scores registered by the different men as a result of their varied previous experience with the foil, NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 87 but this would not in any way affect the final percentages. With the smokers there is also a chance for decrease in efficiency during the two weeks' interval without smoking, due to lack of practice. These are some of the considerations which must be taken into account in studying the re- sults in the following tables. With these in mind, we can readily see why it is that the best one can hope for from the results obtained, is that they may be suggestive and a stimulus to further study. Samples of the individual detailed tables follow and the complete set of detailed tables will be found in the appendix. Mr. P. SMOKER— BLANK TEST Befoke Smokino After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 4,8 12 6.0 12,15,12 39 13 1/19 14,4 18 9.0 13,11,14 38 12.66 1/21 3,9 12 6.0 10, 8,12 30 10.00 1/22 6,6 12 6.0 6, 4, 9 19 6.33 1/26 5,6 11 5.5 7, 3, 8 18 6.00 1/28 6,1 6 3.0 1, 2, 3 6 2.00 1/30 4,3 7 3.5 4, 5, 7 17 5.66 2/2 2,6 8 4.0 5, 5, 6 16 5.33 2/10 3,2 5 2.5 1, 2, 3 6 2.00 2/11 2,4 6 97 3.0 48.5 4, 5, 3 12 201 4.00 Totals 66.98 Averages 9.7 4.85 20.1 6.70 In this series of experiments Mr. P. lost in physical precision in eight out of the ten trials. In the trials of Jan. 28th and Feb. 10th a slight 88 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING increase was registered. The final average of 4.85 before smoking and 6.7 after smoking shows a decrease of 1.85 in the respective scores. This gives Mr. P. a loss of 38.13 per cent in physical precision. Mb. P. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Normal After Exercise Ind. Date Score Total Av. Trials Total Av. 3/2 7,3 12 6 5,6,7 21 7 3/3 5,4 9 4.5 4,3,2 9 3 3/8 4,4 8 4.0 4,6,2 12 4 3/9 3,4 7 3.5 5,3,3 11 3.66 3/10 4,4 8 44 4.0 22.0 6,4,2 12 4.00 Totals 65 21.66 Averages 8.8 4.4 13 4.33 By a comparison of the figures in the above tables we find that after exercise Mr. P. showed a slight decrease in physical precision in two of the trials, an increase in one, and no change in two trials. In the totals the differences were so small as to be almost nil, the loss being but 1.59 per cent. By a comparison with the previous tests on Mr. P. we find that the normal here of 8.8 shows about 10 per cent increase in precision during interval of two weeks without smoking. This would tend to intensify the results in the smoking tests, which showed a loss in pre- cision of 38.13 per cent immediately after smoking. NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 89 Mr. P. SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoeii ro Ind. Ind. Data Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 6,4,3,5,3 21 4.2 4,2,4,4,5 20 4.0 1/19 3,3,3,3,4 16 3.2 3,4,3,4,3 17 3.4 1/21 6,4,4,5,4 23 4.6 3,4,3,4,3 17 3.4 1/22 4,2,2,3,6 17 3.4 4,3,3,4,3 17 3.4 1/26 4,6,4,6,4 24 4.8 4,4,4,4,3 19 3.8 1/28 4,4,5,5,5 23 4.6 4,4,2,3,4 17 3.4 1/30 2,3,4,4,4 17 3.4 3,6,5,5,2 21 4.2 2/2 5,5,4,5,5 24 4.8 4,4,4,4,4 20 4.0 2/10 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 4,4,4,5,5 22 4.4 2/11 3,4,4,5,5 21 4.2 4,4,3,4,5 20 190 4.0 Totals 208 41.6 38.0 Averages 20.8 4.16 19 3.8 A study of this table shows that in six out of the ten experiments Mr. P. showed a loss in physical precision, in two experiments ( 1/19 and 1/30 ) a slight increase and in the other two tests there was neither a gain nor a loss. The final average of 4.16 before smoking and that of 3.8 after smoking shows a difference of .36 or a loss of 8.65 per cent for this test. Mr. P. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Normal After Exercise Date Trials Total Av. Trials Total Av. 3/2 4,4,4,5,5 22 4.4 6,5,5,5,4 25 5.0 3/3 3,4,4,4,5 20 4.0 4,4,5,5,5 23 4.6 3/8 4,4,5,4,4 21 4.2 4,3,4,5,5 21 4.2 3/9 5,4,3,5,4 21 4.2 5,5,4,4,4 22 4.4 3/10 5,4,6,4,5 24 4.8 4,5,6,5,4 24 4.8 Totals 108 21.6 115 23.0 Averages 21 . 6 4.33 23 4.6 From this table we discover that exercise had no bad results with the target test ; in fact, as in- 90 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING dicated in the totals, the efficiency in the thrust was increased 6.23 per cent. Not in any of the trials was loss shown, but an increase in three trials and no change in two. These results may be due to the fact that the best response is obtained only after a certain amount of "warming up," in all tests involving the larger muscle groups. When compared with the previous tests, which showed a loss in physical precision of 8.65 per cent after smoking, this may also tend to increase the importance of the results to those interested in physical training. Tables follow giving a summary and average for each individual and the averages for the groups. This is followed by a statement table and then is given a final table, bringing together the averages of the groups for comparison, par- ticularly with regard to the effect of smoking. SUMMARY OF TABLES Table I. Smokers — Blank Test Results of smoking experiment Name Average before Average after Difference Per Cent smoking smoking Diff. Mr. P. 4.85 6.7 -1.85 -38.13 Mr. R. 5.25 5.86 - .61 -11.61 Mr. S. 5.6 8.2 -2.6 -46.42 Mr. T. 4.5 5.1 - .6 -13.33 Mr. X. 6.05 6.61 - .56 - 9.25 Mr. Y. 8.5 12.65 -4.15 -48.82 Mr. Z. 13.17 15.22 -2.05 -15.56 Totals 47.92 60.34 -12.42 Averages 6.854 8.62 - 1.77 -25.96 NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 91 Table II. Smokebs — Blank Test with Exebcibh Results after two weeks interval Average Average Per Name before after Differenoe Cent exercise exercise Diff. Mr. P. 4.4 4.33 + .07 + 1.59 Mr. R. 5.2 5.66 - .46 - 8.84 Mr. S. 5.0 5.93 - .93 -18.6 Mr. T. 4.9 6.135 -1.335 -25.02 Mr. X. 4.1 4.6 - .50 -11.19 Mr. Y. 5.1 7.00 -1.9 -37.25 Mr. Z. 15.3 16.4 -1.1 - 7.18 Totals 44.00 50.055 -6.125 AverageB 6.285 7.150 -0.875 -13.92 Table III. Smokebs — Tabget Test Results of smoking experiment Average Average Per Name before after Difference Cent smoking smoking Diff. Mr. P. 4.16 3.8 -0.36 - 8.65 Mr. R. 3.7 3.56 -0.14 - 3.78 Mr. 8. 4.12 3.66 -0.46 -11.15 Mr. T. 3.84 3.66 -0.18 - 4.68 Mr. X. 3.68 3.3 -0.38 -10.32 Mr. Y. 4.075 3.725 -0.35 - 8.58 Mr. Z. 4.1 3.66 -0.44 -10.73 Totals 27.675 25.365 -2.31 Averages 3.953 3.623 - .33 - 8.35 Table IV. Smokebs — Taroet Test with Exebcisb Results after interval of two weeks Average Average Per Name before after Difference Cent exercise exercise Diff. Mr. P. 4.16 3.8 -0.36 - 8.65 Mr. R. 4.36 4.12 -0.24 - 5.52 Mr. S. 4.04 4.08 +0.04 + .00 Mr. T. 4.16 3.64 -0.52 -12.5 Mr. X. 3.72 3.88 +0.16 + 4.30 Mr. Y. 3.84 3.68 -0.16 - 3.31 Mr. Z. 4.00 28.28 3.76 -0.24 - 6.00 Totals 27.776 - .69 Averages 4.04 3.965 - .098 - 2.41 92 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Table V. Non-Smokers — Blank Test with Exercise Results of non-smoking experiment Average Average Per Name before after Difference Cent exercise exercise Diff. Mr. A. 8.0 8.465 - .465 - 5.81 Mr. B. 5.2 5.266 - .066 - 1.27 Mr. C. 10.4 12.665 -2.265 -21.77 Mr. D. 7.7 6.132 +1.568 +20.36 Mr. E. 9.9 11.86 -1.96 -19.84 Mr. F. 5.3 4.066 +1.234 +23.28 Mr. G. 8.2 8.4 -0.2 - 2.04 Totals 54.7 56.854 -2.154 Averages 7.814 8.122 - .308 - 3.94 Table VI. Non-Smokers- -Blank Test Results of smoking experiment Average Average Per Name before after Difference Cent smoking smoking Diff. Mr. A. 7.35 8.77 -1.416 -19.25 Mr. B. 5.45 5.56 - .11 - 2.02 Mr. C. 8.25 9.63 -1.38 -16.76 Mr. D. 7.1 8.132 -1.032 -14.53 Mr. E. 5.8 7.932 -2.132 -36.75 Mr. F. 3.8 3.8 0.00 0.00 Mr. G. 6.9 10.4 -3.5 -50.72 Totals 44.65 54.226 -9.570 Averages 6.38 7.747 -1.367 -21.43 Table VII. Non-Smokers — Target Test with Exercise Results of non-smoking experiment Average Average Per Name before after Difference Cent exercise exercise Diff. Mr. A. 3.56 3.60 +0.04 +1.12 Mr. B. 3.8 3.74 -0.16 -4.21 Mr. C. 4.16 3.76 -0.40 -9.61 Mr. D. 4.84 4.4 -0.44 -9.09 Mr. E. 3.92 4.0 +0.08 +2.04 Mr. F. 4.8 4.48 -0.32 -6.66 Mr. G. 4.44 4.04 -0.40 -9.01 Totals 29.520 28.02 -1.60 Averages 4.217 4. - .229 -5.43 NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 93 Table VIII. Non-Smokees — Target Test Results of smoking experiment Average Average Per Name before after Difference Cent Diff. Mr. A. 4.5 3.92 - .58 -12.88 Mr. B. 4.59 4.22 - .36 - 7.86 Mr. C. 4.4 3.76 - .64 -15.38 Mr. D. 4.72 3.56 -1.16 -24.57 Mr. E. 3.68 3.22 - .46 -12.5 Mr. F. 4.64 4.2 - .44 - 9.47 Mr. G. 4.32 3.8 - .52 -12.03 Totals 30.85 26.68 -4.16 Averages 4.405 3.811 - .59 -13.48 The results of the above tables may be briefly shown by the following curves : Average Percentage of Loss in Precision Smoking Without Smoking With Exebcise 6 10 15 20 25 50 1 CO 5C Z < CO b S 3 1 y i *"•--< s \ A r ^^^ s / ■Non-Smoker8 After Smoking bSmokebs After Smoking 94 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUALS Smokers Results after smoking Results after exercise Name Blank Test Target Test Blank Test Target Test Mr. P. Marked Loss Slight Loss Improved Improved Mr. R. Slight it ii Loss Loss Mr. S. Marked ii ii " Improved Mr. T. Slight ■t ii it Loss Mr. X. " ii ii Improved Improved Mr. Y. Marked ii ii Loss " Mr. Z. Slight ii ii 11 Losb Non-Smokebs Mr. A. Marked Loss Slight Loss Improved Improved Mr. B. Slight *' ii K " " Mr. C. Marked " Marked " Loss 11 Mr. D. " 41 ii ii Improved ii Mr. E. " " Slight " " '* Mr. F. No difference ii ii 11 " Mr. G. Marked loss " Marked Loss — over 15 per cent. Slight loss — under 15 per cent. Improved — means over previous results, not always in actual per cent. CONCLUSIONS 1. All smokers showed a loss in physical pre- cision immediately after smoking. 2. Five of the seven smokers showed improve- ment during the interval when not smoking. 3. Smokers showed a greater lack of neuro- muscular control after exercise than non- smokers. 4. Non-smokers showed the greatest loss in physical precision after smoking. 5. Non-smokers showed slight gain in precision during smoking tests. This, in the mind of the NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 95 writer, is probably due to greater experience with the apparatus. 6. All non-smokers showed improvement in neuro-muscular control after exercise. 7. Some of the subjects in both classes were affected more than others. This was more pro- nounced in the tests taken with non-smokers. 8. General effect of smoking on the non- smokers also produced other serious results, in some cases physical discomfort. For those who desire to study the details of the experiments, the individual records are brought together in the appendix. 96 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING APPENDIX TO PART III MR. P. SMOKER— BLANK TEST For tests on Mr. P., see preceding tables, page 87 MR. R. SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoi :inq Afteb Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 1/19 3,8 11 5H 9,12,13 34 11.33 1/21 8,12 20 10 7, 5,12 24 8 1/22 7,5 12 6 6, 6, 4 16 5.33 1/26 5,4 9 4K 6, 8, 4 18 6 1/28 6,4 10 5 4, 4, 7 15 5 1/30 6,2 8 4 4, 7, 7 18 6 2/2 6,4 10 5 3, 2, 8 13 4.33 2/4 5,7 12 6 4, 4, 4 12 4 2/11 5,3 8 4 2, 5, 6 13 4.33 2/16 2.1 3 2y 2 4, 3, 6 13 4.33 Totals 105 52.5 176 58.65 Averages 10.5 5.25 17.6 6.86 Results from this table indicate a difference of .61 in the average scored, or a loss of 11.61 per cent after smoking. MR. R. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Befoee Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 3/8 8,7 15 7.5 8,8,7 23 7.66 3/10 7,3 10 5 3,7,8 18 6 3/19 5,5 10 5 6,3,4 13 4.33 4/20 6,4 10 5 5,6,7 18 6 4/28 5,2 7 52 3.5 2,5,6 13 85 4.33 Total 26 28.33 Average 10.4 5.2 17 5.66 The average score of 5.66 after exercise as compared with 5.2 before shows a loss of 8.84 per cent in precision, which is nearly equal to the loss after smoking. NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 97 The normal here after a two weeks' interval without smoking is 5.2 as compared with 5.25 while smoking ; which would show that smoking with this man had very little injurious effect, less than 1 per cent. MR. R. SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking Afteb Smoking Date Ind. Score Tot. Av. Ind. Score Tot. Av. 1/19 2,3,3,4,4 16 3.2 2,2,3,4,2 13 2.6 1/21 4,4,2,3,5 18 3.6 2,3,3,4,4 16 3.2 1/22 3,3,3,3,3 16 3.0 4,2,3,4,3 16 3.2 1/26 3,2,3,4,3 16 3.0 4,4,4,3,4 19 3.8 1/28 5,5,5,3,4 22 4.4 3,3,4,5,4 19 3.8 1/30 3,3,3,3,3 15 3.0 4,6,3,4,3 20 4.0 2/2 3,4,5,4,4 20 4.0 5,3,6,3,3 20 4.0 2/4 3,4,5,4,4 20 4.0 2,4,4,3,4 17 3.4 2/11 5,5,4,4,5 23 4.6 3,4,4,4,3 18 3.6 2/16 4,4,4,4,5 21 185 4.2 37 3,4,5,5,3 20 178 4.0 Total 35.6 Averagt 18.5 3.7 17.8 3.56 The difference in scores before and after smok- ing in this test shows a loss of but 3.78 per cent in precision. MR. R. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Date Ind. Score Tot. Av. Ind. Score Tot. Av. 3/8 5,4,5,4,5 23 4.6 3,4,4,5,4 20 4.0 3/10 4,6,4,4,5 23 4.4 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 3/19 4,6,4,4,5 23 4.6 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 4/20 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 3,3,4,4,3 17 3.4 4/22 4,3,4,4.4 19 109 3.8 4,4,5,4,5 22 103 4.4 Total 21.8 20.6 Averaf ;e 21.8 4.36 20.6 4.12 The difference in scores here shows a loss of 5.52 per cent after exercise, which is greater than the loss after smoking. 08 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING But the normal of 4.3G shows an increase in precision during two weeks without smoking of 15.34 per cent, which would indicate that smok- ing after all prevented the best performance and for our purpose was harmful for Smoker E. MR. S. SMOE :er- BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 1/18 1,4 6 2.5 7,10, 5 22 7.33 1/19 7,10 17 8.5 8, 9,14 31 10.33 1/21 6,6 12 6 10,12,11 33 11 1/22 10,6 16 8 5, 6,12 23 7.33 1/26 6,8 14 7 7, 8, 9 24 8 1/27 4,5 9 4.5 5, 9,10 24 8 1/28 4,2 6 3 7, 8, 6 21 7 1/30 6,4 9 4.5 1, 5, 6 12 4 2/4 8,8 16 8 10, 7,12 29 9.66 2/8 3,5 8 112 4 6,10,11 27 246 9 Total 56 81.65 Average 11.2 5.6 24.6 8.16 With two very small exceptions on Jan. 22 and 30, we find that Mr. S. showed a marked loss in this test. The differences in this table in the total scores show a loss of 46.42 per cent for after smoking, as compared with the tests taken before smoking. MR. S. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 3/2 3,6 9 4.5 11,9,4 24 8 3/3 10,5 15 3 6,3,6 15 6 4/15 3,3 6 7.6 8,7,2 17 6.66 4/20 9,3 12 6.0 3,7,6 16 5.33 4/21 6,2 8 60 4.0 25 6,5,7 17 89 5.66 Total 29.66 Average 10 6 17.8 6.93 NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 99 The scores here indicate a loss of 18.6 per cent after exercise. The normal for this series of five experiments, taken after a two weeks' interval without smok- ing, shows an improvement of 10.7 per cent over the normal taken while still using tobacco. MR. S. SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 1/18 2,4,3,4,3 17 3.4 2,2,3,3,4 14 2.8 1/19 6,4,5,5,3 23 4.6 4,3,4,4,2 17 3.4 1/21 4,4,4,4,4 20 4.0 4,3,3,4,5 19 3.8 1/22 5,5,5,3,5 23 4.6 4,5,5,2,4 20 4.0 1/26 4,3,5,4,4 20 4.0 4,0,4,4,3 15 3.0 1/27 5,5,4,4,4 22 4.4 5,3,4,6,5 23 4.6 1/28 3,4,4,4,3 18 3.6 4,3,4,3,2 16 3.2 1/30 5,4,4,3,4 20 4.0 4,6,4,3,5 22 4.4 2/4 4,4,5,5,3 21 4.2 4,3,5,3,3 18 3.6 2/8 6,4,3,6,4 22 4.4 3,3,5,3,3 19 3.8 Total 206 41.2 183 36.6 Average 20.6 4.12 18.3 3.66 The difference in scores before and after smok- ing in this test shows a loss of 11.15 per cent in physical precision. MR. S. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exebcisb After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 3/2 5,3,4,6,5 23 4.6 5,4,3,5,5 22 4.4 3/3 4,4,4,4,4 20 4.0 4,5,5,5,5 24 4.8 4/15 4,5,4,4,4 21 4.2 5,4,3,4,3 19 3.8 4/20 5,4,3,2,4 18 3.6 4,4,4,3,4 19 3.8 4/21 3,4,3,4,5 19 101 3.8 20.2 3,4,3,3,5 18 102 3.6 Total 20.4 Average 20.2 4.04 20.4 4.08 NCE 100 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING The difference in scores after exercise shows a small gain of less than 1 per cent, which for all practical purposes can be neglected. The normal score of 4.04 without smoking also shows such a very small difference (1.91 per cent) from that taken while smoking, that we conclude the only evil results in this test to be im- mediately after smoking. MR. T. SMOKER— BLANK TEST Befoee Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 1/22 6,3 9 4.5 7,6,3 16 5.33 1/28 7,4 11 5.5 4,7,7 18 6.0 1/30 4,6 10 5.0 6,8,8 22 7.33 2/4 1,6 7 3.5 3,3,5 11 3.66 2/8 4,6 10 5.0 1,4,7 12 4 2/10 6,5 11 6.5 1,5,3 9 3 2/11 1,3 4 4 6,4,5 15 5 2/17 5,5 10 5 5,6,5 16 5.33 2.24 3,3 6 3 3,7,5 15 5 2/25 6,3 8 4 7,4,8 19 6.33 Total 90 45 153 51 Average 9 4.5 15.3 5.1 In this series of experiments Mr. T. lost in physical precision eight out of the ten trials. In the trials of Feb. 8th and 10th a slight increase was registered. The final average of 5.1 after smoking shows an increase in the number of errors of 13.33 per cent when compared with the average of 4.5 before smoking. NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 101 MR. T. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 3/30 4,7 11 5.5 7,5,5 17 5.66 3/31 3,7 10 5.0 5,9,8 22 7.33 4/2 5,8 13 6.5 7,6,8 21 7.00 4/6 3,4 7 3.5 9,4,2 15 5.00 4/9 5,3 8 4.0 6,4,7 17 5.66 Total 49 24.5 92 30.65 Average 9.8 4.9 18.4 6.13 The results here show an increase in the num- ber of errors, or a loss of 25.02 per cent in pre- cision after exercise. By comparison with the previous test we find that there is a loss of 8.88 per cent in precision during interval without smoking, which cannot be accounted for. MR. T. SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Tot. Av. Score Tot. Av. 1/22 5,3,2,2,3 15 3.0 2,2,3,4,4 15 3.0 1/28 5,2,5,5,4 21 4.2 4,3,3,2,3 15 3.0 1/30 2,4,4,4,3 17 3.4 4,5,5,4,5 23 4.6 2/4 5,3,4,3,5 20 4.0 3,3,4,6,3 19 3.8 2/8 4,5,4,3,4 20 4.0 3,3,4,4,5 17 3.4 2/10 5,4,3,5,3 20 4.0 3,3,5,4,4 19 3.8 2/11 4,3,5,4,4 20 4.0 6,2,3,2,3 16 3.2 2/17 5,3,5,2,4 19 3.8 4,4,3,4,5 20 4.0 2/24 5,3,5,4,3 20 4.0 4,3,2,6,5 20 4.0 2/25 3,5,4,4,4 20 192 4.0 38.4 4,4,4,3,4 19 3.8 Total 183 36.6 Average 19.2 3.84 18.3 3.66 The averages here show a loss of 4.68 per cent after smoking, with the results in the individual 102 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING scores before and after smoking showing a slight loss in six out of the ten trials. Mb. T. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Smoking After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 3/30 4,7,2,4,4 21 4.2 3,5,4,4,4 20 4.0 3/31 4,3,4,6,4 21 4.2 4,4,6,3,3 20 4.0 4/2 4,4,4,5,4 21 4.2 2,3,4,3,3 15 3.0 4/6 4,4,4,5,3 20 4.0 3,4,3,3,5 18 3.6 4/8 4,3,5,4,5 21 4.2 104 20.8 4,3,4,3,4 18 91 3.6 Total 18.2 Average 20.8 4.16 18.2 3.64 The results here show a loss of 12.5 per cent after exercise. The normal of 4.16 after two weeks without smoking shows an increase of 8.33 per cent over the normal taken during smoking experiments. Mr. X. SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoki NO Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 3,9 12 6 12,6,12 30 10 1/19 9,9 18 9 11,12,18 41 13.66 1/21 7,11 18 9 19,9,15 43 14.33 1/22 6,5 10 5 1,4,2 7 2.33 1/26 5,9 14 7 4,4,7 15 5 1/27 9,5 14 7 9,6,7 22 7.33 1/28 4,6 10 5 2,2,5 9 3 2/2 2,4 6 3 3,5,4 12 4 2/4 3,3 6 3 108 54 8,5,1 14 4.66 Total 193 64.31 Average 12 6 21.4 7.14 Mr. X. showed a loss of 19.16 per cent in pre- cision after smoking tests. The individual scores NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 103 show a slight gain in four of the tests which was more than counteracted by the losses in the other six tests. Mb. X. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Date 4/20 4/23 4/26 4/27 4/28 Total Average Before Exercise Ind. Total Av. 4 2.0 6 3.0 12 6 10 5 9 4.5 Score 4,0 2,4 6,6 6,5 4,5 After Exercise Ind. Score Total Av. 11 3.66 17 5.66 14 4.66 10 3.33 17 5.66 3,3,5 6,6,5 4,3,7 3,2,5 3,8,6 41 8.2 20.5 4.1 69 13.8 23 4.6 Here we find a loss of 12.19 per cent in the total averages after exercise. The normal of 4.1 made after the interval of two weeks without smoking shows a gain of 32.33 per cent in physical precision, showing the de- cided evil effects on this individual. Ms. X. SMOKER— TARGET TEST Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 3,4,3,4,5 19 3.8 3,2,3,3,3 14 2.8 1/19 3,2,3,4,3 15 3.0 4,3,4,3,6 20 4.0 1/21 3,4,4,3,3 17 3.4 3,4,2,3,3 15 3.0 1/22 5,3,3,4,4 19 3.8 2,3,4,4,3 16 3.2 1/26 4,3,3,4,6 20 4.0 3,2,5,2,3 15 3.0 1/27 2,3,3,4,3 15 3.0 3,2,5,2,3 15 3.0 1/28 3,3,5,3,5 19 3.8 3,4,3,3,4 17 3.4 2/2 4,3,4,5,4 20 4.0 4,4,4,4,3 19 3.8 2/4 4,3,5,4,4 20 4.0 5,4,4,4,3 20 4.0 2/10 3,3,3,3,4 19 3.8 3,2,4,2,3 14 2.8 Total 184 36.6 165 33 Average 18.4 3.66 16.5 3.3 The averages in this table also show a loss of 104 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING 10.32 per cent in precision for Mr. X. after smoking. Mr. X. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. 'Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 4/20 4,3,5,3,3 18 3.6 3,4,4,4,3 18 3.6 4/23 3,4,4,4,4 19 3.8 3,4,6,3,4 20 4.0 4/26 6,3,4,2,4 19 3.8 5,4,4,4,4 21 4.2 4/27 4,4,3,4,5 20 4.0 4,4,4,4,4 20 4.0 4/28 3,4,4,3,3 17 93 3.4 18.6 3,4,5,3,3 18 3.6 Total 97 19.4 Average 18.6 3.72 19.4 3.88 The trials after exercise in the target test show an increase of 4.30 per cent for Mr. X., as for most of the other subjects in this test. The normal of 3.72, taken after smoking had been discontinued for two weeks, shows an in- crease of only 1.08 per cent, which in itself is not much, but when considered with the results in the Blank Test tends to confirm the decided evil effects found in that test. Mr. Y. SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 4,5 9 4.5 17,22,19 68 19.33 1/21 16,12 28 14 14,14,12 40 13.33 1/27 7,15 22 11 11,11,11 33 11 1/28 11,13 24 12 10,7,18 35 11.66 1/30 6,7 13 6.5 13,10,17 40 13.33 2/4 2,8 10 5 9,12,14 35 11.66 2/19 8,6 14 7 6,10,19 34 11.33 2/25 6,10 16 8 8,8,12 28 9.33 Total 136 68 303 100.97 Average 17 8.5 37.88 12.62 \ NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 105 Owing to normal work only eight smoking ex- periments could be completed. On Mr. Y., with the exception of one time, the trials in this test show a decided loss, the general averages show- ing a loss of 48.52 per cent. Mr. Y. was perhaps the most consistent of all the smokers. Mb. Y. SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Befobe Exebcise Afteb Exebcise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 4/15 7,9 16 8 11,9,8 28 9.33 4/26 3,3 6 3 7,13,7 27 9 4/28 4,4 8 4 6,9,6 20 6.66 6/3 7,5 12 6 5,7,5 17 5.66 6/4 6,3 9 4.5 8,1,4 13 4.33 Total 61 25.5 105 35 Average 10.2 6.1 21 7 The trials after exercise show a loss of 37.25 per cent, which would tend to show the unstable condition of the neuro-muscular system, even after smoking had been discontinued for two weeks. The normal at this time has greatly improved, as is shown by the 40 per cent increase in physi- cal precision registered during the test. These differences of 48.52 per cent loss directly after smoking with an improvement of 40 per cent after exercise are the greatest recorded on any of the smokers. 106 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Me. Y. SMOKER- TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 3,3,4,4,3 17 3.4 4,4,4,4,3 19 3.8 1/21 6,4,5,4,3 21 4.2 3,3,5,3,4 18 3.6 1/26 3,4,5,4,3 19 3.8 3,4,5,5,3 20 4.0 1/28 4,5,4,5,3 21 4.2 3,3,4,5,4 19 3.8 1/30 6,3,5,3,5 22 4.4 3,5,5,3,3 19 3.8 2/4 4,5,5,4,4 22 4.4 4,2,4,4,3 17 3.4 2/19 3,4,4,4,5 20 4.0 3,4,3,4,4 18 3.6 2/25 4,3,5,5,4 21 4.2 3,5,4,4,3 19 3.8 Total 163 32.6 149 29.8 Average 20.38 4.075 18.65 3.725 The loss in physical precision registered after smoking in this test was 8.58 per cent as com- pared with the normal. Mb. Y. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 4/15 3,4,4,2,4 17 3.4 3,4,4,4,3 18 3.6 4/26 4,3,4,4,4 19 3.8 4,3,3,3,3 16 3.2 4/28 5,5,3,4,3 20 4.0 4,3,4,4,4 19 3.8 5/3 4,5,5,4,3 21 4.2 6,5,4,4,3 22 4.4 5/4 4,3,4,3,5 19 3.8 4,4,3,3,3 17 92 3.4 Total 96 19.2 18.4 Average 19.2 3.84 18.4 3.68 This test also shows a loss of 4.16 per cent after exercise, which tends further to show the un- stable condition of the neuro-muscular system. The normal after these two weeks without smoking has also decreased and shows a further loss of 3.31 per cent. When considered together, the results found NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 107 ia this set of tables show the most decided losses in physical precision found among any of the smokers. As has been stated Mr. Y. was also the heaviest of the regular smokers. Mr. Z. SMOKER- -BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 6,10 16 8 16,14,18 48 16 1/27 10,10 20 10 12,15,12 39 13 2/8 13,12 25 12.5 13,15,16 44 14.66 2/10 16,18 34 17 16,15,15 46 15.33 2/16 19,16 35 17.5 16,16,19 51 17 2/19 15,13 28 14 14,16,16 46 15.33 Total 158 79 274 91.33 Average 26.33 13.166 45.66 15.22 Outside engagements also interfered with Mr. Z.'s tests, and but six experiments could be com- pleted. The average number of errors, 13.166 before smoking and 15.221 after smoking were the highest recorded against any man. The per- centage of increase after smoking was 15.6. Mr. Z. SMOKER— BLANK T EST WITH ] EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 3/2 13,21 34 17 21,23,20 64 21.33 3/8 20,12 32 16 19,14,17 50 16.66 3/10 18,15 33 16.5 20,14,14 48 16 4/20 13,15 28 14 16,13,15 44 14.66 4/21 12,14 26 13 153 76.5 14,16,10 40 13.33 Total 246 82 Average 30.6 15.3 49.2 16.4 After an interval of two weeks without smok- 108 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING ing, these records increased to 15.3 normal and 16.4 after exercise. The percentage of increase after exercise was 7.18. The increase in the normal after two weeks in- terval to 15.3 shows a loss of 15.44 per cent over the normal of 13.166 while smoking. In this case the high total number of errors, with a further increase after smoking had been discontinued, was probably due to the normal neuro-muscular control rather than the influence of the tobacco. Mr. Z. SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Date Ind. Score Total Av. Ind. Score Total Av. 1/18 3,4,4,4,4 19 3.8 1,4,4,5,5 19 3.8 1/27 4,3,4,4,3 18 3.6 4,4,3,3,4 18 3.6 2/8 4,4,5,4,5 22 4.4 4,3,4,5,4 20 4.0 2/10 5,4,4,4,3 20 4.0 4,3,4,3,3 17 3.4 2/16 6,4,4,6,3 23 4.6 4,3,5,3,3 18 3.6 2/19 3,5,4,4,4 20 22 4.0 4,3,4,3,4 18 3.6 Total 24.4 110 22 Average 20.5 4.06 18.33 3.66 The averages for this test show a loss after smoking of 10.73 per cent in physical precision. Mb. Z. SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Date Ind. Score Total Av. Ind. Score Total Av. 3/2 3,5,4,3,4 19 3.8 3,3,4,3,5 20 4.0 3/8 4,4,3,6,4 21 4.2 5,3,3,4,5 20 4.0 3/10 4,3,5,6,4 22 4.4 3,4,4,4,4 19 3.8 4/20 3,4,4,4,4 19 3.8 3,4,4,2,3 16 3.2 4/21 4,4,3,3,5 19 100 3.8 20 3,4,3,4,5 19 94 3.8 Total 18.8 Average 20 4 18.8 3.76 NEURO MUSCULAR PRECISION 109 The averages in this test of 3.76 for trials after exercise show a further loss in muscular control of 6 per cent over normal taken immediately before. The normal taken after two weeks without smoking shows practically no improvement over that taken while smoking, so that when con- sidered with the results in the Blank Test these differences would appear to be due to a lack of neuro-muscular control rather than the imme- diate effects of smoking. Mr. Z. had never been a very heavy smoker at any time of his life. Mr. A. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 4,11 15 7.5 4,12,7 23 7.66 1/21 9,13 22 11 11,13,10 34 11.33 1/26 8,12 20 10 10,9,11 30 10 1/27 6,4 9 4.5 7,5,6 18 6 1/28 6,8 14 7 80 40 7,8,7 22 7.33 Total 127 42.33 Average 16 8 25.4 8.46 With all non-smokers five experiments were first taken to obtain a normal score under ordi- nary conditions in both tests, without smoking and with exercise, which could be compared with tests taken after smoking. The normal average for Mr. A. was 8.00. The average taken after exercise was 5.465, the dif- ference being so slight as to be nil for all prac- tical purposes. 110 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mb. A. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/28 12,10 22 11 10,11,14 35 11.66 2/2 7,8 15 7.5 9,9,12 30 10 2/4 8,8 16 8 10,7,7 24 8 2/8 6,4 10 5 10,8,10 28 9.33 2/11 10,5 15 7.5 11,5,8 24 8 2/16 5,9 14 7 5,8,7 20 6.66 2/17 5,6 11 5.5 8,8,9 25 8.33 2/4 6,6 12 6 6,5,4 15 5 2/25 7,9 16 8 10,7,13 30 10 3/2 8,8 16 8 147 73.5 13,8,11 32 10.66 Total 263 87.66 Average 14.7 7.35 26.3 8.76 In the case of the non-smoker this becomes the smoking test — ten experiments. In seven out of the ten experiments, a decided loss, in two a slight gain, and one with no change are the results obtained after smoking. The total averages show a loss of 19.26 per cent in physical precision after smoking. Mb. A. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 1,4,3,2,3 13 2.6 2,2,3,3,3 13 2.6 1/21 4,2,1,3,4 14 2.8 3.2,4,3,3 15 3 1/26 4,4,4,3,4 19 3.8 2,3,5,5,5 20 4 1/27 4,3,4,5,5 21 4.2 4,5,4,4,4 21 4.2 1/28 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 89 17.8 4,3,5,5,4 21 90 4.2 Total 18 Averaj Ifi 17.8 3.56 18 3.60 We also find in the target test that the differ- ence between the normal of 3.56 and the test NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 111 taken after exercise, 3.60, is so small that for all practical purposes it can be neglected. Mb. A. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking Aftbb Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/28 4,5,4,3,4 20 4 3,4,4,3,3 17 3.4 2/2 7,8,2,2,3 22 4.4 4,4,4,4,3 19 3.8 2/4 5,3,4,6,6 24 4.8 5,4,5,5,4 23 4.6 2/8 4,6,5,4,4 23 4.6 4,3,3,3,4 17 3.4 2/11 6,6,4,4,4 23 4.6 6,3,4,5,4 22 4.4 2/16 4,4,4,4,4 20 4 3,6,5,3,3 20 4 2/17 5,5,4,4,4 22 4.4 3,4,3,4,3 17 3.4 2/24 5,3,6,5,5 24 4.8 4,5,5,4,4 22 4.4 2/25 6,5,4,5,5 25 5 3,2,4,4,4 17 3.4 3/2 4,6,3,5,4 22 4.4 225 45 4,5,6,4,4 22 196 4.4 Total 39.2 Averag e 22.5 4.5 19.6 3.92 In this test we also find a great improvement in the normal taken first, when compared with that taken during the smoking test, which is also due to greater experience in handling the foils. When compared with the average made after smoking, this shows a loss of 12.88 per cent in physical precision. Mb. B. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exebcibe After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/22 8,6 14 7 2,8,3 13 4.33 1/27 6,2 7 3.5 3,7,5 15 5 1/28 4,5 9 4.5 3,6,6 15 5 1/29 4,4 8 4 4,5,9 18 6 1/30 7,7 14 7 6,6,6 18 6 Total 52 26 79 26.33 Average 10.4 6.2 15.8 5.266 112 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING The normal here of 5.2 when compared with the average after exercise, 5.266, shows prac- tically no difference, and in this case can be neglected. Mb. B. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smokino Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/11 1,9 10 5 10,5,6 21 7 2/16 6,6 12 6 4,6,4 14 4.66 2/17 3,5 8 4 9,5,3 17 5.66 2/19 3,5 8 4 5,2,6 13 4.33 2/24 3,7 10 5 2,5,3 10 3.33 2/25 9,3 12 6 6,4,9 19 6.33 3/2 10,6 16 8 5,8,8 21 7 3/3 3,3 6 3 3,2,4 9 3 3/4 6,6 12 6 94 47 3,3,9 15 5 Total 139 46.33 Average 10.4 5.2 15.4 5.15 In this series of experiments Mr. B. made an actual increase in his four out of the ten trials after smoking, and one was without change. The difference in the averages was very small, show- ing a loss of only 2.12 per cent in physical pre- cision after smoking. Mr. E. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/22 3,4,4,3,4 18 3.6 6,2,4,3,3 17 3.4 1/27 3,2,2,3,5 15 3. 4,3,2,4,3 17 3.4 1/28 5,4,2,2,4 17 3.4 4,4,4,3,3 18 3.6 1/29 4,3,4,3,4 18 3.6 3,5,4,4,3 19 3.8 1/30 4,5,5,6,6 25 5. 93 18.6 4,5,5,4,3 21 4.2 Total 91 18.4 Average 18.6 3.72 18.2 3.68 NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 113 In this test the percentage of loss after exercise is barely more than 1 per cent and can be neg- lected. Mr. B. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smokimg I Date Ind. Score Total Av. Ind. Score Total Av. 2/4 6,5,5,5,4 25 5.0 6,6,5,4,3 24 4.8 2/11 4,4,4,4,4 20 4.0 3,4,3,5,5 20 4.0 2/16 5,5,6,6,5 27 5.4 5,3,4,4,5 21 4.2 2/17 5,4,4,4,3 20 4.0 3,4,5,4,4 20 4.0 2/19 5,5,5,5,4 24 4.8 2,4,4,3,4 17 3.4 2/24 5,4,3,5,4 21 4.2 5,5,5,5,5 25 5 2/25 4,5,5,4,3 21 4.2 4,4,3,3,4 18 3.6 3/2 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 5,4,4,6,5 24 4.8 3/3 4,4,5,5,5 23 4.6 5,4,4,6,5 24 4.8 3/4 4,4,4,6,5 23 229 4.6 5,4,5,6,3 23 211 4.6 Total 45.2 42.2 Average 22.9 4.52 21.1 4.22 The normal in this case also shows an increase of 20.52 per cent over that found in the five ex- periments, due no doubt to greater experience in handling the foil. The average after smoking of 4.22 shows a small loss of 7.86 per cent in precision. All results considered, smoking seemingly had very little effect on precision in the case of Mr. B. Mr. C. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/19 11,11 22 11 17,13,14 44 14.66 1/21 9,12 21 10.5 15,18,13 46 15.33 1/22 16,12 28 14 14,9,10 33 11 1/26 10,6 16 8 16,9,10 35 11.66 1/27 10,9 19 9.5 106 53 10,9,13 32 10.66 Total 190 63.33 Average 21.2 10.6 38 12.66 114 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING The results here show a normal of 12.665, an average number of errors after exercise of 21.77 per cent, showing an increase of 20.36 per cent in precision after exercise. Mb. C. NON-SMOKER- -BLANK TEST Befoke Smoking Afteb Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/28 6,6 12 6 7,5,14 26 8.66 1/30 9,7 16 8 9,8,6 23 7.66 2/2 4,3 7 3.6 9,11,7 27 9 2/4 7,11 18 9 12,7,14 33 11 2/10 10,8 18 9 10,8,7 25 8.33 2/11 12,12 24 12 7,9,14 30 10 2/16 10,9 19 9.5 13,7,6 26 8.66 2/17 7,11 18 9 6,6,12 24 8 2/25 8,10 18 9 6,13,10 29 9.66 3/2 9,6 15 7.5 165 82.5 12,12,22 46 289 15.33 Total 96.33 Average 16.5 8.25 28.9 9.63 The normal of 8.25 shows an increase in pre- cision of 20.67 per cent over normal, which is probably due to greater experience with the foil rather than any effect of the tobacco. The result of the averages taken directly after smoking shows a loss of 16.76 per cent. In this test Mr. C. appeared very erratic, showing a gain in five of the experiments and a loss in the other five, the losses exceeding the gains by 1.383. NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 115 Ms. C. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise Afteb Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total 1/19 3,4,4,4,5 20 4 3,3,4,2,4 16 3.2 1/21 4,4,3,5,4 20 4 4,4,4,3,3 18 3.6 1/22 3,3,4,6,4 20 4 3,4,3,4,4 18 3.6 1/26 3,3,4,6,5 21 4.2 3,4,5,5,4 21 4.2 1/27 6,3,5,4,5, 23 104 4.6 4,4,4,5,4 21 94 4.2 Total 20.8 18.8 Averaj ;e 10.4 4.16 18.8 3.76 The normal here is 4.16 and the average after exercise 3.76, showing a loss in physical precision of 9.61 per cent. Mr. C . NON-SMOKER- -TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/28 4,3,4,5,5 21 4.2 6,4,3,3,4 20 4 1/30 4,3,4,4,4 19 3.8 3,6,5,5,4 23 4.6 2/2 4,5,6,4,5 24 4.8 2,3,5,5,4 19 3.8 2/4 4,5,6,6,6 27 5.4 2,4,4,3,4 17 3.4 2/10 4,4,4,4,4 20 4 3,4,3,3,5 18 3.6 2/11 4,4,4,5,3 20 4 1,3,4,2,2 12 2.4 2/16 4,4,3,5,5 21 4.2 3,3,5,4,4 19 3.8 2/17 6,4,4,3,4 21 4.2 3,4,4,4,5 20 4 2/25 6,3,4,6,5 24 4.8 2,4,5,4,3 18 3.6 3/2 4,5,4,6,4 23 220 4.6 4,5,4,4,5 22 188 4.4 Total 44 37.6 Average 22 4.4 18.8 3.76 In this test the normal, 4.4, shows an increase in precision over the normal of 5.76 per cent. The individual experiments, with one exception, show a loss in every case, the average being 3.76, giv- ing a loss of 15.38 per cent after smoking. 116 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mb. D. NON-SMOKER- -BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/22 12,14 26 13 6,10,5 21 7 1/26 4, 5 9 4.5 6,6,5 17 5.66 1/28 4, 4 8 4 5,4,6 15 6 2/2 8, 6 14 7 4,6,7 17 5.66 2/4 10,10 20 77 10 10,6,6 22 92 7.33 Total 38.5 30.66 Average 15.4 7.7 18.4 6.132 The results here show a normal of 7.7 and an average number of errors after exercise of 6.132, showing an increase of 20.36 per cent in pre- cision after exercise. Mr. D. NON-! 3MOKER- -BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/8 9,7 16 8 11,6,7 24 8 2/11 9,9 18 9 9,7,8 24 8 2/17 7,6 13 6.5 8,8,13 29 9.66 3/3 7,7 14 7 9,7,7 23 7.66 3/30 3,7 10 71 5 12,4,6 22 7.33 Total 35.5 122 40.66 Average 14.2 7.1 24.4 8.13 With the exception of the first experiment we find a decided loss in accuracy throughout this test. The average of 8.132 after smoking shows a loss of 14.53 per cent in physical precision. Mr. D. seemed to enjoy the first cigar, but gen- erally found that the second was too much. NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 117 It may be significant to note that no loss in precision was registered until the second smoking experiment on Feb. 11th. Mb. D. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Befohe Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/22 6,5,5,5,5 26 5.2 6,5,4,4,5 24 4.8 1/26 3,6,4,5,6 24 4.8 6,4,5,4,4 23 4.6 1/28 4,5,4,4,5 22 4.4 3,3,4,4,5 19 3.8 2/2 6,4,5,4,4 23 4.6 3,5,4,5,4 21 4.2 2/4 6,5,4,5,6 26 121 5.2 5,6,5,3,4 23 110 4.6 Total 24.2 22 Average 24.2 4.84 22 4.4 The average of 4.4 after exercise shows a loss of 9.09 per cent over the normal of 4.84. Mr. D. NON-SMOKER- -TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/8 2/11 2/17 3/3 3/30 5,4,4,6,4 4,6,6,5,4 5,3,4,5,4 4,3,5,6,3 4,6,5,6,5 23 25 21 23 26 4.6 6 4.2 4.6 5.2 4,4,4,4,4 2,5,4,4,4 3,3,3,4,3 3,3,5,4,4 3,3,3,4,2 20 19 16 19 15 89 17.8 4 3.8 3.2 3.8 3 Total Average 118 23.6 23.6 4.72 17.8 3.56 In this test Mr. D. showed a decided loss in every experiment. The average of 3.56 after smoking shows a loss of 24.57 per cent in physical precision. 118 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mb. E. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise Afti SB EXERCISE Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 10,20 30 15 15,21,20 56 18.66 1/30 13,10 23 11.5 13,15,12 40 13.33 2/2 6,12 18 9 10,12,10 32 10.66 2/4 10,8 18 9 8,10,16 34 11.33 2/8 6,4 10 99 5 7,4,4 15 5 Total 49.5 178 59 Average 19.8 9.9 35.6 11.80 The tables here show a normal of 9.9 and an average loss of 19.19 per cent in physical pre- cision. Mr. E. NON-SMOKER- -BLANK TEST Before Exebcise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/19 6,8 14 7 13,7,4 24 8 3/8 12,6 18 9 6,13,8 27 9 4/16 4,5 9 4.5 5,9,9 23 7.66 4/21 8,6 14 7 8,10,11 29 9.66 4/24 1,2 3 58 1.5 3,6,7 16 119 5.33 Total 29 39.65 Average 11.6 5.8 23.6 7.93 The normal of 5.8 in this table shows an im- provement of 31.31 per cent over normal, prob- ably due to greater experience. Each individual experiment shows a loss in physical precision and the average score of 7.932 gives a loss of 36.75 per cent for the entire test. NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 119 Mr. E. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/18 2,3,3,4,4 16 3.2 2,4,3,5,3 17 3.4 1/30 5,5,4,4,4 22 4.4 4,5,4,3,5 21 4.2 2/2 4,4,4,4,6 22 4.4 4,2,6,4,5, 21 4.2 2/4 4,4,4,4,7 23 4.6 5,5,3,4,4 21 4.2 2/8 3,3,3,3,3 15 98 3 6,3,4,3,4 20 4.0 Total 19.6 100 20 Averai »es 19.6 3.92 20 4 We here have a normal of 3.92 with an average score 4.0 after exercise, showing an increase of 2.04 per cent for the test. Mr. E. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smokino Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/19 3,3,3,4,4 17 3.4 3,2,4,3,2 14 2.8 3/8 2,2,5,4,4 17 3.4 4,3,3,4,3 17 3.4 4/16 3,3,4,5,5 20 4.0 2,3,2,3,3 13 2.6 4/21 4,4,3,3,3 17 3.4 3,5,6,3,3 20 4 4/24 3,4,4,6,4 21 92 4.2 3,6,3,2,3 17 81 3.4 Total 18.4 16.2 Average 18.4 3.68 16.2 3.24 The results here give a normal of 3.68 and an average score after smoking of 3.24. The loss in physical precision for this test is 12.5 per cent. Mr. F. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/19 4,5 9 4.5 7,5,4 16 5.33 1/27 9,7 16 8 5,4,4 13 4.33 1/28 7,6 13 6.5 4,2,3 9 3 2/9 3,3 6 3 2,5,4 11 3.66 2/10 4.5 9 4.5 4,3,5 12 4 Total 53 26.5 61 20.33 Average 10.6 6.3 12.2 4.066 120 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING The result of observation in this test gives a normal of 5.3 and an average of 4.066 for number of errors after exercise. This gives an increase in precision of 23.28 per cent after exercise. Mb. F. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/11 3,4 7 3.5 4,3,5 12 4 2/17 2,3 5 2.5 3,3,1 7 2.33 3/3 3,1 4 2 1,3,4 8 2.66 4/2 4,4 8 4 6,5,4 15 6 4/6 7,7 14 7 3,3,9 15 5 Total 38 19 57 19 Average 7.6 3.8 10.4 3.8 The tables here show the score before and after smoking to be the same, which means that there was no immediate change directly after smoking. But this normal of 3.8 when compared with the normal of 5.3 in Form I, taken the week before Mr. F. started to smoke, shows a decrease in pre- cision of 28.30 per cent. Mr. F. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/19 4,3,5,5,4 21 4.2 4,4,4,3,4 19 3.8 1/27 6,3,6,6,6 27 5.4 4,4,5,5,5 23 4.6 1/28 5,4,3,4,5 21 4.2 5,4,5,5,6 25 5 2/9 5,5,5,6,6 27 5.4 3,4,6,5,5 23 4.6 2/10 6,4,5,5,4 24 120 4.8 24 5,6,4,3,4 22 4.4 Total 112 22.4 Average 24 4.8 22.4 4.48 NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 121 We here have a normal of 4.8 with an average score of 4.48 after exercise, showing a loss of 6.66 per cent for this test. Mb. F. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Exercise Afteb Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/11 5,4,5,5,5 24 4.8 4,5,4,5,4 22 4.4 2/17 5,4,5,5,5 24 4.8 4,4,5,5,4 22 4.4 3/3 4,5,5,5,4 23 4.6 4,5,4,6,4 23 4.6 4/2 5,4,4,5,4 22 4.4 4,3,3,4,3 17 3.4 4/6 4,5,6,4,4 23 4.6 4,4,3,5,5 21 105 4.2 Total 116 23.2 21 Average 23.2 4.64 21 4.2 The tables here give a normal 4.64 and an aver- age after smoking of 4.2, resulting in a loss of 9.47 per cent. Mb. G , NON-SMOKER- -BLANK TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exebcise Afteb Exebcise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/21 13,14 27 13.5 12,13,12 37 12.33 1/22 10,12 22 11 9,4,8 21 7 1/26 6,6 12 6 10,8,12 30 10 2/9 4,7 11 5.5 8,6,7 21 7 2/10 4,6 10 82 5 41 3,6,8 17 5.66 Total 126 42 Average 16.4 8.2 25.2 8.4 The normal here of 8.2 and average score after exercise of S.4 shows an increase of 2.04 per cent after exercise. 122 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mb. G. NON-SMOKER— BLANK TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/17 8,2 10 5 10,10,8 28 9.33 3/3 2,8 10 5 5,8,7 20 3.66 3/31 7,8 15 7.5 9,8,8 25 8.33 4/2 13,8 21 10.5 16,15,13 44 14.66 4/6 6,7 13 69 6.6 34.5 13,13,13 39 13 Total 156 49 Average 13.8 6.9 31.2 9.8 Every individual observation here shows a marked decrease in precision. The total average of 9.8 after smoking when compared with the normal of 6.9 shows a decrease of 42.03 per cent. After the first experiment Mr. G. refused to smoke more than one cigar, owing to the nauseat- ing effect they produced. Mr. G. NON-SMOKER- -TARGET TEST WITH EXERCISE Before Exercise After Exercise Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 1/21 1/22 1/26 2/9 2/10 4,4,3,6,5 3,4,4,5,5 6,3,5,4,5 5,5,4,4,4 4,4,4,6,5 Be 22 21 23 22 23 4.4 3,3,3,4,2 4.2 4,3,4,5,4 4.6 3,5,4,4,5 4.4 5,4,4,3,5 4.6 5,6,6,4,3 15 20 21 21 24 3 4 4.2 4.2 4.8 Total Avera 111 22.2 22.2 4.44 101 20.2 20.2 4.04 The normal here of 4.44 when compared with the average of 4.04 registered after exercise shows an increase of 9 per cent in precision. * - NEUROMUSCULAR PRECISION 123 Mb. G. NON-SMOKER— TARGET TEST Before Smoking After Smoking Ind. Ind. Date Score Total Av. Score Total Av. 2/17 4,5,4,4,4 21 4.2 4,3,4,3,4 18 3.6 3/3 4,5,4,6,4 22 4.4 6,5,4,4,4 22 4.4 3/31 3,6,4,6,4 22 4.4 5,4,3,3,3 18 3.6 4/2 5,4,3,5,6 23 4.6 3,5,4,3,4 19 3.8 4/6 4,4,4,4,4 20 4 3,4,3,4,4 18 95 3.6 Total 108 21.6 19 Average 21.6 4.32 19 3.8 With one exception where there was no change, a loss was registered in each experiment. The results give a normal of 4.32 and an average after smoking of 3.8, showing a loss of 12.03 per cent in physical precision after smoking. These results would further tend to intensify the evils found in the Blank Test, especially since they are produced after the use of only one cigar. PART IV THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING Experimental Work by WILLIAM A. LANG International Young Men's Christian Association College, Springfield, Mass., 1916 IV The Effects of Smoking on Accuracy in Base- ball Pitching The results of the precision studies by Blickley suggested the desirability of studying other gross muscular coordinations. If the accuracy of lung- ing at a target with a fencing foil is disturbed by smoking, then many of our muscular coordina- tions in practical and industrial life, as well as in our sports, must be affected. We are particu- larly interested, however, in boys and there is probably no activity dearer to the American boy's heart than throwing a baseball. This study was of peculiar interest to Mr. Lang, as he was him- self a baseball pitcher and a smoker. It may at least be said that he was not anxious to secure the results which developed. The smoking was done in the smoking labora- tory used for the other experiments, and the throwing was done in the gymnasium beneath. Twelve men were chosen, smokers and non- smokers, for the experiments, all of them ball players. Official league baseballs were used. The target was a padded block, five feet square, with 127 128 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING a bull's eye one foot in diameter, surrounded by concentric circles six inches apart. This was suspended at such a height that the bull's eye would be approximately at the height of an ordi- nary man's shoulder. The distance of the throw was sixty feet. An outline of the method of procedure for each test follows : OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE Test A (One Cigar) 1. Arrival at the gymnasium about 6 :30 p. m. 2. Three trial throws at the target, not re- corded. 3. Record ten throws at the target, distance 60 ft. 4. Retire to a special room to smoke. 5. Smoke one cigar in thirty minutes. 6. Return to gymnasium about 7 :15 p. M. 7. Three trial throws at the target, not re- corded. 8. Record ten throws at the target, distance 60 ft. Test B (Two Cigars) 1. Same as in Test A. 2. No trial throws at the target. 3. Same as in Test A. 4. Same as in Test A. 5. Smoke two cigars in sixty minutes. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 129 6. Return to the gymnasium about 7 :30 P. M. 7. No trial throws at the target. 8. Same as in Test A. Test C (No Smoking) 1. Arrival at the gymnasium about 6 :30 p. m. 2. Three trial throws at the target, distance 60 ft. 3. Record ten throws at the target. 4. Thirty -minute interval. 5. Three trial throws at the target. 6. Record ten throws at the target. Method of Scoring Balls Thrown at the Tar- get 1. 5 points if the ball hits the bull's-eye. 2. 4 points if the ball hits the inner circle. 3. 3 points if the ball hits the middle circle. 4. 2 points if the ball hits the outer circle. 5. 1 point if the ball hits outside the outer circle. 6. No points if the ball fails to hit the target. Style of Throwing the Ball at the Target 1. Fast straight balls are requested. 2. Any windup or delivery may be used. 3. Mat used to prevent slipping while throw- ing. The following is given to illustrate the rec- ord of the tests taken on one day, for Test A. The complete set of daily records will be found in the 130 THYSTCAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING appendix to Part IV. A sample is also given of the records of each individual man. These also appear in the appendix. TEST A— (One cigar) Monday April 10, 1916 Throws 5 6 7 1 Mr. M. 1 Mr. E. 4 Mr. P. Mr. F. Mr. A. Mr. B. Mr. C. 9 10 Totals 3 4 27 29 30 36 35 27 31 The above scores were made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking one cigar. Mr. M. Mr. E. Mr. P. Mr. F. Mr. A. Mr. B. Mr. C. 8 9 10 Totals 26 33 20 30 28 28 18 The average scores made before smoking are The average scores made after smoking are There is a decrease after smoking of 30.71 26.14 4.57 INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. M.— GIVING TOTALS ONLY Date Test Before Smoking After Smoking Loss Gain 4-10-16 A 27 26 1 4-11-16 A 32 25 7 4-12-16 A 34 25 9 4-13-16 A 26 27 4-14-16 A 35 27 8 4-17-16 B 35 30 6 4-18-16 B 33 27 6 4-20-16 B 35 25 10 4-21-16 B 34 23 11 4-24-16 B 30 27 3 4-25-16 B 39 29 10 4-26-16 B 31 27 4 4-27-16 B 25 24 1 4-28-16 B 32 27 6 ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 131 Before Delay After Delay 5-1-16 C 26 28 2 6-2-16 C 30 31 1 5-3-16 C 30 36 6 Mr. M. is a baseball player, having had consid- erable experience as a pitcher. He smokes from ten to twenty cigarettes a day and in our com- parisons is therefore termed a smoker. During these experiments he was requested to refrain from using cigarettes at any time, and to use only the cigars prescribed. The graphic record of each man's performance before and after smoking follows. Notice that in Test C where the broken line (after smoking) usually run above the solid line ( before smoking ) there was no smoking in the experiment — merely a wait of 30 minutes. This indicates that from the conditions of the experiment it would be fair to assume that, except for the smoking, the broken line would always be above the solid line. The last chart gives the group averages before and after smoking. 132 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. A. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking Test B Test C Test A ATf, 19 11 12 '} ii ■7 I> v> ll 24 25 n 27 M . 2 3 MAY ti 49 <• 47 *t 43 44 « 42 4J 4? 3D 38 37 36 !\ 35 34 \ , \ 33 \ i\ / 32 ^t ( \ 1 > 1 31 \ i \ At \ 1 36 \ \f vS 29 V. — ' V 1 ' 1/ a v 1 1 1 V 27 ^ 1 1 \ ' 26 \ \ '.A V *i '1/ ' \ 1 24 V A 23 v 22 21 20 19 "» II 16 |S 14 13 12 II |0 9 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 _l .Before Smoking __„ Vfter Smoking ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 133 Mr. B. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking Test A Test B Test C tff 10 II 12 13 1< U a H 'i 24 25 U 27 U 1 2 3 MAY jo 49 4S 47 46 45 44 13 42 41 41) 39 31 37 36 r | 35 \ 34 A 1 33 / \ i '/- \ 32 \ / 1 1 / \ ]| / s V 1 \f il 1 / > 30 / s ij 2 ' TV \ / \ 29 / s ft Li \ A 25 \/ rj • '\ 1 V, 1 V 27 \ / \> ^ 2JL iV * 25 I™ >. i I / 25 \ / v »/ 54 / k 23 1 j 22 V 21 20 19 IS 1* 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 5 7 t 5 4 3 7 1 .Before Smoking .■■ .After Smoking 134 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mr. C. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking vp. 10 Test A II 12 13 I* 17 u 2.9 TestB 21 24 25 tfl 27 2fl 1 Test C 2 3 MAY » 49 47 46 45 44 41 42 41 40 39 /— 38 V 37 £ V 36 tz "^ ' 35 tz N / 34 SL 33 tz 32 LZ 31 \ / 30 1 / 29 \t f\ 28 ' \ 27 r 1 26 >/ X 25 J- 24 *« tz 23 ■ 22 / \ 1 21 I \l 20 19 1 18 1 17 16 M 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 . .Before Smoking .«._.» _After Smoking ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 13; Mr. D. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking Test A Test B Test C APR. 10 II 12 13 11 17 I? 20 ?■ H » M J7 2» 1 2 3 MAY 49 46 47 46 a 44 ,4 43 A 42 A 41 \ «Q \ / 39 \J t 36 7 \ 37 \ ft 3< V 1 35 34 a 12 31 34 I 29 I a 27 26 r s 25 *• i ' 24 23 22 21 20 19 ia 17 16 15 14 13 12 11' 10 9 a 7 6 5 4 , 3 2 1 .Before Smoking _____ _. After Smoking 136 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Me. M. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking ' Test A Test B Test C W- 1° II 12 11 H 17 1! 20 2! ?< 25 26 27 28 i ? j MAY to 49 48 47 46 4S 44 4} 42 41 40 39 38 n 3? / 38 / \ » 3S r— ->, ' / 34 A / ' ' ,1 s. | 33 J \ / V \ / \ , 32 / \ / y , / \ i 31 / \ / W \ A 30 ' 1 » \ ! \ '/- 29 / \ i ' \ a \ ' r 28 / \ \ , * < .. ' 1 1 V',i t 27 y .j \ / \ \ 1 f V 26 -, V ^ f \ V i V 25 *.. _> V ■ >/.' 24 V / 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 IS 14 13 12 II to 9 8 7 6 5 .4 1 2 1 .Before Smoking _«»___After Smoking ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 137 Mb. P. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking vp 10 Test A ii ii ii n 1 17 II ■ Test B 21 24 25 7« 77 78 1 Test C * » MAY to « u 47 48 u 44 43 42 41 IP n » 1 \ n | \ 37 | \ 34 / \ ft 35 | 1 »> ,'\ >-v 14 / i. 1 v < » - It S 33 \ 1 j '■ ZJ / 32 V / Z3 1 31 A f / * I 3d 1 ,'\ U \ /" I 1 29 \ i \ / 28 \ Z] \ / \ / 27 \ ZJ V 26 Tr V / 25 % i / 24 u 23 \t 22 < Prf- 21 T^ 20 19 18 17 18 1$ 14 13 12 II 10 9 8 7 t S 4 3 2 1 .Before Smoking __.—..- After Smoking 138 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Mb. R. Test A Chabt Showing Totals Before and After Smoking Test B Test C .Before Smoking .-.—.After Smoking ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 139 Mb. S. Chart Showing Totals Before and After Smoking Test A Test B Test C tf£L 10 11 12 13 1* 17 14 20 21 2* H 26 27 JS i 2 1 MAY 50 «• 47 46 15 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 A 35 t \ U S i y 33 32 V 31 f h 36 1 1 i , 29 / \ r'^ ' 28 i V / t 27 \| \ 1 26 \y 1 25 1 r~ 24 1 23 | ' 22 \l 21 v 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 a 7 6 S 4 2 ' ■ .Before Smoking «__ After Smoking 140 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Chart Showing Group Averages Before and After Smoking w 10 Test A 11 12 13 w 17 18 20 Test B 21 24 25 i$ 2? 28 i Test C J..r.mr ™w 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 U 37 36 3S i> 34 * i / _ 33 £f A 32 ^ i ; K 31 30 ( — t * / 29 V f v 28 >, ,' 27 \ 26 — ' 26 < tj/ 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 IS 14 13 12 11 iL. Bin?r.nir! Smoking __ ___ .After Smoking Chart shows result of 113 individual experi- ments. Experiment consists of throwing ten baseballs at a target before smoking and after smoking. 1,130 baseballs thrown before smok- ing and 1,130 thrown after smoking. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 141 COMPARISON OF AVERAGES BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS Test A Smokers Non-Smokers Before After Before After Smoking Smoking Smoking Smoking Mr. M. 30.60 26.00 Mr. A. 31.20 27.00 Mr. P. 32.20 27.20 Mr. B. 29.20 28.20 Mr. R. 36.50 26.00 Mr. C. 31.40 24.20 Mr. S. 34.00 29.50 Averages 33.30 29.68 30.60 26.47 You will notice that the smokers have a higher average both before and after smoking, which is not an indication, however, that it is due to the fact that they are smokers. You will also notice that the average is a little lower after smoking for the non-smokers than for the smokers, prob- ably because they were affected more by the smok- ing, yet the difference is so slight that we can say that both smokers and non-smokers are af- fected to the same degree, a conclusion also reached by Dowling. In addition, the smokers are rated as better ball players, which has some bearing on the score averages. The average of the smokers is lower after smok- ing by 3.62 points, and the average of the non- smokers is lower by 4.13 points for this test. This is a very significant fact and thus far it seems as if the smoking positively did affect the throwing of these men. The above averages are the results of thirty- 142 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING one individual experiments during which 310 baseballs were thrown at the target, both before and after smoking. Test B Smokebb Non-Smokebs Before After Before After Smoking Smoking Smoking Smoking Mr. M. 32.66 26.55 Mr. A. 32.66 30.33 Mr. P. 31.50 29.25 Mr. B. 32.44 27.77 Mr. R. 39.87 33.62 Mr. C. 32.00 25.20 Mr. S. 34.55 26.55 Mr. D. 39.20 28.80 Averages 34.64 28.99 34.04 28.03 The average of the smokers both before and after smoking is higher than that of the non- smokers, as it was in test A. The average of the non-smokers is affected, after smoking, a little more than the smokers' averages. The average of the smokers is lower after smok- ing by 5.65 points and that of the non-smokers by 6.01 points. During this test the men smoked two cigars before throwing the second set of ten balls at the target, and the averages both before and after smoking show a wider difference than in test A, during which only one cigar was smoked. This seems to show that the greater amount of tobacco smoked before the tests causes a greater lack of control when pitching. The above averages are the results of sixty-one individual experiments during which 610 base- balls were thrown both before and after smoking. Smokers Non-Smokbbs Before After Before After Delay Delay Delay Delay 28.66 31.66 Mr. A. 31.00 31.67 31.66 34.33 Mr. B. 31.66 34.66 32.67 38.33 Mr. C. 32.33 38.67 31.33 32.00 ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 143 Test C (Without Smoking) Smokers Befor Delai Mr. M. Mr. P. Mr. R. Mr. S. Averages 31.08 34.08 31.66 35.00 During this test there was no smoking. Each of the men would throw ten baseballs at the tar- get, wait about thirty minutes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar, and then throw ten more baseballs at the target. The aver- ages of the smokers and non-smokers are about the same, but, unlike the other tests in which there was smoking, the averages after the delay were actually increased, probably due to the ab- sence of the effects of smoking. The above averages are the results of twenty- one individual experiments during which 210 baseballs were thrown at the target and after a delay of 30 minutes 210 more. GROUP CONCLUSIONS OF TEST A On April 10, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok- ing one cigar and two men made better scores. On April 11, 1916, eight experiments were conducted. Five men made lower scores after smoking one cigar, two men made better scores, and one man tied his score. 144 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING On April 12, 1916, eight experiments were con- ducted. All of the men made lower scores after smoking one cigar. On April 13, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Six men made better scores before smok- ing one cigar and one man made a better score after smoking. On April 14, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Two men made lower scores after smok- ing one cigar, four men made better scores after smoking, and one man tied his score. During the five days that the experiments were conducted eleven men took part. In all thirty- seven scores were made before smoking and the same number after. The number of scores that were bettered after smoking was nine, two tied, and twenty-six made lower scores after smoking. The group averages for each day show that on four days the average score was lower after smok- ing than before, and one day the average score was better after smoking than before. Average Scores Average Scores \veraj Date Before Smoking After Smoking Loss 4-10-16 30.70 26.14 4.56 4-11-16 24.75 24.12 0.63 4-12-16 34.28 28.42 5.86 4-13-16 34.00 28.14 5.86 4-14-16 32.28 32.84 gain— 0.56 The average score before smoking for the week is 31.20. The average score after smoking for the week is 27.73. The average loss after smoking for the week iB 3.47. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 145 GROUP CONCLUSIONS OF TEST B On April 17, 1916, eight experiments were con- ducted. All of the eight men made lower records after smoking. On April 18, 1916, eight experiments were con- ducted. Seven men made lower scores after smoking the two cigars and one man did better. On April 20, 1916, six experiments were con- ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok- ing and one man made a higher score. On April 21, 1916, eight experiments were con- ducted. All of the eight men made lower scores after smoking. On April 24, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Three men made lower scores after smoking, three men made higher scores after smoking and one man tied his score. On April 25, 1916, six experiments were con- ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok- ing and one man made a higher score. On April 26, 1916, six experiments were con- ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok- ing and one man made a higher score. On April 27, 1916, six experiments were con- ducted. Five men made lower scores after smok- ing and one man made a higher score. On April 28, 1916, six experiments were con- ducted. All of the six men made lower scores after smoking. J46 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING During the nine days that the experiments were conducted eight men took part. In all sixty-one scores were recorded before smoking and sixty-one after. Eight scores were higher after smoking. One score was tied after smoking. Fifty-two scores were lower after smoking than before. Date 4-17-16 4-18-16 4-20-16 4-21-16 4-24-16 4-25-16 4-26-16 4-27-16 4-28-16 The average is 34.05. The average is 28.92. The average 5.13. Average Scores Average Scores Before Smoking 36.25 34.00 34.66 35.87 34.70 32.50 33.50 30.83 34.17 After Smoking 29.87 30.25 26.33 26.37 32.86 28.16 29.83 27.17 29.47 Average Loss 6.38 3.75 8.33 9.50 1.84 3.34 3.67 3.66 4.60 score before smoking for the above nine experiments score after smoking for the above nine experiments loss after smoking for the above nine experiments is GEOUP CONCLUSIONS OF TEST C On May 1, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Five men made better scores following the thirty-minute interval during which there was no smoking, and two men tied their first scores. On May 2, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Five men made better scores following the thirty-minute interval during which there ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 147 was no smoking, and two men made lower scores. On May 3, 1916, seven experiments were con- ducted. Six men made higher scores and one man made a lower score following the thirty min- utes during which there was no smoking. During the three days that the experiments were conducted seven men took part. In all twenty-one scores were recorded before and after a thirty-minute interval, which time is equivalent to that occupied in smoking a cigar. Sixteen scores were higher after the 30-minute delay. Three scores were lower following the 30- minute delay. Two scores were tied following the 30-minute delay. Average Scores Date Before Thirty Minute Interval 6-1-16 32.28 5-2-16 32.43 5-3-16 30.65 The average score before the thirty minute interval is 31.79 for the above three experiments. The average score following the thirty minute interval is 34.47 for the above three experiments. The average gain after the thirty minute interval is 2.68 for the above three experiments. FINAL CONCLUSIONS In test A, during which one cigar was smoked, the smokers showed a loss of eleven per cent in accuracy when pitching a baseball, after smoking. In test A, during which one cigar was smoked, Average Scores Average After Thirty Gain Minute Interval 35.14 gain- - 2.86 34.14 gain- - 1.71 34.14 gain- - 3.49 148 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING the non-smokers showed a loss of thirteen per cent in accuracy when pitching a baseball at a target, after smoking. The non-smokers show an increase of two per cent over the smokers in loss of accuracy, after smoking. The average loss in accuracy during test A for both smokers and non-smokers is twelve per cent, after smoking. In test B, during which two cigars were smoked, the smokers showed a loss of eleven per cent in accuracy when pitching a baseball at a target, after smoking. The non-smokers in test B showed a loss of eighteen per cent in accuracy when pitching, after smoking. The non-smokers show an increase of seven per cent over the smokers in loss of accuracy after smoking. The average loss in accuracy after smoking during test B, for both smokers and non-smokers, is fourteen and one half per cent. In test C, during which no cigars were smoked, the smokers showed an increase in accuracy of nine per cent after a delay of thirty minutes, equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar. In test 0, the non-smokers showed an increase in pitching a baseball accurately, without smok- ing, of ten per cent. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 149 The non-smokers showed a gain of one per cent over the smokers in accuracy of pitching. The average gain in accuracy of pitching dur- ing test C, for both non-smokers and smokers, is nine and one half per cent. 1. The foregoing experiments have proven con- clusively that smoking does actually reduce a man's accuracy in pitching a baseball. 2. The smoking of a single cigar will affect a man's accuracy in pitching, and two cigars in- crease this effect. 3. In tests during which there was no smoking, the men improved in accuracy of pitching. The individual tables are given in the appendix to enable the interested person to follow the ex- periments in detail. 150 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING APPENDIX TO PART IV TEST A Monday, April 10, 1916 For this table, see page 130 TEST A Tuesday, April 11, 1916 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 4 2 5 3 5 1 4 4 4 32 Mr. E. 4 4 3 1 3 3 4 3 4 2 31 Mr. P. 3 2 4 3 3 5 1 21 Mr. P. Discontinued Mr. A. 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 23 Mr. B. 1 4 3 4 4 2 2 3 5 1 29 Mr. C. 2 2 2 1 4 3 3 4 2 5 28 Mr. R. 1 5 4 1 1 2 5 5 4 2 30 Mr. I. 3 4 2 1 3 4 4 2 23 The above scores were i made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking one cigar. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 5 1 1 1 4 1 3 5 1 3 25 Mr. E. 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 5 29 Mr. P. 2 3 5 2 2 1 3 1 3 3 25 Mr. F. Discontinued Mr. A. 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 4 2 23 Mr. B. 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 21 Mr. C. 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 16 Mr. R. 1 3 3 3 5 2 1 4 2 5 29 Mr. I. 3 4 1 4 1 1 5 3 3 25 The average score before smoking is 27.12 The average score after smoking is 24.12 There is a decrease after smoking of 3. TEST A Wednesday , April 12, 1916 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 2 4 4 4 5 5 1 4 4 1 34 Mr. E. Discontinued Mr. P. 3 5 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 5 41 Mr. A. 1 3 5 3 2 o 3 4 1 5 29 Mr. B. 2 4 5 3 2 3 4 2 4 3 32 Mr. C. 5 4 5 2 3 5 2 5 3 1 35 Mr. R. 4 4 4 4 3 5 6 3 3 4 39 Mr. I. Discontinued Mr. J. 4 4 2 1 The above scores were made before smoking. 30 ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 151 The following scores were made after smoking one cigar. 123466789 10 Totals Mr. M. 1 2 2 5 2 4 6 4 25 Mr. E. Discontinued Mr. P. 5 4 5 4 4 5 1 1 3 32 Mr. A. 4 1 3 4 2 4 2 3 1 2 26 Mr. B. 4 2 1 5 5 2 4 1 1 1 26 Mr. C. 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 2 1 3 25 Mr. R. 4 5 3 2 4 3 4 4 2 5 36 Mr. I. Discontinued Mr. J. 13 4 4 14 4 4 13 29 The average score made before smoking is 34 . 28 The average score made after smoking is 28 . 42 There is a decrease after smoking of 5 . 86 TEST A Thursday, April 13, 1916 3456789 10 Totals Mr. M. 1 2 4 1 3 1 3 6 5 25 Mr. P. 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 38 Mr. A. 3 4 2 5 4 3 5 5 3 34 Mr. B. 3 4 4 1 4 2 4 3 2 3 30 Mr. C. 3 3 4 5 3 2 4 4 3 4 35 Mr. R. 4 3 4 4 5 3 5 4 5 4 41 Mr. J. Absent Mr. S. 5 2 4 4 4 1 2 5 3 5 35 The above scores were made before smoking The following scores were made after smoking one cigar. 123466789 10 Totals Mr. M. 1 3 1 2 5 6 2 4 4 27 Mr. P. 5 3 2 1 3 1 6 2 2 2 26 Mr. A. 1 3 2 2 1 3 5 2 3 22 Mr. B. 3 4 1 2 3 2 4 2 4 1 26 Mr. C. 3433553233 34 Mr. R. 4252351444 34 Mr. J. Absent Mr. S. 1353344104 28 The average score made before smoking is 34 . 00 The average score made after smoking is 28.14 There is a decrease after smoking of 6.86 152 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING TEST A- -Friday, ArtUL U :, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 5 5 3 35 Mr. P. 2 4 3 1 3 4 4 4 5 1 31 Mr. A. 5 4 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 35 Mr. B. 3 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 3 28 Mr. C. 3 3 2 3 1 4 2 4 2 4 28 Mr. R. 3 2 3 3 5 2 5 4 5 4 36 Mr. J. Absent. Discontinued Mr. S. 4 3 4 3 3 4 2 4 2 4 33 The above scores were made before smoking. The following i scores were made after smoking one cigar. Mr. M. 3 5 1 2 5 4 4 2 1 27 Mr. P. 2 2 4 5 3 3 5 4 5 33 Mr. A. 5 4 1 5 4 4 2 5 5 1 36 Mr. B. 2 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 30 Mr. C. 4 3 3 3 3 5 2 5 28 Mr. R. 4 5 5 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 45 Mr. J. Absent. Discontinued Mr. S. 3 5 3 2 2 3 5 5 1 2 31 The average score made before smoking is 32.28 The average score made after smoking is 32.86 There ia an increase after smoking of 0.68 TEST B— Monday, April 17 , 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals I Mr. M. 3 4 2 1 5 5 4 4 3 4 35 Mr. P. 1 5 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 35 Mr. A. 2 4 4 3 4 3 5 3 3 3 34 Mr. B. 4 4 3 4 1 5 5 2 3 4 35 Mr. C. 4 2 4 2 5 2 3 4 1 2 29 Mr. R. 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 44 Mr. S. 4 1 4 5 3 4 4 4 3 5 37 Mr. D. 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 41 The above scores were made before smoking. The following scores were n: iade after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 4 4 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 5 30 Mr. P. 4 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 3 29 Mr. A. 3 5 1 4 4 3 2 2 4 1 29 Mr. B. 2 3 4 1 5 2 2 3 4 26 Mr. C. 2 1 4 3 1 3 2 2 3 4 25 Mr. R. 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 1 31 Mr. S. 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 5 24 Mr. D. 1 4 3 4 3 4 1 3 2 26 The average score before smoking is 36.25 The average score after smoking is 27.37 The re is a deci reasi 2 aft< :r sm okini ? of 8.88 ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 153 TEST B— Tuesday, April 18, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 1 3 1 2 5 5 3 5 3 5 33 Mr. P. 2 1 4 2 4 4 3 4 5 4 33 Mr. A. 5 2 4 4 3 5 3 1 3 5 35 Mr. B. 2 3 4 2 4 2 5 1 4 3 30 Mr. C. 4 5 3 4 1 4 4 3 1 3 32 Mr. R. 4 5 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 3 39 Mr. S. 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 4 4 32 Mr. D. 3 3 3 5 4 4 3 5 5 3 38 The above scores were made before smoking. The following i scores were made after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 3 4 3 3 3 2 5 3 1 27 Mr. P. 3 4 2 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 38 Mr. A. 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 29 Mr. B. 4 3 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 1 29 Mr. C. 5 3 4 5 3 1 3 4 2 30 Mr. R. 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 4 2 36 Mr. S. 4 4 1 2 3 2 4 3 2 2 27 Mr. D. 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 1 2 26 The average score before smoking is 34.00 The average score after smoking is 30.25 There is a decrease ■ after smoking of 3.75 TEST B— •Thursday, April 20, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 5 4 2 4 3 3 5 3 5 1 35 Mr. P. Absent Mr. A. 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 Mr. B. 5 5 5 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 37 Mr. C. 5 5 1 4 3 5 1 5 29 Mr. R. Absent Mr. 8. 3 2 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 5 35 Mr. D. 5 4 5 5 2 5 4 5 5 4 44 The above scores were : made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 3 4 2 1 1 4 5 4 1 25 Mr. P. Absent Mr. A. 4 1 4 4 3 5 5 1 4 31 Mr. B. 2 5 3 2 3 5 3 3 2 28 Mr. C. 3 5 1 3 4 1 1 2 20 Mr. R. Absent Mr. 8. 5 3 2 3 5 2 5 2 3 30 Mr. D. 4 3 2 3 1 2 4 1 4 24 Note. — April 19, Patriots' Day, being a holiday, no experiments were conducted. The average score before smoking is 34 . 66 The average score after smoking is 26 . 33 There is a decrease after smoking of 8.33 154 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING TEST B— Friday, April 21, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 3 2 5 4 2 3 2 5 4 4 34 Mr. P. 3 6 4 4 2 3 4 3 4 3 35 Mr. A. 1 3 5 4 3 2 4 3 5 4 34 Mr. B. 4 1 3 1 5 4 5 4 4 4 35 Mr. C. 4 5 4 4 3 2 5 4 3 4 38 Mr. R. 5 4 4 3 2 4 4 5 5 4 40 Mr. S. 4 4 3 3 5 4 4 2 1 5 35 Mr. D. 3 4 2 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 36 The above scores were made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 5 1 2 4 2 3 1 2 3 23 Mr. P. 4 5 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 2 27 Mr. A. 2 1 4 3 5 4 1 2 3 25 Mr. B. 4 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 5 24 Mr. C. 4 4 3 4 1 3 2 3 2 26 Mr. R. 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 1 3 2 29 Mr. S. 3 2 2 3 4 1 5 4 2 26 Mr. D. 3 3 4 3 3 2 4 2 3 4 31 The average score before smoking is 35.87 The average score after smoking is 26.37 There is a decrease after smoking of 9.50 TEST B— ■Monday. April 24, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 3 2 4 4 3 5 3 5 1 30 Mr. P. 4 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 5 3 26 Mr. A. 5 2 5 5 3 4 2 1 2 5 34 Mr. B. 5 5 1 5 4 2 1 2 4 3 32 Mr. C. Discontinued Mr. R. 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 45 Mr. S. 4 5 4 5 4 3 1 4 4 5 39 Mr. D. 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 4 4 4 37 The above scores were made before smoking. The following i scores were made after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 5 2 1 1 3 1 5 1 4 4 27 Mr. P. 4 1 1 4 5 1 2 5 1 2 26 Mr. A. 5 2 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 4 37 Mr. B. 5 1 4 5 3 4 4 2 5 33 Mr. C. Discontinued Mr. R. 4 2 4 4 5 3 2 5 3 5 37 Mr. S. 1 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 5 32 Mr. D. 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 2 6 38 The average score 1 before smoking is 34.70 The average score after smok ing is 32.86 There is a decrease after smoking of 1.84 ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 155 TEST B Tuesday, April 25, 1916 123466789 19 Totals Mr. M. 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 4 3 6 39 Mr. P. 3 4 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 5 27 Mr. A. 3 3 3 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 30 Mr. B. 3 1 3 3 3 5 2 5 3 28 Mr. R. 4 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 4 3 36 Mr. S. 2 4 5 4 3 5 3 3 4 33 Mr. D. Discontinued The above scores were made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 3 4 2 4 5 3 2 1 5 29 Mr. P. 2330043252 24 Mr. A. 4 1 5 3 1 4 3 5 5 3 34 Mr. B. .1134232352 26 Mr. R. 4 3 1 5 2 5 2 1 3 4 30 Mr. S. 3 5 2 2 2 3 4 2 12 26 Mr. D. Discontinued Note. — Mr. D. discontinued because of an accident to his ankle. The average score before smoking is 32.60 The average score after smoking is 28 . 16 There is a decrease after smoking of 4 . 34 TEST B Wednesday , Apkil 26, : 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 4 2 6 2 1 5 3 1 4 4 31 Mr. P. 5 2 1 4 2 3 4 3 4 5 33 Mr. A 4 2 3 2 4 1 5 2 4 3 30 Mr. B. 5 4 1 5 4 4 3 4 5 3 38 Mr. R. 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 3 2 35 Mr. S. 4 3 4 5 3 1 3 2 5 4 34 The above scores were made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking two cigars. Mr. M. 5 2 1 4 2 3 3 4 1 2 27 Mr. P. 1 3 4 2 3 5 3 2 4 3 30 Mr. A. 5 3 4 1 2 3 2 4 4 3 31 Mr. B. 2 4 4 3 2 1 3 4 5 3 31 Mr. R. 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 2 1 3 33 Mr. S. 3 3 2 4 2 1 4 3 3 2 27 The average score before smoking is 33.50 The average score after smok ing is 29.83 Thei e is a dec: ■east ; afte r smo king :of 3.67 156 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING TEST B Thursday, April 27, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 2 3 5 2 2 4 1 3 3 25 Mr. P. 4 3 2 1 5 5 2 4 1 3 30 Mr. A. 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 3 5 2 36 Mr. B. 5 1 1 1 4 1 5 4 3 2 27 Mr. R. 4 3 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 2 40 Mr. S. 3 5 3 4 2 5 2 1 2 27 The above i scores ' were made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking two cigars. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 4 1 3 2 5 2 3 2 2 24 Mr. P. 3 3 3 2 4 5 3 4 1 3 31 Mr. A. 3 3 4 3 5 2 1 2 4 27 Mr. B. 4 3 3 5 2 1 3 3 24 Mr. R. 4 3 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 37 Mr. S. 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 4 2 20 The average score before smoking is 30.83 The average score after smoking is 27.17 There is a decrease after smo king of 3.66 '1 'EST B Friday, April 28, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 2 3 2 5 4 2 1 4 5 4 32 Mr. P. 3 4 4 1 2 5 4 2 4 4 33 Mr. A. 3 4 5 5 4 4 3 2 3 33 Mr. B. 4 2 1 3 2 5 5 4 4 30 Mr. R. 5 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 36 Mr. S. 4 3 4 5 4 3 4 5 2 5 39 The above scores were made before smoking. The following scores were made after smoking two cigars. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 1 5 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 3 27 Mr. P. 5 2 4 1 3 4 2 5 3 29 Mr. A. 5 4 4 3 2 1 4 2 3 2 30 Mr. B. 2 5 3 4 2 1 4 3 3 2 29 Mr. R. 4 4 3 4 5 5 2 2 3 4 38 Mr. S. 4 4 3 2 5 1 5 2 1 27 The average score before smoking is 34.17 The average score after smoking is 29.47 There is a decrease aftei ■ sm okiiifi ;of 4.60 ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 157 TEST C Monday, May 1, 1916 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 26 Mr. P. 5 4 3 2 4 1 2 5 4 4 34 Mr. A. 4 5 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 4 33 Mr. B. 4 4 2 2 2 5 2 5 3 4 33 Mr. C. 6 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 33 Mr. R. 6 5 5 2 3 4 5 3 2 3 37 Mr. S. 3 5 2 2 5 3 2 3 2 3 30 The above scores were made upon arrival at the gymnasium. The following scores were made thirty minutes after the above scores. No smoking in these experiments. Mr. M. 3 4 6 5 1 2 1 5 2 28 Mr. R. 4 2 5 5 3 5 4 1 5 34 Mr. A. 4 5 6 4 5 2 3 4 2 34 Mr. B. 5 3 4 5 4 5 2 5 4 37 Mr. C. 4 4 2 3 5 5 1 5 4 4 39 Mr. R. 4 5 3 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 44 Mr. S. 4 5 4 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 30 The average score following 30 minutes' delay is 35.14 The average score before the 30 minutes' delaj ' is 32.28 There is an increase after the delay ol 2.86 TEST C Tuesday , May 2, 1916 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totals Mr. M. 2 4 5 1 3 4 3 2 1 5 30 Mr. P. 1 5 5 4 2 3 5 4 1 2 32 Mr. A. 4 2 2 3 4 1 3 2 5 4 30 Mr. B. 2 4 5 5 4 2 2 4 5 33 Mr. C. 3 4 4 2 3 1 5 5 3 2 32 Mr. R. 4 4 3 4 5 1 3 4 4 3 35 Mr. S. 3 4 4 3 3 5 2 5 4 3 36 The above scores were made upon arrival at the gymnasium. N The following scores were made thirty minutes after the above scores No smoking in these experiments. Mr. M. 4 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 6 6 31 Mr. P. 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 5 5 2 35 Mr. A. 4 4 a 5 4 1 2 3 2 28 Mr. B. 4 1 2 4 6 4 5 3 3 3 36 Mr. C. 4 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 39 Mr. R. 6 5 1 5 4 3 2 4 5 3 37 Mr. S. 4 3 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 5 34 The average following the delay is 34.14 The average score before the delay is 32.43 There is an increase after the del ay of 1.71 158 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING TEST C Wednesday, May 3, 1916 Mr. M. Mr P. Mr. A. Mr. B. Mr. C. Mr. R. Mr. S. 10 3 2 4 5 2 4 3 Totals 30 29 30 29 32 36 28 The above scores were made upon arrival at the gymnasium The following scores were made thirty minutes after the above scores. No smoking in these experiments. Mr. M. Mr. P. Mr. A. Mr. B. Mr. C. Mr. R. Mr. S. 10 3 4 4 3 2 4 4 Totals 36 34 33 32 38 34 32 The average score following the delay is The average score before the delay is There is an increase after the delay of 34.14 30.65 3.49 For individual record of Mr. M., see page 130. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. E., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-10-16 A 29 33 4 4-11-16 A 31 29 2 Mr. E. discontinued the experiments at this point, claiming that the effect produced by the smoking of the cigars caused a continual head- ache, which on the third evening had not gone away. This man was an abstainer from the use of tobacco in any form and it is regretted that he could not continue, in order that his records might be compared with those of smokers. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 159 INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Me. P., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-10-16 A 30 20 10, 4-11-16 A 21 25 4 4-12-16 A 41 32 9 4-13-16 A 38 26 12 4-14-16 A 31 33 2 4-17-16 B 35 29 6 4-18-16 B 33 38 5 4-20-16 B Absent 4-21-16 B 35 27 8 4-24-16 B 26 26 5-25-16 B 27 24 3 4-26-16 B 33 30 3 4-27-16 B 30 31 1 4-28-16 B 33 Before Delay 29 After Delay 4 5- 1-16 C 34 34 * 5- 2-16 C 32 35 3 5- 3-16 C 29 34 5 Mr. P. is a catcher and has played semi-profes- sional baseball. At present he is catcher of a college varsity team. He smokes cigarettes regu- larly, consuming from one to two packages daily. He, too, was requested to stop smoking cigarettes during these experiments and use only the cigars prescribed. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. F., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-1-16 A 36 30 6 Mr. F. discontinued the experiments after the first one, because the effects of the cigar made him very sick. He became quite pale, showed 160 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING signs of dizziness and hurried home to bed. The next day he complained of a sick headache. This man had never smoked a cigar before this one during his whole life, and saved the stub as a reminder. While in high school he pitched for the team. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. A., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gai 4-10-16 A 35 28 7 4-11-16 A 23 23 4-12-16 A 29 26 3 4-13-16 A 34 22 12 4-14-16 A 35 36 1 4-17-16 B 34 29 5 4-18-16 B 35 29 6 4-20-16 B 28 31 3 4-21-16 B 34 25 9 4-24-16 B 34 37 3 4-25-16 B 30 34 4 4-26-16 B 30 31 1 4-27-16 B 36 27 9 4-28-16 B 33 Before Delay 30 After Delay 3 5- 1-16 C 33 34 1 5- 2-16 C 30 28 2 5- 3-16 C 30 33 3 Mr. A. is a ball player with ability as an out- fielder, and at present is playing on the college varsity baseball team. Mr. A. is not a user of tobacco in any form, and will therefore be termed a non-smoker in making comparisons. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 161 INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF M». B., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-10-16 A 27 28 1 4-11-16 A 29 21 8 4-12-16 A 32 26 6 4-13-16 A 30 26 4 4-14-16 A 28 30 2 4-17-16 B 35 26 9 4-18-16 B 30 29 1 4-20-16 B 37 28 9 4-21-16 B 35 24 11 4-24-16 B 32 33 1 4-25-16 B 28 26 2 4-26-16 B 38 31 7 4-27-16 B 27 24 3 4-28-16 B 30 29 1 6- 1-16 C 33 37 4 6- 2-16 C 33 35 2 5- 3-16 C 29 32 3 Mr. B. is a non-smoker and it was with consid- erable persuasion that he finally went through with the experiments without discontinuing. At present he plays baseball three times a week on a college class team and has but average ability. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. C, GIVING TOTALS ONLY Gain Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss 4-11-16 A 31 18 13 4-12-16 A 28 16 12 4-13-16 A 35 25 10 4-14-16 A 35 34 1 4-15-16 A 28 28 4-17-16 B 29 25 4 4-18-16 B 32 30 2 4-20-16 B 29 20 9 4-21-16 B 38 26 12 162 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Before After Date Test Smoking Before Delay Smoking After Delay Lost 6- 1-16 C 33 39 6 6- 2-16 C 32 39 7 5- 3-16 C 32 38 6 Gain Mr. C. has been pitching college baseball four years and has had considerable experience in semi-professional circles. At present he works out every day with the squad. Last year he smoked cigarettes moderately, but has not smoked any since last June (1914). He claimed they interfered with his digestion and ceased using them. For purposes of comparison Mr. C. will be termed a non-smoker. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. R. , GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-11-16 A 30 29 1 4-12-16 A 39 36 3 4-13-16 A 41 34 7 4-14-16 A 36 45 • 4-17-16 B 44 31 13 4-18-16 B 39 36 3 4-20-16 B Absent 4-21-16 B 40 29 11 4-24-16 B 45 37 8 4-25-16 B 38 30 8 4-26-16 B 35 33 2 4-27-16 B 40 37 3 4-28-16 B 38 36 2 6- 1-16 C 37 44 7 6- 2-16 C 35 37 2 6- 3-16 C 36 34 a ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 163 Mr. R. habitually chews tobacco and smokes a pipe moderately ; with his system thus inocu- lated with the effects of tobacco, he will be termed a smoker. He has played third base on a college team and has considerable experience in playing professional baseball. At present he works out with the college squad every day. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. I., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-11-16 A 23 25 2 It seems as though the smoking of strong cigars does not agree with abstainers from the weed. Such was the case with Mr. I., who claimed that he could not stand the effects of the tobacco. He said it caused a very undesirable feeling in the region of the stomach. Had he not experienced this feeling, he would have continued with the experiments. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mr. J., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss Gain 4-12-16 A 30 29 1 Mr. J. is an abstainer from the use of tobacco in any form, and it was hoped that he would con- tinue with the experiments, but like some of the other men that dropped out, the effects of the smoke were too much for him. Headache, stomach-ache and other unpleasant feelings fol- 164 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING lowed the first cigar and he could not be per- suaded to take another chance. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. S., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Lobs Gain 4-13-16 A 35 28 7 4-14-16 A 33 31 2 4-17-16 B 37 24 13 4-18-16 B 32 27 5 4-20-16 B 35 30 5 4-21-16 B 35 26 9 4-24-16 B 39 32 7 4-25-16 B 33 26 7 4-26-16 B 34 27 7 4-27-16 B 27 20 7 4-28-16 B 39 27 12 5- 1-16 C 30 30 5- 2-16 C 36 34 2 5- 3-16 C 28 32 Mr. S. smokes cigars and a pipe regularly and is therefore termed a smoker. He is a ball player of average ability and has played first base. At present he plays baseball three days a week with a class team. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF Mb. D., GIVING TOTALS ONLY Gain Before After Date Test Smoking Smoking Loss 4-17-16 B 41 25 16 4-18-16 B 38 26 12 4-20-16 B 44 24 20 4-21-16 B 36 31 5 4-24-16 B 37 38 Mr. D. discontinued at this point because of an accident to his ankle. He did not use tobacco in any form and is therefore termed a non- ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 165 smoker. His ability as a ball player is not above the ordinary, yet it was good enough for him to make the class team as a pitcher. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. D. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test B (5 experiments) Mr. D. made an average score of 39.20 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test B (5 experiments) Mr. D. made an average score of 28.80 after smoking two cigars, out of a possible 50. During test B (5 experiments) Mr. D. made a lower average after smoking, by 10.40 points. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. M. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (5 experiments) Mr. M. made an average score before smoking of 30.60 out of a possible 50 points. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. M. made an average score after smoking one cigar of 26.00 out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. M. low- ered his average after smoking by 4.60 points, probably due to the effects of smoking. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. M. made an average score before smoking of 32.66 out of a possible 50. 166 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING During test B (9 experiments) Mr. M. made an average score after smoking two cigars of 26.55 out of a possible 50. During test B ( 9 experiments ) Mr. M. made a lower average after smoking by 6.11 points. During test (3 experiments) Mr. M. made an average score before an interval of 30 minutes, which is equal to the time occupied in smoking a cigar, of 28.66. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. M. made an average score after the 30-minute delay of 31.66. During test C (three experiments) Mr. M. made a higher average after the delay by 3.00 points. No cigars were smoked in this test and probably the increase in score after the delay was due to the absence of the effects of smoking. INDIVIDUAL EECORD OF MR. P. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (5 experiments) Mr. P. made an average score before smoking of 32.20 out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. P. made an average score after smoking one cigar of 27.20 out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. P. made a lower average after smoking by 5.00 points. During test B (8 experiments) Mr. P. made ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 167 an average score before smoking of 31.50 out of 50. During test B (8 experiments) Mr. P. made an average score after smoking two cigars of 29.25 out of a possible 50. During test B (8 experiments) Mr. P. made a lower average after smoking by 2.25 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. P. made an average score before an interval of 30 minutes, which is equal to the time taken to smoke a cigar, of 31.66. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. P. made an average score after the 30-minute delay of 34.33. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. P. made a higher average after the delay by 2.67 points. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. A. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (5 experiments) Mr. A. made an average score of 31.20 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. A. made an average score of 27.00 after smoking one cigar, out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. A. made a lower average after smoking by 4.20 points. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. A. made 168 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING an average score of 32.66 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. A. made an average score of 30.33 after smoking two cigars, out of a possible 50. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. A. made a lower average after smoking by 2.33 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. A. made an average score before an interval of 30 min- utes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar, of 31.00. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. A. made an average score after the 30-minute delay of 31.67 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. A. made a higher average after the delay of 0.67 points. No smoking during test C. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. B. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (5 experiments) Mr. B. made an average score of 29.20 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. B. made an average score of 28.20 after smoking one cigar, out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. B. made a lower average after smoking by 1.00 point, During test B (9 experiments) Mr. B. made ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 169 an average score of 32.44 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. B. made an average score of 27.77, after smoking two cigars out of a possible 50. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. B. made a lower average after smoking by 4.67 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. B. made an average score, before interval of 30 minutes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar, of 31.66. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. B. made an average score after the 30-minute delay of 34.66 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. B. made a higher average after the delay of 4.67 points. This increase following the delay was probably due to the absence of the effects of smoking. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. C. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (5 experiments) Mr. C. made an average score of 31.40 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. C. made an average score of 24.20 after smoking one cigar, out of a possible 50. During test A (5 experiments) Mr. C. made a lower average after smoking by 7.20 points. 170 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING During test B (4 experiments) Mr. C. made an average score of 32.00 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test B (4 experiments) Mr. C. made an average score of 25.20, after smoking two cigars, out of a possible 50. During test B (4 experiments) Mr. C. made a lower average after smoking by 6.80 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. C. made an average score, before an interval of 30 min- utes, whicb is equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar, of 32.33. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. C. made an average score after the 30-minute delay of 38.67 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. C. made a higher average after the delay by 6.34 points. Thus far the conclusions seem to indicate that the smoking has some effect on the scores produced. INDIVIDUAL RECORD OF MR. R. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (4 experiments) Mr. K. made an average score of 36.50 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test A (4 experiments) Mr. K. made an average score of 36.00 after smoking one cigar, out of a possible 50. ACCURACY IN BASEBALL PITCHING 171 During test A (4 experiments) Mr. R. made a lower average after smoking by 0.50 points. During test B (8 experiments) Mr. R. made an average score of 39.87 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test B (8 experiments) Mr. R. made an average score of 33.62 after smoking two cigars, out of a possible 50. During test B (8 experiments) Mr. R. made a lower average after smoking by 6.25 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. R. made an average score before an interval of 30 minutes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar, of 32.67 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. R. made an average score after the 30-minute delay of 38.33 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. R. made a higher average after the delay by 5.66 points. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS OF MR. S. GIVING AVERAGES ONLY During test A (2 experiments) Mr. S. made an average score of 34.00 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test A (2 experiments) Mr. S. made an average score of 29.50 after smoking one cigar, out of a possible 50. 172 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING During test A (2 experiments) Mr. S. made a lower average after smoking by 4.50 points. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. S. made an average score of 34.55 before smoking, out of a possible 50. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. S. made an average score of 26.55 after smoking two cigars, out of a possible 50. During test B (9 experiments) Mr. S. made a lower average after smoking by 8.00 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. S. made an average score before an interval of 30 min- utes, which is equal to the time taken in smoking a cigar, of 31.33 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. S. made an average score after the delay of 32.00 points. During test C (3 experiments) Mr. S. made a higher average after the delay by 0.67 points. Smokers and non-smokers alike have made lower scores after smoking than before and have increased their scores after the 30-minute delay experiments in which there was no smoking. PART V GENERAL SUMMARY General Summary It is unnecessary to repeat here the definite conclusions reached by each study. The experi- menters have returned results remarkable for their uniformity and general consistency, show- ing that smoking raises the heart rate and blood pressure, that it markedly delays the return of the heart rate to normal after exercise and that it impairs the neuromuscular control as indi- cated by delicate finger exercises and gross mus- cular coordinations. We have repeatedly stated that these results are preliminary and tentative. The results seem hardly believable. On the other hand we are forced to accept them. There is no escape from the firm, steady, scientific insistence of the figures. If these results are true and accu- rate, it is high time that our young men be aware of the truth. If such results are produced on healthy vigorous young men in prime condition by moderate smoking, what is the effect of the wide-spread use of tobacco upon the manhood of our land? The significance of these results should not be 175 176 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING lightly tossed aside. An increased heart rate of only 5 beats per minute means that a man's heart does 2074 kilogram-meters (approximately 15,000 foot pounds) more work per day. In fifty years this means 272,471,000 foot pounds of unnecessary work. Does that mean, other things being equal, five years less life? Does it mean less margin of safety, less recuperative power, more danger in v case of extreme need, in the crises of disease or accident? But if the blood pressure is also raised, even these figures do not represent the whole truth, for the unnecessary work of the heart is even greater. What connection is there between this increasing pressure and arterioscle- rosis? Can smoking be one of the great causes of this increasing malady among our middle-aged business men? More significant than the actual heart rate is the reduced nervous control of the heart. We know the "smoker's heart" of the physician's clinic, but here is definite evidence of the exact effect of minute amounts of smoking. Failure to return to normal after exercise within a rea- sonable time is sufficient reason for denying athletics and heavy exercise to a would-be athlete. A strong, slow, regularly beating heart which returns quickly to normal after moderate exer- cise is taken by athletic trainers as one of the surest indications of condition and physical fit- GENERAL SUMMARY 177 ness. Here is an influence which quickly and definitely upsets this condition, even in those known to be in prime athletic trim. Athletic trainers have long refused to permit men in training to smoke. They knew clinically that it was bad. Evidently they are eminently justified in their position. One does not mistreat the deli- cate mainspring of an expensive watch. How much more foolish to subject one's heart to any unnecessary harmful influence. The effect upon neuro-muscular control again emphasizes the trainers' clinical experience. What about the army of skilled mechanics, artisans working on delicate tasks, and surgeons with life and death in their hands? To all of these, clear eyes, steady nerves, and muscles capable of accurate response are absolute essentials. These do not go with smoking. If the neuro-muscular control is af- fected, what about fatigue? These studies throw- no definite light upon that question. It should be definitely studied at the earliest possible opportunity. A remarkable result of these studies is the ap- parent indication that the body does not become habituated or immune to these effects. Is this true? Non-smokers showed but little more bad effects in these studies than the smokers. But is it possible that our smokers were really too mod- erate smokers to become immune? This must 178 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING be determined. Or does the business man who is a heavy smoker really suffer tremendously, with- out knowing it, in these various ways? In the baseball experiment, the more our men smoked the more marked were the results. Here lies a field for further valuable research on a most vital point. What are the actual comparative effects on boys, young men, and middle-aged men? Is it possible that boys are badly affected, young men somewhat so, and mature men free? Some would like to think so ; some practice that theory. There is little in these studies to comfort them. Never- theless the facts should be determined. What are the relative effects of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes? These studies used cigarettes but very little, and the results were not conclu- sive. It would be well if definite information could be secured. Does smoking have definite effects upon mental and psychic processes? The neuro-muscular ap- paratus is one machine. It is hardly likely that one side of it is so definitely affected without some effects at least on the other side. Definite experiments ought to attack this phase of the problem. It is evident that a mere beginning has been made upon this tremendous problem. The sur- face has merely been scratched. Even the work GENERAL SUMMARY 179 already done should be repeated by other ob- servers and the results checked. We are dealing with a deep-rooted human habit. Facts are needed in discussing it, not theories, sentiments, or prejudices. If smoking is as definitely harm- ful as these studies have indicated it to be, we cannot establish the fact soon enough. If smok- ing is not harmful but beneficial, it ought to be possible to prove it. We have presented this work in the hope that it may stimulate others to the collection of definite facts along these lines. BIBLIOGRAPHY The following bibliography does not presume to be at all complete. It is here presented in the hope that it may be helpful. As will be noted, articles are arranged alphabetically according to authors, and where the author is not given, alphabetically according to the publication in which the article is found. Amerson, .Sullivan, S. S. Poison in Cigarettes. Kentucky Medical Journal, Aug. 1907. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, Aug. 17, 1907, 625. Arnold, M. B. Effect of Tobacco Smoke on Pathogenic Micro- organisms. Lancet, May 4, 1907. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, June 1, 1907, 1904. Bailey, T. Tobacco — Its Effects. Journal Iowa State Medical Society, 1911-12, I 55-65. Beyer, Henry G. Direct Action of Nicotine upon Mammalian Heart. In "Contributions to the Science of Medicine by Pupils of Wm. Henry Welch." Pub. by the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. 1900, 110-133. 181 182 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Bamberger, J. Hygiene of Cigar Smoking. Miinchner Medicinische Wochenschrift, Vol. I, No. 30. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, Sept. 3, 1904, 706. Bose, A. Different Technics for Experimental Besearch on Effects of Tobacco Smoke. Reforma Medica, Aug. 2, 1909, Vol. 25, No. 31. Bram, I. Is Tobacco a Modern Necessity? Dietic and Hygienic Gazette, July 1912, Vol. 28, 936. Brink, B. D. Tobacco — Its Effect upon Blood Pressure and Heart Kate. Physical Training, 10 : 64-6, Dec. 1912. Bruce, J. W. Effect of Smoking upon Blood Pressure. American Journal of Physiology, 24 : 104-16, April 1909. Chilcott, W. L. Effects of Tobacco. Journal of Kansas Medical Society, March 1908. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, May 2, 1908, 1459. Clarke, E. L. Effect of Smoking on Clark College Students. Clark College Record, 4 : 3191-8, July 1909. BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Clerc, A., and Pezzi, C. Action de la nicotine sur le coeur isole de quelques mammiferes. Compt. rend. Societe de Biologie, 1912, Vol. 72, 316-318. CORNWALL, EDW. E., M.D. Chronic Tobacco Poisoning and the Circulation. American Medicine, Feb. 1914, 100, Vol. 9, No. 2. Danis. Traitement de l'amblyopie nicotinique par le lecithine. Progres Med. Beige, 1912, Vol. 14, 11. Delie. Tobacco and Audition. Revue Hebdomadaire de Laryngologie. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, May 13, 1905, 1551. Fagan, B. Cigarette Smoking among Boys. Indiana State Board of Health Bulletin, 15 : 99, Aug. 1912. Ferran. De l'Action de Tabac sur l'Audition. Revue Medecal Normandie, 1911, 363-369. Fink, Bruce : Tobacco. Fisher, H. W. What Instruction in Health do Men need? Physical Training, S : 18, June 1911. Foster, M. L. Toxic Amblyopia Due to Tobacco. Archives Ophthalmology, July 1913. 184 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Francis, D. Tobacco Amblyopia. Friedmann, A. C. H. Tobacco Poisoning. Interstate Medical Journal, March 1903. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, April 11, 1903, 1023. Garner, W. W. Relation of Nicotine to Quality of Tobacco. U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 141, Part I. Gilfillan, J. S. Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular System. St. Paul Medical Journal 14, July 1912. New Evidence in the Tobacco Question. Journal American Medical Association, Nov. 16, 1912, 1798-9. What Happens When You Smoke. Harper's Weekly, May 26, 1906, 751. GOODHART, S. P. Amnesias of Tobacco and of Malarial Origin. Journal American Medical Association, Dec. 27, 1913, 2297. Hart, E. L. Effect of Tobacco on Health. Journal of Hygiene and Herald of Health, 43 : 287, Nov. 1893. Heflanbower, R. C. Eclectic Medical Journal, Cincinnati, 1912, Vol. 72, 167-175. BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Hershberg, L. K. Cigarette Smoking. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 11, 1905, 1148. Truth about Tobacco. Harper's Weekly, 57 : 12-3, Jan. 4, 1913. HUBBELL, C. B. Cigaret Habit. Independent, 56 : 375-8, Feb. 18, 1904. John, H. Uber die Beeinflussung des systolischen und dias- tolischen Blutdrucks dureh Tabackrauchen. Zeitschrift fiir experimentische Pathologie und Therapeutik, 1913, Vol. 4, 352. Larrabee, R. C. Tobacco and the Heart. Abstract in Journal American Medical Associa- tion in Soc. Reports, July 4, 1903, 50. LlDSWELL, H. J. The Tobacco Habit. Martin, E. S. Use and Abuse of Tobacco. Harper's Weekly, 44 : 631, July 7, 1900. Marvin, D. Tobacco — Its Use and Abuse. Vermont Medical Monthly, 7, July 1912. Meylan, Geo. L., M. D. Antiseptic Properties of Tobacco. Scientific American, May 3, 1913, Vol. 108, 401. Disintoxication of Tobacco. Scientific American, Apr. 12, 1913, Vol. 108, 347. 186 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Effects of Smoking on College Students. Popular Science Monthly, Aug. 1910, Vol. 77, 170. Popular Science Monthly, Apr. 12, 1913, Vol. 77, 347. Moriguand, G. and Bouchut, L. Angina Pectoris and Tobacco. Archiv. des Maladies du Coeur, Oct. 1912. Effect of Tobacco on the Heart. Journal American Medical Association, Mar. 15, 1913, 828. Journal American Medical Association, May 10, 1913, 1473. Nicolai, G. F., and Staehelin, R. Ueber die Einwerkung des Tabackgiisses auf die Circulationsapparate. Zeitschrift fur experimentische Pathologie und Therapeutik, 1908, Vol. 8. Pack, F. J. Smoking and Football Men. Popular Science Monthly 81 : 336-44, Oct. 1912. Harmless Smoking. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 3, 1912, Vol. 56, 24. Pease, C. G. Is Tobacco Smoking an Evil? Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette 29 : 205-7, May 1913. Richardson, B. W. How Tobacco Interferes with the Growth Processes of the Young. Good Health, Sept. 1913, Vol. 48, 466. BIBLIOGRAPHY 187 Tobacco — Physical Phenomena and Disease. "Diseases of Modem Life," 273-323. Stiles, C. W., and Altman, S. B. Snuff and Tobacco (Use of by School Boys and Girls). Public Health Report, 1913, Reprint No. 118, 6. Taylor, C. K. Boy and the Cigarette. Psychological Clinic, 4 : 54-5, Apr. 15, 1910. Tract, Jas. L., M.D. Psychology of the Tobacco Habit. American Medical New Series, 4 : 359-72, July, 1909. Von Frankl-Hochwart, L. Die Nervosen Erkrankungen der Tabakraucher. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift, 1911, Vol. 37, 2273-2321. White, J. A. Some Effects of Tobacco. Birmingham Medical Journal. Abstract in Journal American Medical Asso- ciation, Jan. 30, 1904, 325. Wiley, Harvey, W., M.D. The Little White Slaver. Good Housekeeping, Vol. 62, No. 1, Jan. 1916, 91. Against the use of tobacco, especially cigarettes. Woodhull, A. A. Personal Hygiene, 163-182. Cigarette Smoking. American Physical Education Review, Vol. 9, 1904, 73. 188 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING Abstract of London Lancet, Jan. 2, 1904, 43. Injury of Tobacco. Century 83 : 766-72, March 1912. State Regulation of Cigaret Traffic. Chautauquan 32 : 358, Jan. 1901. American Cigarettes Analyzed. Current Literature 27 : 163, Feb. 1900. How Tobacco Interferes with the Growth Processes of the Young. Good Health 48 : 466-73, Sept. 1913. Incidents and Effects of Smoking. Harper's Weekly 48 : 314, Feb. 27, 1904. Effects of Tobacco on Body and Mind. Journal American Medical Association, Oct. 1, 1910, 1206. The Pharmacology of Tobacco Smoke. Journal American Medical Association, Jan. 30, 1909, 386. Tobacco-smoking and the Circulation. Journal American Medical Association, Feb. 7, 1914, Vol. 62, No. 6, 461. The Use of Tobacco. Journal American Medical Association, July 2, 1910, 32. Anti-Cigarette Crusade. Outlook, 67 : 607, Mar. 16, 1901. Anti-Cigarette Law Sustained. Outlook, 66 : 863, Dec. 8, 1900. Cigarettes — Indiana Legislation. Outlook, 76 : 611, Mar. 11, 1905. ALCOHOL REFERENCE LIBRARY 1730 Chioago Avenue Evans ton, 111. Accession no. of Jw«K..-/it- > > n Callno. 4ftc3l) ffrfT re