ane ia ES Lad i at AN ir st tin PI Pee ae Baw cto me We a res a ai, rere prt 1 lh i i ih ee Ob ta ia cok Ob bb Abadia! Pe w OTe aks eae aE) ee es A ahh ed Bi Mil ee ei A grt man eure Aeaehacte ate A Y ee ad ee ee Gr ee i Mea vhne re inthe ay |S auras esate ee ek Ree me ah cs eam a Mog oh Sate % ; - 4 erent. (Pures WAAR rate censor tation ap ea Tinanttasieeth Sine hate Aree Lah a A Ah eS th ethk Anaeee eae WA Hah. mi? “ “Na hs bab Aas th ‘* yor A. mn P Me nets pete ncee re poet Morbo V2, “Wer ee + a ped ’ . ¥ b PACA yok rhe RTL Vl AA Pea trl Wat Seen Kran grinn Anarene ens wee Ra fo area fy Bein PONE rm th into sin teste 7 - ray Wat ah Aah a dh Wert NE ; eae rT Ne ne ara we neon ; macytrerte Kee Mil, Wt : eae HTT rawr rites Kn honk ae Pam mie aren ialmane ele iin ie He edhe ite Sidhe me ethene PN te INIA ods EI - Hale totter * aay st i We eta es Sc eC Sk Saat Sok Stade etter. EO ev ea te erences is Werte 0 a ad parunner eerste we ara ‘ : Magee pha mesh ~ eed rar Hh — ayant Wee Fmd tay. at Se te Lelinenapemcrs ts ATA a ME, Hell” wa Sy ay eS eyatitet teAremA MU TIA hein nh cairn ety Ay Ft Todas ech DSA RBH MATAR A Sle etinw 96S ate pare ? lho be hat aite natch Mabe oA TAS Paar boi antl State shane ei Fe ae oot a Banh 5 PONDS QOD AS mt scely eh elt et Seale ahem 9m Fs < oa came a Re Pa hee HARI ee ee ee On Sine Ne ae an ee K ein Pash Bettie DAE I I ee cy P= ate HA gD Ngee Bow 14 RN a RET TEN Me WE Ni 4 hie eg RAAT AES Alga atg yet Ree Nesta ops Ce Ni Na Re ia A ead ty (Ue te a AW Neder air’ Sanpete} erect wipers ET wet ube Pt oY aati eh! * aa rhea: Fenwrmaicome Mich Ware tg oh Avaya! Quite Ah Test ete dy 2h MC We A a A Aa EE Me Bite PBehort ee a a oe ann eo Odea ene RE Pi ee Lea Vv eG FD Nae Pe we eee 46 OR TE ey tye Re kee + ' 4 m Tre Merputes os Deik ve NEN ee ye % in ‘ vs rts ernie kt rea i woune ww we See a Pe Cn ee he ke ei VEN ON . . PuvVa es we ‘ re ee a oa a % 4 Fe ere wat en Ci 7 a : . once vente COS eR et coe a a Lona s ee eee er was - pt De my 7 eee Boa Way ae 8 sagt Wee) Aw Te ee eee Vo Pee ee ee eee Cr ~ wey em tele 1 , ’ , é eee rar ' ' ’ as ’ ‘ “ Me GH E a ety : : N.8 ; . ret 4 ok . “ F re ‘ 2 ’ , eee Mae 2 Pete oe ee ‘ = pees ’ ‘ Vem te ye A Ne tes liane ; - f, : ; : arg Se 8 ‘ . ; sae r ‘ ca ‘ ' ‘ Woe eT - : - ris i.e m we ’ foe . ‘ = poser : ” ' ‘ 2 ~ oF pen . « foe a 1 q ‘ * tous oe rar . are , ‘ « ’ ' ‘ 2s droge ’ on ’ ‘ oe eer . pe ’ 2 4 ‘ 2 ‘ ’ . ~ foe t - : x - - ' ’ ’ * of . ‘ t - ’ ‘ : s ‘ ' . hore ’ ‘ 7 fs ‘ é : ve - F - . sae ‘ : Ay 4 g s.%gr) or e* * = C + ’ . ¢ ‘ s ae ene? - , ‘ # . + ' t ~~ 4 ’ Foe ey ® «6 ‘ : ‘ ’ 7 eat : ‘ ’ P ves in, ot Kaa ke dle 8 Sua AS wish U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ut a LIBRARY OF — Henry Guernsey Hubbard Eugene Amandus Schwarz DONATED IN 1902 ACCESSION no.| | 1441 py neit eae he Sgr -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | WASHINGTON. Volume III, No. 1. (JANUARY 5, 1893, to JUNE 1, 1893.) [IssuED Marcu 8, 1894. | - WASHINGTON, D. C.: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 1894. PR@gEEDINGS _ OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY lieing 28° WASHINGTON. Volume III. 1893-1896. WASHINGTON, D. C.: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 1896. C. L. MARLaTT, DaTES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOLUME III. No. 1 (pp. 1-72), March 8, 1894. No. 2 (pp. 73-128), January 8, 1895. No. 3 (pp. 129-194). March 28, 1895. No. 4 (pp. 195-292), June 22, 1895. No. 5 (pp. 293-341), October, 1896. Publication Committee for Volume /17. C. W. STILEs, Ae N. GILky L. O. Howarp, E. A. SCHWARZ. W. H. ASHMEAD, F. H. CuH1irTrENDEN. & PROCEEDINGS . OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. W Ohare TR, No... (JANUARY 5, 1893, to JUNE I, 1893.) WASHINGTON, D. C.:: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 1894, A ce. a * Ww List or Mempers Revisep to DrecemBeEr 1], 1893. ACTIVE. Ashmead, W. H., Benton, F., . : Chittenden, F. H., . Coquillett, D. W., Dodge, C. R., Fernow, B. E., Gill, T. N., Heidemann, O., Holm, T., ; Howard, L. O., Jones, J. D., Kuehling, J. H., . Linell, M. L., . bull, Ri 3... MacCuaig, D., Marlatt, C. L:, Mann, B. P., Marx, G., Masius, A. G., McGee, W J, Pergande, T., . Pratt, F<... Riley, C. V., Schwarz, E. A., Smith, E. F., Stiles, C. W., Sudworth, G. B., Swingle, W. T., Set. eC, Waite, M. B., ‘iii . Department of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . Smithsonian Institution. Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. 1206 Pennsylvania ave. n.w. . U. S. National Museum. College Park, Maryland. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . 1918 Sunderland Place. © Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. U. S. Geological Survey. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. . U. S. National Museum. Department of Agriculture CORRESPONDING. Alwood, W.B., . . . Blacksburg, Va. Atkinson, G. F., . . Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Angell, G. W.J., . . 44 Hudson St., New York, N. Y. Austin, Amory, . . 23 Catharine street, Newport, R. I. Baker, ©. Fic. Fort Collins, Colorado. Banks, N.,. . mea Cie. a3 NS ¥: Bethune, Rev. C. : Ss s. . Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. Bolter, Az, s . . 172 Van Buren street, Chicago, IIl. Bradford, Geo. D., . . 21 Washington Place, New York, N. Y. Bruner, L., . University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. Casey, T. L. (U. S, . ), Army Building, New York, N. Y. Cockerell, T. D. A., . Las Cruces, New Mexico. Comstock, J. H., . . . Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. eA Thy wo a 2 Remon Cal. Cank Oo 8); oso antinedons Lh; NY. Cordley;A°B,, i)... Pinckney, Mich. Davis,G.C., . . . . Agricultural College, Mich. Picts, 0.53.05. 6. 2 2p Park Row, New York, N-Y. Doan, W. D5... 2. Coatesville, Pa: Doran, E. W.,.. .... . Buffalo Gap, Texas. Fairchild, D.G., . . . Zodlogical Station, Naples, Italy. Waa Peto yd. . ) Peomeonn,; Cal. Fernald, C. H., . . . Amherst, Mass. Fletcher, J... . . . Central Exp’t Farms, Ottawa, Canada. Forbes, S. A.,. . . . Champaign, IIl. Fox, W.jJ., . . . . Academy Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa. Gillette,C.P.,. . . . Fort Collins, Colorado. Goding, F. W.,. . . Rutland, III. Goodell, H. H., . . . Amherst, Mass. Gossard, H. A., . . Ames, Iowa. Graf, Bik... & go Court Street, Brooklyn, N. Y: Hamilton, J., . . . 18 Ohio street, Alleghany, Pa. ‘ Hargitt,C.W., . . . Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Harrington, W. H., . Post-Office Department, Ottawa, Canada. Harris, W. Ross, : . . 4319 McRee avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Hart,'C: Ai, 4")... Champaign, Ill. Harvey, F.L., 0 .0) «Orono, Maine. Healey, J. T., . - - - Rogers Park, Chicago, Ill. Henshaw, S., . . Mercer Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Holland, Rev. W. I. ., . Pittsburg, Pa. Hopkins, A. J.,. . - Morgantown, W. Va. Hubbard, H.G., . . . 114 Griswold street, Detroit, Mich. Jenks, J.W.,. . - . Middleboro, Mass. Johnson, L.C., . . . Meridian, Miss. iv Johnson, W.G.,, . . Palo Alto, Cal. Kellogg, V. L., . . . Lawrence, Kansas. Knaus, W., . . . . McPherson, Kansas. Koebele, A., . . . Alameda, Cal. Kulszynski, Vladimir. . Cracow, Austria. Lintner, J. A., ike. eR a ON es Luetgens, A., . . . 207 East 15th street, New York, N. Y. Lugger,O.,. . . . . St. Anthony’s Park, Minn. Malle, Bo W.,3 Dickinson, Tex. Marlatt, F. A., . .*. Manhattan, Kansas. Martin; }.0°. . . Champaign, Ill. Mengel, L. W., . . . Reading, PA. Montandon, A. L., . Strada Viilor, Filarete, Bucarest, Roumania. Morgan, H.A., . . . Baton Rouge, La. Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., Kirkwood, Mo. Neumoegen, B., . . . 40 Exchange Place, New York, N. Y. Ormerod, Miss E. A.,. Torrington House, St. Albans, England. Mlaborn, i... 8s, oo Ame)s, Iowa. Patton, W.H., . . . 30 Washington street, Hartford, Conn. Popenoe, E.A., . . . Manhattan, Kansas. Richardson, W.D., . Fredericksburg, Va. Roberts, C. H., . . . 175 Greene street, New York, WY. Ber. Pe os) Lake City; Bla) Rowe, C. H., . . . . Stanwood Hall, Malden, Mass. Scudder, S.H.,. . . Cambridge, Mass. Sherman, J. D., Jr., . . 71 East 87th street, New York, N. Y. Skinner, H.,. . . Academy Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa. Slingerland, M. ve . Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Smith, J.B... . . . Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Snow, Fo H.j40..°... . ILawrence,: Kansas. Stedman, J.M.,. . . Auburn, Ala. Summers, H. E.,. . . Champaign, Ill. © Thor hay os SY = Montpelier, france: TOMMEY, 14 Wass a >. Se acson,: Atizona. Townsend, C. H. T.,. Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica, B. W. I. Uhler, P. R., . . . . Peabody Library, Baltimore, Md. Vaughan, T. W., . . Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, Mass. Washburn, F. L., . . Corvallis, Oregon. Webster, F.M.,. . . Wooster, Ohio. pea ee. Mee. hes Dirham, Na Hy Weed, H. E., . . . Agricultural College, Miss. Wenzel, H.W., . . . 1115 Moore street, Philadelphia, Pa. Wheeler, W. M., . . Clark University, Worcester, Mass. Wickham, H.F.,. . . lowa City, Iowa. Williston, S.W., . . Lawrence, Kansas. Wolcott,R. H., . . . Grand Rapids, Mich. Zabriskie, Rev. J.L., . Waverly avenue, Flatbush, L. I, N. Y. Vv eS 3 SY ie FPROCEEDINGS. JANUARY 5, 1893. President C. V. Riley in the chair and 13 members present. The following new members were elected : é Active members—W J McGee, Dr. J. B. Jones, Frederick C. Pratt. Corresponding members—W. G. Johnson, Palo Alto, Calif. ; J. W. Toumey, Tucson, Arizona; C. H. Rowe, Malden, Mass., and Wm. H. Patton, Hartford, Conn. The Publication Committee reported the publication of No. 3, Volume II, of the Proceedings, copies of which were issued De- cember 31,1892. The new Publication Committee was appointed by the chair as follows: Messrs. Marlatt, Schwarz, Howard, Stiles, and Ashmead. ' The discussion of the annual address of the President had been postponed, from lack of time, to the present meeting and was opened by Dr. Stiles, who made the following remarks : PARASITISM. By C. W. STILEs. [Author’s abstract. ] Although Dr. Riley, in his interesting address, considered the subject of ** parasitism” entirely from the standpoint of an en- tomologist, it may be well for us, in discussing the subject, to draw other groups of organisms besides insects into comparison. I would therefore take the liberty of presenting a few remarks upon parasitism from the standpoint of an helminthologist. Starting with Leuckart’s definition of a parasite as ‘‘ an organ- ism which lives in or upon another organism from which it draws its nourishment,” I would admit two fundamental ideas in para- sitism: first, the association of two or more individuals, and, secondly, the sponging of nourishment. As might be expected, however, if we accept this view (or in fact any other view upon the subject) we find numerous gradations between the parasites and the free-living animals, so that we are unable to draw any sharp line between them. ee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Association or symbtosts. Organisms may associate together for different purposes and in different degrees of intimacy ; and the association may be between different individuals of the same (or very closely allied) species, or between individuals of different species very widely separated from each other systematically. If two individuals, a male and a female of one species, associate for the purpose of reproduction, we speak of ‘*‘ pairing.” If more than two individuals are concerned in this association (as, for instance, in the case of bees, etc.) we speak of ‘‘ colonizing.” But as soon as the two contracting parties belong to natural groups more or less widely separated (systematically) from each other, we have before us some stage of parasitism. Although this holds good as a general rule, the fact that the two individuals belong to the same species does not necessarily exclude the asso- ciation from the field of parasitism, for we find some remarkable examples of ‘‘ pairing” which have at the same time a certain tinge of parasitism about them. For instance, we find in the bladder of rats a species of Zrichosoma (7. crassicauda), in which (&s Leuckart has shown) the males live in the uterus of the female. Although the female may have a number of males in her uterus, this symbiosis is unquestionably a case of pairing (polyandrism) ; at the same time the symbiosis is‘a case of para- sitism—more strictly speaking, a case of mutualism. At first thought we might suppose that the association between individuals of the same species is a more common occurrence than the symbiosis of organisms of widely different species ; in’ - other words, that Jazrizg is a more common occurrence than parasitism, but we can convince ourselves that this idea is erroneous if we recall that there is probably not one of us present who has not, at some time during his life, harbored parasitic worms, lice, and fleas; furthermore, that every one of us at the present moment has a large number of species—-twenty or more— of bacteria in his mouth and upon his skin, and that of each species we may harbor hundreds of thousands of individuals. * If we need further examples to convince us, we have only to ex- amine the first stomach of any ruminant, and we shall find there countless hosts of bacteria and infusoria, belonging to numerous different species. I would hence make the general statement that parasitism in its different grades isa much more general occurrence (among the higher animals, at least) than pairing; or, in other words, that organisms are associated with individuals of other species more than with other individuals of their own species. ; Parasttism. In parasitism, I would recognize several different grades: first, mutualitsm, in which the symbiosis results in mutual benefit to the two contracting parties ; secondly, commen- salism, in which the symbiosis results in a benefit to one party, °OF WASHINGTON. 3 but does not nail any disadvantage to the other party (the host) ; thirdly, true parasitism, in which there is a benefit to one of the parties concerned (2. e., the parasite), to the disadvantage of the other party (the host). Naturally, I do not contend that these three grades of parasitism can be separated by sharp lines, any more than we can draw a sharp line between animals and plants. Mutualism. We not infrequently find sponges grown fast to the back of a crab. In this symbiosis we can see the first step towards parasitism, but this symbiosis, as Looss and others have already pointed out, is mutually advantageous to both the crab and the sponge, for the former is thereby more or less concealed from view and will thus escape his enemies, while the sponge is carried around from place to place and thus furnished with more nourishment. //vdra viridis presents another case of mutual- ism: here the hydra can utilize the oxygen produced by the zoochlorelle, while the latter can utilize the carbon dioxide pro- duced by the hydra. Commensalism. The organisms referred to by Germans under the term ‘‘ Raum. Parisitenr” furnish examples under this head. For instance, in the intestinal tract of many aquatic insect larve, we find numerous rotatoria. These organisms obtain room-rent free; they do not, however, injure their hosts (so far .as we can observe) but they feed upon other microérganisms found in the same place. The numerous infusoria in the first stomach of ruminants would also come under this second grade of parasitism. True parasitism. As examples of true parasitism, we can cite the tape-worms, the lumbricoid worms, trichine, etc., etc. That this symbiosis is of advantage to the parasites will be doubted by no one, for we know that they cannot live and reproduce outside of the body of their hosts. The disadvantage to the host may be of three different kinds: first, the parasites ‘live upon food which should go to the dourishment of the host (cf. the adult tape- worms, ascarides, Echinorhynchus, etc.) ; secondly, they may exert pressure upon the various organs and thus cause a me- chanical injury. as in the case of echinococcus-hydatids of’ the liver, brain, etc., or Eustrongylus gigas in the kidneys; thirdly, the parasites may form certain chemical products which act in various ways upon the tissues, as in the case of the genus Ascarzs and the pathogenic bacteria. Rather than define a true parastte, as some persons are inclined to do, as an organism which must necessarily live a parasitic life, I think it better to follow the majority in accepting the term ‘‘ 04- ligatory parasites” for such organisms, and to include those or- ganisms which may or may not live a parasitic life under the term ‘‘ facultative parasites.” We can make another division of parasites into ‘‘ Zemporary 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY parasites” and ‘‘ stationary parasites,” including in the former those organisms which visit their hosts only from time to time in order to procure food, as Culex, Cimex, Dermanyssus, etc. The ‘‘ stationary parasites” would include those organisms which are with their hosts continuously for the whole or a por- tion of their life. In this class we can recognize two subdivisions : the ‘‘ Dertodical parasites’’—that is, those organisms which spend only a period of their life as parasites, and the permanent para- sites—t. e., those organisms which complete their entire life-cycle as parasites. As examples of the former, we may cite the genera Merms and Gordius, which spend their larval stages in the body cavity of insects, etc., or Vectonema, which, as H. B. Ward has recently shown, is parasitic in fish for a portion of its life. Zypoderma, Cuterebra, and Gastrophilus would furnish examples familiar to entomologists. As examples of permanent parasites, we might cite the Cestodes. Among the Nematodes, we find a most striking example of para- sitism which must be looked upon as intermediate between the periodical and the permanent parasites. I refer to the genus Rhabdonema. R.nigrovenosum,to take a specific example, is an hermaphroditic (? or parthenogenetic) worm which, in alternate generations (1, 3, 5, 7, etc.), is an obligatory parasite in the lungs of amphibians (taza, Lufo). In the 2d, 4th, 6th, etc., genera- tions the sexes are separate and the organisms are free-living animals. Another division of parasites would be (A) the phyto-parasttes and (B) the zoo-farasites, and each of these may be subdivided, according to whether they are parasitic upon plants or animals. Still another division of parasites is implied in Leuckart’s defini- tion, 2. e., ectoparasites and endoparasites. In helminthology we frequently use the terms Aseudo-parasites and spurious parasites. Most authors do not make a distinction between these two, but include the spurcous parasztes under the head of psewdo-parasites. It seems to me, however, that there is a difference between the two which it will be well to observe. Under pseudo-parasites I-would include all those organisms which as a rule do not live a parasitic life, but which happen by chance to get into the body of an animal and live there for a short period; all pseudo-parasites would be facultative parasites, although all facultative parasites are not pseudo-parasites. Mos- quito larve, muscid larve, or species of the genera Gordzus and Mermis are occasionally swallowed by chance; upon coming into the intestinal tract, they are capable of living a parasitic life for a short time, but after a few days they are either killed and digested or they are expelled from the body. Under the term spurious parasites, on the other hand, I would include: (1) OF WASHINGTON. 5 those animals which have been swallowed by chance or purposely (for the sake of committing suicide, etc.) but which are not | capable of taking food while in the body; these animals are generally expelled very soon, or they are killed and partially digested. As an example of this sort, I would mention a case recorded by Bremser. A woman vomited a Bombinator igneus and two years afterwards she confessed she had attempted to commit suicide by swallowing this animal wrapped up in a membrane she obtained from a butcher. Weiss records a similar case. (2) In the spurzous parasites I would also include all those objects introduced into the body by patients—generally suf- fering from hysteria—for the sake of perplexing their physicians. One very noted case of this kind is that of a French woman who went to her physician time after time to have some ‘*‘ worms” extracted from her vagina. A zodlogist who examined these ‘¢ worms ” was able to show that they were nothing more or less than the entrails of fish which the hysterical patient had herself introduced into her vagina. Quite a number of similar cases have been recorded. and I can here add a case which I believe has never been published. It is recorded in the hospital records of the 65th U. S. C. T. that F. B was ‘* admitted to hospital Dec. 23, 1865 ; complaint, piles; Feb. 24, 1866, returned to duty ; Remark—This man feigned sick with the piles for two months, when his deception was detected, he having procured the heart of a turkey and introduced it into his rectum to resemble piles.” (3) Another class of spuréous parasites would be those objects, such as the pulp-cells of lemons and oranges, which have been mistaken for flukes (I had a case of this kind sent to me but a short time ago), various portions of plants which have been de- scribed as parasites (Déacanthus polycephalus Stiebel, 1817, proved to be fragments of a bunch of grapes), various animal structures described as parasites (Phys¢s txtestinalis Scopoli is a portion of the trachea of a bird; Sagzttula hominis is the hyo- laryngeal apparatus of a bird). (4) A fourth kind of spurzous parasite would be those ‘ parasites” which exist only in the imagination of various persons. As examples, we may cite Furia infernalis L., an imaginary worm which is supposed to live in the air; it is said to descend upon the body, bore through it, and cause death in a short time. Vermds umbzlecalts is enotler ; imaginary worm, said to live in the umbilicus of children ; to diagnose the presence of this fabulous creature it is only neces- sary to bind a small fish upon the navel, and in a short time the fish will be entirely skeletonized in case the ‘‘ worm” is present. I can hardly leave the subject of spurious parasitism without referring to the case of Pastor Déderlein (1697), which is cited by all writers as being the most wonderful case of its kind on record. His 12-year-old boy is said to have passed a small Por- 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY cellio. After treatment he passed at different times the following objects: 162 specimens of Porcellio, 2 worms, 4 scolopendras, 2 ‘* springing butterflies,” 2 ant-like worms, a white Porcellio, 32 brown caterpillars, 4 frogs (whenever the boy went near a pond, the frogs in his body croaked !), several toads (the largest one had poisonous breath which immediately killed the smaller ones), a snake (which started to come out through the boy’s mouth, but immediately returned), shoe-nails, half the link of a’ chain, white and red egg-shells, 2 knife-blades, portion of a salve-box, and 2 spikes ! (Quoted from Looss,) Another division of parasites, based upon the number of hosts required in their life-history, would be: AZonoxenous parasites, those parasites which require but one host, and heteroxenous parasites, those which require two different hosts at different stages of the life-history. From the foregoing remarks we see that the study of parasites is in reality a study of a fauna: exactly as one zoologist studies the fauna of the seas, another the fauna of lakes, another the fauna of mountains or plains, the parasitologist studies the fauna or flora of the body. To sum up these informal remarks in a table, we can divide the parasites as follows: A. Based upon symbiosis and food: 1. Mutualists. 2. Commensalists. 3. True parasites. 4. Pseudo-parasites. 5- Spurious parasites. B_ Based upon position: 1. Ectoparasites. 2. Endoparasites. C. Based upon the animal and plants: 1. Phyto-parasites : ad) In or upon animals. Biictt nett Rios pe ES. 2. Zoo-parasites : c) In or upon animals. PW) Dobe arpa eeeeahae wes 12:8 6 Ut Pe D. Based upon time: 1. Temporary parasites. 2. Stationary parasites : a) Periodical parasites. 5) Permanent parasites. E. Based upon adaptation or necessity : 1. Facultative parasites. 2. Obligatory parasites. OF WASHINGTON. 7 F. Based upon the number of hosts: 1. Monoxenous parasites. 2. Heteroxenous parasites. In conclusion I will state that the foregoing remarks are, in large part, based upon the writings of Leuckart, Looss, R. Blanchard, Railliet, Neumann, and others; the division of parasites proposed is a combination, with slight modifications, of the divisions followed by these authors. Mr. Fernow objected to the definition of the word parasitism as given by Dr. Stiles, and believed that the definition should make-it necessary for the parasite to not only obtain its food, but also its domicile from its host, which would exclude such animals as the mosquito; and, further, that the parasite should, in some stage of its existence, be entirely dependent on or unable to exist apart from its host. He would further limit it also by making it necessary that the food should be taken from the living host in a form ready for immediate assimilation, and which would exclude ' vegetable-feeding animals, whose food would necessarily have to’ go through a more or less elaborate process of digestion. Thus, in general, plants only can be parasitic on plants, and animals on animals. Mr. Hubbard believed, with Mr. Fernow, that the definition in question was open to criticism, and was of the opinion that the principle of absolute dependence at some stage, mentioned by Mr. Fernow, should be present. He gave various examples of mess-mates, etc., illustrating this idea. Mr. Doran mentioned other cases of parasitism in animals other than insects and not referred to by Mr. Stiles. Some of. these cases, as pointed out by Mr. Stiles, were association for copulation only. In reference to the limitation mentioned by Mr. Fernow, viz., that the parasitic relation could only be sustained by mem- bers of the same kingdom, as animals on animals, etc., Mr. Stiles took issue on the ground that no sharp lines should be drawn separating plants from animals, and gave certain cases where such’ association of plants and animals is certainly parasitic, such as ringworm. Mr. Fernow replied that for all practical purposes, and in the general estimation, there is a distinct separation of plants from animals, and maintained the validity of his former restriction. 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Mr. Waite pointed out the advantage enjoyed by the student of vegetable parasitic relations from the fact that in this field para- sites are always fixed and no difficulty is experienced in determin- ing the host, the only subject for question being whether the host is living or dead. ; Professor Gill, after referring to the breadth of the subject and the impossibility, on this account, of discussing it with any degree of minuteness, gave, as his opinion, that plants and animals may manifest a parasitic relation with regard to each other, and discussed at some length the differences separating animals from plants. Speaking of the presidential address, in which the true parasites in insects were limited to certain families of the Hymenoptera, in the strict sense, he suggested that these latter (Chalcidids, etc.) sustain rather an intermediate relation between the typical parasite, as the intestinal worm, and such insects as the various wasps which stored their nests with spiders. The typical parasite, he said, shows a great deviation from the normal structure as the result of its parasitic relationship, and he pointed out the nature of such modification, especially in the Mollusks and Crustaceans, giving a number of interesting illustra- tions. He said that parasites occur in all polytypic classes in animal life, except, perhaps, the Vertebrata, and in these, in the case of fishes, certain forms are pseudo-parasitic, but are not examples of very excessive modifications in consequence. A striking exam- _ ple, however, of modification in fishes was illustrated by the suck- ing disk of certain forms. Mr. Schwarz was of the opinion that Leuckart’s system of classification is too widely drawn to apply to insects, and should be considered rather as applying to the general subject of parasitism wherever manifested. Prof. Riley, in summing up and closing the discussion, stated that he had been very much pleased with the various facts and ideas which the discussion of his address had brought out, but had not been led, by anything that had been said, to change in any way the conclusions reached by him; as, for instance, the term parasitism, as applied to insects, on account of the pecu- liarity and diversity of the facts, requires special definition. With reference to Prof. Fernow’s remarks, he stated that it was impossible to make a strict and circumscribed definition, because in the broad sense all living things are parasitic. He believed a OF WASHINGTON. 9 that nothing would be gained by broadening the definition, and was glad to find that so many of the members agreed. with the treatment of the subject in the address. —Under general notes and exhibition of specimens, Mr. Schwarz stated, in connection with his remarks, at the November meeting, on the food-habits of the genus Silpha, that our common S. lapponica would have to be considered as an injurious species, since according to the observations of Mr. H. F. Wickham this insect is so injurious to dry salmon in northern British Columbia that it is known among the Indians and white settlers as the ‘¢ salmon bug.” S. Zapponica is universally distributed through- out North America but is strictly boreal in the Old World. Its distribution is, therefore, just the opposite in ‘hie respect from that of S. ofaca. ‘—Mr. Hubbard called attention to the mode of hibernation i in Chrysomela flavomarginata, which differs greatly frcm that hitherto observed in North American species of Chrysomela and Doryphora, in which hibernation takes place in the imago state. Of C. favomarginata examples of the larve, both young and mature, as well as imagos, were found, on May 15, in their winter quarters, among the roots of a species of Aster growing in the mountains near Glenwood Springs, Colo., at an altitude of _ six thousand feet. —Mr. Ashmead presented the following : NOTES ON THE GENUS CENTRODORA. By Wititiam H. AsHMEAD. The genus Ceztrodora was erected by Dr. Arnold Forster in Verh. pr. Rheinl. 1878, p. 66, to contain an interesting Chalcid presenting some characteristics entirely different from any known genus in the subfamily Aphelinine. In the female, the ovipositor is very long, at least two-thirds the length of the sessile, broadly oval abdomen ; the head is trans- verse, wider than the thorax, while the antenne are biannulate with white. In the male the antenne are 6-jointed, with the scape broadened and the front tibiz distinctly thickened. Up to the present time only a single species is described, the type Centrodora amena Forster, taken June 3, in a room, ona window. It is therefore with considerable pleasure that I announce the discovery of a new species: belonging to this genus in our fauna ; 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY also to be able to contribute something towards the habits of the .genus. This new species is exhibited to-night and was reared by myself at Jacksonville, Florida, in October, 1887, from the eggs of Clistocampa americana Harris. I submit the following description : Centrodora clisiocampe2, sp. n. @.—Length, 0.6 mm. Polished black; ovipositor about two-thirds the length of abdomen, with the tip white; antennz biannulate with white; _ basal two-thirds of front wings fuliginous, the apical third hyaline. Head transverse, wider than thorax, antero-posteriorly thin, the vertex somewhat acute; cheeks, clypeus and trophi yellowish-white; the tips of mandibles black; flagellum subclavate, biannulate with white. - Thorax subrobust, very little longer than wide, the pronotum visible from above as a transverse line, the mesonotum wider than long, with distinct parapsidal furrows, the scutellum semicircular, the metanotum exceedingly short, scarcely visible from above; anterior wings fuliginous, with the apical third hyaline, fringed, the marginal vein long, as long as the submarginal, the postmarginal not developed, the stigmal very oblique, clavate, about one-fourth the length of the marginal; hind wings likewise with a long marginal vein and with the apex and hind margin with long cilia; legs brown, trochanters, bases of tibie and tarsi yellow- ish-white. Abdomen broadly sessile, oval, about as long as the thorax, depressed above, convex beneath and terminating in a long ovipositor. Hab.—Jacksonville, Florida. Types in Coll. Ashmead. FEBRUARY 2, 1893. Vice-President Ashmead in the chair. Twelve members and two visitors present. The following persons were elected to corresponding member- ship: Rev. J. L. Zabriskie, Flatbush, L. I., and O. F. Cook, Huntington, L. I. A paper by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, accompanied by the exhibi- tion of specimens, was presented by Mr. Schwarz as follows: NOTE ON BRATHINUS. By Henry G. Hussarp. Two species of the genus Brathinus have been hitherto known from the eastern United States. Both species range from central OF WASHINGTON, 11 New York to Nova Scotia, and westward into the Lake Superior 1egion. That one or both of theseshould extend their range across the continent to the Pacific coast would be entirely in accord with the well-known tendency of boreal insects. The discovery of a representative of the genus in California would lead one to sus- pect a form or climatic variation of one of the Eastern species. A careful comparison of the abundant material now at hand seems, however, to establish the fact that the Californian Brathi- nus which is herein described is specifically distinct. TABLE OF SPECIES. Maxillary palpi long: Last joint of palpus longer than the second joint; body glabrous: antennz slender, unicolored...... as nitidus, Lec. Last joint of palpus as long as the second joint; body pubescent; antennz stout, suddenly en- larged and pale at tip.............-.000 Fer ce aba Se Aaya varicornis, Lec. Maxillary palpi short : Last joint of palpus shorter than the second joint; body pubescent; antenne stout, unicolored........ californicus, n. sp. In the foregoing table I have called the maxillary palpus long if when directed forwards the second joint, passes the mandibles, and short if the second joint does not project beyond the mandi- bles. Brathinus nitidus, Lec. This is our largest and most slender species. The body is glabrous, light or dark brown, paler beneath. Antenne very long, filiform, joints from the fourth opaque, finely pubescent; the last three joints not larger and scarcely paler than the preceding joints. The palpi are very long and slender; the first joint very minute, the second joint greatly prolonged beyond the mandibles, the third joint half as long as the second joint, the fourth joint longer than the second joint. Length, 5mm. Brathinus varicornis, Lec. The smallest species. Elytra with sparse fine setz placed in four lines. Legs pubescent. Antenne stout, shining toward the base; from joint four gradually more opaque and more densely pubescent, the last three joints suddenly enlarged and pale in color. The maxillary palpi are elongate, the second joint passing the mandibles, the last joint as long as the second joint. Length, 3.6 mm. Brathinus californicus, n. sp. Dark brown, shining; elytra with sparse sete; antenne moderately long, robust, reddish brown; underside dark brown; legs pale testaceous, pubescent; maxillary palpi short, last joint stout, fusiform. Length, 4 mm. The elytra bear four rows each of short sete, there are no strie, but the suture is somewhat elevated throughout its entire length. The thorax in 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY many specimens shows a more or less deeply impressed median line. The underside of the body is always as dark as the upper surface, the legs are © paler than the antenne. The antenne are unicolorous, the first three joints shining, the remaining joints opaque, equally setose, growing uni- formly stouter towards the tip. | Lake Tahoe, Cala., numerous specimens; Sisson, Cala., two specimens. This species is distinguished from B. zztzédus and B. varicornis by its short maxillary palpi, the last joint of which tapers regu- larly toward base and tip, and is but little longer than the preced- ing joint. In size it is intermediate between the two Eastern spe- cies, and is darker in color than either of them. The underside is never lighter than the upper surface, as in dark specimens of B. nitidus. The rows of sete upon the elytra and the pubescence upon the legs are nearly as in B. varécorz/s, but upon the anten- nz the pubescence is finer and denser, the joints from the fourth outwardly are equally opaque, and the last three joints are not suddenly enlarged as in the latter species. The sexual characters are not strongly expressed in this genus. The penultimate (sixth) segment in the males is prolonged over the anal plate, and presents slight differences in the three species. The distal edge of this prolongation is frequently sinuate or emar- ginate, forming three more or less distinct lobes. . In &. xztidus this segment is produced in an acute raised point with shallow sinuations on the sides. B. varécornzs has also the tip of the sixth segment prolonged in an acute point, but the side lobes are wanting. In B. caléfornicus the prolongation is obtuse and frequently terminates in three small, nearly equal, elevated points separated by emarginations. A numerous colony ‘of B. caléfornicus was found at Lake Tahoe, in July, 1891, living in wet moss, darkly overshadowed by bushes, at the margin of a mountain stream. Mr. G. C. Davis, of Agricultural College, Michigan, gave a description of the insect collections of that institution. These - collections are especially rich in the orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and are rapidly growing in other orders. The two orders named have been largely increased by the purchase of large collections of North American insects, notably the Tepper collection of Lepidoptera and the Austin collection of Coleoptera. A general description of the extent and character of the collec- tions was given. Mr. Schwarz said he was glad that a good OF WASHINGTON. . 13 collection had been started by the Michigan Agricultural College, and urged the importance of the founding of such collections by other similar institutions, few of which have any determined — insect collections of importance. He said that a portion of the Coleoptera collected by himself and Mr. Hubbard in Michigan during the years 1875 to 1877 were represented in this collec- tion, and that the Neuroptera collected at the same time had been sent to Hagen and were now in the Cambridge Museum. Mr. Davis, referring to the local nature of the collections, in that they included a very good representation of the Michigan fauna, spoke more particularly of the richness in insect life of the State of Michigan, which he ascribed to the diversified topography of that State. Mr. Schwarz said, however, that the real reason for this prodigality of insect life is the fact that Michigan possesses two faunal regions, viz., the boreal zone and the northern limits of the transitional zone. —Mr. Howard presented the following paper, illustrating the text by the aid of blackboard drawings : A PECULIAR STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF THE ELASMINA. By L. O. Howarp. The subfamily Elasmine, ordinarily placed at the head of the tetramerous series of the Chalcididz, has in Europe, according to Kirchner’s catalogue, five species, all belonging to the genus Elasmus. It seems probable from comparison of descriptions that these five will be reduced to three and perhaps two. From the United States I have described five species and have since found two more which still remain undescribed. These also be- long to the typical genus Elasmus. The subfamily, in fact, con- tained but this single genus until, in 1888, Prof. Riley figured, with- out description, a species of a new genus to which he gave the name Euryischia, and which is parasitic in Australia upon Les- tophonus. Thesubfamily, therefore, is notextensive. Thespecies of Elasmus, however, are difficult of separation. Antennal, sculptural, venational, and other characters hitherto used, are of little avail in this group. A close study of considerable material belonging to this subfamily received from Cambridge, England, and which was collected on the island of St. Vincent by Mr. Her- bert Smith, has shown a new character which is in itself very remarkable, and which enables the ready separation of groups of species and of species themselves. The material was found to comprise nine new species. 14 -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY The character referred to consists of a peculiar arrangement of specialized spines on the hind tibie. They are short, sharp, broad spines occurring in regular rows, their bases connected, forming straight lines or more or less intricate figures. ‘They are present in lesser degree upon the middle tibiz, and here in- variably form only straight lines. They also occur on the first joint of the hind tarsi, and here also form straight lines. Upon the hind tibiw, however, they are strikingly evident through an almost universal differentiation of color, the tibia itself being light and the spines very dark. They occur upon the upper or outer side of the tibie and in the species which I have examined ee the following forms: Two very long ellipses side by side od touching. 2. Three ighgitsdinal subparallel wavy lines. 3. A single long ellipse occupying the central two-thirds of the length of the tibia, and the beginnings of two other ellipses, above and below, each in- terrupted by the extremity of the joint. The upper and lower loops are joined at tip to the central ellipse, and two outer convex lines surround each of these joints. 4. The disk of the tibia bears two such ellipses placed end to end, and two half ellipses, at top and bottom, being surrounded at junctions by such a row as occurs in 3. 5. The disk occupied by three instead of two ellipses, and the ends by two loops. 6. The disk is covered by a double row of elongate ovals closely applied and arranged so that the side bulge of one fills the cavity caused by the meeting of the ends of two others. 7. A series of superimposed antique figures 5, the dash at the top of one forming the base of the next one above. Sufficient variations of these arrangements occur and within . apparently specific limits. This is not a secondary sexual char- acter, since it occurs equally in both males and females. No similar character has been noticed in any other subfamily of the Chalcidide, and it is particularly fortunate that it should occur among the Elasmine, on account of the difficulty in otherwise separating the forms. Mr. Stiles asked if there was any explanation of the occurrence of these spines on evolutional grounds. Mr. Howard replied that : he had looked into the matter very carefully, and had discovered nothing which would lead :him to offer any such explanation of their occurrence. Mr. Ashmead stated that Mr. Howard’s dis- covery is of exceeding interest, on account of the fact that in this group the species are very frequently most difficult to separate by other available characters. He referred also to the importance OF WASHINGTON, 15 of similar or homologous structures in other families, which are of considerable importance in separating the species, as, for in- stance, the genus Macrocentrus, in which he finds a peculiar plate on the femora, having one or more peculiar spines at the base, which varies in different species. He believed, also, that the ar- rangement of the spines on the tibia in other Hymenoptera, as Ichneumonide, etc., will be found of importance in the separation of species. Mr. Schwarz said that these peculiar spiny structures reminded him very forcibly of similar features in the hind tibiz and tarsi of Mordellistena, which are referred to in the writings of LeConte and Smith as ridges, and by European authors as incisions. ‘These furnish the only characters which can be used in the satisfactory identification of species. They occur in both sexes, and are usually found covered with pollen, the beetles being of a flower-frequenting habit, and these spines are, therefore, doubtless of importance as a means of cross-fertilization of plants. Mr. Howard stated as a curious coincidence that the Elasmine bear a close general resemblance to Mordellistena. —Mr. Schwarz presented the following paper, illustrating it with specimens and figures: 1 A “PARASITIC” SCOLYTID. By E. A. ScHWARz. Parasitism, as defined by Prof. Riley in a presidential address recently read before our Society, cannot possibly occur in truly phytophagous insects; but if we take the term in its widest meaning, as lately discussed by Dr. Stiles and others (see p. 1), we find in the life-histories of phytophagous insects various phenomena which more or less closely approach parasitism. Confining myself to the three great phytophagous families of Coleoptera, I do not recall any instances of this sort among the Cerambycide and Chrysomelide, but quite a number are known among the Rhynchophora. Thus the larve of Copturus longulus inhabit the galls of Podapion gallicola, but they are mere messmates, and their presence is not detrimental to the welfare of the author of the gall. Some of our species of Otidocephalus which have frequently been bred from various Cynipid galls appear to have a similar mode of life. The larva of Conotrachelus posticatus is known to live within certain Phylloxera galls on Hickory leaves, and in this case the Phylloxeras always perish, probably from starvation, since it can hardly be assumed that the Conotrachelus larva is insectivorous. 16 ENTOMOLOGICAY SOUIETY Apion sordidum develops in large numbers in the galls of a Cecidomyiid on Bigelovia and causes the death of the gall-maker. Some of our Anthonomus, viz., A. exeolus (formerly incorrectly referred by me to A. favicornzs) and A. sycophanta furnish other examples of a parasitic mode of life. ; Among the Scolytids no such larval parasitism occurs. but it has long since been observed that in some species the female beetle uses the galleries made by another female, either of the same or another species, to enter the wood for a shorter or longer distance and then to excavate a separate gallerv. Eichhoff men- tions several European species in which this habit of taking advantage of the work of other individuals of the same or different species is known to occur, and among our own species I have also observed it. Some years ago I exhibited before our Society (see Proc. 1, p. 48) the work of Zomicus celatus, where two females had used the entrance hole previously made by a third female. At another time I cut from the solid wood of a Walnut the network of a gallery in which two different species of Xyleborus (Y. fauscatus and pubescens) had developed so that it was impossible to decide which species was the original author of the burrows and which the intruder. In some species of Scolytids this habit is only exceptional, while in others it occurs more frequently, and there is a possibility that in one or the other species:it becomes the rule; in other words, that such species are more or less dependent upon the work done by other species and unable to pierce the bark of a tree by their own effort. I do not know whether or not such ** parasitic’ Scolytids exist, but there is in our fauna a minute species of Crypturgus, the galleries of which, as often as I found them, always started from the main gallery of a Tomicus, usually 7. cacographus. More extended observations are, however, necessary to decide whether or not this is the normal habit of this species. I found it first in 1876, near Tampa, Fla., under bark of Pzmus palustris, and in subsequent years near Washington, D. C., under bark of P. zzops. It does not appear to be a very common ’species, but in the fall of 1892 quite a number of the galleries were found, though the beetles had in most instances already deserted them. The main gallery starts either rectangularly or obliquely from that of the Tomicus, at such place where no eggs of the host were laid or where the eggs had been destroyed by some predaceous insect. The gallery is either tolerably straight or more or less irregularly cutved and of varying length, the longest measuring about 25 millimeters. At irregular intervals secondary galleries branch oft which are extremely short, not more than 2 millimeters in length, so that the larve appear to be more or less stationary. All colonies observed by me were very small, and I never counted more than eight larval galleries in one colony. OF WASHINGTON. 17 The species itself appears to be undescribed and is evidently the southern representative of Crypturgus pusillus Gyll. (atomus Lec.) which belongs to the circumpolar fauna. It may be briefly characterized as follows: . Crypturgus alutaceus, n. sp. Elongate, nearly cylindrical, moderately shining, sparsely and inconspicuously pubescent, pubescence longer on head, sides of thorax and on the elytral declivity ; color brown, or yellowish- brown, antenne and legs pale. Head distinctly alutaceous, extremely finely and obsoletely punctulate. Thorax slightly longer than wide, slightly rounded on the sides, greatest width at the middle, surface dis- ‘tinctly alutaceous and with sparse, fine, more or less obsolete punctures; a smoother median line is feebly indicated. Elytra as wide and nearly twice as long as the thorax, more shining than the latter, punctate-striate, the striz distinctly impressed with the punctures closely placed and mod- erately strong, interstices narrower than the striz#, convex and without distinct punctures, declivity simple. Length, 0.9 mm. | Described from eight specimens from Tampa, Fla., and Bladensburg, Md. Of nearly the same size and form as C. puszl/us, but the latter ° is at once distinguished by the more shining head and thorax,. the very conspicuous large punctures on the thorax, and the wide elytral interstices. Mr. Schwarz also exhibited a few Coleoptera which have been described as from North America, but have hitherto remained unknown or unidentified by American coleopterists. The species were as follows: 7r¢méum clavicorne Mekl., found at Portland, Or., and Astoria, Or.; Othius californicus Mannh., found at Astoria, Or., and Victoria, Vancouver Island; and Stexus ¢m- marginatus Mekl., found at Banff Hot Springs, Alberta, Canada. —Mr. Stiles reported a case of spurious parasitism in the human subject. He had received specimens of two larve, identified by Mr. Howard as Ephestia zee, which were said to have been passed by a maiden lady with urine. He said that this was un- doubtedly another case of hysteria, a number of similar cases being on record. — —Mr. Schwarz invited the members of the Society to inspect three large collections of Coleoptera of considerable local interest. The first was a collection made by Mr. H. G. Hubbard at Lake Tahoe, Cala., in July, 1891; the second, a large collection also. bee? | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY made by Mr. Hubbard in the Yellowstone National Park, at Fort Assiniboine, Mont., and at Bear Paw Mountains in northern Montana, in July and August, 1891 ; and the third, a large collec- tion made in May and June, 1892, by Mr. Hubbard and himself, in parts of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. _, Tuurscay, Marcu 9, 1893. In. the absence of the President and the Vice-Presidents, Mr. E. W. Doran was elected to the chair. There were ten members present. The first paper of the evening was the following, by Mr. Frank Benton, and was accompanied with an exhibit of the objects described : THE CURIOUS DEFENSES CONSTRUCTED BY MELIPONA AND TRIGONA. By Frank BENTON. Some twenty years ago Mr. Ed. Drory, then editor of Le Ru- cher, of Bordeaux, France, himself a skilful apiarist and a student of entomology, imported from Brazil a large number of nests and hives of the Meliponas and Trigonas native to that country and bred some of the species for several years, even succeeding, by extra precautions, in carrying some of them through the winters of his portion of France. Seven species of the genus Melipona and four of Trigona were studied by him and some of his observations were published in Ze Rucher for 1873 and 1874, while his particular study of J7/elipona scutellaris was published by himself in pamphlet form at Bordeaux.* Mr. Maurice Girard having visited the apiary of Mr. Drory in the autumn of 1873, and also made some additional observations on the bees of two hives of different species of Melipona presented by Mr. Drory to the Jardin d’Acclimatation, read before the En- tomological Society of France, at three of its meetings held in 1874, some notes on these bees. Referring to Wel¢pona postica Latr. (AZ. dorsalis of F. Smith), he said, June toth, of the hive in the Jardin: ‘* They have constructed outside, around each hole, a very pretty spreading cornet of reddish-brown wax, having the appearance of some kind of crepe or stiff PCT ay . Quelques Observations sur la Mélipone scutellaire, “Melipona scutellaris Latr., par Ed. Drory, Bordeaux, 1872. + Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 1874, p. CVI (Séance du 10 Juin). OF WASHINGTON, 19 Again, July 22d, he remarks: ‘* The small species, AZ dorsalis Smith, now has at the entrance of its hive a long, somewhat distorted, cylindrical tube of brown wax, 5-or (6 cm. long and 1 cm. in diameter, ending outside with a _ reddish spreading cornet. *. &..*.* . The --workers~ of.. the “other. species, Melipona scutellaris Latr., have built of brown wax, granular and soft, a sort of a wall which completely closes the large entrance -hole which was made in the bottom of the wooden box that serves as their hive. This work must be intended to. protect them from the light and to prevent the entrance of insect enemies.” * . At the meeting of the 9th of December, 1874, Mr. Girard said: ‘‘ It is seen in the nest of AZelipona scutellaris that a tube of wax starts from the entrance-hole and leads to the brood-nest, so that the insect traverses it in the same manner as the Termites of Landes and Charantes their galleries of sawdust. It is the exterior collar of this tube which I have observed around the flight-hole of the small species in the Jardin“d’Acclimata- tion, AZ. postica Latr., or dorsalzs Smith. It is probable that this tube, which is found in the nests of all species of Melipona and Trigona, serves to shut outall light from the interior and prevents the introduction of insect enemies.” + It is particularly to the opinion expressed in this last sentence, as well as on one other occasion by Mr. Girard, namely, ¢haz these defenses were constructed for the purpose of preventing the entrance of light, that I wish to direct your attention, and also to the statement made in all four quotations, ‘hat the mate- rial of these entrance-tubes ts wax. So far as I am aware, no one has ever called in question the correctness of these observa- tions made, as they were, by one of the former presidents of the Entomological Society of France, who has himself written a work on apiculture which professes, as its preface states, ‘* to be a guide both scientific and practical,” and ‘‘for apiculturists a clear and exact résumé of the natural history and of the technical operations connected with the harvesting of the products ; for sevants, a com- plete monograph from the entomological standpoint.” } It is true he does not directly state that the tubes or defenses constructed by Trigona are of the same material as those made by Melipona, but he distinctly states on three different occasions that the entrance barriers of the latter are of wax, and when refer- ring to Trigona he fails to note any exception. This, it seems to me, implies that he considers the nature of the material employed in these constructions by each genus the same, as also the purpose they serve. Mr. Drory clearly regarded them as built for protec- *Td., p. CXL (Séance du 22 Juillet). + M. Girard in Annales de la Société ent. de France, 1874, p. 568 (Séance du g Déc., 1874). t Les Abeilles, Organes et Fonctions, éducation et produits, miel et cire, par Maurice Girard, Paris, 1878. (See pp. 7-8.) / 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tion against insect enemies, and made no mention of their exclu- sion of light from the interior of the nests. Certain observations I have made lead me to form conclusions differing somewhat from those recorded by Mr. Girard, and I will, therefore, mention briefly some of them, as well as show you~ entrance-tubes and combs constructed by bees of these genera that you may judge for yourselves as to the materials used in each. Melipona.—In 1883 I was kindly shown by Mr. Drory himself his collection of 30 or 40 nests and hives of Melipona and Tri- gona—mostly theformer. The entrance-tubes and barriers,where constructed, were, as far as I could determine, of the same mate- rial as the entrance-tube leading from the flight-hole to the brood- nest of the hive now before you, contained in the original case in which it was imported from Brazil, and which was kindly pre- sented to me by Mr. Drory in acknowledgment of specimens of East Indian bees I had givento him. ‘This nest or hive is one of Melipona scutellaris Fabr. It can be readily seen that consider- able difference exists between the material of the entrance-tube and that of the honey-cells and labyrinthine envelope of the brood- nest. I have examined the material of entrance-tubes and cells with considerable care, and find that of the tubes to be quite hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures, under which wax is some- what yielding and pliable; in burning it gives no odor of wax, but rather that of some resinous gum. The tube where it passes through the labyrinthine envelope to reach the brood-nest, and also where, outside this envelope, honey-cells are attached to it, undoubtedly has incorporated in its mass more or less wax of the peculiar brown color and soft, almost greasy, consistency charac- teristic of the wax of Melipona. But all parts of the tube which are separated from the nest proper seem to be composed wholly of resinous substances corresponding to the propolis or so-called “ bee-glue”’ of our Apis. The nest itself, made up of the store- cells, labyrinthine envelope, and within this the brood-combs, is built wholly of the ‘* brown wax, granular and soft,” of which Mr. Girard speaks. The two substances seem to me to be similar only in color. Being quite familiar with all of the substances produced by bees, I feel sure I am not mistaken in identifying the material of the entrance-tube proper as corresponding to the propolis gathered by our Afés melléfica, and | am much surprised that they should have been confounded. Trigona.—During the early part of 1881 I passed several weeks on the Island of Ceylon and while there examined about a dozen nests of Trigona located where built. These were all found in the more open portions of the country. None were noticed in the denser forest regions, although hollow trees suitable for nesting-places were not lacking there. The nests, with one exception, were in the hollows of small stubs or branches of low OF WASHINGTON. 21 trees. The single exception was that of a swarm which had located in one of the iron posts supporting the porch of a house at Kaltura, on the southwestern coast. The only entrance to this nest was through a small hole scarcely 5 mm. in diameter in the side of the iron post—a hole probably caused by an air-bubble when the pillar was cast. The occupants of the pillar evidently considered themselves secure within their iron walls, with so small an opening for ingress, for they had constructed no outer defences. The same thing was noticed in all instances where the trees in which the nests were located were tolerably sound and the entrance-holes were small. But in several where the entrances were IO mm. to 25 mm. in diameter the bees had built a ridge or rim 10 to 15 mm. high around the flight-hole. The sticky material used seemed to be a resinous gum, as in the case of the entrance-tubes of Melipona, and, like them also, the ma- terial appeared similar to the propolis collected by our honey- bees. Upon a casual examination I thought gnawings of bark had been incorporated into the mass. Under a lens it appears to be composed of particles of resin; it tastes like resin and burns like resin or pitch; it is much harder than wax and is quite brittle at temperatures at which wax is soft and more or less ductile; in fact, it shows zoze of the characteristics of real wax, but does show most of those of propolis as we know it here. I am therefore decidedly of the opinion that these entrance-tubes contain zo wax, but are almost, if not wholly, constructed of propolis. The edges of these curious defences were as thin as ordinary cardboard, while at the bases where attached to the trees they were two or three millimeters thick. In one instance, in the jungle near Kaltura, I found a nest located in a small stub in which, a little farther down, a colony of ants had also established itself. The Trigone had extended their tubular defence out “some 20 mm. and then downward, or perhaps in the heat the tube had naturally assumed that position, as it had reached a length of about 20 cm., the diameter varying from 10 to 25 mm., the tube being somewhat flattened. Through this tube the bees reached their nest, entering at the lower end, the only opening, and I noticed that the ants, usually so ravenous and destructive in this as well as other tropical regions, avoided this somewhat sticky tube. I carefully removed this tube, portions of which I now place before you, and the nest of Trigonz from its lodge- ment in the tree and placed it in a small box, and being about to proceed eastward took it with me. The insects bore the confine- ment of the five days’ sea-voyage to Singapore very well. They were permitted to fly there a couple of days’ and then confined for three days more on the journey to the Island of Java. Upon being released, with a number of colonies of Apzs mellifica I had brought with me, at the Dutch East Indian Agricultural 2? ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY College, near Buitenzorg, these diminutive bees immediately went vigorously to work ‘‘ cleaning house,” and were soon bring- ing in pollen and honey. When the flight-hole was much larger than was necessary in order to permit a single Trigona to pass in or out, the ants, large and small, were even more troublesome than in Ceylon. Individuals from the hives of Afzs mellifica (Cyprian and Palestine varieties) which I had brought with me also made efforts to get into the nest or hive of Trigone. The latter immediately began the construction of an entrance-tube, but did not add to it after I contracted the entrance, and until some one disturbed the cover during my absence the small size of the entrance with perhaps some aid from the surrounding wall of sticky propolis enabled ‘the tiny occupants to hold their fort. I found the cover awry one day and ants in full possession. The Trigonas had been destroyed and their honey and immature bees taken. No honey-bees were seen about the box, but perhaps they had helped at the banquet and “had taken leave as soon as the first course (the honey) had been disposed of. As the tubular entrances were only constructed, as far as I ob- served, when the flight-holes themselves were rather large, and when thess were small the bees seemed to be secure without such passage-ways, I naturally concluded that the tubes served as defences only. Their whole arrangement, combined with the labyrinthine envelope of the brood-nest, is well calculated to afford considerable secur ity to the stores of these stingless bees, for any other insect wishing to reach the honey of ‘the Meliponas or Trigonas must needs pass, first of all, the length of the outer tube or barrier-wall where such has been constructed, then through the narrow entrance past the sentinels, down the inner tube into the brood-nest, and thence through the labyrinthine passages of the envelope to the outside of the brood-nest where the cells for holding honey and pollen are found attached to the inner walls of the cavity which has been selected as a home by the colony. Once there and gorged with honey the robber would have to run the same gauntlet to get out, if indeed he could remember his way through the labyrinthine passages, which the Meliponas and Trigonas traverse with ease and rapidity. It is easily understood that this arrangement also prevents the ready escape of the odor of honey which might attract pilferers. The bees which I saw in nests having no outside entrance- tubes did not seem to be incommoded by the small amount of light which entered through the flight-hole. Nor are our bees of the sister genus Apis. Even Bombus, of which I have often had a dozen or more nests at a time in small wooden hives, is not apparently disturbed by the light which enters through a half-inch hole. Some varieties of our Afzs mellifica construct corresponding entrance-defences to protect themselves in regions where the death’s-head moth and wasps are abundant. OF WASHINGTON. 23 These facts lead me to conclude that Mr. Girard is quite in error in his opinion that these entrance-tubes are constructed of wax, and also equally so in the view that they are for the express purpose of shutting out the light. Propolis is doubtless the material of the tubes, and they are probably built for defence only. Some discussion followed on the nature of the substance used in the construction of the entrance-tubes and honey-cells, and the author was also questioned as to the natural enemies of these bees. In reply he stated that one of their enemies seems to be the common honey-bee, Apzs mellifica, which robs the nests and eventually drives out and destroys the stingless Melipona. Mr. Schwarz referred to a paper by Dr. Von Ihering, in which the statement was made that the native bees had been almost driven out and destroyed in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by Apis mellifica, which had rapidly spread over the entire district. The bee-moth was also stated by Mr. Benton to infest the nests of Melipona, but he was unable to give any facts as to the native or original enemies of Melipona except in a general way—that they were subject to the attacks of various birds and Vespas. That there must be, however, various insect parasites which are peculiar to these bees was urged by Mr. Schwarz and others. The death’s-head moth having been mentioned as an enemy of bees, Mr. Schwarz inquired in what way the damage from this moth occurred. Mr. Benton stated that it consisted in its entering the hives and robbing them of their honey, which injury was probably not very extensive, as the moth rarely escaped from the hive, but was killed and dismembered by the bees and sealed up in the hive in a covering of propolis. Mr. Howard queried whether the wax which was known to be abundant anda common article of commerce in the times of the Motezumas, among the ancient Mexicans, was a product of the native Melipona. In answer to a question as to the geographical dis- tribution of these bees (Melipona) Mr. Benton stated that, so far as he knew, they are limited to the New World and occur in the. greatest abundance in Southeast Brazil and other parts of South and Central America, and in the West Indies. The Trigona occurs in Brazil and other tropical countries of South 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY America, also in Mexico, and in the eastern hemisphere, in Ceylon, the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and also in parts of Australia. —Mr. Schwarz presented the following, illustrating his re- marks by sketches and exhibition of specimens: NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITOR OF SOME SPECIES OF DONACIA. By E. A. ScHWARzZ. While arranging a collection of North American Donacias I noticed that in many females of the subgenus Plateumaris (Group D of Mr. Leng’s Synopsis of the Donacie of Boreal America, in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xviii, pp. 159 ff.) the ovipositor is protruded and represents a very conspicuous object. In the typical Donacia the ovipositor is never visible, and upon dissection it was found that in these species the outer, horny sheaths of the ovipositor are but little developed and not capable of protrusion. In the species of Plateumaris the outer sheaths of the ovipositor form two plates, a smaller and narrower dorsal plate and a wider and much longer ventral plate. The upper plate is always extremely thin and transparent, usually as long as wide, with the apical side either subtruncate, or rounded, or feebly triangularly produced. The ventral plate is usually much longer than wide, with the sides parallel at the basal part, thence convergent either obliquely or arcuatedly and terminating in an acute point. The rim of this plate is slightly thickened, hard and horny, highly polished _ and of a rich umber brown; the edge itself is extremely sharp jike that of a knife and finely (in one species coarsely) serrate. The middle of the plate from the base to some distance beyond the parallel portion is very thin, quite transparent and concave at the dorsal surface. The dorsal plate closly fits into this con- cavity and thus protects the inner parts of the ovipositor, which can be plainly seen through the transparent outer plates. The whole apparatus just characterized evidently forms an in- strument admirably adapted to sawing into the tissues of plants, and I have not the slightest doubt that in all species of this sub- genus the eggs are laid within the stems or roots of plants. The Ovipositor is exserted at an angle with the tip of the abdomen so that the beetle can operate it exactly like a saw moving up- and downward. When the ventral plate has sufficiently deeply pene- trated into the plant, the apex of the dorsal plate is lifted up, which can be readily done on account of the higher rim of the. ventral plate. The ovipositor proper, guided by the inner OF WASHINGTON. 25 (lateral) pair of plates, then is pushed through this opening and the egg (or the eggs) is thus inserted into the slit. -It is well known that the imagos of Plateumaris differ in habit from those of Donacia: the former occur on palustral plants and the latter on truly aquatic plants. The supposed oviposition in Plateumaris greatly differs from that of the true Donacia, so far as the life-histories of these are known, and would seem to indi- cate a corresponding difference in the habits of the larva. I am not aware that any similar structure of the ovipositor has been observed in other Coleoptera,* and while in several families (especially Cerambycidz) the eggs are inserted into the tissues of plants, the ovipositor is at most a piercing instrument, but never a saw. From an examination of a number of females of Plateumaris it can be readily seen that the form of the ovipositor, and more especially that of the ventral plate, offers excellent characters for the distinction of the species. ‘The material at present at my disposal is, however, by no means complete enough to enable me to give a synoptic table of the species based upon this character, and I confine myself to indicate briefly the various types of this structure in the North American species: a De es ¢ a Fig. «. Outer ventral plate of the ovipositor in Donacia (subgenus Plateumaris): a, Donacia, vn. sp.?; 6, D. rufa; c, D. enarginata. ist Type. Ventral plate with a prominent, acute tooth on each side of the junction of the parallel basal part with the apical part ; the latter triangular with the sides straight and finely serrulate : terminal point long and slender, spine-like. This type occurs only in D. rufa. 2d Type. Ventral plate without such tooth; apical part more or less triangular, with the sides either straight or arcuate, edge finely serrulate ; terminal point acute but not spine-like. Most of our species belong here; specific differences are indi- cated by the greater or smaller width of the plate, the longer or * The pupe of the Chrysomelid genus Sagra have been found within the stems of plants, but 1 had no opportunity of examining female speci- mens of this genus. 26 ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY shorter apical portion of the same, the greater or smaller extent of the thickened rim, etc. . 3@ Type. Ventral plate without such tooth; apical portion not triangularly produced but broadly rounded; edge coarsely ser- rate ; terminal point represented by a broad tooth. Here belongs a single species which is possibly undescribed. —Mr. Schwarz exhibited samples of white and black insect pins made by Schliiter of Baden, Germany, and now offered for sale by Queen & Co. He said that from a: short experience these pins appeared to him to be superior in ‘many respects to the Klager pins as now obtained in the market. APRIL 6, 1893. In the absence of the President, Vice-President Ashmead pre- sided. Ten members and one visitor were present. Dr. Marx presented the following paper : DEGENERATION BY DISUSE OF CERTAIN ORGANS IN SPIDERS. By Gro. Marx. A strange example of retrogradation in organs by disuse I have noticed among some spiders of the Fam. Drassidz collected in the subarctic region of our continent: The genus Gnaphosa is known to make no web, their faculty of spinning being con- fined to making loose threads in crevices under bark and stones, - to cocoon covering, and occasionally they issue a drag-line while running. In the northern region their active life is so short that they seem to have no need to use their spinning organs at all, and these organs—the external spinnerets as well as the internal spinning glands—are apt to retrograde gradually and become rudimentary or they are lost altogether. This is the case in our’ Guaphosa conspersa Thorell, of which I possess specimens in my collection from Alaska, Lake Superior, and Lake Klammath, Oregon. Here the two superior and the two median spinnerets are entirely wanting, while the two inferior spinnerets are fully developed. The anatomical change is contined to the absence of eleven large glands (either tubuliform or ampulacee and nine median glands), while in the inferior spinnerets there are retained three large and about twenty smaller pyriform: glands. The product of the pyriform glands is the guy-rope or drag-line, while OF WASHINGTON. 27 the tubuliform glands furnish the spinning material for the cocoons. . Thus we see the males are able to render their walk- ing secure by the usual guy-rope, and the females can cover their cocoons safely. In consequence, the absence of these organs does not interfere with the life of the animals. The paper was discussed by Messrs. Gill, Ashmead, and Schwarz. Dr. Marx stated in answer to a question by Mr. Schwarz that the Attide have the six normal spinnerets, for, although they spin no webs, they have occasion to elaborate a good deal of silk for their winter quarters. Dr. Marx further stated that he had learned from a correspondent near Baltimore that the common Phydippus morsitans had died in large numbers from cold dur- ing the past winter, thus showing that the idea he had presented at a previous meeting relative to the hibernation of Arctic spiders was probably correct. Mr. Schwarz stated that he had observed a great mortality among the Scolytids affecting pine trees near Bladensburg, Md., the principal species being Zomicus cacographus and 7. celatus. Last fall these insects and their larvae were extremely abundant in the trees, but at the present time hardly a living individual was to be found. Specimens of a coleopterous enemy of the species, viz., ypophleus parallellus, are alive at the present time; and it may be that the work of this insect accounts in some degree for the disappearance of the injurious forms, but he is inclined to think that the unusual cold of the past winter was the principal cause of the great mortality. Dr. Smith stated that as these species occur also much further north, the mortality could hardly have been caused by the cold; to which Mr. Schwarz replied that in his opinion a more or less extensive mortality from unusual cold must occur occasionally to keep the numbers of the beetles within bounds. Mr. Ashmead spoke incidentally of the hibernation of a large spider of the genus Attus under the bark of trees in Florida. —Mr. Ashmead presented the following: A SYNOPSIS OF THE SPALANGIINZ OF NORTH AMERICA. By Witiiam H. ASHMEAD. | Head large oblong or ovate, often tricornuted in front, the occipital line usually complete. Ocelli 3, always present, tri- 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY — angularly arranged. Mandibles bidentate at tips. Maxillary and labial palpi 2-jointed. Antennz clavate or subclavate, variable in the number of joints from 8 to 12. Prothorax usually large, well developed, narrowed before or subquadrate. Mesonotum usually with short, triangular, convex scapule. Scutellum flat and sometimes with an impressed cross-line before apex. Wings often absent, when present with a marginal fringe, the marginal vein most frequently long, linear, rarely short and thickened, the postmarginal and stigmal veins usually very short; hind wings narrowed toward base, not lobed, with a distinct marginal vein. Abdomen distinctly petiolated, the tip compressed into a horn- like point with the ovipositor exserted or subexserted. - Legs rather slender, the tarsi 5-jointed, the claws simple. The Spalangiine represent a small group in the family Chalctdide, section Macrocentri, that is closely allied to the Pirenine and 7ridymine, and in which the occipital line is usually complete, the mandibles bidentate, while the antenne are never more than 12-jointed. The group is further distinguished by the very short, well- defined parapsides, a distinctly petiolated abdomen, by the venation, and by the apex of the abdomen being compressed into a small projecting horn-like process. Of the five genera here brought together, the parasitism of fouris known: /socratus Forst. is parasitic on different Aphids ; Cerocephala Westw. attacks the larve of wood-boring beetles, belonging to the family Scolytede; Chetospila Westw. was reared from a beetle in seed of Zea mays; while Spalangia Latr. is parasitic on Dipterous larve. The different.genera may be distinguished .by the aid of the following table: TABLE OF GENERA. Prothorax subquadrate, not or scarcely narrowed anteriorly. Head transverse, normal, the antenne 12-jointed, inserted far above the clypeus; marginal vein very short, . . . Jsocratus Forster. Prothorax long, narrowed anteriorly. Head tridentate with deep antennal furrows, a sharp high-pointed carina between base of antennz; marginal vein long. Head with a long spear-like process ;_ mandibles very large— three- fourths the length of the head; antenne to-jointed in both SEKCR 8 . . . . Paralesthia Cameron. Head without a ines sauay ates process; mandibles not large. Antenne in 9,9-,in ¢ 10 or 11-jointed, Cerocephala Westw. Antenne in Q 8-jointed; ¢' unknown, . Chetospila Westw. *In Cresson’s synopsis the mandibles are said to be three ¢zmes as long -as the head, instead of three fourths as long—plainly a copyist’s or printer’s error, but a serious one. OF WASHINGTON. 29 Head smooth, not tridentate, without distinct antennal furrows; antennz inserted close to the mouth, in 9 1o-, in ¢f 12-jointed, Spalangia Latr. ISOCRATUS Forster, Hym. Stud., ii, p. 53 (1856). Syn. Asaphes Walk., Ent. Mag., ii, p. 151 (1834). (Type A. vulgaris Walk.) Head transverse, wider than the thorax, with the frons impressed; viewed from in front it is subtriangular. Eyes moderate, broadly oval, bare. Ocelli on the vertex, triangularly arranged. Mandibles curved, bidentate, the teeth rather long, acute. Maxillary and labial palpi 2- jointed. Antenne clavate, 12-jointed in both sexes, inserted slightly below the middle of the face, all the funiclar joints transverse. Thorax sub- ovoid, the pronotum large, nearly quadrate; the mesonotum with two dis- tinct furrows, the parapsides subconvex, the metanotum small, rugulose. Wings hyaline, the margins delicately fringed, the marginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein, the former slightly thickened towards apex. Legs slender, the tibial spurs 1, 1, 1, the last pair weak; tarsi 5-jointed. Abdomen ovate, depressed above, distinctly petiolated, terminating ina small compressed process, the second segment about 13 times as long as the third, the following segments short, subequal. Only a single species, having several synonyms, is known, as follows: I. vulgaris Walker. Asaphes vulgaris Walk., Ent Mag., ii, p. 152. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., x, p.-114. List. Brit. Mus. Chale. 1846, p. 23. _ Eurytoma aenea Nees, Hym. Ich. Aff. Monog, ii, p. 42. Colax aphidit Curt., Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc., iii. Pteromalus petiolatus (?) Zett., Ins. Lapp., xiv, p. 332. Chrysolampus suspensus Nees, Monog., ii, p. 127. altiventris Nees, |. c. Isocratus vulgaris Thoms., Skand. Hym., iv, 208. Riley, U. S. Agric. Rep. 1889, p. 35, pl. vi, f. 2. 3 9 .—Length, 1.6to 2.3 mm. Aeneous black and most frequently with a decided metallic tinge on the thorax, pleura and coxe; antennz usually black, but the flagellum varies from brownish-yellow to brown and black, legs, except coxz, brownish-yellow with sometimes the femora and tibie obfuscated; coxz aeneous black or submetallic; wings hyaline, the venation pale brownish-yellow, the marginal vein shorterthan the stigmal vein, a little thickened at apex. The whole surface, except the middle mesothoracic lobe anteriorly and the metathorax, is smooth, shining; middle mesothoracic lobe 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY anteriorly feebly punctate, metathorax finely rugose, its pleura with long greyish hairs. Antenne 12-jointed, clavate, the funiclar joints transverse. Abdomen ovate, petiolate, depressed above, its tip compressed into a little point, the petiole about 23 times as long as thick, rugulose, the ruguosities longitudinally directed, or striated; rest of abdomen smooth polished, the second segment the longest—-13 times as long as the third, the segments after the third short, subequal;