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NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association

r

Organized February 26, 1891, at

Springfield, Illinois

(jHWtRsnr OF iLiimis ubbwt

DEC 1 3 1820

Compiled by

GEORGE M. WitHROW, Secretary

Mechanicsburg, Illinois

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

Springfield, In-

IiiUNOis Statb Journal Co.. Statu Printbes.

1920

36351:r-400

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Office of the Secretary,
MECHAisricsBURG, ILLINOIS, July 1, 1920.
To. His Excellency, Franh 0. Lowden, Governor of the State of Illinois.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Nineteenth An-
nual Report of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.
Eespectfully submitted,

George M. Withrow, Secretarr/.

FATHER LANGSTROTH,

1810 — 1895

Inventor of the Movable Frame Hive.

XL

i]

• - - A V -

OFFICERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION FOR 1920.

De. a. C. Baxter

A. L. KiLDOw

Springfield.

State Inspector of Apiaries.

President

Putnam

VICE PRESIDENTS.

1st Jas. i4. Stone .
2d Aaron Coppix
-7 3d W. H. Williams
4:TH C. F. Bender
5th Haer.y L. King
. George M. WithroW

, Geo. Seastream

Mechanicsburg.

Farmingdale

Wenona

. ■ Pekin

Newman

Springfield

; Secretary

Treasurer

Pawnee.
List of members will appear in back of Eeport. Also Index.

DR. A. C. BAXTER,
President of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL SESSION

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association

Tuesday and Wednesday. ; Dec. 9-10. 1919
Leland Hotel, Springfield, Illinois

GEO. SEASTREAM,
Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

The Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association was held in the sun parlor of the Leland Hotel, December
9, and 10, 1919.

The meeting was called to order by the President, I>r. A. C. Baxter,
at 10 a. m., December 9.

President Baxter. — Gentlemen, you will arise and be attentive
while the Reverend J. H. 3Iorphis, of Farmingdale, pronounces the
invocation. . \

IisrvocATioisr by Eeverend J. H. Morphis.

Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, the Creator of the heavens
and the earth : Thou who hast made the seas and the brooks, . Thou
who hast given unto us the birds to sing about our door. Thou who hast
sent forth the beautiful flower to meet our desires and to cause our
admiration for all creatures of the heavens and the earth, to be adored
within us, with all the beautiful |hings with which Thou hast endowed
the sea, the earth and the sky, we give thanks unto Thee. We pray
Thee to draw nigh unto us this morning and help us to realize that we
walk not alone, that we come not by chance into this great field of
activity, that we are here by the divine hand of the Almighty, whose
providence rules and reigns above and over us and in us, to take unto
himself those who would please him in the toil of life.

Thou who hast taught us to labor and given unto us the rewards of
our labor, we thank Thee for every gift that is bestowed upon the world
of mankind. Thou hast called men into every department of life and
endowed them with a mind to grasp the truth, to delve into the hidden
things, to find the coal, to dig the ore, and to reveal the gold that Thy
hand hath hidden, that we might have all these things for our comfort
and use and for Thy glorj.

Bless, we pray Thee, in a very special manner this assembly of men
for whom our hearts return thanks this morning, for the men who have
loved the bee, who have sought his company and association, who have
cared for him and have kept him from perishing from the earth, the bee
which Thou hast made to bring to every boy and girl the answer to the
appeal that comes oui of their very nature for something that is sweet.
Thou hast given unto them the honey and the honeycomb.

We pray that the blessing of God may be upon these men who
undertake to spread abroad the sweetness that belongs to the very king-

10

xixetep:xtii axxual eepoet or the

u

GEORGE M. WITHROW,
Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION". }.l

dom of God, Bless, we pray thee, tlieir efforts until they shall satisfy
the crying heart of the whole earth with the sweetness which Thou hast
; provided for their own taste and comfort. Prosper them and give unto
• them, the labor of their hands; may they feel they are laboring for the
good of mankind when they care for the bees in their home. Guide us,
we pray Thee, through this day, shield us from all accident and harm,
keep us in the love of Him who died for us, and gather us to Thyself in
peace in the end, beyond the silent River of Death into that house not
made with hands that is eternal in the heavens, and Thy name shall
have all the praise. We ask it in His name. Amen.

The Peesident. — The next order of business is the minutes of the
last meeting. That does not include the whole report, but just the
minutes.

Mr. Stone r^d th^, minutes. .

The President. — Members of the Association, you have heard the
reading of the minutes. Are there any additions or corrections? If
not, they stand approved as read.

President's Address. ^

Members of the Illinois State Beekeepers^ Association, Ladies and
Gentlemen:

It is with mingled feelings of affection, pride and pleasure that I
greet you at this our Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting. During the life of
this association humanity has marched onward and upward. The peal-
ing chime of that old beU in Independence Hall was echoing around
the world. Man, so long bowed down by the yoke of despotism stood
up again in the proud image of his Maker and turned a face lighted
with hope toward Heaven. That monster lie of the dark ages; the divine
right of kings, saw with fear and rage the coming dawn of a new day
and knew that the time of the end was at hand. The dragon came forth
from his lair to do battle to the death.

On the one side stood arraj'^ed human right, justice, liberty the
faith of mankind in all that is holiest and most sacred alike in the
doctrine of the Hebrew and the Christian, the law of Moses and the
Golden Rule. Opposed to these stood the grey grim phalanx of military
despotism, an imperial murder-bund of tyranny that knew no law but
force, the old brute law of the savage wilds.

Thank God, the awful hurricane of death is past. ISTo longer does
the thunder of those monster guns shake the world. No longer falls
tl^e ghastly red dew of battle upon scarred ^nd shell-torn fields of
Belgium and France.

When man's savage passions have burst forth in the tempest of war,
the mighty storm clears not in a moment. The shattered clouds of war
sulk away and on the far horizon we hear their low, angry mumblings
of Bolshevism and ancient racial feuds. But the sun has begun to

12 NINETEENTH -ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

shine through the clouds. The man of the soil, the farmer, the bee-
keeper have not given ear to the false doctrine of a Lenine, a Trotsky
or a Goldman, but has resolutely returned from war and gone back with
renewed energy to their former occupation to aid in feeding a hungry
world.

The food supply of the world has been and will be for several years
to come inadequate to supply the needs of humanity. This applies
especially to the sweets. Peoplte are finding out that sugars are foods
and to be used ,as such, not as a condiment as one uses pepper. Never
before has there been so great a demand for honey, and to supply this
demand, we do not necessarily need more beekeepers, but better bee-
keepers, keeping better bees and more of them. One is impressed with
the vast quantity of nectar annualh' going to waste for want of bees to
collect it, but this waste will not be remedied by advising every farmer to
keep bees, but by working out ways in which those who are already bee-
keepers can manage a g^reater number of colonies than at present, bring-
ing higher returns for the labor expended. If one could keep double
the number of colonies, his gross returns would be doubled, and the
increased profit to the occupation would soon induce others, having the
necessary aptitude to learn, to do likewise.

Many beekeepers are somewhat afraid to increase their number of
colonies for fear that foul brood diseases might gain a foothold in their
apiaries and thus take more effort to eradicate these diseases. While this
appears foolish to a thoughtful beekeeper nevertheless the more timid
ones have that fear. We should therefore exert our best efforts to the
eradication of bee diseases. Our inspection system, should be one of
education as well as the use of the police powers of the State. Instead
of having a single inspector with a half dozen deputies who do not
receive enough pay to devote their whole time to inspection work we
should have an inspector with two deputies whose salaries are such that
they can devote their entire time to inspection and educational work.
We have no criticism of our present inspector and his deputies, they
are doing the best the_y can with the limited means at their disposal.
The plan I propose would envolve a greater expenditure and would-
necessitate a greater appropriation, but the great State of Illinois could
well afford to expend more money in the interest of our industry, as the
returns would more than offset the amount, expended in this work.

Every effort should be made by the association to induce the Uni-
versity of Illinois to girve a course in bee culture. There is hardly a
day goes by but what we have inquiries in regard to short courses in
beekeeping. Our State should not be behind in this matter but its .edu-
cational advantages should be as good and great as that of our sister
states.

The past season to a great many was one of great disappointment.
Due to general atmospheric conditions clover yielded just enough to keep

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 13

the bees alive and in some localities not even that. But to those who
had not lost heart and had kept their bees in the best possible condition,
were rewarded by an excellent fall flow so that in the majority of cases
the bees have gone into winter quarters with sufficient stores. If you
have protected your bees from the wind and cold and have given room
for the rearing of brood at appropriate time, we can see no reason why
you should not receive better returns this coming season than in the
one that has just past.

The successful beekeeper is he who studies his bees and is prompt
with his manipulations. Beekeeping is not a paying business for the
shiftless beekeeper. The specialist beekeeper is the most desirable from
the standpoint of the industry because the small holder usually has not
sufficient interest in the bees to see that they do their best, but there is
no reason however, why a few colonies of bees will not be profitable, pro-
vided the owner gives intelligent care.

I will appoint in charge of the question box Mr. C. F. Bender.

The President. — If anyone has any question to ask about bee-
keeping, make out your question and give it to Mr. Bender.

Another question coming up is the question of fees and dues for
next year. This was brought up a year ago and laid over, according to
the constitution, until this time. That must be disposed of now before
we can collect dues. Has anyone anything to say in regard to the fees
and dues?

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. Chairman, the difficulty is that in this matter
of dues we have branch associations, and it is difficult without a dollar
to give the branch associations a share and leave a sufficient amount for
the State Association. That is why the motion was made, I think, last
year, and then found to be out of order to increase the membership fee
to a dollar and a half. AYas it not, Mr. Secretary, a dollar and a half?

The President. — Yes, the motion before us last year was to raise
the fees to a dollar and a half instead of a dollar.

IMi?. Dadant. — There is a tendency to join the subscription to the
bee journals to this membership, and that increases the difficulties,
^ow, as a representative of .one of the journals, I do not know that T
ought to say much in regard to that, but I can appreciate a statement
made in regard to Gleanings, refusing to give-^ree subscriptions. The
subscription price is sevent,Y-five cents to the association or to the
' piembers and it is impossible or impracticable, at present prices of
efvery thing in the matter of magazines, to give free subscriptions, but
this is entirely outside the matter under discussion. I think we should
consider only the question whether we should raise the fees so that we
can take in the membership of other State association, that is, the North-
western, the Illinois, the JSTorthern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin, in
fact, three or four of them, and there would probably be more. I think

14 NINETEEXTH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE

we would be stronger if we could do that. That is why the question is
brought forward, and I think we ought to discuss it before any niotions
are made and passed. L

Secretary Stone. — Mr. President, was that motion made at the
last meeting, to raise it to a dollar and a half? I thought it was that
the fees be changed.

The President. — That the fees be changed to a dollar and a half.
A motion was made and we voted on it and it was carried, and theto we
discovered it was unconstitutional, so it was left out of the reports
because it was unconstitutional. It was out of order.

Secretary Stone. — Mr. President, I think that if we can avoid
changing the by-laws that we ought to do it all the time, and I think
there is a way that we can do it that will be the best and easiest way,
and in my mind the only way. "Any person interested in apiculture
may become a member upon the payment to thei Secretary of an annual
fee of one dollar," as amended ISTovember, 1905, then give them the
American Bee Journal, that is aside from our by-laws. Our by-laws
provide that the fee shall be one dollar. The executive committee with
the editors of the American Bee Journal and Gleanings made the
arrangement that they would give us the club rate of seventy-five cents, so
that we have only gotten twenty-five cents out of every fee sent in. This
same arrangement can be made between the executive committee and
the editors by consent of the meeting. We can't do it any way but by
consent of the meeting; they do not feel they are authorized to make
the rate, and I would suggest that we leave this just as it is, one dollar
for membership, and that is membership onl}^, and fifty cents for affili-
ated society. That will not have to be changed at all. Then if they
want the American Bee Journal, put it at a dollar and a half and then
we will give them twenty-five cents out of our dollar, and if they want
both journals two dollars, and then we give them fifty cents out of our
fee, so that our minimum fee would be fifty cents. Now it is only
twenty-five. No wonder our treasury fund doesn't increase any more,
although we did increase the difference between one hundred and
twenty-five dollars and one hundred and forty-three, I believe it was.
We increased that much this year over last year, and with this rate I
think the increase will be a great deal more. I make a motion to amend
that motion by leaving this just as it is and instructing the executive
committee to make the arrangement along that line that I have specified.

The President. — Has anyone anything to say on this subject?
Don't be afraid to talk about it. Mr. Bender, have you anything to say ?

Mr. Bender. — I think it is merely a question of the way it is
stated. But I think it is easier, in asking new members to join, and
more attractive to put the journal with it always. It seems that way
to me, that in getting new members they will take it so much more
readily. The journal, to a man not much interested, seems more

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 15

attractive than the association. He don't know what he is getting if he
belongs to the association if he never attends the meetings, and I think
if it isn't too much trouble we should change the by-laws. . It is merely
a matter of a majority vote, isn't it ? If it can be done by a majority
vote, I am in favor of changing the by-laws to include the higher rate
and the journal with it. i "

The Peesident. — Mr. Stone's idea is that we leave it at one dollar
and ask fifty cents additional if he takes the journal.

Mr. Bender. — Well, that is exactly what I object to, if I have to
solicit for members.

Seceetary Stone. — Mr. President, ' I will make it plainer. We
send out printed matter every year, we will do it now just as soon as
this meeting is over. We do not know how much it will be delayed
because it has to go through the State printer's hands and we do not
control that at all. Sometimes it is verv much delaved.

Mr. Dadant. — This is not on the sarfte question, is it?

Mr. Stone. — Yes, I am talking right to the question. One dollar
for annual membership entitles the member to participate in all the
benefits arising therefrom, a cloth-bound copy of the coming annual
report and a free copy either of the American Bee Journal or Gleanings
for one year, both for seventy-five centsr j^ow, if the executive com-
mittee is properly instructed they will publish this kind of sentence at
the top of the page : "For membership in the State Association, one
dollar." '"'If you desire the American Bee Journal or Gleanings, $1.50.
If you desire both, $2.00." Then if anyone sends us just one dollar
we know it is for membership fee. If they send Cine (iollar and a half it
is for Gleanings or the American Bee Journal. If they send two dollars
we will give them both bee journals. Then our fee will be fifty cents,
and that is the lowest we can put it down. We will get fifty cents, no
matter what they want. In the other case you will have to charge them
two dollars and twenty-five cents in order for us to get seventy-five
cents out of it. If thirty-nine took both journals we would only lose
twenty-five cents on that money, below what we would if we got seventy-
five cents on all of them. We will hear from others, though.

Mr. Seasitream. — Mr. President: We are all familiar with the
saying tliat nothing goes better with bees than more bees. ?o I believe
there is nothing that goes better with a beekeeper membership than a
good bee paper, and in regard to making a short cut, as Mr. Stone says,
better make a clean sweep of it and change the constitution.

The President. — You would make it a dollar and a half then?

Mr. Bender. — ^Yes.

The President. — And give a journal?

Secretary Stone. — Mr. President, that would not be but seventy-
five cents fee.

The President. — Yes, that would.

Hi NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPOliT OF THE

Seceetary Stone. — How?

The President. — If we make the fee a dollar and a half and give
the journal, you are getting twenty-five cents more than you are getting
at the present time.

Secretary Stone. — That is true, but not more than I am sug-
gesting. I am suggesting that we have our fee one dollar, no matter if
they take nothing else. Then if they want the bee Journal they are to
pay a dollar and a half.

The President. — Mr. Stone, the question that seems to be I'aised
here is to have the man take the bee journal, which I think is a very
wise provision. If the fee is a dollar and a half he gets the bee Journal
whether he wants it or not.

Secretary Stone. — That makes it a little more binding, some of
them don^t want any.

The President. — They have got to" take it.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. Williams here, has had some experience in the
matter. Let us hear from him.

Mr. Williams. — Mr. President, I consider myself today as a kind
of visitor. I wasn't with you last year.

Secretary Stone. — You are a member, Mr. Williams.

Mr. Williams. — Oh, sure, I know that. The whole point to the
success of the beekeeping industry is the bee journal. That is my idea.
You can have an association* of five hundred members in this State, and
if they do not take a bee Journal 'they do not know anything about what
is^going on except individually. The prime thing, I think, to do, is to
get the bee journal. Of course, I am not in touch with these things, and
maybe shouldn't say very much, but the point that I see is the treasurer's
report. How much money is in the treasury today? Four hundred and
some odd dollars, as I remember it. That is an increase over what we
had last year. It doesn't matter about the exact figures, it was around
one hundred and eighty-seven, and it has increased this year by nearly
three hundred dollars. We have this little fee of twentv-five cents that
we keep in the treasury for our own use, why increase it. As a gentle-
man sitting near me said, under his breatli, in soliciting for members
to the association, the thing that you have got to do is to get the member
in the association by the bee journal. You can't get people in my terri-
tory to join this association, they wouldn't think about putting a dollar
into it if they didn't get the bee journal. That is the idea I have.

Mr. Dadant. — That is correct.

Mr. Williams. — So, make the association a part of it, not join the
association for one dollar and then have the journal for fifty cents,
because they will turn you down cold. I helped to bring into this asso-
ciation last year and the year before something like fifty members for
one dollar apiece. We got nothing out of it. The secretary and myself
stood a good deal of expense, that I do not regret. Our idea was not the

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 17

association, up tlierc, so much as we wanted to have a good time, and I
think Brother Dadant can say we have had two or three as profitable
meetings that have been held in the State, by our little association there.
We went out with this idea: you can join the Illinois River Valley
Association and get the American Bee Journal, the State Association,
for a dollar. That made the beekeepers come in. We had a little meet-
ing there, two years ago, over sixty jieople were present, with a little
advertising around the community. That is more than you will have
here today, so the thing to do I think is to make the fee as small as
possible, to get through with. We do not need any money in the treastuy.
I am not going to say I am 'opposed to a dollar and a half, but make the
Bee Journal the opportunity to gee them in.

Mr. Dadant. — As one of the representatives of the journal, I feel
that a little too much prominence is given to those public-itions simiily
because they arc private concerns. If you speak of bee journals, make
it general. If you offer magazines, offer any of those published in
America on an equal footing, otherwise other people will feel that some
partiality is being shown to the publications.

I am very much pleased with Mr. Williams' statement. On the
other hand, I know there is a situation whereby the journal gets seventy-
five cents out of the dollar and there is only twenty-five cents left for
the two organizations, the local one and the State. Althougli we haven't
much expenses, we do have to keep up some things. We have to pay
something to our secretary, he gets barely enough, and it looks to me,
if you are going to give one. of the journals to your members and pay
the association as a Avhole State Association, you will need more than
a dollar, because your local secretarv must have something to fall back
upon. He has to have a room and he has a few expenses, of postal cards
and stationery, and he must have a little margin. Of course I am
anxious, as much so as anybody, to see the fee low, but I believe it will
be well to consider the matter thoroughly before 3'ou decide to let it
remain at one dollar. I v.'ould like to see it so you could give one
journal to the member, but Mr. Williams seems to think it must be
added to the fee in order to attract the members. I think the matter
ought to be thoroughly discussed.

TiTE President. — In this connection I would like to say that we
have an appropriation from the State, setting aside a certain amount of
money for a certain purpose. It cannot be used for anytliing else. Xow.
we Iiad a little trouble in another society having a meeting, and w<?
wanted to use part of that money to pay the expenses of that meeting,
but the State would not permit it. The Governor would not permit it
and he was right,-'because there was set aside so much for ])rinting and
so much for the report and so much for the stenographer. If we are
going to do anything with State societies and field meets in this State,

i
— 2 B A

18 XIXETEEXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

we have got to have the money come out of the association, not out of the
State fund.

Another thing that is coming is this: there is going to be a bid] ding
built at the fair ground. The State Beekeepers' Association will have
some expense connected Avith that, especially with the department of
extracting honey. That cannot come out of the appropriation. There
is one peculiar thing about our State appropriations. You make out
what you want and you nevei: can get it through in that form. It can't
be done, because they recognize that all departments, and we are allotted
so much as all other departments, regardless of what our business may
be, and they will not recognize another association, even as a department
of our association.

Mr. Kildow. — In regard to raising the fee to a dollar and a half
and getting in new members, I know furnishing a bee journal to th«m
is quite a drawing card, because lots of times we can get them for that
when we couldn't get their dollars any other way, and I think it ought
io be included so that when we ask them to join the State association
we could also get them to take the bee journal as compulsory, because
a beekeeper who doesn't read the bee journals is a back number generally,
and they ought to go hand in hand. If he don't want the American Bee
Journal, take some other. I am rather partial to our own State journal,
although I wouldn't force it on anybody if they didn't want it.

Mr. Williams. — Mr. Dadant, may I ask you a question?

Mr. Dadant. — Yes, sir.

Mr. Williams. — How many subscribers have you in the State of
Illinois that do not belong to the State association?

Mr. Dadant. — I would have to guess at it, but I should think about
a thousand.

Mr. Williams. — For the State of Illinois?

Mr. Dadant. — Yes.

Mr. Williams. — Just think, if we had that thousand members
what we could do in the State association.

Mr. Kildow. — We need them too.

Mr. Williams. — I mean, the total subscription for Illinois.

Mr. Dadant. — I think we have about a thousand subscribers, I
don't know how many of those are members of the association.

Mr. Kildow. — I know it is quite a drawing card to offer them the
bee journal at one price.

Mr. Dadant. — The question that brought this on was the trouble
with the association, which association Mr. Williams got up so nicely-
last year. He got up a big membership on the Illinois Eiver; they
joined and were glad to, but when it came to the subscriptions, seventy-
five cents of that dollar had to go to the bee journals, and I understood
if they Avould send a dollar that would make them a member of the
association and give tliem the bee journal for a year. The retail price

ILLIXOIS -STATE BEEKEEPERS ' ASSO^IATJOX. IS

is one dollar, and it is out of the question" to sell it for less than sevent)^-
five cents, and I am sure the same situation exists with the Gleanings.
Twenty-five cents in both associations is too little. I don't think the
secretary M-ould want a law passed that will deprive the branch associa-
tion or the central association of a fee of at least twenty-five cents. That
is why a motion was made last year to make it a dollar and a half. It
seems to me if a man cares at all for beekeeping news and gets a mem-
bership in two associations, local and' State, with a report, and one of
the magazines published in the United States in the bargain, that he
ought to be willing to pay a dollar and a half. At the same time I
don't want to pass on that, I am simply discussing it.

Mk. Wixliams. — Mr. President, you have got me started and I
don't know when to stop. Let us thresh that Illinois business out right
now and quit it right here. The secretary up there made the mistake —
I can say he made the mistake because he is not here — I told him to send
it to the secretary of the State association. He didn't do that. He sent
it to Mr. Dadant, I mean the American Bee Journal when I say Mr.
Dadant. They had a right to do with it as they did, but it made a muss
and now let us clean that muss up. The expense part of it is past, as
far as I am concerned. I pocketed my part of it and the secretary did
likewise, and it is a thing of the past, but on the point that Mr. Dadant
just now raised, I think if we ever have any more meetings up there we
probably will state that the fee will be a dollar and a quarter, then we
will have the quarter for local expenses. We haven't solicited anybody
for any money at all. We would simply keep track of what we had spent,
and it is about equal between the secretary and myself, and so we said
"We will count that a dead horse and let it go at that." But if I could
see this one thousand people that have subscribed for the American Bee
Journal in this State, members of the State association, then I know
that we could get the Legislature to do something. There would be a
thousand people scattered all over this State, that wantfed to see the bee
business in the State on a basis where Mr. Kildow's would be brought,
and where we would all be brought, on a business basis. A gentleman
who was talking to me this morning — and he is here now— told me he
had American foul brood in two of his apiaries, because there was a
fellow in between the two that had old box hives that had the American
foul brood. He thinks it came from there.

In my short experience with bees I know I have lost five hundred
dollars from American foul brood; first because I didn't know I had it,
and second becauSe I didn't know how to take care of it, and third by
probable neglect, but I have got it pretty near controlled, I think, and I
believe if I had every one of these thousand people behind me we could
get the State to pass an appropriation, enough to pay Mr. Kildow, if he
wanted it, a salary that would pay him to go out all over the State and
educate the people. That is what wc need.

30 XIXETEENTII ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE

Mil. Dadant. — What are yonr conclusions in regard to the fee?

Mr. Williams. — I wouldn't want to raise it from one dollar for
just one association, bnt if you are going to take in two, let tliem pay it.
I wouldn't say make a membership for two associations for a dollar —
•split the difference, make it a dollar and. a quarter. I don't think you
Avill get as many members, you might.

Secretary Stone. — Mr. Chairman, Mr. Williams spoke of their
fee being a dollar and a quarter. That wouldn't make you a member of
our association, if we change our fee.

Mr. Willia:\[s. — Therefore I am not in favor of changing it.

Mr. Stone. — Some other gentleman spoke about making it a dollar
and a half and including the American Bee Journal. Tlic motion that
I made to amend the motion that liad l)ecn made, you can put it a
dollar and a half if you want to, and it would include the American Bee
Journal or Gleanings. Some might want one and some might want the
other. Some around Chicago might take both, because thev are in the
Chicago-Xorthwestern and also in this one. But if you accept my propo-
sition, the executive committee can say, the fee shall be a dollar and a
half, which includes the American Bee Journal or (rleanings, and two
dollars if you want them both. Put it that way if you want, but leave
the by-laws a dollar, and if he doesn't want any paper it will be a dollar.
AVe only had one man of that kind, though, last year. Sometimes we
ha\e four or five.

Mr. Stewart. — Any man that won't pay for his own bee journal
doesn't amount to a "darn," anyway, as a beekeeper.

The President. — There mio:ht be a little truth in that. Xow, the
motion before us is the one that laid over for a year, that tlie fee be
raised to a doWar and ahalf. Mr. Stone moved to amend it, that it re-
main as a dollar, Init there was no second to his motion, so if there is no
further discussion wo will vote on the one to a dollar and a half, and if
you do not want to raise it to one dollar and a half, vote against it.

Mr. Bexdei!. — Air. President, I think we ought to remember that
increased prices do not always mean increased profits. We may lose
enough m(>inber.< to moi-e than offset the gain in fees. I think about the
only thing is to let each member vote for himself.

TiEE PREsini:NT. — The question we will vote on is the resolution
that was laid over a Aoar aao: shall we raise the fees to a dollar and a
half?

Voices. — Xo.

The Prestdext. — That means amend the by-hfws to make it a
dollar and a half. All in favor of the resolution raising the fees to one
dollar and a half will please stand. Count them, Mr. Secretary.

Secretary Stone. — Eleven.

The President. — Those not in favor of the resolution, stand.

(Mr. Williams and Mr. Stone voted no.)

ILLINOIS STATE J5EEKKErERS' ASSOCIATION, '-i 31

Me. Kildow. — Mr. President, this is all done, but why not change
the constitution if Ave can better it?

Mr. Stoxe. — Mr. President, I don't see any use of changing any-
thing when you can make iiDetter without changing it.

Mr. Dadaxt. — Mr. Chairman, I just want to ask a question. Is
that expected to include one of the magazines ?

TitE President. — ^That includes some one of the ^magazines pub-
lished in the United States.

Mr. Dadant. — That is what I wanted to make clear.

The President. — It does not mean the journal, or Gleanings, or
the Domestic Beekeeper. It means whatever the man may wish.

Mr. Kildow. — We have only made arrangements to furnish two.

Secretary Stone. — Mr. President, that leaves it just one dollar
and a half, and when we send out these circulars I spoke of, that is all
there is to it. If they want another bee journal, they can send off and
get it.

The PitEsiDENT. — The executive committee can start making
arrangements. The thing is to have the man take a bee journal whether
he wants it or not.

Secretary Stone. — That is all right. I am with the majority.

The President. — Are there any questions in the question box?

Mr. Bender. — There is just one so far.* I am ready to receive
questions. -*

Mr. Kildow. — Let us have a recess for a few minutes and give
them a chance to collect the questions. ■ ,

The President. — You will take a recess for a few minutes, and
pay your dues.

(Whereupon a recess of ten minutes was taken.)

The President. — ^Let us come to order. Mr. Bender, will you
read the first question? ;

Mr. Bender. — Question: How can we increase the attendance at
the Illinois meeting?

The President. — The question is, how can we increase the at-
tendance at the Illinois State Beekeepers' Meeting?

Mr. Dadant. — I asked that question, and my reason for asking it
is that our attendance is always smaller than that of the neighboring
states except Indiana, perhaps, but in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota
they have a larger attendance than we have, and yet Illinois is certainly
a good State for bees, so it seems to me there ought to be some way of
increasing the attendance. We have a good many members, four hun-
dred and sixty I understand from the report. One-half of that number,
one-fourth, or even one-fifth (eighty) would make a very nice attend-
ance, but we have twenty-four here just now. We probably will get up
to thirty, and that will be the limit. It seems to me there ought to be

22 XIXETEKNTU AXXUAL HEPOKT OF THE

some active stops taken to wake up interest in the State association. I
believe it can be done.

Secretaky Stoxe. — Mr. President, I believe I can explain that
better than anybody (laughter). There are not three states in the
United States,*^ believe, that publish their annual report. The members
will say, "I do not need to go to the meeting when I get it all in the
annual report. I will just send in my fee." You have got to stop pub-
lishing your proceedings if you get them to the meeting.

Mrs. King. — Mr. President, I am not a member, but I can get a
great deal more out ol' being here than T can by merely reading the
report. , ^

Mr. STEWART.-i— You can got them here by making Iioney produc-
tion more profitable, then they will come.

The Presidext.— Possibly reading the report has something to do
with it, but the greater number of ])eekeepers in the State of Illinois
are in the northern part of the State. It is a little hard for them to<iget
here. Personally, I believe if this meeting was held in the neighborhood
of Peoria we would probably have a greater attendance. I have felt so
for some time, but it is like some of our by-laws, our charter states the
annual meeting must bo held in Springfield, and possibly it might be
all right to hold a meeting here to elect the officers and have their papers
read somewhere else at another time. I think we would create greater
enthusiasm. We haven't as many here as we had at the Illinois Eiver
Valley Association meeting in Pekin. They held it at the court house
and the room was full. , .

Mr. Kix'g. — 1 have talked to some and asked them to come. 'I^hey
think because it is at the Leland Hotel they have got to stay there all the
time. That seems to be the drawback.

The Presidext. — I don't believe that keeps them away, because we
held it at the State House and the attendance was not as large as it
should have been.

Mr. Stoxe. — It is on the European plan, they don't have to cat
here.

Mrs. AYiTirRow.— If you would serve refreshments I think • you
would have a bigger crowd. (Laughter.)

Mr. Tyler. — I thiijk that suggestion is good, because we had a
little meeting at my place the third of June, and I told them — I guess it
was in some of the bee journals — everybody come and bring your basket
and erijoy a good time. It was under the auspices of the Home Bureau
and bees were to be the subject, that is the way it was announced, and
while it was almost impossible to get around with a car early in the
morning, by noon it cleared aff and over one hundred came and brought
their dinners, and we had a nice time, although Brother Baxter didn't
get there. I

ILLIJn"0]S state BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION'. 33

The PiiEsiDENT. — ]S'o, I didn't, on account of being busy with some
work in the service at that time. Is there any other question ?

Reverend Morpiiis.— I have been a member of the Poultry Asso-
ciation in eyery county where I have lived, for a good many years, and .
they have feen holding the State meeting always at Springfield, and they
didn't have it in the Leland Hotel or in the State House, they have it
in the Coliseum, and the most poorly attended meeting of the whole
State is the State Poultry Association. All the county associations have
greater attendances than the State meeting, so they concluded it was
Springfield, and they moved it around, then, for awhile, but it seemed
that there was no town that would afl:ect it. This State meeting was
in -the hands of a few men and these local meetings supplied the wants
of those interested in the poultry business. Of course, I don't know
anything about bees, only to keep away from them (laughter), look out
for them, but I have been greatly interested in the last few months in
reading on the subject that you are here to discuss. I have become
enthusiastic, in my reading, concerning the life of the bee and the work
of the bee, and, honestly, I have come to admire the men who are
engaged in this business. I think we would have lost out altogether, and
that there would have been no such thing as honey — except as some
fellow would happen to say it in words, you know, talking to somebody
else — but, as a matter of fact, the sAveetness that God has put here in the
world would have been gone if it had not been for these men who take an
interest in the life of the bee and try to understand its nature, and
undertake to take care of it. When Mr. Stone _asked me to come to this-
meeting, I didriJt know of course that I was interested at all, but I was-
glad of the oj)portunity and the privilege, and I am glad to be here:.
While we know that numbers lend enthusiasm, we also know, that that:
is about all it does lend. A few men have got to attend to this business,,
a few people keep bees alive, and a few persons have got to furnish all
the honey in the world, and the thing to do is to stick to their job,
whether it is Springfield, Peoria, Chicago, or wherever it may be, but I
do not believe in moving around very much, and I make that statement
based on my own experience in the poultry business.
^ J Mr. Williams. — Mr. Chairman, I have thought for several years-
for the industry at large the thing to do would be to hold some meetings
similar to what we have been holding up there, directed by the State
association. Xow, you said a while ago in your talk that there wasn't
any money available that yoii could use for those things. It ought to be
fixed so we could have some money, so we could send a man out in some
part of the State this month. Let it be advertised locally. You would
be surprised to see how much you can do with the local newspapers.
You can do more good in that way than through all these notices that
you send out to these members. Every member here is watching for
the notice in the bee journal, and when the association meets he wants

2+ XIXETEEXTir AXNL'AL ]fEPORT OV THE

to attend, but we want to reach the fellow that doesn't get these things, it
is on him that our ultimate success depends, so I believe it would be a
good plan to hold six or seven of those meetings, or ten or twenty of
them in a year, in different parts of the State, nnder the auspices of
Ihe State association. May I ask a question?

The Peeshiext. — Yes. i

Mr. Wileiams. — How many here ]'eceived a letter from one of the
regents of the Illinois State University this year, any of you?

The PiJEsiDENT. — Anything regarding the establishing of the bee
industry?

. Mr. Wielia:ms. — Yes. j

The Presidext. — I did not.

Mr. AVjlliajls. — I got a letter and was asked to reply to it. It was
along the line of establishing a course over there, in bee culture. I think
there is a move on foot at the University to establish instruction in bee
culture.

The Presidext. — I am glad to hear that. Aie there any more
questions ?

Mr. Bexdei.'.— Question : Can a virgin queen be introduced suc-
cessfully to a laying worker colony?

Mr. Tyler. — I can answer that._ It is a proposition, but it can be
done, and the way to do is to remove.' the old stand, put a new stand in
its place, and il' you have a frame or two of hatching brood, put them
in this colony, the field bees will come to that. The laying worker will
be in a hive oH' by herself and A^ill soon not have any bees.

Mr. Kixg. — It can be done by shaking the bees out quite a little
distance from the hive, it seems as though a laying worker will not
sliOAv up any more.

Mr. Bishop. — I have ti'ied tliat now for the last three years, ex-
])erimenting a little, and I find the-'-only way I can have any success is
to have some queens or be working in the yard when you know you have
got a colony of that kind in the yard, and while working find a queen
just emerging from the cell and take her to the hive that has got the
laying worker, introduce a little snioke at the entrance and put the queen
<^racrged from the cell, not yet five minutes old, put her at the entrance
nnd let her crawl in. Give them a few puffs of smoke and go away and
leave them alone. I get them to stick that way every time, but if the
queen is an hour or two old I don't believe you can make it.. But, just
after the queen emerges from the cell I have had excellent success, if I
happen to have a colony of that kind in the yard, I take a new queen
and run her in and hardly ever lose any, but if they are any age they
won't accept them. That has been my experience. Whenever you are
working with the cells you frequently find queens just emerging from
the cell. Whenever you do and you happen to think you have a colony

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEERERS' ASSOCIATION. 25

of that kind in the yard, that is the time to go 'and attend to it. It is
ven^ Qasily done.

Mr. Stoxe.^ — I liavc liad them hatch out in my pocket while I was
carrying tliem around, but that, doesn't happen more than once in a life-
time. -

Mil. LowRY. — I would like to ask Mr. King if he doesn't have to
take those bees one hundred yards away from the old hive.

Mr. King. — Three feet. They crajvl back, and it is all right.

Mr. Bender. — I think it is hardly ever good policy to introduce a
virgin queen at all. A laying worker colony is composed of old bees,
and by the time the queen gets mated and hatches out bees, there is no
one to take care of them. If the colony happens to be strong, sometimes
"Vou can give them a laying queen, but I don't think it best to introduce
a virgin queen.

Mr. Bisiior. — I will admit myself it is not very good policy in a
way, and it isn't a very good paying proposition to undertake to do tho^e
tilings, but if Ave didn't experiment a little we would always be in the
dark. So it pays to experiment on those things a little and learn what
we can, and of course we know little enough at best. It enlightens a
person quite a bit more when they are handling them in that wa}^

Mr. Lowry. — I wQuld like to ask what the objections would be to
shaking them, as Mr. King suggested, and giving them a frame or two
of a brood, and utilize what bees there are.

Mr. Kildow. — You won't have a weak colony, but one .thing about
it is they don't pay.

The President. — Proceed' with the next question.

Mr. Bender. — Question : Is there any difference in the amount of
honey produced between a one-year old queen and a two-year old queen?

The President. — Who cares to answer that?

Mr. Bender. — I really can't see among my bees that there is any
difference, if the queens are both good. I would nearly as soon have the
two-year queen as the one year, except that the one-year queen will last
a year longer, but after they are two years old the queens begin to be a
little doubtful.

Mr. Stewart. — A queen is never better than the next year after
hatched.

Mr. Dadant. — The only difference I could see would be in the pro-
lificness of the queen. I think the queen between her first and second
year is more prolific, it is better established than during the first year
of her existence, but when you speak of a year old or two years, if you
mean after one year or after two years, I would probably select the after
one year. I have heard people say we should change queens every year.
We have never done it, and I do not believe in it. I believe our queens
are just as good until they are two years old, as they are until they are
one year old.

1
.•i

f-

2G XINETEEXTJI ANNUAL KEPOllT OF THE

The President. — Any other question?

Mr. Bender. — I have «:ot one here if I can read it. It is dim.

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, I will tell you what it is. What is the
dark substance that gathers at the bottom of the beeswax that you have
extracted from the capping? It looks like chalk.

Mr. Dadant. — A dark substance?

Mr. Stone. — Yes. it looks like chalk.

Mr. Dadaxt. — I believe I can explain that. Mr. Chesire used to
believe that the ca])ping of the cell was pur^' beeswax. Mr. Chesire gave
in his book a cut, magnifying the cut capping, and he showed that there
were sticks of wood — of course, they are not stovewood size, sticks of
wood, and quite a few foreign matter that the bees appear to get into the
cappings when they put them on, so that they are far from perfect, but
I believe the chocolate colored matter is simply propolis, most of it is
that color and if it is heavier than beeswax it goes to the bottom. Wo
all know what we call travel stains on the combs is mainly propolis that
the bees add to the cappings wherever they can fasten them to something.
I believe that is what our secretary rei'ers to.

Mr. Ston]-:. — They do not have the nature of propolis, they have
no sticky substance.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. President, I will add something to that. Pro-
polis can be perfectly dissolved into beeswax, although many people
don't believe it. They believe it is all waste. I think there is a certain
portion of projxilis which will dissolve into beeswax, the part that is
clear when it melts, but in the propolis there are substances which can-
not make. beeswax. Another thing our secretary says it is grainy. I
want to warn every one of you that you will very often at the bottom of
the cakes of beeswax find a grainy substance which some people say is
pollen. In many cases it is pure beeswax which has been damaged by
the rendering, that is, it has been heated by the steaming and made into
a sort of dust, just like corn meal, and if a man overboils his wax, it
will all be a foamy, whitish-grayish substance that doesn't stick together.
We have received beeswax that was so much damaged that no one h«t an
expert could tell that it was beeswax, and it contained water to such
an extent that if you pressed the cake you pressed water out of it. That
cake would remain on the shelf for a year before it would evaporate
sufficiently so that you could not at some time press water out of it.
Perhaps some of that is at the bottom of the case, and that of course
would not be dark unless the wax was dark. •

Mrs. Ktldow. — With a certain amount of heat, will not beeswax
granulate?

Mr. Dadant. — No, not with heat. It isn't the heat, it is the steam
that Avill do it. The hotter the wax is, the clearer it is.

The President. — Have you any more questions?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKKEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 27

Mr. Bender. — Some fellow wants to know what we use for strain-
in sr extracted honev.

The President. — What to nse for a strainer?

Mr. Bender. — I suppose that is what lie means. He says, "What
do you use for straining extracted honey ?"

The President. — What do you use ?

Mr. Bender. — I^ don't use anything. I never strain it at all, simply
put it in tlic tank aild let it settle, all the impurities come to the top
and then I skim thejn off.

Mr. Kildow^I use a double mosquito bar, let the honey settle and
the sediment revise, and then I draw it off.

The Preshjent. — Personally, I use the Alexander strainer. That
is a strainer made. like a pail, and I set it at the top of the can. I have
two of them. If one of them becomes clogged I take that one out and
put in the other.

A Mejmber.— Don't you find that a good deal of sediment goes
through that strainer?

The President. — Xo, I never skim the honey, and I never have
anything to throw away.

Mr. Bishop. — I run this honey from the extractor through a cop-
per wire netting about like fly netting, then in my settling tanks I have
a frame made and I have about a half an inch mesh of galvanized netting
which I fix in the shape of a basin, like that (indicating), which fits into
a frame, then I spread a fine cheesecloth down into that netting, like
that (illustrating), and then I pour the honey into that cloth and let
it go through it and filter down below, and I do not touch that cloth. It
catches everything and filters through with its own weight, then I do not
have much in the settling tank to raise on the top of the honey, for it is
usually pretty clear, but I am careful not to touch the cloth or open it
to let any sedimentation through at all, and it will finally percolate
through and the fine cloth will catch everything visible to the naked eye.

Mr. Stone. — Do you heat it?

Mr. Bishop. — ISTo, sir.

Mr. Stone. — If honey is heated to a certain temperature it will
not candy very readily.

The President. — I have tried using the cloth, also I have tried
having one can fit within the other, with a strainer. You fill the inner
can, and by gravity it would rise in the outside can. A man in Wisconsin
uses that method. But with our honey like we had this fall, it won't
work fast enough. But I have never had any trouble with the Alexander
honey pail.

A Member. — How large was the inner can that 5^ou used?

The President. — The big can was forty-eight inches across and
the other can was two feet.

J

.V8 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

Ml!. Wi'jjHKow. — Mr. Pi-esideiit, when I was in the Fair Ground I
used an Alexander strainer. ''J'liat is all right on a small scale, but it
does not work fast enough to suit me. They get clogged up out there
eN'ery day. I like the cheesecloth, for when it clogs up you can take it
()(f and put on another, and you can boil it out and use the honey water
for feeding.

Till': rj;i-;sn)i:.\T. — The onlv criticism I might have had of vour
extracting out there Avas the fact tluit you ha.d more broken pieces of
comb and capping in your extractor than I did, consequenTly your
Alexander strainer clogged up quickei'.

Mi;. Stoni:. — You cut deeper in taking the cappings off.

Mu. Bkxdkk. — I would like to know about what the average per cent
of loss of colonics is that are wintered outdoors in this part of the State.

Mu. KiLDOAV. — it is ])retty hard to tell.

]\i]{. Bi;xDi:i;. — 1 want the averaue, as near as a'Ou can give it. I
Avill change the question a little. Supposing each one of you had one
luindred colonies to winter outdoors, how many would you expect to have
in the spring, Avhat Avould you expect as the average loss out of that one
hundred colonies?

.Mii. Bj.^iior. — ^Ir. Piesident. 1 winter most of my bees out of doors,
and that is a pretty liard ])roposition to get at. In a good many years
since I lune kept bees I have wintered one hundred colonies out of doors,
then I have lost as nmch as -10 per cent. Weather conditions control
the bigger part of it. When you once get them ready to winter in pretty
good shape, AveatJier conditions control it very largely. I have lost as
high as 40 ])er eeiit in some years, and on the other hand I have gone
through the winter several times 100 per cent and at other times v.'itli
maybe 1 to -'5 or 5 per cent loss. It is variable.

Mi;. WiLLiA]\rs.— To help answer that question, I saw a farmers'
bulletin, issued by Dr. Phillips, I think he was the author, right along
this line Mr. P)ender has talked on. Some farmers would come in and
say, 'T didn't lose a colony of bees. I wintered 100 per cent." He says
that isn't the question. It is not a question of how many colonies of bees
you wintered, but how many bees you had in the colony in the spring.
You may have lost 50 per cent of your bees and don't know it. I think
it is not the iiumber, but the condition they are in when you get through,
that counts.

Mr. StonI'. — I can testify to that. Last year my bees went through,
only losing about 1 per cent, but when summer came, I had lost about
■^0 per cent-. They went through the Avinter, but they were too light.

Mr. KiLDOAV. — Tliis next spring you may have a different song to
sinsr.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION'. 29

The Presiden't. — Has anyone else anything to add to this ques-
-tion? If not, we will adjourn for dinner. We will adjourn to meet at
half-past one promptly.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned to meet at 1 :30 p. m.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The PjU'Sidhxt. — Gentlemen, will you come to order? We would
be pleased to hear the report of the State Inspector ol: Apiaries, Mr.
A. L. Kildow.

Mr. Kildow. — That will be rather short. I am g()iii«' to answer
questions afterward, I Avill give you a little outline of it, give the
iinancial part and let it go. We shall all get it in the report of the'
meetino-. You all know that last vear was a rather bad time for our
inspection work, on account of the high cost of everything else and the
little money that we had to do Avith. Our expenses ran u]), but our
appropriation didn't increase a particle, so that handicapped us in
getting around and doing what we wanted to do, but ii) spite of it all we
did the best we could and got over quite a little ground, inspecting quiVc'
a good many bees. I found, in going over the State last spring, that the'
bees came out in very good sha])e, probably the best they have for several;
years, but you may all know that for some reason or other our clover-
didn't yield, and finally before the clover did take a start the atmospheric,
conditions wore altogether wrong, and there were quite a number of'
bees throughout the State died of starvation. On account of not having
deputies, it was rather slow work, because we couldn't get a deputy to
go out for the amount of money the State allowed. The common day
laborer with a shovel or nothing at all to work with could get as much
or more money than the State allowed us per diem. Of course, the-
expenses were paid, but othei'wise I couldn't get them, and I only had
about three deputies that I could rely upon to do anything at all, so I anv
going to give you just a little resume of what has been done.

In srdJmPtting this report I wish to make mention of (-(uiditions as
I have found them.

In starting this spring we Avei'e handicapped by the general wage
being higher than the law allowed us, making it hard to secure the
deputies to work, yet we succeeded in examining 1,037 more colonies
than in 1918 but fell short 34 apiaries.

Last jcnr 195 apiaries were found to be diseased, this year 127
were found diseased, showing a marked decrease in number of diseased
apiaries.

Taking the State as a whole about half a crop of honey was se-
cured. The clover belt of the State had bloom enough but weather

30

NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

A. K KILDOW.
State Inspector of Apiaries.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

31

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o'i XlXJiTEEXTlI ANNUAL KEPOllT OF THE

conditions seemed to be unfavorable; as bees in general were in good
condition to store honey.

The late suninier rains put the fall flowers in condition so that prac-
tically all colonies have an abundance of stores and bees for winter. The
late warm rains have brought on a good growth of clover and unless some
unforseen thing should injure the clover next year Illinois should have
a bumper crop. " ^^ , ,

In regard to field meets. It seems to be impossible to get the
beekeepers to attend. All seem to be afraid it will cost them something ;
or that they will have something to do.

Only two meetings were held this year. One at San Jose and IJoek-
ford.

About :30() diseased combs were destroyed for one man thot Avas
unable to care for them.

I succeeded in examining 10,488 colonies, and we found about
sixty-four apiaries less than we found last year, diseased. Our expense
was almost identical with last year, with the exception of, I think, about
fourteen dollars. We find by going over the State, tliat the diseased bees
seem to be diminishing to a very noticeable extent, and while we find
some new localities that arg diesased, yet the old ones are cleaning up
to a very fair extent. • Of course, as we talk with parties, give them
literature, they are able to take care of themselves, that is, when they
find disease appearing they clean up- and we do not hear anything more
from them, so I think on the whole that we are getting along very well
with the money we have got to expend, because we have not got enough
to keep a man out on the road or do anything, we merely have enough
money to exist, to keep this thing up. We ought to have enough to put
a man in the field and fjive him wa^'cs enouijh so that he can work at
the job. So I woidd rather you wovdd ask me questions as to what is in
your mind, that you want to hear.

The Pisesidkxt. — Plas anyone any questions to ask Mr. Kildow?
Don't be a bit backward about asking.

Mr. Kildow. — ISTo, for whatever is in your mind, that is the thing
we want to talk about.

Ml^. Stone. — What part of the State, Mr. Kildow, is most affected
yet?

Ml!. Kildow. — It is pretty hard to tell just exactly. Of course, we
find more disease in the north half of the State because there is where
the big hulk of the bees are, and that is where we find most disease.

Mr. AVilliams. — Have you a table of the counties in which you
found it?

Mr. Kildow. — Kot in my report. Along through Morgan County,
in the center of the State and in that section appears to be most of the
European foul brood, and I think that is due to the fact that the bee-
keepers there are more or less farmer beekeepers, keeping only a few

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 33

colonies of, dark bees, and the European foul brood seems to hang in
that locality.

The President. — Would you say that foul brood is on the increase
or on the decrease?

Mu. KiLDOAv. — It is on the decrease from what we have seen.

TirE President. — Have you gone over the territory that you have
inspected, the second or the third time.

Mr. Kildow. — Many of the places we have gone over the second
time, and some places we have gone over even the third time.

Mr. Dadant. — ^Yho are the deputies that have done work?

Mr. Kildow. — Mr. Heinzel, and Mr. Bender is on the east side,
and a ChicaVo deputy, and that is practically all the deputies I had to
work with lasr-year.

The President. — What was the name of the Chicago man?
• Mr. Kildow. — Mr. E. W. Finch, of Chicago.

The President. — Couldn't you have more deputies, wore they not
certified to you?

Mr. Kildoav. — They Avere certified, but I couldn't get them to-
gether. ^

The President. — On account of the salary ?

Mr. Kildoav. — On account of the pay. They can get more money
by staying at home, you knoAv. I used, I think, forty dollars of my
expense money iast year, and I had to be careful not to run over that,
because they gave me strict orders not to run over my allotment for that
certain thing. I used as much as I dared, and when I got all the reports
in I only had about forty-seven doHars to go on. I had plenty per diem
funds, but I couldn't use that. The two funds must be kept separate
and distinct.

The President. — He had a certain amount of money for per diem
and a certain amount for expenses, and the expense money AA-as eaten
up before the per diem. It AA'as all right at one time, AA'hen the cost of
living Avas much less, and Avith the old railroad fares, it Avas about
equally balanced then, but now it is not.

Mr. Stone. — Won't they alloAV you, at the end of the year AA^hen
one fund is not exhausted, to take out of that for the other? They
alloAA'ed us to do it.

Mr. Kildoaa". — Xo, we are not allowed to do that.

The President. — They allowed us to do it only after a considerable
amount of juggling.

Mr. Gill. — Is it possible to get any increase in the appropriation?

Mr. Kildoav. — ISTot until the next Legislature meets.

Mr. Gill. — Next year ?

The President. — Two years. The appropriation for the inspection
of the apiaries comes under the Department of Agriculture. They ask

— 3 B A

34 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

for that appropriation in their budget and of course the thing for us to
do is to bear down pretty hard on the Director of the Department of
Agriculture, Mr. Adkins.

Mr. Lowry. — I would like to ask if wild bees are not a prolific
source of foul brood?

Mr. Kildow. — No, I don't think there is as much danger from wild
bees as there is among the wild men that have the bees. If we had
nothing more to contend with than wild bees and timber, we would be
all right.

Mr. Lowry. — Aren't they generally the black bees, where the foul
brood is found?

Mr,^ Kildow. — Certainly, but not altogether. Our trouble comes
all from the shiftlessness of the man.

Mr. Loavry. — Has your experience been that in the s^outhern part
of the State there are fewer good beekeepers?

Mr. Kildo^v. — Yes, because in the part of the State there are not
many beekeepers doing business on a commercial basis, that is in the
south half of the State.

Mr. Lowry. — There are a great many wild bees there, that is the
reason I asked that question.

Mr. Dadant. — I might make a remark in regard to wild bee-
keepers that may not be very wild in disposition, but they are careless.
1 was deputy inspector only once, and as such deputy inspector I was
requested by ]\Ir. Kildow to go down in Perry County, where I found
an apiary of eight colonies:' I met the owner and talked to him, and we
became very friendly. He had eight colonies, and the hives were so
rotten that I wondered how the frames stood, because the hives fell
apart whenever I touched the bottom of the box, the wood yielded. It
was held together by propolis. I made sure that they looked thrifty
and healthy, but I didn't open them very much, because I couldn't put
them together again. That is an instance of what one has to meet in
inspection work.

The President. — Mr. Bender, have you anything to say? You
arc one of the deputies.

Mr. Bender. — I might tell .you about a fellow down south here,
of Mattoon. Mr, Kildow sent me clown there on purpose to see that
man. He said lie had disease among his bees, but everything was clean
when he wrote the letter. He did not have any neighbors very close,
that had bees, but he wanted me to get out in the timber and hunt up
the beetrees and cut them down and treat the bees in the woods, and I
told him I would have to come back some time when I had more time.
(Laughter.) /

The President. — The next on' our program is a paper, by Mr.
Frank Pellett, of Hamilton, Illinois, and I understand Mr. Dadant has
liis paper.

f:

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 35

Mr. Dadant. — Do you wish me to read it?
The President. — Yes, I wish vou to read it.

Bees and Grapes.
(By Frank C. Fellett.)

Of the disagreements between fruit growers and beekeepers, prob-
ably those growing out of the tendency of the bees to suck the juice
from cracked grapes liave been most serious. Many unfortunate misun-
derstandings have resulted from such circumstances, though the injury
was as great to the beekeeper as to the fruit grower in many cases.

This condition arises from a combination of circumstances which
does not often occur in the average locality. In the first place, the bees
do not seek the grapes where there is plenty of nectar in the field and
besides they are unable to reach the juice unless the grape has first
cracked open through unfavorable weather conditions or has been in-
jured by birds, wasps ot"/ other agency. Grape growers, seeing tlie bees
at work in the vineyards have often accused the bees of injury to the
fruit. The fact of the matter is that the bee is unable to puncture a
sound fruit and only sucks the juice from such fruits as liave alread}''
been broken open and are already damaged.

Wet weather often causes ripening grapes to crack open to such an
extent that they would be of little value, even though no insect touched
them thereafter. In dry weather, also, birds sometimes pierce the skins,
apparently in search of moisture from lack of an availahle water supply.
Some authorities say that, at such times, a liberal supply of water in
open vessels near the vineyard will stop the injury from the birds. The
English sparrow is accused of injury to grapes to a larger extent than
most birds.

GRAPE berry MOTH.

The grape berry moth infests a great many grapes in some locali-
ties. In fact, entomologists state that in some localities as high as 50
per cent of the crop is injured by this insect alone. The fact that the
honeybee sucks the juice from the berries which have already been
opened by wet weather, grape berry moths, or otlier causes, does not
greatly injure the grape grower, for such fruit is of little value.

The writer has visited the raisin districts of southern California
and discussed this condition with the raisin growers. The accompanying
picture shows a bunch of raisin grapes that have been sucked dry by
the bees. In that locality rains are very frequent when the raisins are
being dried. They are spread out in thin layers in crates and the crates
left in the sun or placed one above another in piles, till fully dry.
Previous to the writer's visit there had been an unexpected rain and
some raisins were allowed to get wet. As a result they cracked open

36

XIKETEEXTII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

and there being, just then, no available nectar for the bees, they swarmed
over the raisins and sucked them dry as shown in the picture. The
grower admitted, however, that the raisins had been so badly damaged
by the rain as to be of little value.

FRUIT JUICE INJURIOUS.

The thing which grape growers do not seem to understand, is that
it is unfortunate, indeed, for the beekeeper in northern regions, whose
bees fill their hives with this grape juice. In the north there are long
periods during winter months when the bees are unable to leave the hive.
Since the bee is only al)le to void her excrements while on the wing, there
is a large accumulation of feces during such long confinement. If the
bees have only the best white honev for food, the tax is severe at best.

Raisin grapes that have been sucked dry by the bees.

When they have fruit juice, hone.y-dew or other food containing a large
amount of Avaste matter, the intestines become so distended that the
bees die for lack of opportunity of a cleansing flight.

Grape growers will in many cases be surprised to learn that thou-
sands of bees die from having filled their combs with fruit juice instead

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 37

of honey. 01' course, the wide-awake beekeeper will remove this material
from the hive and give them good hone}' or sugar syrup instead, if it is
possible to do so. This, however, involves a large amount of labor and
the gathering of the juice from the grapes instead of being an advantage
to the beekeeper, is a serious inconvenience to him. In southern Cali-
fornia, Avhere there is no winter confinement, there is no particular
injury to the bees, other than sj)oiling the grade of any honey with
which it may happen to be -mixed.

The late Charles Dadant, who was one of the most widely known
beekeepers of the past genei-ation, on one occasion had a difficulty with
some growers who could not be made to understand tliat he was not
getting rich at the expense of hiis neighbors, when his bees were attracted
to their grapes. He decided that the only way to convince them that the
interests of the beekeeper and the grape grower were mutual, was to
grow th largest acreage of grapes in the neighborhood. This he pro-
ceeded to do, and after he became the largest grower of grapes in his
community there was no longer any criticism, for they could readily see
that he had too much at stake in his grapes to permit liim to be pre-
judiced in favor of the bees.

That bees are valuable in securing the fertilization of the blossoms
of some varieties of grapes, there is little question. In southern Cali-
fornia, I heard the story of a case where there Avas a violent disagreement
Ijctween the grape growers and beekeepers, the growers accusing the
bees of destroying their crops. As a result an ordinance Avas passed
requiring that no bees be kept Avithin a certain distance of the vineyards.
It Avas not many months after the bees had been moved aAvay until the
grape groAvers realized their mistake and asked for the repeal of the
ordinance and in addition offered to pay the expenses of the beekeepers
if they Avould come back. It Avas impossible to verify the truth of this
story, but even if untrue, it illustrates very Avell the importance of the
bees in securing a full set of fruit at the blooming period. Fortunately
beekeepers and fruit growers are coming to a better understanding with
a groAving tendenc}^ to Avork out mutual problems together.

The President. — The paper is noAV open for discussion.

Me. Kildoav. — I think it has become generally knoAvn to bee-
keepers that bees do not hurt grapes. Somebody outside Avill sometimes
saA' that the}' do, but he doesn't knoAV what he is talking aboiit.

Mr. Dadaxt. — There is a matter connected with this that perhaps
some beekeepers did not think of, I think it has been mentioned at the
meeting of this convention in former years. In the year mentioned,
when my father had a difficulty Avith the grape growers, one of the grape
growers took me to task personally and said he kncAv exactly how the
bees went at it, that they ahvays make two holes in the berry, one hole
above the other. He and I Avent to the vineyard, and sure enough it was
so, but I suggested it Avas the two points of the beak of the bird, and it

oH NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

made him so augry he wouldn't talk to me for quite a while after. It
was so plain. The holes were all on one side of the bush, and every
berry had two holes about one-eighth of an inch apart. Evidently when
the bird was tired of eating or perhaps thirsty, as stated in that paper,
the bird — and 1 think quails are about as much to blame as any — would
peck at a bush and spoil it all in perhaps thirty seconds.

Mr. Kildoav. — He wasn't very well posted in regard to a bird's
mouth.

The President. — We have a gentleman with us today that possibly
most of you know. He may be a stranger to a few, but the house he
represents is no stranger to the average beekeeper, the A. I. Boot Com-
pany. We have with us today Mr. Gill, who represents his house in
Chicago. We will be pleased to hear from Mr. Gill.

Mr. Gill. — I am n&t much on talking. I want to assure you,.
however, that 1 enjoy being here. I am often so busy that it seems
impossible to run away to conventions, but I did find an opportunity
to get away last week to go to Madison, and I enjoy being here today.
We M-ant to be helpful. If there is anything that we can do at any
time to help beekeepers, we are always glad to do that. Thank you.

The President. — 1 assure you, Mr. Gill, we appreciate having
you here. We are quite familiar with the A. I. Eoot house, especially
Ernest, who generally makes our conventions. We haven't had him
with us for a couple of years. We are saving him for a future date.
Have you any questions in the question box, Mr. Bender?

Mr. Bender. — Yes, I have one : Is there any law prohibiting the
use of the frameless box hive or the old fashioned beegum?

Mr. KiLDOW. — Xot in Illinois.

The President. — There is no law in the State of Illinois pro-
hibiting the keeping of bees in a box hive.

Mr. Bender. — Here is another question : Can a swarm with a
virgin queen be put in with a swarm with a fertile queen, without
killing the bees?

The President. — Can you answer that, Mr. Dadant?

Mr. Dadant. — I will say, like Dr. Miller, I don't- know.

Mr. Stone. — I think it would result in killing one of the queens,
and loss of bees.

Mr. Kildow. — That would depend upon the condition of the honey
flow, and several other things. •

Mr. Stone. — They will not keep both queens. They will swarm
again or kill one of the queens.

Mr. Stewart. — ^That can be done unfailingly. Put a queen ex-
cluding honey board over your surplus. Put your virgin queen above
that. They will not hurt either one of them.

The President. — Would you have an entrance for the virgin
queen at the top? ;

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 39

Mr. Stewart. — No, I would put it up air-tight, so she couldn't
get out. I would put a surplus case on, put it on top of that.

The President. — How long would you leave the virgin queen up
there?

Mr. Stewart. — Two or three days, till they go down.

Mr. Stone. — "Wouldn't the queen stay up?

Mr. Stewart. — I don't care what becomes of the queen. I don't
care anything about that at all. You can get the queen down if you
will bore a three-quarters inch hole in your honey board, but most
queens will go through a -honey board if they want to ; virgin queens and
a good many of the fertile queens go through if they want to go through
bad enough. You can put a swarm with a virgin queen in, and not lose
any of the bees at all that way.

Mr. Dadant. — On that subject I would like to ask a question. Ts
the virgin queen's thorax smaller than that of a fertilized queen?

Mr. Stewart. — Get your scientific man to answer that.

Mr. Dadant. — The thorax has to be smaller to enable them to go
through. It is not the abdomen that keeps them from going througli,
it is the thorax.

Mr. Bender. — I have all kinds of experience with queen excluders,
and my experience has been that we hardly ever had a queen go through
one, unless it was an unusually small one, but I don't think a virgin
queen will go in oftener than a fertile queen.

The President. — If there is nothing further we will proceed with
the next.

Mr. Gill. — I would like to ask about box hives. Some states have
a law prohibiting their use, I know Michigan has a law prohibiting any-
one from keeping bees in box hives. I think such a law would be a good
thing to supply dealers. I wonder if our interests would not be mutual
on that,, and if anything has been done or is being done, if it ii^ possible
to do anything about that so that Illinois would get the benefit of that
law at some time in the future.

Mr. Bender. — There is one thing about it, the law says it shall be
the duty of every man keeping bees in the State of Illinois, to keep them
free from the disease known as foul brood, if they are in box hives.

Mr. Kildow. — Mr. President, we have worked a little on that line.
When we find a beekeeper with an old box hive, we tell him we can't
get in there to find out whether there is anything wrong or not, and
that the best thing for him to do is to get them out to see if they are all
right. The best thing for him to do is to get them in a movable comb,
so we can keep track of them in that way. We have stretched our
authority a little bit on that account. It has helped us, and we got
along very well.

A Member. — Have you had anyone transfer them?

Mr, Kildow. — ^Yes, several of them. You can't compel them to,,
but you can "pretty nearly."

-JO XIXETEEXTH AXXUAL REPOKT OF THE

t Mr. Dadaxt. — There are two questions to be considered there. It
is Jiot onl}^ the matter of forbidding people to keep box hives, com-
jK^ihng- them to transfer them, but we must also, if we are going to do
any good, compel them to have them in a movable frame hive and have
the comb stretched in the frames. I. would much rather examine a box
hive colony or a gum with a loose bottom board than to examine a
Langstroth hive in which the combs are built crosswavs in the frames.
If you have to transfer, it is easier to transfer from a box hive than it
is the other kind, and so it seems to me it is rather overdoing the thing
to demand that there Ije no box hives. We ought rather to demand
that the beekeeper becoine educated on tlie question of bees, then even
if he has box hives lie will make them in such a way that they can l)e
investigated.

Mi;. KiLDOw. — We try to show him the advantage it will be to
have him in that kind of hives.

Mil. Dadaxt. — What proportion of box hives is there, Mr. Kildow,
throughout the State of Illinois, in your opinion ?

Mr. Kildow. — Oh, a very small proportion.

]\Ifi. Dadaxt. — Ten per cent?

Mr. Kildow. — I don't believe it is that large.

Mr. Bexdlk. — I don't believe it would be more than 3 per cent.

Mr. Kildow. — The southern half of the State has a little more
than the northern part, but I don't believe it would be more than 10
])CY cent all told.

Mr. FiiEY. — How do you inspect to find the ants in the bees? Do
the ants bother the bees ?

Mr. Kildoav. — We do not inspect for ants; Ave find some, but t.hat
doesn't bother us.

Mr. Frea'. — Do you find anything that will kill the ants?

A ]\rEMBER. — Bees Avill if you give them a chance.

Mr. Frey. — Bees Avon't either, the only thing that Avill kill ants is
Paris Green, put it on the ground around the hive and it Avill kill the
ants.

The Presidex'tx — I have a paper here, from Professor F. Eric
Milieu, of Guelph, Canada. Mr. Millen could not be here, Avill someone
read the paper? Mr. Williams, Avill you read it?

Legislatiox vou the Coxtrol axd Eradicattox of Foul Brood.

(F, Eric Millen, Provincial Apiarist, 0. A. C, Cruelp'h, Ont.)
The question of the control and eradication of American and
European foul brood is vital to beekeeping. So far as reports show, Ave
must admit that in all the states of the Union AA-here foul brood exists,
it seems to be more prevalent today than it Avas a decade or more ago.
This may be more apparent than real, because in the past few years

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. , '4:1

there has been a great deal more apiary inspection and beekeeping ex-
tension work carried on, botli by the individual State authorities and the
i'ederal Go^■ernlnent, than was formerly the case. These increased
efforts haye been the means of educating thousands of beekeepers so
that the}' are able themselves to recognize the s^^mptoms of both foul
broods. Undoubtedly in former years many colonies which died from
the effects of foul brood, were thought to have died from natural causes.
So that while one cannot be absolutely sure that foul brood is on the
increase, yet apiary inspection figures go to show that in many localities
there are few bees today where many were formerly kept, anfl that
foul brood exists in localities formerly free from the disease. If then
both American and European foul brood is on the increase and the
figures seem to prove that this is the case, what is wrong? In the case
of other serious animal diseases, there are well defined laws which once
put into effect stamp out the outbreak soon after discovery.

With beekeeping, we must admit that until tlie pa«t few years, it
was more or less a side line, a somewhat uncertain pursuit, and conse-
quently did not receive the recognition due it from the government.
This neglect on the parfc of State and Federal authorities, has allowed
foul brood to become well established. Again, in the case of foul brood
legislation thei'e is no common law and action. Each state has its own
law and .'ts own method of carrying out the provisions of the law. The
foul bi'uori -egjslation of the past has been largely of the police type,
where many threats were made and constructive measures left in the
background. The tendency today seems to be swinging in the opposite
direction, and some of the more recent foul brood legislation tends
towards the broader educational line rather than the narrower and
sterner methods.

Experienced apiarv inspectors realize that there are certain
measures necessary in all foul brood legislation if the act is to be of
the utmost benefit and to accomplish its purpose.

A \ery important feature in connection with the execution of all
legislation, is the cooperation of the people concerned. This is true of
l)eekeepers and foul brood legislation, unless the beekeepers themselves
cooperate with the apiary inspectors, little lasting good work will be
done. The formation of live local and county beekeepers' associations
in cooperation with the apiary inspector, will aid materially in the
control and eradication of the foul broods from their territory. Unless
the beekeepers in any locality are really concerned about foul brood and
will cooperate, the inspector's services are a waste of time and money.

With the more serious diseases of the larger animals, the govern-
ment not only specifies the treatment, but qualified men are sent to
carry out that treatment.

The majority of beekeepers today do not understand the care and
thoroughness necessary in treating a colony of bees for American foul

NINETEKNTTT ANNUAL KEPOHT OF THE

P. ERIC MILIiEN,
I Provincial Apiarist, O.' A. C, Guelph, Ont.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 43

brood, and I do not believe we shall make very much headway in the
control of American foul brood, until all colonies found infected are
also treated by experienced men, and the disease infected material
thoroughly cared for by disinfection or destruction. 1 believe this
method has been successfully tried by Dr. E. D, Ball in Wisconsin.

Together with the actual treating of disease infected colonies, there
should be some measure in the law which will prohibit the importation
of bees and used supplies into the State, or the movement of bees and
used supplies inside the State, unless provided with a certificate from
the office of the apiary inspector. There is nothing more disheartening
to the inspector to find disease infected colonies or supplies moved into
a territory which has been cleaned, or into a territory previously free
from foul brood. It seems to be a wast-e of good money, unless a terri-
tory can be kept clean once the foul brood has been eradicated.

Unless there is a quarantine clause in the act, it is impossible to
make headway in the control or eradication of the disease.

There is probably more American foul brood spread by robbing in
the spring of the year than at any other time, or by other means. In
this case, it is a physical impossibility for inspectors to visit every
apiary where American foul brood exists, here is where the beekeepers
in the county can help in a very material way. If the colonies which
die or are much weakened by disease during the winter, can be so cared
for that there is no robbing, then the control and final eradication of
American foul brood is possible.

The present Iowa Foul Brood Law is good, so far as police powers
are concerned. These powers are delegated to the county attorney.
This makes it possible for the apiary inspector to go in as a friend and
adviser rather than a police agent, and this aids in securing the best
results. But I am convinced that the only way in which American
foul brood will be eliminated is by means of the cooperation of the
beekeepers in the county or affected area and then the aid of the apiary
inspector and assistants in actually treating the disease infected colonies.

To my mind, a foul brood act today should contain the following
clauses: (1) Power to inspect; (3) power to treat, with the beekeepers'
aid; (3) police powers delegated to the county attorney; (4) quaran-
tine measures for areas, counties or State; (5) no inspection unless
aided by local or county beekeepers' association; (6) elimination of
immovable frame hives.

An old saying and a true one says "The best way to help ourselves
is to help each other.'' I believe this is very true of the control and
final extermination of American foul brood.

Little has been said of European foul brood. In the northern
states, all experience seems to show that the control of European foul
brood is good beekeeping management.

44 ; XlNETEEXTir AXNLIAL liEPOKT OF THE

The beekeepers of ^'oi41i America are really fortunate when it is
considered that there is only one serious brood disease of bees, which
causes actual destruction once it appears. Others can be so controlled
that the loss is slight and the disease preventable by proper manage-
ment. There are few other branches of livestock so free from serious
disease. Let the beekeeper once get the true spirit of cooperation, then
with sane foul brood legislation. American foul brood would become a
rarity and beekeepers no longer dread its appearance.

The President. — This paper is open for discussion.

Mr. Wtlliaims.- — There is one clause in there that I noticed particu-
larly in reading the paper, and I noticed the Doctor looked up, too. It
says, the way to prevent this is to help each other; the way to make a
thing successful is to help each other. The old saying was, "Take thy
))ook from olf the shelf, God helps him who helps himself," so that the
successful beekeepers have got to look out for themselves first, as well as
the other fellow. I have been trying for about five years to help the
other fellow get rid of foul brood. The question came up a little while
ago about bee-trees. In Pekin I know of two trees that had bees in
them, that have died. I do not know whether they died of foul brood or
not, they may have. Four or five years ago that place was simply
terrible. We have got about one hundred and ten or fifteen swarms
there now, and I don't think there is more than a few cases of foul
brood in them.

Mr. Kildow. — One thing, the. paper speaks of diseased animals.
That must not be compared with diseased bees; we can't get at the bees,
you can't shut a bee up very Avell. He is a free agent, he goes where he
pleases and we must use a little different process with him..

Mr. Williams. — Suppose we had such a law as this in this State,
that if a man that owned bees had to report to the State's attorney the
fact that he had so many bees, in the spring of the year he would report
to the State's attorney that he had lost so many bees throughout the
winter from some cause or other, then there Avould be a chance for the
inspector to go around there, then he wouldn't let his hives stand out
thei'e till they were robbed. :

I think most of it is spread -in the spring. We would be compelled
to take it out of reach of the other 'bees, leave it stand for a month or
six weeks, and j'ou have infected the whole country.

Mr. Kildow^ — If a man informs the State's attorney he has lost
so many bees, it may be a month [ before he tells him, the harm has
already been done. The longer it stands the more clanger there will be.
But the first few warm days of spring the colony sets out for honey, if
it is diseased then, that is when the harm is done. This man may not
inform the State's attorney for a iftonth or six weeks after the colony
has died, so he wouldn't help things any.

Mr. Williams. — Mavbe not. I

A

ILLINOIS STATK BEEKKEPEKs ASSOCl ATIOX. -i O

Mk. Dadant. — That is a Aery good suggestion. The only trouble
is how to remedy this fact, that if a whole colony dies that has foul
brood it will be robbed out. All others that have bees know that the
first warm day after a colony has died any colony in the neighborhood
will investigate, and if there is any honey will help itself, and in order
to get the inspector to come and investigate that there would have to
be an inspector in every neighborhood, and he would have to go every
warm day. The beekeeper is the one who would have to take care of
that, and I think we should discuss it, argue it and tell about it. I
think meetings of this kind where a man's attention is called to it is
reall}^ a valuable aid, because he can tell his neighbors, and I suppose
most of you are experienced and already know that. I don't think there
is nearly the danger in a lot of empty combs that there is in that first
robbing of the honey, after the colony dies, because in spite of what
Chesire said, that there was no disease in the honey, there is enough in
the honey to transmit it, because the disease passes through the food of
the bees into the larva cell, to feed the larva, and that is where it is
reproduced. I don't think the danger of contagion in this case would
be one-tenth what it would be if it was in the hive where the bees had
died. I kept bees forty years before I saw any foul brood. In 1907 and
1908 we cured it, and we have made the biggest crops of honey we ever
made, since that time, and I believe it is possible to go on and thrive,
and make beekeeping successful while fighting foul brood, but we must
keep our eyes open and take care of it.

Mr. Kildow. — This is a question, I think, that is most vital to
all our beekeepers, this foul brood question. I was amused, about a
month ago, at the IS'orthern Illinois Convention. I dropped in there
and in talking there with a. man he asked me, do you believe that foiul
brood will ever be eradicated? And I answered him the short way, in
lay opinion, it never will be. That seemed td^ kind of warm him up, as
a challenge. He thought that was nice coming from an inspector, that
the American foul brood would never be cleaned up. I let him talk
for a while and thought perhaps it would do him good. Then I told if
he would use half as much enthusiasm in taking care of his own yard
as he was showing up there, we would be all right as a class of bee-
keepers, but, I said, "I am afraid you will lag, when you get home you
won't have half the pep you have here." That is the way with most
beekeepers. We get people to our conventions, but when we go home
we fall down. Our enthusiasm is gone. We cool off.

The President. — I don't believe that foul brood will be entirely
eradicated. It is like other diseases, diseases of the human race. Take
smallpox for instance. Occasionally there is a sporadic epidemic of
smallpox. Years and years ago everyone had smallpox. We read in
history where the people stopped a carriage in the streets of London,
because there were two people in the carriage, gro-i^n adults, whose

4G NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

faces were not scarred with smallpox. The opposite is the case today,
which shows the value of control and education, and I think the same
thing holds in diseases of the animal world, and of plant life. It holds
especially in beekeeping, simply by education. The average man that
has bees and studied the"m is not a menace to the beekeeping world, but
the man that has just a few colonies, that only cares for what little
honey they produce to tickle his palate occasionally, never looks at the
bees only when he wants to take a little honey, and that long after the
harvest is over, he is generally the man that spreads diseases to bee-
keepers. Here in the city we are troubled with foul brood through the
shipping in of .honey. There may be no bees within many miles of us,
that are diseased, but honey is shipped in from all parts of the country.
It is against the law to ship honey that we know is diseased, but some-
one ships it in just the same, and I know in one case where I had
American foul brood, where I am positive it came from cans of honey
thrown in the alley. We will now have Mr. Bender's paper.

The Inspector's Paiit in the Control of Bee Diseases.
(By C. F. Bender, Newman, Illinois.)

It has been rather the fashion in the past, to blame the box hive
man as the chief offender in the maintenance and spread of disease. In
my own work as inspector I have not found this to be true. While the
box hive often harbors disease, it is seldom spread until the colony dies
and is robbed out. Even then the infection may only be carried to one
colony. An apiary of box hives is often found healthy, or with only one
or two cases, while the neighboring apiaries in frame hives are badly
infected. The reason is, of course, not in any merit of the box hive, but
in the fact that the bees are left undisturbed; while the enthusiastic
amateur is constantly exchanging combs of honey or brood, uniting weaS
colonies, dividing strong ones for increase, extracting honey and feeding
it back to other colonies, and last but by no means least, buying bees
and queens.

We are often told in the literature that combless bees, and queens
in cages, will not carry disease. ' With American foul brood this may
be true, so far as I know; but with European foul brood, the queen
alone, without "attendants or food, will invariably carry the disease if
introduced to a healthy colony. I do not know how long the infection
remains in the queen. In my experiments, caging for five days did not
make any appreciable difference.

While disease is assuredly carried from abroad by robbing, I believe
that nine-tenths of the new cases come from colonies in the same apiary.
Besides the ways already mentioned, probably the commonest carriers
of germs are young bees that enter the wrong hive after taking a flight.

When we come to the treatment of existing disease, of course the

ILLINOIS STATE IJEEKEEPERs" ASSOCIATION. 0

fir&t thing is to prevent its further spread. For this work the State
inspector is usually called; often that is all that is done. If the bee-
keepers of the localit}^ work together it is possible to banish disease from
a large territory, as I know from experience. Too often we encounter
the human tendency to take a chance, and to blame the other fellow
when things go wrong. It is a common thing for a beekeeper, after a
halfhearted treatment of his bees, to blame the neighbors for all future
cases, when the fact is that he has not followed instructions, and his
bees have never been cured.

For instance, in one locality where I had visited in 1918, I was
called back this summer. Smith, the first man visited, assured me that
he had cleaned up perfectly last summer, but still had one or two cases
of American foul brood, which he knew had come from Brown's apiary,
half a mile awa.y. What he wanted me for, he said, was to go over to
Brown's and force him to comply with the law.

When I went to Brown, he admitted that he had one or two easels,
but said that they had come from the Smith and Jones bees, which he
told me, were fairly rotten. After staying to see Brown treat his two
colonies I went over to Jones'. Jones thought his bees were healthy,
but if there was any trouble it had come from the Smith and Brown
apiaries. We found three infected, which were treated as usual. By
a little detective work I discovered that all three of these men had saved
a lot of combs from diseased hives that were treated last summer, and
had used them to hive swarms on. They had been told to destroy all
combs from treated hives, and said that they had done so.

In cases of this kind, where owners cannot be trusted to carry out
instructions, the safest course is for the inspector to destroy the bees,
and I think that the law should be changed so as to allow compensation
for bees so destroyed, the same as for other livestock. Another weak
point in the law is the fact that one may sell honey, even that extracted
from infected combs, without asking permission, or making a statement
as to its source.

The inspector's chief work consists in giving information to those
who will receive it, not merely on matters relating to disease, but in all
branches of the business ; in a careful watch over the queen breeders and
shippers of bees in his own State; in preventing as fas as possible the
sale of diseased bees or their removal to a clean locality: and lastly, in
the use of the big stick in cases of open defiance or wilful neglect of the
law.

The Pkesident. — The paper is open for discussion.

A Member. — I don't think it needs much discussion, T think it is
about the truth. (Applause.) j

The President. — You are about right.

Mr. Kildow. — One thing I don't think would work, and that is to
give compensation. If a colony of bees are diseased thev are not worth

48 xjxKrKi:.\'i'ii axxtal UEPoirr of the

aiiA'thiiig. They are a (.letriment, and the owner onght to be made to pay
for it, if there is anything done. There ought to he a law compelling
him to pay for having that kind of colony, if there is any law about it.
We would bankrupt the State of Illinois if we would allow compensation
for diseased bees, because every fellow would have a few.

Mk. Dadaxt. — In the matter of compensation, I believe I can tell
you something that will interest you. The German Swiss — you know
Switzerland is divided into three parts, German, French and Italian
Switzerland — German Switzerland has an association of beekeepers with
a membership of between seven and eight thousand, tlic exact figures I
do not remember, but the point I want to make is that they ])ay one cent
per colony insurance against disease. They have paid something like
four thousand francs annually, in the last eight or nine years, and they
have now thirty-four thousand francs of money over and above the
commissions. They do not pay for the entire colony, they pay for the
actual damage, it is paid to each man who has foul brood. It is judged
by the inspectors, and each man who has losses gets damages, provided
he is a member and has paid his one cent per colony. It is a mutual
insurance, and they only allow them actual damages, they do not pay
them for a hive that can be saved. They only pay them for the actual
loss. They do not pay a very full amount, they pay a reasonable
amount that makes a mah feel better, and each man feels more certain,
but it has the great advantage in that every man is interested in seeing
that no man gets the disease, becau-e it is paid for out of his pocket.
When he does have disease among his bees, he gets indemnity. I am
not suggesting that, but it is a good thing to think it over. We tliink
we are the most progresi^ive nation in the world, but I. sometimes think
the Swiss are ahead of us. When \ was in Switzerland I visited the
former editor of the Xational Bee .Journal, who is now dead. He liad
a fine home on the shore of Lake Geneva, a Swiss chalet, in a beautiful
location. As I went up to the room I was to occupy, I noticed that the
stairway was stone, in a house of wood, and I asked him for the reason
why. He said, that is the government order. I said, '"What has the
government to dot with it?" "Well," he said, "the government insures
our homes whether we will or not.'.' He said, "You will notice that the
man that doesn't have his house insured is the man who can't afford the
loss, but in this country they compel us to build our houses a certain
way and the stairways must be of stone, because the stairways are the
only way in which the people upstairs can get downstairs, and stairways
are also a carrier of fire." We are behind them in that, and I think we
are in bees. They insure against disease, tornadoes and avalanches.
Those are matters quite interesting to me, and I suppose they are to
yori, this matter of fire insurance does away with voluntary fires. A man
gets paid for only a portion of what he loses. They do not allow him
to build to suit himself, to put a stovepipe through his shingles, giving a

JLLIXOIS STATE JiEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 49

chance to catch lire without any difficulty, they make reofulations tliat
he must follo\y, tlien if he loses the thing is looked after.

Mr. Stewart. — I liave the same old question, but a different crowd
this time. I haye one hiye of bees; I haye all tlic combs I ^yant and run
for extracted honey. The hive does not swarm. I haye another hive of
bees. I don't haye any combs at all, only frame foundations, I put those
swarms in hiyes, and the first of August T will take all those svyarras
and put them in the parent hive. The lioney flow is over. T will
extract the honey, melt up the combs. Which one will give mc; tlic nuist
money ? ''

The Presidkxt. — T/oes anyone care to answer that?

Mr. WiLLiAiJs. — I don't know whether I am going to auswer it or
not, but I will tell you something thixt actually happened. La«t sju'ing
a year ago I sent to friend Dadant's firm for a colony of bees for a man
in Pekin. He got the bees. That was last year, and this year 1 con-
sider about equal in the production of hone}'. That colony did not
swarm. He only used the sections and full sheets and fouiulation : last
year he got one hundred sections. This year that colony swarmed, T
helped to liive the swarm. They either had swarmed before or super-
ceded the (picen, because it was a young queen that T hived. That
colony, if you would put it back on the parent colony, had "^O^ sections
of honey, and you had the foundation and comb in the bottom besides,
so I think by swarming they produced the most honey.

Mr. Stewart. — The one that swarmed, the queen was to be clipped.
When she swanned I'was to pinch her head. Then there would be three
sections, there would be no brood to be taken care of at all.

Mr. Dadaxt. — T want to jn-otest against passing an opinion on
one colony oidy. of bees. What might prove to he one way, in one
single instance, one year, might prove the reverse next year, because
the queen was different and conditions were different, because they were
wintered in a different way, or because the crop was different, so T do not
believe we should pass judgment on one colony of bees, or what hap-
pened to one colony when kept a certain way and another kept another
^yay, or the sanu; colony being kept another way another year.

Mr. Stewart. — Take it the same year.

Mr. Dadaxt. — There is too much chance for exceptions.

Mr. Stewart. — Take them as near alike as you could get them.

The Presidext. — As.T undeistand it the gentleman is asking a
rather hypothetical question.

Mr. Stewart. — Yes.

The Presidext. — For the purpose of debate.

Mr. Dadaxt. — He has an answer to it.

Mr. Bexder. — T would like to understand distinctly what the ijiies-
tion is.

— 4 B A

50 NIXETEEXTII ANNUAL EEPOBT OF THE

Me. Stewart. — One has all the comb it wants, and it doesn't
swarm. ' The other doesn't have any comb, only frames when it started
in. The first of August you put all the swarms on the parent hive,
extract the honey and melt up the comb, Avhich one will give you the
roost honey?

A ^[e:mi!i:]{. — Tlie one that swarms.

The Peksedext. — ]Mr. Withrow, have 30U an opinion?

Me. AVitiieow. — That is a very deep question. What would give
you the most money one year might not give you the most money next.

The Peesidext. — Of course this is a h3^pothetical question, and it
is not necessary to compare year after year, because it would vary.

Me. WiTiTEOW. — I believe tbe colony that swarmed would give you
the most money, because you would have more wax and possibly some
honey. You would have more labor, too.

The Peesidext. — Let us hear your answer. They do not seem to
care to debate it.

Me. Stewaet.— Well, there woir't be a queen get back in tlie hive,,
if I get my foot on her this summer.

The Peesidext. — Which colony -would you say?

Me. Stewaet. — The one that swarms.

Me. Dadant. — That would return the swarm to the hive.

Mr. Stewaet. — To the parent hive, then they would swarm again.

The Peesidext. — We will have the paper, now, of Mr. El S.
Miller, President of the Chicago-Xorthwestern Beekeepers' Association,
"Modern Method's in Comb Honey Production."

MoDEEx ^Methods ix Co:mb Hox'et Peodijctiox'.

(By E. S. Miller.)

There are many schemes for tbe production of comb honey, so
many, in fact, that they become confusing. Many of the plans advo-
cated are not practicable in the hands of the commercial producer.
Others require too much labor and manipulation. Others still are suc-
cessful only when applied to certain restricted localities. In this paper
it is my desire to present a practical method, requiring a minimum of
labor and applicable to commercial apiaries within the clover belt.

In order to secure a maximum yield certain conditions are essential :

1. There must be a strong force of bees at the proper time in
order to gather whatever surplus is available.

2. The bees must be kept together in one hive. There must be no
swarming or artificial division of colonies.

3. Brood rearing must be restricted during the honey flow.

In order to insure a strong force within the hive it is important that
there be an abundance of food during the spring months, for, as shown
by Geo. S. Demutli in a recent government bulletin, the bees which
gather the crop are those which are reared in the six weeks preceding

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 51

the opening of the honey flow. In colonies allowed to I'un short of
stores egg laying is retarded or ceases entirely, thus reducing the
working population at the time when more bees means more honey.

Successful production of honey presupposes successful wintering, a
queen not too old, a plentiful supply of stores with which to carry the
colony through to the main flow without any cessation of egg laying.
Colonies strong in early spring may consume their stores and at the
beginning of the clover season be lacking in young bees. For this reason
it is well to equalize colony strength by taking frames with adhering
bees from such colonies and giving them to those of moderate strength,
provided, of course, that disease is not prevalent. It is of prime im-
portance to see that every colony is supplied with an abundance of
stores during the spring montlis and especially from fruit bloom to
clover,

A given number of bees in two hives may gather as much nectar
as if in one hive but most of the honey is consumed by the brood or is
placed elsewhere than in the sections. When natural swarming occurs
two separate colonies result, in both of which there is a cessation of
brood rearing. In the parent colony the young queen begins to lay
about sixteen or eighteen days after the prime swarm issues. In the
new colony there is a period of twenty-one days in which no young bees
emerge. To restrict brood rearing during the honey flow and at the
same time keep the colony force undivided is a ]irob]em that tests the
skill of the apiarist. In general there are two modes of procedure,
corresponding to the two processes in 'natural swarming. The first is
to remove the queen previous to or about the time the bees make prepa-
ration for swarming, say in the first week of the clover flow, and to
requeen ten days or two weeks later. A modification of this procedure
would be to permit the bees to rear a queen from a single cell, or to give
a ripe cell from superior stock after all brood is sealed and queen cells
removed. One disadvantage of this plan is that a part of the honey
will be stored in cells made vacant by emerging brood rather than in
the sections. This corresponds to the parent colony wlien natural
swarming occurs.

The other plan is to remove from the colony all of the brood, giving
the bees an empty comb, some honey and full sheets of foundation. This
corresponds to the new swarm in natural swarming. These two plans
may be used coordinately in the same yard, the first being adopted to
colonies to be requeened and the second to those containing young
queens of superior stock, the extra brood being used to strengthen
weaker stands. Usually the second or "shook swarm" method will be
found preferable.

In some localities and some years there is a tendency of strong
colonies to swarm about the time fruit blooms. To prevent this and to
catch any surplus at this time, place upon the hive a queen excluder and

52 . NINETEENTH ANNUAL- KEPORT OF THE

a second hive body. The outside 'frames of the second story should
contain combs filled with honey kept oyer from last season. The middle
one or two frames shoiald contain empty drawn worker comb with which
to start the bees working above. The remainder of the space should be
filled with frames containing full sheets of wired foundation. This
second story serves as a reservoir for any surplus at this time^ relieves
any congestion of bees in tlie brood chamber and insures against starva-
tion in case of continued bad weather.

At the beginning of the clover flow, remove the lower story and
place the second liive body upon the bottom board to become the new
brood chamber. Eemove all of the brood, shaking the bees in front of
the new hive. The queen may be shaken off with the bees but a better
way is to find her wlieii taking out the brood combs and see that she
enters the new hive. Do not make the mistake of leaving one frame of
brood or any brood at all in the new hive, for if this is done queen cells
often will be started and swarming may occur a few days later. It is
important at this time to see that the new brood chamber con-tains
neither too much nor too little honey. Tf no honey is left the bees may
abscond or may starve in ease of prolonged bad weather. I would advise
that the twojaitside combs be combs, filled or, at least, partly filled with
honey. The middle comb should lie emptv in order to give the queen
an opportunity at once to begin egg laying. Tbe foundation is drawn
out as needed for brood rearing, tluis forcing the lionev into the super?,
two of which are added at the time the l)ees are shaken. The first super
should contain a few bait sections. By giving thesp supers immediately
the weight of bees is largely renio\ed from the foundation below which
might otherwise be caused to sag if the weather is warm. AVith this
mode of treatment the brood removed can be u-'cd in building up nuclei
or to strengthen weaker colonies. It may be asked why not use all
drawn combs instead of foundatd«^ in the new hive? The difficulty is,
that the honey will lie deposited /^n these combs instead of the supers
and in this way prevent egg laying and often will result in swarming
later in the season if the flow is prolonged.

It will be seen that with the foregoing method of treatment there
is, during the flow, a restriction -of brood rearing, brood which, unless
the flow is' prolonged, does not and cannot assist in gathering the crop.
Not only do the larvae consume immense quantities of food but they
also, after the flow is over, become consumers rather than producers.

N'ow what are the advantages to be found in this system of man-
agement ?

1. It follows closely the process of natural swarming.

2. It has been tried out by successful bee men and found to be
practicable and effective.

3. It provides for a strong force of bees at the beginning of the
clover flow.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKKEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 53

4. It provides against starvation in case of unfavorable weather
conditions.

5. It forces the honey into the supers at the time of clover, leaving
the brood chamber to be filled with brood.

6. It keeps within the hive an undivided force of bees, effectually
preventing swarming and thus may be used by commercial heemen in
out-apiaries.

7. It reduces brood rearing at a time when an increase of bees
would result in a decrease in the crop.

8. It requires a minimum amount of labor. In the first process
there are two manipulations, namely: removing the qneen and ten days
later removing queen cells and requeening. In the second process, aside
from adding and taking away supers there is but one handling, that of
removing and disj)0sing of the brood.

In some localities comb honey may be secured from heartsease,
buckwheat, golden rod and other late blooming plants. If it is expected
to produce comb honey from August or September flows one should see
that every colony is built up strong with preferably a young queen and,
if swarming is likely to occur in August, treat as in the clover flow.
When there is no local market for dark or amber comb hon^y it usually
is advisable to remove comb supers after the clover is done and to give
each hive one or more supers of extracting frames above a queen ex-
cluder. A goodly number of these supers should be regular liive bodies
containing combs or foundation to be drawn out and filled with honey
to be kept over and used for feeding the following spring. Some of these
combs may be needed in the fall to replace empty combs in light weigh!
colonies. It beats buying sugar.

If there is no fall flow in your locality, better secure these combs
of honey from your weaker colonies during the clover flow.

To get ready for a big crop next year, begin as soon as possible after
the main honey flow closes, say in July or August. Get rid of every
queenless colony if ^'ou haven't alread}^ done so, and every slow queen.
See that all nuclei arc built up and that every weak colonv is made
strong. Hives with old queens should be dequeened and the brood used
in building up the others. Eemember that one colony in good condition
and properly cared for is worth more than three run on the "let alone"
plan. You will, of course, see that every case of foul brood is properly
taken care of. Resolve to keep all colonies strong, well fed, and in
prime condition and next year harvest a bumper crop — if there is
ppctar.

The President. — This paper is open for discussion.

Mr. Bender. — There is very little to discuss in the paper. It is
simply the standard plan for the production of comb honey. It is
exactlv what I have been doing for the last ten j^ears, and I took it from
Dr. Miller. .

54 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

Mr. Stewart. — The best point he made in that was made three
times, have plenty of honey in the hive.

Mr, Williams. — Mr. Chairman, but these brethren that are speak-
ing must remember that what to them is not new may be to some other
fellow new. We are not all old beekeepers, while we may be old in
3-ears, in the experience of keeping bees we may not be old, so we want
to learn these things, and we come here with the idea of getting them
from those fellows that have had the experience, and they may tell us
over and over again, and we won't learn all there is about it. We have
to be told and told, then we have to be told and told again, and after
that we have to do and do before Ave become beekeepers.

The President. — Have you anything to say on this subject, Mr.
Coppin ?

]\Ir. Coprix. — I don't know that I have anything particular to say
on it. We have to have strong colonies of bees in order to produce comb
honey, and in order to have strong colonies of bees we have to pay
particular attention, for one thing, to see that they do not run short of
stores, to see that they liave clover. A number of bees are now kept in
eight-frame hives, and there are great chances of a number of the bees
running short of stores, and where one is not paying strict attention to
his bees and does not know the conditions, they are liable to run short
of stores, and at the time when clover is in bloom, when they should
be in shape to gather it, there is an empty brood chamber, neither honey
nor young bees, and the result will be that by the time they get in shape
to put any honey in the sections the white clover honey is, the best of
it, gone, and we get poor results; so that I think it is advisable for all
of us to see that the bees do not run short of honey before the white
clover comes. .

With regard to the swarming situation, we all have our different
ways of handling that. I usually hive the first swarm, if they insist on
swarming, but there are very few swarms that I get. I furnish them
plenty of room to work. If they do swarm, I allow them to swarm once,
but no more.

Mr. Gill. — Possibly you men and women would be interested in
a manipulation I came across. Last summer or fall. I visited a comb
honey producer, I think, perhaps, one of the best in the state of Michi-
gan. He took advantage of the early flow by putting on just a shallow
super about three inches in depth to get the little honey that would be
gathered at that time, and to put it in shape in or(^r that he could use
it for feeding some other time, and also to get the bees to working up.
When the clover flow came he would put his super between and remove
this and hold it to feed in the fall or later, an(| sometimes he would
take advantage of a small fall flow in that way. Where there is no
trouble with disease, it would seem to me to be an excellent plan for
honey production.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIONS,. ;>a

Mr. Kildow. — I used to have a little trouble in the period jjetween
fruit bloom and clover. I accidentally stumbled on to a plan, and it was
this: I put out about an acre of common black raspberries, and after
that I had no trouble with my bees going light between fruit bloom and
clover, because raspberries will bloom during that time.

Mr. Bender. — How many colonies did you keep?

Mr. Kildow. — At that time I kept about fifty stands of bees and
they would get lots of honey from that acre of raspberries. But I have
more bees now, and I run for extracted honey.

I think the custom of dequeening at the time of the honey flow
is getting out of date, for the simple reason that nowadays the sweet
clover comes in really before white clover is over, therefore I think
the sweet clover coming in as it does, we need a force of bees all
the way through the season. It used to be different in olden times
when we didn't have sweet clover. ISTow the sweet clover coming in
bloom about the twentieth of June, or before the white clover is don,e.
then we need our full brood rearing to the end of the season in order
to have strong colonies for our fall flow, whereas by the old way if we
would stimulate our colonies for the fall floAV. the fall flow would be
over with before we got the bees, therefore I think that old idea of
dequeening at the commencement of the honey flow is getting to be a
thing of the past.

Mr. Stewart. — After they collect so much, will the remaining bees
gather honey as fast as they did before? Do the bees work as well?

Mr. Kildow. — I don't see but what they work just as well, there
isn't so many of them.

Mrs. Kildow. — I am not a member of the association, but as they
have asked us to criticise the inspectors, I am going to criticise just a
little, and my criticism is this: I have been reporting the work for
Mr. Kildow for some time, and there is one thing that I have found
among the' inspectors, tliey are slow. By that I mean that when we
have instructions sent out to send in reports by the fifteenth, to have
them in by the fifteenth, often it is the la'-t nF the month or the thirtieth
before the report comes in. I say it is their business to follow the
instructions to be prompt. Then you send them instructions again, and
the instructions sent come from the State, and we have to follow out.
those instructions; you send them instructions that you want a report
made .a certain way. They have their hobby and they want to ride that
hobby and make their report their way, because, that is all right, that
is my way. I understand it, you may understand it, but you go down
to the State House and talk to them and see if they will accept it, and
unless the State accepts it, it is not going to be accepted, as long as I
report the work. 'Now, if you will allow me to criticise a little further.

Mr. Stone. — How about the State authorities being more than a
month behind in sending me something?

OC' XIXKTKEXTH AXXUAL IJEPOl!'!" OF THE

MiiS. KiLDOW. — 1 can't criticise them, they are above me, but that
is the end of the rope that pulls. Another thing, in the deputy wo'rk
along this line, the State deputies are not explicit enough in their work.
They will say they have inspected so and so, they have found no swarms
diseased, and they give no remarks concerning that, as to what the
result is, whether that man is capable of taking care of the situation,
wliether he needs jnore lielp, or what he has done. There is a place on
the blank for remarks, and that is what is expected at the office. The
main tiling, as said in the first j)lace, is that you are too slow.

Mr. Kildow. — J would like to have somebody tell us how we could
get a field meet for the State. I have been unable to do it, and I
would like to see them, it would be one of the best things we could get,
but it appears to be almost impossible to get anybody to allow us to
have a field meet in their yard, that would be representative, and I
Mould like it very much if somebody would strike upon a plan whereby
we could have these field meets. I intended to have a field meet at my
j)\i\ce last year, but I am about one hundred yards out of town and
I coiddn't get the Eod C ross or any of the neighbors to have dinner. T
couldn't feed them alone, but I wanted to have a meeting there and
under those circumstances it fell through with, situated as I was. We
must lia\'e a hincli, and L could not get anyone to do it, for while the
lunch would he paid for, no one wanted to undertake it. If we were
close to a I'estaurant, they could go ^nd get their lunch, but not where
we arc; located.

Me. Tylku. — I had a little exi)erience along that line. I am a
little like Brother Dadant, whenever 1 know anything I like to tell it.
(Laughter.) I took it upon myself to invite the home bureau of our
cou:|ity last spring. They were having their henhouse meetings, as
they called it. They had a couple in their neighborhood, where they
met in the henhouses at the neighbors places, and at that time their
subject was chickens. I saw the advisor and extended the invitation to
hei' to have her June meeting at mv honey house. She fell to it, and
I began to plan. I wasn't out very much money for advertising. Mv.
Dadant 1 think gave a notice in the journal, and it became quite ex-
tensively advertised, but the weather was greatly against us. In fact,
the morning of the third of June, the day we had set. was a very bad
morning. 1 made the trains from three towns and l)ack home each trip,
and the roads were anything but pleasant, but by noon it cleared off and
the conditions began to improve. The nature of the advertising was like
this, and T think nearly anybody keeping bees in any locality can get
out a crowd. Thej^ may not be all beekeepers, but they are interested.
The notice was giA'cn to the meeting to be held at my place on June
third, under the auspices of the home bureau ; subject, "Bees." We
also advertised, "Everybody come and bring your dinner." That does
away with Mr. Kildow's difficultv of not having anv wav to feed them.

ILLIXOIS STATK BEEKEErEIlS ASSOCIATION. 5<

We had a irice croAvd, as I think Mr. Williams will agree, as he was
there, and they all hrought their dinners and there were over a hundred
ate dinner, in spite of the weather. Had there been a nice day, there
would have been nearer a thousand at that meeting, because ever so
many have expressed themselves since then, that they Avanted to come
and would have been there, had the weather permitted. For my part,
if they want a place to hold a field meeting, you are welcome to my
2)lace. You can roach there from different directions, either from Har-
ness or St. Joe, or anybody situated on the Illinois Central lines, if they
Avill come to Emden I will have provisions made to ])ring tliem out. It
is an out-of-the-way place, but it is one place which can l)e got, and I
openly extend an invitation for a field meet at my place next summer,
if you see fit to have it there all will be well. (Applause.)

Mk. WiLLiA:\rs. — Mr. Chairman, along the line of field meetings
1 want to say this: I attended the one that the brother has just re-
ferred to, in fact, I might say that we have had three. Our first meeting
was at Pekin. You were there. The next meeting was at St. Joe, in his
uncle's grove, and I don't think there was one at that meeting that
regretted it, because Ave had one of the best addresses that day, that I
have ever heard at any meeting. I Avas assured Ida^ the State Association
that if AA'e Avould haA'o a meeting that Ave could have a speaker there, and
Iris expenses AA"ould be provided for. I couldn't get a speaker, I de-
pended on Dr. Baxter and Avhen it came to a shoAv-down he deserted me,
and so Avhen it comes to those field meetings in that neighborhood, I
have got to do the Avork, and I think the people are tired of me, but I
Avill say this: if you Avant a field meeting up in that locality and vrill
furnish the speaker and pay the expenses he ma.y be to — and it Avon't
be much — Ave Avill have one. I think I can get a croAvd there.

Mr. Bender. — Here is a man Avho Avants to knoAv Avho can give the
best plan for extracted honey. I suppose that Avould be quite a long
discussion.

The President. — The best plan for i^xtracting honey ?

Mr. Bender. — That is Avhat he said.

Mr. WiTiiROAV. — The best plan I know of is to have the honoA' first
to extract, then a good extractor, capping melter and storage tank, and
containers to put it in, and get all you can for it, thirty-five cents a
i:)Oxind if possible.

]\Ir. Coppin. — Someone that knows how to use the uncapping knife.
(Laughter.)

The President. — The best manner of producing extracted boneV:
not the best manner of removing it from the comb.

Mr. Withroav. — If the committee sanctions it I am ready to audit
the books, and make a report, and have that off of our hands.

The President. — It is uoav a quarter of four and that is all the
program for the day. Tbere is no evening session. If you have nothing

58 XlXETEEXTli: AXXUAL EEPOKT OF THE

further to bring before the meeting you might as well have a recess til!
9 :00 o'clock tomorrow morning.

(After some discussion, a 10-minute recess was taken.)

The President. — We will hear from the question box again.

Me. Bender. — Question : What is the best way to winter bees
between a latitude of 40 and 45 degrees?

The President. — That is north of ns. Forty is about Peoria. Is
there anyone here that cares to answer that question?

Me. CopriN. — According to the instruction we are getting from
Washington, from our experimental station, the best method of winter-
ing bees will be to pack them good and protect them. Their instructions
include nearly all the -United States, they all need protection, not only
in the latitude you spcfik of, but all over the country,, and I for one
think that we ought to be governed by the instructions we get from the
government, and protect our bees, pack them well. That is what I have
done as nearly as I could follow their instructions.

The President.^I believe their instructions said to winter out of
doors with four inches of packing beneath the hive, eight inch around
the hive and twelve inches on top, to pack before the first killing frost,
that is the instructions from Washington.

Mr. Coppin. — Six inches around the hive.

The President. — They say eight inches in that district. I looked
it up last night, eight inches around, and twelve inches on' top is the
outdoor method for bees in that locality.

Mr. Bender. — I think the question of outdoor wintering is largely
a question of stores. I think the cellar is decidedly the best. I have
wintered 100 per cent of my colonies in good condition in the cellar. I
think the easiest way by all means is to pack them in the cellar. There
is no expense, your hives are kept dry, and, besides, you have saved
several pounds of honey to the colony. Outwoors they will consume
double what they will in the cellar, besides the expense of packing the
bees. 1 have a common, ordinary, underground cellar made for the
bees, but not especially packed. I have a stove in the cellar.

Me. Stone. — What temperature do you keep the cellar?

Mr. Bender. — Forty-five degrees as nearly as possible.

The President. — What system of ventilation have you?

Mr. Bender. — I open the door and air the cellar nearly every
morning, unless it is very cold. ' If it gets up to about 40 and 45 degrees
I leave the cellar wide open all winter, giving them plenty of air and
keeping them dry. I keep the temperature about 40 degrees. I may go
a little shy if it gets below that, and the wintering is practically perfect.
I have never lost a good colon}^ in the cellar.

Mr. Coppin. — Mr. President, I have had an idea that the difference
in wintering inside and outside, the difference in the amount of stores
that bees consumed, was that the ones outside consumed more stores

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 5^

and are farther advanced than those we take out of the cellar. Those
we take out of the cellar are not so thrifty, those outside have a better
start in brooding, so that the cellar bees would require more stores.

Mr. Bendeii. — They have a large amount of bees, though, that
would have died if they had not been in the cellar. When the honey
flow comes on I find the bees wintered in the cellar are better than those
kept out, and store more honey. I keep a record of every colony I have.
I know whether it was wintered in the apiary, and I can average it up
and tell that the colonies wintered in jdeld more honey than those
wintered out.

Mr. CoppijST. — He didn't state what protection he gave the bees on
the outside.

Mr. Bender. — IsTone at all, except that they have a cover with a
one and one-half inch packing on top.

The PresidenI'. — When do you take your bees out of -the cellar?

Mr. Bender. — The first warm day after the first of March. The
first day it is warm, enough for the bees to go out.

Mr. D'adant. — I can verify the statements of both these gentle-
men. We have wintered for eighteen years in the cellar. We wintered
especially in one cell8,r. We fried another, which was too damp and
not satisfactory. We wintered in our house cellar with a room parti-
tioned off, and I agree with Mr. Bender's statement in regard to the
temperature. We are taught by authorities that 58 degrees is the proper
temperature for the bees to be quiet. I believe that. Tests have been
made very carefulty, and they are undoubtedly right, but we have found
that from 42 to 45 degrees is the temperature at which the bees are the
quietest. Mr. E. S. Miller, whose paper you read, told me the same
thing. Mr. Bender says the same thing, and I wonder why it is that
we found that the safest. They tell us Dr. Miller's thermometer was
wrong when he thought it w^as 42 to 45, that it was higher, but we
surely can't all be mistaken. I have an impression' that it is necessary
to have cooler aid on the outside of the hive than the experiments show
the temperature to be inside the hive. We liked the cellar wintering
because so many winters were too warm. When we had a week of warm
weather the bees would get restless, and if there was the least bit of light
would fly out of the window. On the other hand if we knew a winter
that would^ be very cold, possibly six degrees below, we would want
them in the cellar.

Mr. Bender. — What kind of cellar did you have?

Mr. Dadant. — We had a large cellar and one room was partitioned
off. It was very, very convenient. It is still there but is not being used
for the bees. It is very dry and easily accessible. My father used to
go to it regularly once or twice a week to see whether the bees were
all right and make sure of the temperature. The wintering outdoors
by the methods recommended at Washington is undoubtedly good. The

(;0 . XIXKTEENTIT AXXl'AL ItEPORT OF THE

only thing 1 object to is the great expense^ for six or seven hundred
colonies of bees it is a tremendous expense to use the packing material
they specify. We use forest leaves to pack our bees. There is one
limber especially, that furnishes good leaves, oak, and they make the
grass grow the following summer. We rake the leaves ofE the ground,
put them inside the hives, inside the cap and around the hive, with
(4iicken wire. We used to use slats, but chicken netting is the cheapest,
altliough I am ready to agree that it is not as good as six inches of
packing under the hive, eight inches around and twelve inches on top.
That certainly is ideal. The only difficulty is the great expense, and
jDutting it on in the fall and taking it off in the spring. All that counts.
I once visited in Vermont ]\Ir. Crane, a practical extensive beekeeper.
I saw his bees in August still packed with winter packing. Pie said he
didn't see any need for moving his bees out of the packing. Our hives
are all bees and combs, but his hives were a good part packing. We
cannot criticise his beekeeping, he is certainly a practical, successfnl
beekeeper, so 1 think every man must judge for himself what is Ijcst
for his locality. If he has mild winters where bees can fly every two or
three weeks, I think it is the cheapest to winter outdoors, sheltering
them, as we do, by raising the hive and leaving the front exposed on
the sunny side: but cellar wintering where the winter is hard, north
of here, I think Avould l)e all right from 42 degrees north. We are a
little north of 40 degrees and it is right wlierc it is a question whether
to winter one Avay or the other. As I said, if I could tell before hand
what the winter would be. we would winter the l)ces in the cellar during
hard winters and out of the cellar in mild winters.

^Ik. A\'illiams.- — I made some observations myself, in reference to
this same colony of bees that I ]nnchased for a man in Pekin. He used
extraordinar}^ care in packing it last fall. He put probably six inches
of packing around and made three small openings for the bees to pass
out. This spring early he came to me one day, and said, "Mr. Williams,
what is the matter with my bees?'' "Ceorge," I said, "I don't know.
Why?"' He said, "There is a great cluster ol them out in front of the
hive, as big as your two hands." I said, "Probably they are starving to
death." It was still freezing weather. Xext day I saw him agaiu. He
said. "I took off tlie lid and looked at them, and the outside of the gum
was full of capped lioney." Theji I told him they were too warm in
there. His bees came out in that way and were exceptionally strong in
the spring, Imt they had brood up until blossoms came, and they would
stay out. So I believe that that packing is a success, but it is too ex-
])ensivo. He must have spent five or six dollars in making the packing
of that one colony.

~Mii. Dadant. — I might give you our experience in that matter. I
])Ought a strong colony, I think I never saw a colony like that, powerful
in the fall. I could not go to that colony all during that winter, no

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 61

matter how cold it was, and tap on it, that they did not come outside
to see what was the matter, but that doesn't happen very often. You
do not have very many colonies as powerful in bees as that was. We
have had experience in packing, too, but not as much as this. In our
first wintering of bees we made eighty Chafl' hives. A. T. Root was
making a two-story Chaff hive, which is still known, three inches thick.
We made our Chaff hive one story, three inches thick and three inches
under, with a passage for the bees to get to the outside. There are bees
in some of them yet, but our experience with those hives, with three
inches of packing, was not satisfactory. One winter when it was very
cold, and it lasted a long time, when a mild day in February came, when
it was very important for the bees to take a flight, the warm colonies
took flight. The three-inch colonies didn't budge, they didn't feel the
heat of the day. Then another cool spell came, and it was a pity to see
those colonies inside when the thing was over. They were absolutely
wet with their own perspiration, and right there we learned the need of
absorption in the upper story. We used oilcloths over our brood
chambers, which were impervious to moisture, but the bees, as you know
if you have ever used oilcloths or cloths of any kind over your hives, will
keep pulling at them till they make holes in them, and we neglected in
many instances to change the cloths. In the spring when we examined
those Chafi' hives, every hive in which the cloth had been used had more
or less holes in it, was in better condition than in the hives where it was
perfectly solid, and it is easy to explain. The breath of the bees would
congeal around them and settle in the neighborhood, and when the
thaw came it melted it and made a wet place in the hive, l)ut where the
cloth had a hole in it, in some places six inches across, the moisture
went in the upper packing and the bees were perfectly dry. People can
argue all they please about tight sealing, why should we give oar bees
porous sealing? I sleep in a bed with a woolen cover and if I had an
oilcloth cover there would be no escape for the moisture. I want a
gentle escape of moisture through the cover, and I insist with evevy one
of you that you must have absorption in the upper story, and the chance
for this moisture from the bees to ascend to the upper story, not ventila-
tion, but a chance for the moisture to be absorbed, should be given. Wo
had eighty Chaff hives, as I have said, and the result was that we poured
in every one of them one and one-half inch holes, three of them. ]S'ow
when those bees have a chance to fly in the winter, they take a flight, so
they are better than the single wall hives, and in this way two men can
pack a whole apiary in a day, in leaves. I do not give you this as a
method you should follow. This is our method and we are satisfied with
it, but certainly a more successful method is this system with eight and
ten and twelve inches of packing, because they do not feel the cold at
all, packed in that way, but it is too expensive.

02 XINETEENTH xVNNUAL KEPOET OF THE

Mil. Stewakt. — I have heard this talk, I used to talk the same way,
and practiced it for years. I thought I could pack bees and handle them
in a cellar as good as anybody. I thought I knew it as well as anyone.
For quite a number of years I have been going out among the farmers
and buying bees, any old shack they had, and finally I have made up
mv mind that I do not know a thing about bees when it comes down
to that.

Me. Stone. — Mr. President, I am not anxious to tell how I keep my
bees or how I kept them last year but nobody else seems to want to talk
and I will tell you about it. I have one row of hives on a concrete
foundation. You all know what that is. I drove stakes four or five
inches back of them, high enough to support a sheet of corrugated
roofing, and it is high enough to support the hives. I put that all along
on the northwest side of the hive, the front towards the southeast. Then
I put chicken wire netting around in front of the hive. I pack that
full of leaves with boards over the top to keep the leaves from blowing
off. They did not all stay there, and this year I thought I would put
up the thing just the same way and put the leaves in, pack them under
and behind the hives as I did then, and then pack leaves in till they are
up to the top of that corrugated iron, and then between the hives I just
put boards to hold the leaves down, so it is in that -shape, and those
boards run \\p between the hive and tliat chicken netting in front, and
I believe the bees are packed the best they ever were. In three of the
hives there is a half story full of leaves, that is the way it is now. The
other part of my hives are packed against a board about that high
(indicating between three and four feet), and the board sets up that
way so that the hive stands on that. I don't back them at all. I just
leave the two-surplus case on toj), whether there is honey in it or
empty. Sometimes it is empty and sometimes it is full of honey,
AVhenever it gets warm and I want some honey I go and take out the
frames and put in others that are empty. I extract honey and keep on
till I get through. I expect to follow that up all winter, and I will find
out whether I am making a mistake or not. Last winter on some of the
hives that I thought were light I left two or three frames, full of honey
and the balance empty. Last winter there wasn't but two of those hives
in the back row that didn't come through all right, and I think there is
only one in the front row that didn't come through all right. But many
of them were lighter where I left the honey, so that I must have lost
eight or ten of them in that front row that came through the winter all
right, and then died because of the want of honey.

Mb. Stewabt. — You leave the upper story full of honey, leave that
on, don't take it off this fall.

Me. Stone. — That is on now.

Mb. Stewabt. — Yes.

Me. Stone. — There is sixty pounds of honey.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 63

Mr. Stewart. — Don't take it off.

Me. Stone. — But I won't disturb the bees in cold weather.

The President. — I can't agree with Mr. Stone's taking the honey
from the colony during the winter. It has been conclusively proven that
a hive standing out in the yard with plenty of honey — ^with his sixty
pounds he talked about — that all a man did was to go out and kick it.
once a day, and the hive was dead in the spring. It illustrates that
manipulations with the bees in the winter time disturbs them, causes
them to consume more food and raise in temperature and start brood
rearing at a time when it should not be started. About the high tight
board fence, a tight board fence is not as good a windbrake as one that
has cracks in it, for bees. In the northern country where men have
studied it they build a fence out of lathes and leave about one-quarter
of an inch between each lathe. In the first row of bees next to the fence
there was very little loss, but the second row had a loss, for the reason
that the wind poured over the top and down over the hives. The ques-
tion of wintering to my mind, of adding packing, is to reduce the
amount of food that they will consume during the yeav and bring them
through strong. I believe you could give bees about 100 per cent and
have auger holes bored through the hive, and they would possibly live,
but you have lost possibly all your crop of honey 3'ou would have got
from that colony tlie year before, and that is mighty poor wintering.
This man, says leave sixty pounds on. If every man in the State of
Illinois had left that, the majority of us this year would not have any
surplus. It doesn't take sixty pounds to winter bees.

Mr. Stone. — I have taken sixty j)ounds of honey off and there was
thirty or forty pounds left below. They have so much below I am
afraid they haven't got room enough for the queen.

The President. — ]\Ir. Seastream Avas afraid of that, and he ex-
tracted a little honey, to give them- room for the queen.

Mr. Stone. — I did that where one queen had gone up, and there
were two queens in.

Mr. Coppin. — I didn't have to extract any honey from below, I
took honey from above and put it down below, and when I come to take
the honey off I found the lower one was about empty. The result was
that I had to leave one brood chamber and replace the empty combs with
full ones.

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, I want to say I have extracted honey
from some hives after it got cool enough so that the bees had gone doAvn
from the upper stor}-, and I would put in empty ones as I would take
them out, and I would hardly see a bee. Sometimes they would come
out a little, aud I would blow a little smoke on them and they would
go in.

A Membep.. — Did you have a queen excluder between them?

64 XIXKTEKXTll AXXl'AL IJEPOIJT OF THE

Mi{. STOXii:. — Yes, sir. But in the instance I spoke ol: the qiieen
went up above that excluder.

The President. — I don't believe ordinarily a queen will go
tlirough. One may occasionally, there are a few that will.

^In. Stone. — That one Avent through, and she lias got good bees
up there.

Tub Peesident. — I wouldn't want to keep a queen that could go
through a queen excluder, she is too small.

^Ir. Stoxe. — I am going to make a test next summer. 1 am going
to have one surplus case and another, let them keep building up as long
as they want, and see how it will do.

.V Member. — In preparing the hives for the cellar, do you close the
entrance so the bees can't get out?

Me, Bexdei.'. — I carry them in, but the l)oard is taken olT as i^oon
as they are put in the cellar.

Mr. Dadaxt. — The way I have succeeded best in putting the bees
in tlie cellar is to leave tlie bottom- boards on the co\er. We mark the
nund)er of the hive on the top, so we can put back the same colony in
the same place, taking them out in their order as we put them in, so
we k]iow just where to begin when we put them l)ack in the spring. We
]nit only the box, we have oilcloths over the brood chandler, as I stated,
W(' take the oilcloth off, put the straw mat over the frames, that is all
that goes in the cellar when they are put in. When we take tbem out
in the spring, if we think they are restless we throw a cloth over them
till we carry them out, but they do not fly much till they are outside.
Tn tlie cellar i think they should have plenty of ventilation. Put them
out in the spring, that is one point where Dr. Miller and I do not agree.
Dr. Midler says that bees do not remember their location. They may
not remendier it well enough to go back to it in the s])ring, but I can
tell you the experience I had. You have heard me say we marked the
liives so we knew wbere to put them back. One season we had two hives
of a different kind on the wrong side of the apiary. We said, '"In the
spring we will put them on opposite sides of the apiary." We had two
kinds of removable frame hives. Those two hives were cliange,il back
to the other side, and the day the bees were taken out my father' called
me and said, '"There are some bees flying here in an open zone where
there is nothing." They were the bees from those hives, looking" for
their homes where they stood the fall before. We put the hives there
and thy came in. Then wo carried them away again and it was all
right, and they staid away, but I do not doubt that bees do remember
in four or five months the place where they stood. It may do no harm
to change them, but that is the expcTijence I bad. It might be that there
is a little trouble that Dr. ^liller doesn't notice.

Mr. C*oi'PIX. — I ha\e never noticed any particular trouble, but I
ha\'e never kept a I'ecord of where each hive belonged. I gather them

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. "65

up and carry tlieiii in. just t]ie bottom board Avith the brood chamber
and honey board on top. In the spring I carry them out, drop them
any place that is convenient, filling up the spaces, and before I get
through I would find bees like Mr. Dadant was speaking about, located
in a place where there wasn't any beehive. It Avas evident that I had
the beehive that belonged there, put in some other place. The next time
I came out with a beehive I would carry it over and drop it over there,
and the bees would go in the same as if it was their own hive. They
remembered their places. I have seen this happen a number of times,
but I don't tliink they ever made any trouble.. I don't think they fight.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. Stewart and I like to find fault with each
other. He says, what is the difference ? I will give you my experience.
When we first began to take the bees out of the cellar we wouldn't have
them marked, and we had a great deal of trouble with some swarms
leaving their hives and joining other hives, so my father and I con-
cluded that it was because they remembered the old place and got mixed
up, and they became discouraged and left their hives to join other
hives. The problem is to get out bees back on the stand and have them
all quiet and satisfied. I do not say that that will happen right along,
I am only telling you what I have seen.

]\rR. Bender. — While I do not believe it is absolutely necessary to
place them on the same stand, still I like to do that all I can. What I
think is important about cellar winterijig is not to put them in without
bottom boards. I put the colonies about a foot apart, as recommended
by Langstrath. We had one (January exceedingly warm, almost summer
weather, and the cellar become so warm that I couldn't keep them quiet.
I tried to get ice and couldn't. I tried to ventilate as best I could, hut
there were more bees outside than in and I had to shut them up in the
daytime or they would have left the hives. When it did turn cold T
had five or six bushels in the cellar, trying to get out. I worked with
them till midnight, and when morning came there were five or six
bushels of bees outside the cellar that sta.yed there and froze to death.

Mr. Bender. — Whv is it that colonies put out of the cellar will
appear to be strong at the beginning of warm weather and will then die
off? I have had that happen. I don't know why it is.

]\Ir. Seastream. — I don't believe they have enough protection to
keep warm.

Mr. Bishop. — I think the bees shouldn't be taken out till the very
last moment.

Mr. Bender. — I think that is a mistake. I take my bees out the
first warm day, the first day it is warm enough for bees to fly, and they
come through perfectly in the spring.

Mr. Bishop. — I think if you keep the bees in the cellar till settled,
warm weather, that your bees will go right along better than if you take
them out in bad weather. If you keep them until the weather is warm
— 5 B A

\

()(> NINETEKNTII ANNUAL ItEPOUT OF THE

enough so they can fly right along, they won't dw'indle as much as when
you take them out too early.

Mr. Coppin. — I have followed the practice of taking my bees out of
the cellar when the bees outside have something to work on.

Mr. Seamstkeam. — In the winter I take my Ijces in the basement.
I did that last fall. As a rule I find that they do better than in a
single-wall hive. It seems that we need to have the sjjring as well as the
winter packing. If you have an exposed location a cellar is decidedly
the best, but if you have a well protected location where the bees can
get a flight occasionally through the winter, the outdoor method may
offer as good protection.

The President. — Are there any more questions? I tliink it will
be well for us to adjourn. This is allelic light we are permitted to have
in this room, under the conservation, act, and it is 5 :00 o'clock and I
think we had better adjourn till 9 :0O o'clock in the morning, if that
meets with your approval.

Mr. Williams. — I move we adjourn.

Mr. Bishop.— Second the motion.

The President. — It has been moved and seconded that we ad-
journ. All in favor signify by the usual sign, contrary the same. So
ordered. The meeting is adjourned.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned to meet Wednesday morning,
December 10, 1919.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEErEUs" ASSOCIATIOX. G7

WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION.

The President. — Gentlemen, will you come to order?. Is the
auditing committee ready to report?

Mr. Kildow. — We are read}' to report.

The President. — Let ns hear the report.

Me. Kildow. — We have examined the l^ooks of the secretary and
treasurer of the association, and we find tliem correct.

The President. — Have you written out a report or do you p.ist
make that examination and report ?

Mr. Kildow. — We just make that as a report. We find them cor-
rect with the association account.

The President. — You have lieard the report of the committee,
what is your pleasure, shall it he accepted and placed on file with the
other reports of the association? !;-

Mr. Williams. — I make a motion that the report of the committee
be accepted and the committee discharged.

,Mr. Tyler. — Second the motion.

The President. — It ha^ been moved and seconded that the report
of the committee be accepted and the committee discharged.. Those in
favor will please say aye, opposed no. Carried.

Mr. Stewart. — Don't we have more bee diseases in the north than
we do in other places?

Mr. Bender. — It is just as bad in the southern part of the United
States. They have more bee diseases in Texas than they have here.

Mr. Dadant. — ] know they have them in northern Africa.

Mr. Paddock. — For information I would like to say that we liave
about concluded in Texas that the American foul brood is more diflficult
to treat in that climate than it would be in Wisconsin. That proposition
was brought out by at least three or four who were practical beekeepers,
in addition to what theoretical experience we have had in control work.
One man, for instance, raised bees in Indiana and Tennessee and had
them moved to Texas. He fought the disease in three different states.
The treatment that he gave successfully in Indiana and Tennessee was
not successful in Texas. We were accused many times of using entirely
too drastic measures, in that we preferred to burn rather than to treat.
but our experience certainly tended to show that this radical treatment
was necessary under the conditions existing, whether it be climate or
something else, I am not prepared to say at this time.

G8 XIXETEEXTII ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

Mr. Kildow. — The treatment that was siieeessfvil in Indiana and
Tennessee will not work in Texas.

Mr. Paddock. — It will not work so snccessfully. It will work
nicely in some cases, and where owners requested treatment the}'' were
given treatment, but in making up our records and the revisits and the
retreats we concluded that the safest thing was to burn. We were
criticised for doing that. I have had lots of criticism on that from
officials in the north.

Mr. Kildow. — Would you lay that more to the locality, the southern
part of the country being warmer than it is up here?

Me.. Paddock. — That I do not know.

Mr. Kildow. — Foul brood is all from the same germ.

Mr. Paddock. — It is the same germ. I think we find certain
localities where certain germ diseases are more virulent than in others.

Mr. Williams. — There is one thing that would make it more
virulent down there, they raise broodsso much longer, they have no cold
weather.

]\Ir. Kildow. — I would think it would be under conditions of
climate rather than it would be on germs, for the germs are the same
thing as far as I can see, north or south.

]\Ir. Stewart. — Mr. Kildow, is it the germ that causes foul brood
or is it the result of foul brood?

Mr. Kildow. — You will get the result if you get the germ.
(Laughter.)

The President. — No modern scientific man denies that bacteria
is tlu' cause of disease. It has been conclusively proven. Mr. Paddock,
we would be very glad to have your paper at this time. Mr. Paddock is
<iie State Apiarist of Iowa.

Mr. F. B. Paddock. — 1 feel that my paper is a little bit out of
place in this good informal gathering here, but since I spent most of
Thanksgiving Day writing it, I have got to got it ofF of my system some
way, I can't afford to come all the wa.y over here and then.be disap-
pointed. Disappointment with you might be all right, but before T
begin on this long treatise, I have been mucli interested in a problem
that has come before your association, as well as coming before the Iowa
association, and that is the matter of attendance at our association
.meetings. The gentleman here this morning, counting noses, has said
' tliere were less than twenty-five, and this is a State association meeting.
Now, there is another version of that. When we had our picture taken
over there, we hud, I guess, about sixty-five in attendance at our largest
session. When showing that picture to one gentleman he looked it over
critically and he said, ^'I have one criticism to make of that picture,"
and I wondered if it was the composition, from a photographer's stand-
point, or not, and he said, ''There are too many old heads in that
picture." Well, that set me to thinking. That is really one of the

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 09

meats that I want to give 3'ou this morning in this talk, is tlie fact thai
the beekeeping industry today is not being taken up by the younger
people. We haven't the younger people coming into it that we could
have, and I believe that criticism of that picture was just, and I believe
it more so since I have had the privilege of attending this session. The
subject for presentation to you this morning is the need of more research
in apiculture. The subject is of my own selection, so that I can blame
no one for alloting me a difficult task.

The jN'eed of More Eeseaech in Apiculture.
(F. B. Paddoch, State Api-arist, Ames, Iowa.)

Xeedless to say it is with much pleasure that I am able to meet
with the Illinois Beekeepers' Association in their annual convention.
The subject for presentation is my own selection so I can blame no one
for allotting me a dil^cult topic. Having been closely associated with-
beekeeping for only a comparatively short time it may be only natural
that I find great need for information. However, in this short time
many questions have been presented in a very forceful manner for
positive answers. These were not available. For some time I have been
impressed with the fact that we lack definite and conclusive evidence on
many points of vital importance to the science of apiculture.

The practice of beekeeping is as old as history. Our literature is
full of observation on the science and theories have found their way
into our present books. Yet investigations by the approved methods
have been less numerous than in almost any other branch of agriculture.
It has been said that bees are worth more to agriculture in general than
to apiculture in particular. In spite of this history and acknowledged
importance, newer lines of study have resulted in far more advance due
to much more active investigation. ]^o line of study can offer more
problems for solutioii nor can any results offer more for a science that
can be expected in apiculture.

It would seem that our present aspect of apiculture is ba^^ed very
largely on observation and not on facts. There are some present who
will resent such a statement. Our literature today records the observa-
tion of a few individuals and the collection of these forms the basis for
the present teaching of the subject. This should not be taken as any
reflection on the subject. It sliould not be taken a- any reflection on the
worthy men who suffered in an attempt to i)lace at our disposal
knowledge which would lead to facts later. All of these men of the past
generation have well gained the meager recognition that this hurrying
generation has given them. Today there are some who warn us against
the easy error of bringing together the ideas of several of tliese early
observers and attempt to make a success of beekeeping. A collection of
opinions does not establish a principle or a foundation truth. There can

70 XIXETEEXTII AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE

be no discredit to the noble endeavors of those early observers who
worked under ever}' possible handicap. But today there is a call for
research which will put the science of apiculture on a firm basis.

Literature on beekeeping is quite common today and to many the
art of keeping bees, is alread}' fully explained. Yet a consideration will
show that there are but few books available for the student. The bee
Journals have done excellent Avork in fostering the spirit of observation,
hoping that it might grow into investigation. A recent bibliography' of
the beekeeping literature was made which contains slightly over 1,200
references. Of this number only a few more than one hundred refer to
research, the remainder refer to reports of observations, discussions and
general discourses on the subject of apiculture. Why is it that today
much of our meetings are taken up with the controversy on vital points
of bee activity? Every one is entitled to his own views on a question
and until he is proven wrong there is just reason for argument. An
investigation is a study made in such a thorough manner that the need
of argument is removed; the facts of the case are presented. The pri-
vate observer is not in a position to plan and conduct a piece of investi-
gation in such a way that most of the uncertain elements will be
eliminated. Such work is not attempted today in other phases of agri-
culture. The people prefer to look to the experiment stations to bring
out definite and conclusive results.

Should we blame any beekeeper for making tlie assertion that bee>
must secrete a certain amount of wax and that some of it is wasted be-
cause wax scales liave been found scattered on the bottom board? Tliere
is yet much to be learned about wax secretion and comb building. We
should not say that because some yellow coml) happened to be constructed
during the dandelion flow that the color of all comb is influenced by the
source of the honey. Coincidence is not necessarily cause and effect.
Too often we find that an observer is prejudiced in his views and the
same is ti ue of many investigators although it should be the aim oF every
true investigator to determine the truth. We have entirely too much of
a person holding a certain theory and then by contorted experiments
try to prove the validity of his theorv.

In recent years the few investigations that have been conducted
show a tendency to attempt tlie solution of the more technical phases of
the work. ^Euch attention has l>een given to the factors of hereditv in
the honey lice and the possibility of breeding a bettor type. A remark
was recently made that bees were found m the earliest geological forma-
tions and comparison shows that there has lieen almost no change in
their anatomy. Perhaps it is the temperament of the people today tliat
because mating cannot be controlled there is a great desire to want to
attempt it. Tn the investigations there has been a tendency to seek the
end of the rainbow, leaving the small but fundamental facts yet to be
determined.

ILLINOIS STATE, beekeepers' ASSOCIATIOX. 71

, Another glance at the bibliography shows that more investigation
Avoi k has been conducted in Europe than in the United States. Is there
any reason why we should continue to look to" Europe for our basic in-
formation in apiculture? United States is the leading honey producing
country of the world and the importance of the industry should most
certainly justify the best possible research. We have men in this
country who are just as capable of conducting careful research as can
be done any place in the world. What is needed is first a realization of
the need of research on the part of the beekeepers and second an appre-
ciation of such endeavors and third a demand by them for research. Do
you suppose the fruit grower attempts to solve the problems of horti-
culture? The experiment stations are asked to do such work and give
tlie results to the industry of the country. The fruit growers of a state
are proud of the fact that the experiment station of their state has done
more for industry of the country than the station of any other state.
Do we find this true of beekeepers and apiculture ? There is yet too
much of a tendency on the part of the beekeepers to attempt to solve
their own j)rol)lems in their own pe.culiar way. The fundamentals are
evolved very slowl}' by such a process.

Today we are having heated arguments concerning the appearance
ol' foul brood in the bee trees. The question is always foremost in any
attempt to conduct a systematic campaign for the control of diseases.-
Ou]- records do not show that an authentic case of foul brood in a bee
tree or bee cave has ever existed. There are plenty Avho think they have
seen tlie disease in a tree or who have heard that a neighbor saw what
he considered foul brood. It is not said that parties made any attempt
to place such a case on an undisputable basis. Furthermore it is never
recorded that such cases were given proper treatment, the inference is
always that such a colony was put in a box and brought to the house to
suffer neglect in every possible way.

In the above mentioned bibliography we find 110 references to foul
brood. This is more than one-twelfth of the entire number of references
which shows the place in our literature that this subject occupies. In
spite of this we are still ignorant on many of the most vital points of
this -very important subject. It has been commonly said that the disease
are based on that assertion. Yet we cannot establish the facts that the
disease is spread through the agency of honey. More investigations of a
careful nature are needed at once on this subject. We do not know the
disease organism attacks the larva nor what age the attack is made.

The controversy over the size of the brood chamber has been brought
down to us from 1868, a period of 51 years. .Yet today we are using a
hive which is admitted is unsatisfactory because the personal experi-
ments have not been so conducted as to not be conclusive. The private
investigator can seldom arrange his experiment so as to eliminate enough

72 N1XETEEXT1[ xVXXUAL ItEl'OKT OF THE

unknown elements and have sufficient checks on the work. Here again
we find that ideas of the experimenter have colored the joossible results.
This problem furthermore is composed of several fundamental principles
which have not been clearl}' understood and have not been taken into
account. There are certain factors which when thoroughly understood
and put together will determine the size of the brood chamber and no
individual ideas will be able to change the laws of nature. We now
admit that we are trj'ing to produce extracted hone}^ with a hive not
suited for the purpose. Today om- research is far behind the needs of
the industry, instead of leading, a§ it shonld.

In the past we have had maat devices given to the industry which
were based on ideas rather than on facts. We have several non-swarming
hives but the underlying principles of swarming are still not well known.
We have tried to make nature conform to our ideas of how it should be.
You may say that the l)eekeei)ers were forced to make these attempts at
research, that no one was apparently interested in the development of
this industry. The beekeepers have not made the need of apicultural
research felt outside of their own sphere. If the beekeepers would
devote their united energies to a request for scientific research this
demand would be met today as it is being done in other lines of en-
deavor. Does the cattleman try oiit the best combination of feed for
the cheapest gain? This need is-*put before those in charge of res(>arch
and a solution is attempted and is usually given.

Today we find that in twelve states a popular demand has been met
by printing for wide distribution a treatise on beekeeping. These papers
do not represent any new research in apiculture but are a rework of
ideas, theories, advice and beliefs that have been collected during tho
past generations. That these do serve a purpose is not to be disputed
but the debt to the beekeeping industry has not been paid by the publica-
tion of such a bulletin. We are not any nearer the solution of vital
problems than before these papei's were printed. Let the need for
further work be felt and it will be undertaken. In how many states
today is active research in a])iculture being conducted on a j^ound basis
by the experiment stations? Eesearch in apiculture is the last thing to
be provided for and the chance to- make it partially self supporting is
the real attractive feature in providing for the work. ]\rany men are
interested in the problems of apiculture but must direct their energies
to work which will receive support.

While it is going to be necessary for research to start at the founda-
tion and work up_ there is also an immediate demand for experimental
work on problems of a practical nature. We will soon be face to face
with the question of the cost of production of a pound of extracted
honey. We have seen that other products have recently been put on
such a basis, and little did we think that anythms- but supply and de-
mand could change the price of sugar. Xow wo are figuring the cost of

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 73

production and a fair profit for the jobber, wholesaler and retailer. The
consumer pays the price wjiich is thus established. There was a recent
movement to establish the price on cotton and it was found that the
many variable and uncertain factors could be stabilized. Coal is now
up for the same discussion. You may say that honey is not a staple —
that is your fault. As a matter of fact honey is already past the luxury
stage and the hungry world is now asking for honey. Before the close of
the war we heard rumors that honey had been stored for three years in
Australia, that our export to Great Britain and Europe was doomed
as soon as the war ended. We were told that this honey could, and
would be, offered at such a low rate that we would have to go out of
l)usiness. Has any one heard of this recently? The last reports show
that we are exporting heavily to almost every foreign country and the
price is yet good. Another thing, our home consumption is increasing
by leaps and bounds, probably governed by the supply. Tn Iowa the.
home consumption has increased almost 40 per cent in the last three
years.

Tn the future, our research must not be restricted as it has been in
the past. Apiculture is not dependent on bee activity alone, but is
biological in aspect. Honey ma}^ be gathered only in accordance with
prevailing climatic conditions. Alfalfa yields nectar in abundance
under some conditions, but none at all under other conditions. Under
the same climatic conditions cotton will yield honey on one type of soil
but will not yield on a different type of soil. After a rain of known
amount a flow from mesquite can be expected in a definite number of
days. Problems of this kind could be mentioned almost without end.
Eesearch of a broad type and carefully planned is needed to answer such
problems. They are entirely without the sphere of the individual bee-
keeper. But he must feel those problems and in turn make them felt
in the circles of research before they will be undertaken.

Tn instructional work one comes face to face with the real shortage
of exact facts of beekeeping. We know a few things are so, many more
have l)een observed although seldom recorded carefully, and we think
that other things ought to be so from personal deductions. It is the
fundamental facts that we lack. A student recently asked how much
royal jelly is necessary to raise a queen ? Another asked about tlie
character of food and amount consumed by the worker larva as com-
pared with the drone larva. Our students today are taught the funda-
mentals of other sciences and they expect as much of apiculture. Thev
have a right to expect it.

In extension work we find a great need for fundamental knowledire
and also such adapted to the lines of practice. We can recommend a
certain hive of a definite size to keep bees in. Why? Because it has
given the best results under average conditions. Have we told how to
keep bees when Ave have told this? The fundamentals upon which local

/

74 ■XINETEKXTIl ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

conditions can be built are seldom available for the beekeeper. It is
only natural that bees will respond, differently in a change of environ-
ment. This is what makes location. ' In one state there were enough
well defined localities which the beekeepers came ^o appreciate could
only be solved by reseaich that they received support from the state
legislature for regional experimental apiaries. This is an example of
what ought to be done by the beekeepers everywhere.

The children of beekeepers are sent to our institutions of higher
learning for education. How often are they given any instruction in
apiculture? Is it anv wonder that the ranks of beekeepers contain few-
young individuals— that the recruits of the industry are made up en-
tirely from outside the industry? A fruit grower sends his son to a
college to learn the technical side of the horticulture. The same is true
of other industries. Is it justice to the beekeeper that his son is not
allowed to learn anything of apiculture? When the government made
a recent survev of the colleges for vocational training of the soldiers thev
found that only six colleges were offering any work in a]uculture. The
industry Avould have proved attractive to thousands but thei'e were no
facilities estal^lished for the instruction of such work. Xow liie govern-
ment is trying to develo]i instructional work in apiculture. In the insti-
tutions mentioned al)ove the courses in apiculture are elective which
means that if the student can find time he mav receive iiistruction in
the subject. I have had a number of students come to me this fall who
expressed deep regret that it was not possible for them to ])ursue study
in apiculture. Some of these came from homes where bees were kept,
others were interested in becoming beekeepers.

The remedy for the situation outlined briefly in these ]iaii-es is not
easy nor will it be solved at an earlv date. Possible methods of pro-
ceedure are somewhat limited. The first thing is for the beekeepers to
realize that the problem is out of their sphere for solution. Then they
should come to realize the value and the necessity of research work.
Piovisions for ]'esearch work will only be made by the states at the
insistent request of the beekeepers. ^Investigation must proceed instruc-
tion and extension endeavors. W'^ should be able to build centers of
apicultural research as well as of field crops and soils. Following more
investigation, of both technical and practical nature, more instruction'
should be developed in the colleges. This is the business of the bee-
keepers and thev should see that the matter is cfiven proper attention.

TriE President. — This paper is open foi' discussion.

]\rR. KiLDOW. — T want to comment on one thought in there. I do
not know who is the author of it. He state- in there about parties in-
ferring that there is no foul brood in bee trees. The ))artv that made
that T think is very badly oft'. There ds nothing in the world to hinder
foul brood from going into a bee tree; only that there is no gum there.
Foul brood is no respector of bee gums, skeps, hives, or anything else.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. ^ 75

Because these certain parties have not seen a bee tree that has foul
brood, it is not right to say it is not there, because it has been there and
it will be there again. I know one case in my own neighborhood, where
two trees have been cut, that were actually rotten with foul brood,
American foul brood at that. I think a distinction should be made
where one party says that because they have not seen foul brood in trees
it does not exist there, because it is there. That is about all there is to
say about it.

Mr. Paddock. — Don't infer from my paper that 1 said foul brood
doesn't exist in trees.

Mr. KiLDOW. — No, I don't say that.

Mr. Paddock. — You say it exists.

Mr. Kildow. — I say it does.

Mr. Paddock. — What proof have you got?

Mr. Kildow. — My eyes are good enough.

Mr. Paddock.- — Will they stand as evidence before any Jury in the
United States, as proof?

Mr. Kildow. — I believe I am as capable of testifying what tlie
American foul brood today is, as anybody else.

Mr. Paddock. — What steps would you take to put that on an in-
disputable basis and hand it down to future generations?

Mr. Kildow. — My general knowledge.

Mr. Paddock. — Would you sign an affidavit and make proof of
your knowledge in that way ?

Mr. Kildow. — Xow you are coming down to technical things.

Mr. Paddock. — But it is necessary to be somewhat technical about
these things. You can't go into court and say. "T assume foul brood
does exist or does not exist," until you have got the best evidence.

Mr. Stone. — What does it take ?

Mr. Paddock. — It takes affidavits.

Mr. Stone. — What kind of affidavits ?

Mr. Paddock. — -If I were you and I found one case of American
foul brood in a bee tree, I believe you owe it to science, and to disease
eradication work, to send a sample of that diseased brood to Dr. Phillips,
who in turn would make affidavit to the fact that that was diseased, and
you would make out an affidavit to the effect that you had found this
foul brood in a bee tree.

Mr. Stone. — Probably that would be very good, but there is lots
of red tape about it.

Mr. Paddock. — That doesn't make any difference.

Mr. Kildoav. — That doesn't dispute the fact that I know foul ])rood
when I see it.

Mr. Paddock. — I don't want to enter into any personalities, but
we must have definite facts to work on, and proof of them.

Mr. Stone. — T knoAv the facts. •

76 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPOIJT OF THE

•

Mk. Paddock. — I am glad this'' came up. If I can do one thing
through this paper, if 1 can get affidavits on record that the disease does
occur today, then we can go into court and accomplish something.

Mi{. Stewart. — The ordinary man doesn't know foul brood when
he sees it.

Mr. Cofpix. — There is nothing to prevent foul brood from being in
a tree anj^ more than there is in a box or a hive, or anything else, and
1 for one have never cut open but one bee tree to see whether there was
foul brood there or not, but I have found it in box hives plenty of times.

3Ir. Paddock. — I know. 1 am not saying it is or is not, but we
lunen't got the evidence.

^Ir. Kildow. — You say to make this thing sure a man has got to
take a sample and have it examined, send it to some bacteriologist or
entomologist for him to pass on it, and get it out in black and white
before you will believe it.

^1r. Paddock. — I am not saying they will not believe, but it has to
be ]H"esented in a certain way, to get results.

Mr. Kildow. — To establish the facts?

Mh. Paddock. — Yes.

^Ir. Kildow. — I suppose it is all right. Under that I would pretty
near have to, if 1 went to a yard and found foul brood there, I would
have to send a sample out for examination before I would know positively
whether it was foul brood or not.

^Ir. Paddock. — That is another |)Dint. I will put my experience up
against anybody else's on foul brood, but that doesn't go.

Mi{. Dadant. — I can see the point our brother was trying to make.
Before the courts we must have the testimony of officials, not hearsay.
Tlie testimony of a state inspector in one state probably will not be
valuable in another state, but the testimony of an official of the United
States will pass anywhere. The testimony of finding a certain thing
such as disease in a tree, by any man in a state, that he sends to an
official of the United States, will also pass, and in that way he will
establish the fact. 1 can see that Brother Paddock has not tried to deny
the existence of foul brood in trees. It would be absurd to try to do
that, because foul brood can exist there just as well as in hives, a little
easier, because nobody is there to fight it,-^nly when you cut the tree
down, but I can see if it is necessary to prove tlie matter before a court,
that it will be re(]uired that you have affidavits. I think that is simply
a matter of form, not a matter of importance otherwise, and a statement
of this discussion and this report ifi going to have some influence on the
knowledge of foul brood in bee trecjg.

Mr. Stone. — You do not claim-they do not exist?

Mr. Paddock. — Oh, no.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKKEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 77

Mr. Stoxe. — I was wanting to know what reason joii had for it.
I believe this ought to influence our foul brood inspectors, so that they
will make that a matter of record.

Mr. Kildow. — I understand these other parties said they never saw
it in a bee tree, and they discounted the fact of it being there.

Mr. Paddock. — I might say I am not going to believe what John
Smith said, I have my own opinion. I wasn't quoting from any case, I
was quoting from a collection of .Qases.

Mr. Kildow. — They didn't think it existed.

Mr. Paddock. — That wasn't the point at issue at all.

Mr. Kildow. — That is what brought np this discussion.

Mr. Paddock. — I am dad it did.

Mr. Kildow. — I might say because I never saw it in a bee tree,
that it isn't there.

Mr. Stoxe. — Mr. President, when we were trying to get out foul
brood bill through the Legislature, before we had ever had one. ^Ir.
Funk was on the appropriations committee, and there was a statement
made to the effect that if we did eradicate foul brood it was still in the
bee tree, and we couldn't get that out; that thing beat our getting our
bill. Xow, something ought to be done along that line to get that estab-
lished before the tribunal, whether they want to believe it or not.

]\Ir. Kildow. — T believe that the inspector's say-so will go in court
if he says "This is foul brood," or "that is foul brood." be it tree, or
box, or hive, wherever he ilnds it. I believe his word will go if he is the
head of the apiar}^ work, and inspector. I believe it would hold.

Mr. Stewart. — It Avill carr}^ before a jury, youT word as soon as
anybody else's.

Mr. Paddock. — This is getting to be quite extensive argument,
and I want to keep it on a high plane all the way through. T am satis-
fied myself that any person, be he inspector or citizen of the United
States, owes it to the beekeeping industry of the United States to get
a few of these affidavits on record, regardless of whether he has any lack
of confidence in his own judgment or not: but you make the point that
your opinion should go before a jury and a judge, as to whether you
know foul brood or not. T had one experience that set me to thinking
quite a bit along this line. I can feel for you and feel with you, because
I have been in the same work and am virtually now. Tt came u]") in one
of the biggest pink boll worm cases that has ever been tried in a County
Court, because the whole (otton industry of the South was at stake. Just
to show you how these technicalities can come in, the law said these
inspectors should be competent entomologists. The court asked as to
what is a competent entomologist, and thev never yet were able to settle
that point. It shows you what fool things will get into cases in court.
•The fact that there isn't today on record any certified statement makes
it necessary, the whole beekeeping industry has been built up on a few

r-'

8 XINETEEXTII ANNUAL IlEPORT OF TJTE

sections and a few supijositioiis. I am not saying that those suppo-
sitions are not all right, but if we want to use the term "scientific men"
in the broadest sense and not as most people consider them, a scientific
man is willing to admit things upon presentation of facts even though
he is not willing to admit it upon a recorded observation, and that cer-
tainly makes it worth while for you and I to put these things where they
cannot be disputed. I know positively that if I saw foul brood in a bee
tree there would be plenty of men in the United States to say, "What
does he know about foul brood ?" So 1 think we owe it to ourselves and
to the industry at large to put a few of these things on record and then
we can build on top of that.

Mr. Kildow. — Then to make a long story short I think I will
propogate one and send a sample in.

Mr. Paddock. — I would make an affidavit, sending a sealed sample
to Dr. Phillips' laboratory, and ask for an affidavit.

Mr. Kildow. — I might have to get half a dozen affidavits to say
that I was the man that sent the sample and that I got it in a certain
place.

Mr. Paddock. — The result would be worth it, regardless of the
trouble it would be.

Mr. Williams. — Mr. Chairman, I think the whole trouble lies in
the fact that most people that find bee trees don't want to tell it. They
might have found foul brood in the tree, but thev didn't want to tell that
they cut that tree on John Smith — for it is usually on somebody else's
land that the trees is found — on his place, because he would prosecute
them for it, that is probably why foul brood in bee trees has been so
rarely seen. I know of my own personal knowledge of one bee tree
being cut. I helped cut one. There was no foul brood in that, but I
suppose that in the last five years there has been fifty bee trees cut
within a radius of five miles of my place. Most of them have been cut
at night. If there chanced to be any foul brood in those trees, the parties
that cut the tree would never mention it because they were cut without
the knowledge of the owner, and I think that is the general rule ; I don't
want to say that Brother Kildow did that, that he went over on some
other fellow's place at night and cut these trees, but that it has been the
general experience regarding bee trees

Mr. KiLDOAV. — I have been there. (Laughter.)

Mr. Dadaxt. — I guess we will have to hammer Brother Paddock.
The first thing he said was that somebody criticised the picture of the
Iowa meeting because there were too many old men or too few young
men there, I don't know which it was.

Mr. Paddock. — Too few young men.

Mr. Dadaxt. — I have been attending meetings for upwards of
forty-five years, and when I come here and count the old men, th(> men

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKKEPEUs' ASSOCIATIOX. 79

who were there forty years ago, the}' are scarce. It is young men all the
way through, and he himself is one of the youngest.

Mk. Bexdee. — Mr. President, I think it depends in that case on
who is making the observation. A man is likelv to consider anv man
young if he is younger than he is. You ask a man eighty years old
about a man se\'ent3^-five and he will say, "No, he is not very old, he is
three or four years j^ounger than I am.^' (Laughter.)

Mh. Stewart.— The reason why the young men don't come is be-
cause beekeeping doesn't pay. It doesn't pay, that is the reason they
dou't come.

Mr. Paddock. — How do you know it doesn't pay ? We are making
people believe that they can get rich making honey.

]\Ik. Stoxe. — Mr. Stewart, I want to correct you on that. I get a
good many letters from members far away, that have only got three or
four bee hives, and they say, "We find that it pays us big."

Mr. Steavart. — Is that their whole income, what they get from
three or four hives of bees ?

Mr. Stoxe. — Xo, but it pays.

Mr. Stewart. — A man can't make a living on a thing that does not
pay. That is why the young men do not take it up.

The Presidext. — I think personal!}^ if the great majority of young
men do not take up bee keeping it is because they like better some job
that has less work about it.

Mr. Stoxe. — If you will take the president or secretary of this
association, they are not either of them specialists. Look nt our
president.. He is a practicing physician. He has got a farm that is five
times as big as mine, and I have got all I want to attend to on my farm,
without attending to my bees, but beekeeping pays us.

Mr. Paddock. — I am on the floor here a great deal

The President. — That is all right, it is your paper.

Mr. Paddock. — But it is all dear to my heart. One of tlie point-
I wanted to bring out in that paper, and one of the thoughts I wanted to
leave with you was this : that a young man is not given the opportunity
in our educational institutions today to find out anything about bee-
keeping, to know whether it is a good business for him or not. Now, I
went to college and I learned about horticulture, about stock judgment,
about a lot of things, but I didn't learn anything about beekeeping, and
how was I to know whether it was hard work or whether it was easr,
whether it was good or whether it was bad. I didn't, and one of the
things I am pleading for today is a proper appreciation of beekeeping
and a proper place for apiculture in our educational institutions.

]\rR. Gill. — I think no doubt there are a good many people in our
country that are making beekeeping very profitable, and I notice a good
many of them are of the younger men. There is one thing, I think, this
paper should lead us to is the idea of cooperation. I think that is a word

80 XINETEENTII ANXUAL REPOKT OF THE

that ought to be hammered and hammered among ns, that until we can
get together and work together, we are not getting ahead. I haven't
any sympathy with that idea of a beekeeper that doesn't want to he!])
somebody else, because he thinks there isn't room for anybody else. 1
believe that when we get to producing ten times as much hone}^ as we are
now producing, it will be all sold and we will be just as sure of getting
a good market for it, a good profit out of it. When honey is before
people so they do not get out of the habit of buying it, they will buy it.
I think this paper ought to lead us to think what we want from the
hands of our State, from the hands of our University, what we are going
to ask for when we have an opportunity. I think that ought to be the
idea put before the people when they are asked to join the association.
Here is a chance to get into a strong organization and help us to get in
people when we have an opportunity. As long as there are just a few
in it, or a few asking for anything, we are not likely to get results, but
if we are so organized that when there is an opportunity a lot of us are
going to stand back of our demands, then we get results. I think this
paper ought to lead us to that. I think that next year one of the things
we should discuss is, what we want at the hands of our State, what we
need. I know Wisconsin and Iowa and some of tbese other states are
getting some attention from tbeir universities. I haven't heard — I don't
know whether our State imiversities are doing anything along that line
or not.

Mr. Bender. — The trouble at Champaign seems to be, in the first
place they haven't got the money, and in the second place they can't
get a demonstrator for the apiary work. That is what they tell me, they
seem to think the first thing is to get the money. Perhaps we might
help them and the State to get an appropriation so they will be able to
help us.

Mr. Kildow. — The demand has got to come from the outside.

Mr. Paddock. — It has got to come from their own industry.

The President.- — -I believe that. It has got to come from the bee-
keepers first.

Mr. Kildow. — The worst trouble is that we are every fellow for
himself. We need more cooperation.

Mrs. Kildow. — Mr. President, I was just thinking of some of the
letters received at the office of the inspector. Among those are some
that are meditating going into the bee business. I would judge that
tliere is a lack of funds for the beginner. Xow in school teaching, in
almost every vocation of life, you would scarcely expect to step in on the
top round and go to work from simply picking up a journal and reaclmg
it. Too much, as I say, is left for the idea or the thought of others, and
it is always of course in some particular locality. While we all know
that theory is one of the best things to have, if you have what I term
"mother wit" enough to decide what theory will suit your conditions^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 81

whatever they may be, unless theie is a foundation, as I understand
from the paper that was read the main object was to get self-evident
facts as much as possible, if you please, which would sen^e as a founda-
tion in teaching beginners certain things that Avere to be depended upon
under all conditions, and then after that to advance to a time having
this in the State institutions who bring practice with theory, that will
show where and how you can use that theory— unless they have the
practice they are going to fall down. I think that is where some of the
young beekeepers become discouraged. One beekeeper in Wisconsin will
have his ideas of what works out, because it has been practiced there for
so long. He knows just when and under what circumstances to use that
theory, but if a beekeeper in southern Illinois attempts to use that same
principle it may fail for him, just as in introducing queens. One man
will have a certain method and he will introduce them successfully; let
someone else tr}- the same method and the queen will be killed, not the
fault of the method but of the conditions or use. I think it has been
well said that unless beekeepers will arouse themselves to the fact that
they need both theory and practice, until that thought has been instilled
in the young people,' until they find that no one is going to succeed in
any occupation unless there is something to rely on, to make progress,
there will not be many young people enter the field, but >vhcn this time
does arrive then beekeepers will increase. (Applause.)

The Peesident. — If there is no further discussion, the next on the
program is a paper by Mr. C. P. Dadant, of Hamilton, Illinois. We
will be very glad to hear from Mr. Dadant.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I brought a
paper with me, but somehow I felt that a paper doesn't reach tlie people.
I don't know whether it is my method of reading, or what, but I feel
that it is better for me to give the paper to the stenographer and ask
her to not put down any of the talk I will give, because she will be likely
to misunderstand it, but take the paper, and when you read the report it
will be quite different.

Big Hives.

(By C. P. Dadant.)

Some of my hearers will probably think that this is a hobby with
me, for tlicy have perhaps heard me elsewhere, or have read something-
from me on this same subject. But really, tlie question of big hives,
which we discussed very largely some 35 to 40 years ago, was set aside
by us as a hopeless question when brought before an audience of Ameri-
can beekeepers.

It was only three or four years ago that Mr. Pellctt, then one of
lowa'i? leading beekeepers, had occasion to investigate our private sys-
tem of beekeeping, in actual practice. He became enthused, urged us

— G B A

8-i

M ni:ii;i:nt!1 .\xni\i, ivM:i'ni; t oi- 'I'

C. I'. I'.MiAXT.
I';<liliii- (iT Die AiniTicaii Hie .l<iiiiii,il.

ILLINOIS >--|'.\-i[; i;KKKLKri:i;^ AssoriAiioN.

s;;

to briiii^ it J'ur\\aiil ami l»i'uu,uiit il lurwanl iiiJii-cH' ;it nicct iim<. 10\i-
deiitly tiir tiiiiL' was ripe fur an iiivcsi i^'at ion ol' lliis (jiir~;i<in ii;. llic
AiiK'i-icaii lioiicy jtniducoi's, for we liavc licai'i! aliniit ii on all -ii'r-. \\ r
were JXMjiic.-tfMl to aiMress bi'ckocjK'rs. on iaru'c lii'odil ciianiltci'-. no; unly
at ^tat(; meetings, but also at ■'sliort courses"" at colleges. The aiji'niioi,
gi\<']i to what has Ijci^n calh'd the "■J)a(!aiit Svstuni of i*M'clMM'ping"' i- vci-v
pleasing 1o us. for we think tio l)eokeoi)ei- will e\'ei' regret havii^L;- in-
vestigated it. whether he follows it or not.

Our ailo])1ion of large hi\es was due to coniparative i'\p<'riiiieiits of
big uith small lii\cs on a large scale. For in-laiice. a- eariv as is^o. wp
happened lo buy some -Id liives of •2U-riaiin' </iiiiiiiy size. These were
loo large. J>ut we also tried Aei'y .^mall liixo. for we iiseil a iiundu'!' of
nuclei, at al)0ut the same lime and tried to winter colonies upon six
frames hall' the size of a Quinby Irame or 'J iuche> in length I)\- !!'-
inches ill depth. We linally settled upon the hive which wr now ii-e.
whirh coiiiains 10 Quinby frames and is alioul equal to 1:5 or M l.angs-
trolh frames.

W ben a man shows a ])i'efert'iu-e for a certain thing, he >hould be
able to discuss this ])referenci' and tell the rf^ison of it. That is to say.
we .-hould be able to give the theoi'v of our ])raetice. In fact, it is much
easi( r t.o explain a tlu'ory wdien you. have had years of ])ractice to ])ro\e
its \ahie. than to pro])ound the theory first. \ judge others by myself
and I ]-eadily imagine that others have, like myself, built u)) theories
w'liich practice ])roved incorrect, because we had overlookeil somt? facts.
.seemingly unimi)ortant. wliicli overthrew our ])lans and our rea:=oning.

'i'here is a fundamental J'act in ])eekee|>ing whicli exei-x- honey pro-
ducer' acknowledges as the basis of success. It is the producing of a
lai'ge force of liees. as large as possible, in our hives, for ihe honey crop.
It is true that bees are not all similarly acti\e. that some races are better
galherei's than othei's. ilut giveii a colony oi' ac;i\"e bees, it will jiroduce
honey acciu'diiig io its population of hehl workei-- at the time of the
honey crop. So it is imiierativeiy importani tiiat our colonies shouM be
enabled to breed to the utmost of their ca])aeitv in time for the harvest.

(iiven two colonies of active bees, the one which will succeed bet'cr
is the oue whose (pieeii is the more ])roliric of ib<' two. This is al<o an
a-\!(Uii which caTinot. be denied. Ilovrever. lliei'e is a condition to this.
The i)rolitic (piciMi must be gi\eii occasion to develo]) her iiroljlicnes- at
tile right time. As ^Fr. Demiitb. of Washingjon. ])uts it lUo-t. happilv.
we must, produce our bees "fer the hoiU'\' ci'op and not upon tlie honey
crop.'" (ii'aide<l this, our brood chambers mu-l be of a eanaeilv wliieb
^yill allow the most prolific queen io lireed to the limit of bc' fertili'v
during the season preceiling the time when Ih'I- bee- will pro\(> useful
in the harvest field. As it takes •?! ilays for a worker !»e(' to (hnebip from
the ctrcT and two weeks more liefore this bee will become a field worker.

84 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE

in normal conditions, it is threfore necessary that the heaviest of the
egg-laying should be at least five weeks before the full harvest.

The queen should have ample space to lay all the eggs that she can
produce. Ancient writers stated that a queen would lay the immense
number of 200 to 500 eggs per day. Dzierzon, Berlepsch, Langstroth
and Quinby discovered that queens could lay about ten times as much as
above stated. Our late friend and teacher in the rearing of queens and
the production of honey, G. M. D'oolittle, stated that he had queens lay
5,000 eggs per day. This is extraordinary. But it is not extraordinary
to have a queen lay 3,500 eggs per day for several weeks together, if
everything is favorable.

Now what are the favorable requirements for a queen to lay the
largest number of eggs that she is capable of developing in the few weeks
of intensive breeding?

There must be : First, plenty of bees to keep the brood warm and
nurse it; second, plenty of food, honey and pollen; for it is out of the
question for bees to rear brood unless they can feed it ; third, there must
be plenty of available room, plenty of worker-cells in reach of the queen.

Here is a point upon which we mi^ dTvell. Experience has taught
us that the standard Langstroth hive is too shallow. At any rate we '
never succeeded in getting as much brood in Langstroth frames, at one
time, as in deeper frames. Why?

Did you ever have frames with a partition in them, a cross bar,
either horizontal or perpendicular, in the center? If you did, you have
perhaps often noticed that the queen may lay eggs on one side of that
partition and not on the other side, at that time at least. So, if there
is brood on both sides of a dividing bar, the brood may often be o-f a
different age. The explanation of this fact lies in another fact. The
queen, in order to lay eggs as fast as they mature in her ovaries, must
lay them very rapidly. So she follows a very methodical practice. She
lays around a circle. Beginning in the center of the cluster, in the
warmest part of the hive, she keeps going around that center, laying an
egg in one cell, then going to the next cell to do the same. A little
reasoning will readily show us that it is necessary for her to do so. If
she were to go at random, she might look into hundreds of cells that
were already occupied before she found one that was empty. Old queens
that have lost their wits and probably also their' fertility do that ver\^
thing. They lay their eggs in a scattered way, and a good beekeeper
will usually pass upon the value of a queen according to the more or
less methodical way in which she follows the circular method in laying.
It is not difficult to recognize method in a queen when we look at the
greater or lesser regularity of her brood in the cells.

When the queen gets to a cross bar, during her regular egg laying
circle, she is thrown off the track. She either goes beyond that cross
bar, hunting for more cells and resuming the thread of her regular

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEEs' ASSOCIATION. 85

laying after more or less delay, or she turns back and goes the other way*.
So the larger the circle that she finds, the better she is able to develop
her fertility. This fact explained to us why the colonies in large frames
proved better honey producers than those in shallow frames.

A colony in an 8-frame Langstroth hive may be given enough room,
by putting a second story on top of the first. In fact it is given too
much room then. Sixteen Langstroth frames are too many for a queen
to fill with brood even when we deduct the space needed for honey and
pollen. It is true that she may put brood in nearly all of them, if the
weather be warm and the colony powerful, but the combs will not be
filled full and when the crop pomes, if the same amount of breeding
room be left, there will be a large amount of honey placed around the
brood.

When we use a two-story Langstroth 8-frame hive for breeding, if
we do not wish to harvest honey mixed in among the brood combs, we
must do like our old experienced friend, Dr. C. C. Miller, who removes
one of the two stories when the crop is fully on and confines the queen
to the lower story. This is the only way to make sure of a satisfactory
honey crop with small hives unless we use queen-excluders between the
stories.

There is another disadvantage to putting on two or more stories.
The queen is much more likely to go up from the lower to the upper
than to come back to the lower one. She will usually go back only when
the storing of honey in the cells drives her back by the shortage of
breeding space. If three stories are given she will often roam over all
three.

For the reasons above mentioned, we found, both in practice and
in theory, that the brood chambers which the English call "storifying
brood chambers" and that we call shallow breeding stories, are not so
advantageous as the large brood chambers, for the production of brood
and bees in anticipation of the honey crop. But there is another disad-
vantage to the shallow brood chambers.

Bees breed in a circle. That is because the cluster always forms in
the shape of a globe, the best shape to conserve heat. So in winter we
find our bees clustered in the shape of a ball. In a shallow hive, the bees
at the top of the ball are too near the top of the hive. The amount of
honey stored, which should be normally as nearly as possible above the
cluster, is more plentifully stored on the ends, less in reach of the bees
when the weather becomes very cold. In this as well as in the previous
subject mentioned, we found theory and practice to agree. Bees in
shallow hives winter less successfully than those in deeper frames.

This, although not invariable — there is nothing invariable in bee-
keeping— proved sufficiently uniform to induce us to abandon the
Langstroth frames in our practice.

80 XIXETEENTII ANNUAL EEPOET OP THE

Deep, large brood chambers, are therefore preferable for use in our
opinion; because they allow of greater breeding by the queen at the
proper time; because they allow of the wintering of a larger population,
in better reach of their honey. So we have better success in wintering,
more bees in spring, more bees for the honey crop and a greater crop
of honey in consequence, with less anxiety about sufficient stores for
the cold season.

Small hives cause much swarming, having a more ci'owded con-
dition when the colony is at its maximum. Small hives produce less
bees than larger ones. Small hives contain a scanty amount of honey for
winter. Small hives, being less populous, there is greater danger of
their being lost through cold. Small hives, confining the queens in their
breeding, do not allow the beekeeper to recognize which queens are the
most prolific as easily as he may recognize it with large hives. So he is
not so readily able to select his best queens for breeding queens. Small
hives cast more but lighter swarms than large hives. Small hives, when
tiered up, have a narrower base than large ones and are therefore more
easily upset by strong winds. Small hives are less easy to ventilate,
since for the same amount of space, the bees have to force the air a
greater distance in order to ventilate the entire hive and supers, than
with broader hives.

However, small hives have some advantages. They are easier
carried about, to make divisions, to put them in the cellar, and for all
the manipulations of artificial increase. They are also cheaper. More
of them may be loaded on a single vehicle to transport them to and
from outapiaries. Small, shallow hives, such as the Langstroth. may
be made of lumber not over 10 inches wide, in one piece, while deep
hives, in the present condition of the lumber trade, must be made of
two pieces tongue-and-grooved, for sufficient depth.

We hold that a large brood chamber should be compact, sufficient
for all the requirements of the most prolific queens and to supply all
the hone}'' that a populous colony Will need for winter. This honev must
be in available reach of the cluster. A large number of shallow frames,
such as those of a 13-frame Langstroth hive, is not as satisfactory as a
smaller number of deeper frames with the same comb surface. It
divides the cluster unnecessarily, it increases the manipulations, it
compels the queen to change from one comb to another oftener to lay the
same number of eggs. It supplies less honey above the cluster in winter.
The more honey there is above the cluster, the more safely bees will
winter, if they are compelled to remain for several weeks without
moving their cluster.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 87

THE SPACING OF THE FRAMES.

The spacing of frames has also something to do with the success of
the colony. It is one of the important points in the consideration of
large brood chambers.

Our early teachers, Langstroth and Quinby, were divided upon the
question of frame spacing. Langstroth spaced his frames a trifle over
1% inches from center to center. .Quinby took the comb spacing of
11/2 inches from Dzierzon. Each thought he was right. But there was
no discussion of the point. Is^o comparative experiments were made at
that time. Yet there is quite a difference in results. The more I dig
into this subject, the more I am convinced that the wider spacing is
advantageous.

When we go to the bees for their advice on this matter, we find
that they accept either spacing. As I stated at your meeting of 1917,
we did not realize how much advantage there was in the wider spacing
till our attention Avas called to the question.

With the wide spacing there is a greater amount of room for venti-
lation between all the combs, during the breeding season. This puts
the colony more at ease and helps prevent natural swarming. It also
gives the bees more space to store honey in each comb, for in the winter
they will not need so large a passage, so they thicken the part of the
combs in which honey is put. There is thus a greater amount of honey
in each comb above the cluster creating a more desirable condition,
since more bees can cluster under it and there is less need of their
moving away to get to the stores.

The only objection to the wide spacing that has been raised by
objectors is that it requires more bees in spring to keep the space warm
between the combs. This is true. But in practice we find that, since
the bees winter better, in a larger cluster, there are also more bees, as
a rule, when spring comes, to keep the brood warm, and the cycle of the
seasons is thus gone through with greater success.

Large comfortable brood chambers produce larger colonies. They
also require larger supers and these are filled as readilv as smaller
supers on smaller hives. This result is evident to anyone who tries large
and small hives in sufficient numbers side by side. T have heard people
say that they had tried 8-frame and 10-frame Langstroth hives side by
side. They thought that they had tried large and small hives. But the
10-frame Langstroth hives are not large hives. To make a positive test,
with prolific queens, of large and small hives, one should try at least
12-frame Langstroth brood chambers.

I do not wish to be understood as condemning beekeeping with
small brood chambers. A man can succeed even with small hives. But
I have positive evidence that large hives are best.

I have no ax to grind. I do not wish to be understood as claiming
a panacea. I repeat it, our extensive experience with large and small

88 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

hives dates back over 40 years and every year adds to our convictions.
But we should not have raised this subject in conventions, had it not
been for the enquiries of our friends. The facts which I have given will
bear discussion and we are very willing to have them thoroughly ven-
tilated.

In closing, let me make one suggestion to those who may be dis-
posed to try the large brood chambers. Do not make a test trial on too
small a scale. Any comparative experiments should be made on not
less than half a dozen hives of each kind. More would be still better.
In a trial on a small number of colonies we may strike exceptions. Our
own tests were made on hundreds of colonies. The answer has been
overwhelming.

Mr. Seastkeam. — In this locality a 10-frame hive is altogether too
small for the breeding room pf a good queen. At the time the honey
flow commences we need to have a hive that consists of twenty frames —
two 10-frame hives, one on top of the other. In some cases I find that
the queen, even if she has the privilege of going to the third story, she
will go to the third story and raise a lot of brood in some years, but I
believe that in this country here, and in this neighborhood, that we
should have plenty of combs for the queens to brood in, up till the honey
flow commences, then as a rule we go to work and contract the brood
■chamber by using a queen excluder, and there seems to be plenty of
room to breed in after the honey flow commences.

Me. Dadant. — There may be queens more prolific than we have
had, but as a rule when we examine a 20-frame hive we find if we put
all the brood in about eleven or twelve frames, that we can figure on
20 to 25 per cent of the room for the honey. With thirteen frames we
would practically have all the brood and quite a good deal of honey. We
have queens who go five stories. If you have three stories you will
have brood all through them, but when you take the average brood you
will find if you had thirteen frames that you could put it all in there.
It is very rare when you have a queen that will fill more than thirteen
frames. The qiieen prefers to go u]). You (jueen breeders- that try insect-
ing a queen in a cage, will learn how hard it is if you do it this way.
Those are little things, but it gives us an idea of what the queen's feeling
is ; she wants to go up, I su])pose, because it is a warm place. After leaving
the first story she goes to the third and she won't come down unless you
force her or carry her down. With a shallow super she is more likely to
return, because it gives her so much trouble in making her cycle. When
she goes back down she has a large space.

Me. Bendee. — There is one thing that hasn't been emphasized.
Mr. Dadant is speaking about the pi'oduction of extracted honey. If
you use these deep frames for comb honey, I find they are a disadvantage,
that the two inches of extra depth in the frame gives the bees a chance
to get started in the frames below, and they don't work in the sections

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPEES' ASSOCIATION. 89

SO easily. The deep fmines are all right for extracted honey, but they
are not good for comb iWey.

The President. — Wpat is your objection?

Mr. Bender. — They i^re heavy and unwieldly to handle, they break
easily; you haA-e got to be 'eareful about your combs, and not turn your
extractor too fast. )

Mr. Dadant. — Mr, Bender is right in the remarks he makes. If
you want to raise comb honey you must narrow it down to the space the
brood will cover. Some queens are not so prolific as others. Tf you
leave the whole space, bees will put so much honey below that space, and
have it sufficiently close above, but if 3"ou narrow it down, using Dr.
Miller's method, two 8-frame hives, when the crop is on he removes one,
puts most of the brood in the lower story and puts his supers on. The
deeper frame will take more honey if you have plenty of room, but, if
you will narrow the hive at the time you put the supers on you will not
have any trouble. Large hives are unwieldly, they won't do for two
stories. Don't try to use them, use shallow supers. Some people will
say, why not use all one size? Why do you use section?? Sections is
a different style from deep frames, but no man will ever make a mistake
in taking shallow frames instead of a deep one, although if yon have a
frame one inch shallower or deeper than another, you may make a
mistake. You will find that for extracting the knife at one stroke cuts
the comb. All you have to do is come up on one side and go down on
the other. You have your comb and cap. I have a son-in-law who has
had experience in that. He has been extracting ever since he M^as a
little bo}^, and we know the shallow supers are very much better. All
produce honey, and I am not coming here to tell you to change your
style of hives. I only want to tell you what we do and why we do it,
and if you see fit to try our methods, don't try it on just one hive. Dr.
Miller tried one hive and the hive didn't do well, and he concluded he
wouldn't go on. If you try another style, try it on a half a dozen hives,
anyhow, then you won't have an exception on which to base your ruling.
It is a poor way to make a rule out of an exception, and you never
know whether you are making a rule out of an everyday happening or
out of an exception, if you only have one hive; but as T say, I didn't
come here to go into these things, but just to explain what I believe to be
the better way.

A Member. — What is the difference between the modified Dadant
hive and the last issue?

Mr. Dadant. — The modified is the same as the Quinby but two
and a half inches deeper.

The President. — The next thing in order is the election of officers,
and I think it would be well to finish up before dinner, as some have to
get an early afternoon train.

Mr. Paddock. — Will you kindly give me just a minute?

DO NllSIETEENTH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

The Peesident. — Yes, you can have all the time you waat.

Me. Paddock. — In this work and along the lines suggested in the
paper that I inflicted on you a while ago, there is a general misunder-
standing of the beekeeping industry on the part of tlie people outside
of the work. When we talked of the beekeeping industry in Iowa, we
were laughed at. What is the beekeeping industry of Iowa, or what is
the beekeeping industry of Illinois? We are losing in Iowa annually
four hundred thousand dollars by poor wintering, and that is one item.
Now, our industry in that state at the present time constitutes 178,000
colonies of bees, as near as we can figure out, worth at least ten dollars
a colony, almost two million dollars. We have great industries worth
two million dollars. When we go to the merchant and ask for support,
we are asking for the support of a two million dollar industry, we are
not asking for the support of beekeeping We know there is something-
there, then; we can put it to them in clean figures.

Mb. Dadant. — That is right.

Me. Paddock. — We produce in Iowa the same as you do in Illinois.
The 1919 crop of honty in Iowa, put in ten-pound buckets, placed end to
end, would cover the distance from Springfield to St. Louis and back
again, so there is really something to it every year, and the honey this
year was worth over two and a half million dollars, and it was right
along those lines that we worked, and successfully, in Texas, to secure
support for our industry andget the money needed to carry on investi-
gations. There was no one to put the facts to them. After the facts
were put to them, they were willing to admit there was something there
to protect and support was given, and I think it Ijehooves the beekeepers
of everv state to put the industry before the peo])le in a proper mannor,
especially manufacturers, because that is where your money comes from.
You are taxpayers and entitled to support for the development of your
industry and I am sure if you can as an association get together this
information, and I am satisfied if you start working next year, that
you will have your campaign well outlined a year from then, and you
will appreciate it takes a year at least to get a campaign under way.

A Membeb. — What would be the value of the produce of the United
States for one year?

Mr. Paddock. — I can't give you that.

Mr. Stone. — You sav Iowa was two million?

Me. Paddock. — It was two hundred million pounds.

Me. Kildow. — I want to ask if you have any such figures as that
for Illinois?

The Peesident. — I have tried to obtain them several times, but I
have never been able to obtain them.

Mr. Kildow. — That is what I wanted to ask, how do you get those
figures from Iowa?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 91

Mr. Paddock. — The census put out a publication, and unfortunately
it is practically out of print. It is a wonderful publication, and they
had, up to 1917, a wealth of information. •

The President.— That is the United States census?

]VIr. Paddock. — Yes, the United States census. That is based upon
the colonies of today, that they make at least four times a year. The
Crop Reporter, which just came to my desk yesterday, had the fall con-
ditions of every state, the surplus honey for the year, and the percentage
condition of the colonies, and the percentage condition of the honey
plants, and it is based upon those individual reports and brought to-
gether in this one bulletin. The average production given in this report
does not boost the figures. They do not want to boost them. The
census report out yesterday gave Iowa 95 or 97 pounds average per
colony, for 1919.

Mil. KiLDOW. — The Illinois average is forty-seven and six-tenths,
I think.

Mr. PADDOCK.^Our report for 1918 was down about, to forty-six
pounds, so that these figures are available in that one publication, based
upon the percentage of increase or decrease from 1917.

Mr. Kildow. — The reason I asked that question, it seems we can't
get anything in here in Illinois, only from the assessors, and I don't
think that comes half-way up to the number of colonies we have in
Illinois.

Mr. Paddock. — When Dr. Phillips was in Texas I had the pleasure
of working with him, and he said this 1920 census was to include much
more definite information concerning the beekeeping people, and he
asked the Texas association as an association to give publicity to that
effect and to urge the cooperation of all individual beekeepers to assist
the census takers in making it worth while, and I am satisfied that
although you have not got ,a direct appeal from Dr. Phillips, if you
could do anything along that line it would help.

Mr. Williams. — At our little meeting a year ago, at St. Joe. the
number of colonies represented as being owned by the people there was
something like twenty^-four hundred, if I remember. That was just a
little local place in Illinois. JsTow, in regard to these crop estimates
that are furnished by the government, they are very far from accurate
•and I happened to furnish the one, I think, from Pekin and that
vicinity, and I am sure there is not one-tenth of the bees that are in
that locality that are reported on at all. In the first place, the govern-
ment does not know who own bees. In the second place, a great many
people get those inquiries and never answer them at all. There is one
man in my locality who has over one hundred colonies of bees. He
never attends a meeting and he doe=n't take a paper, and I am sure he
furnishes no report. Year before last, he produced over five hundred
cases of comb honey. His name is Degraw, maybe you know him.

92 JSriNETEENTH ANXUAL KEPOKT OF THE

Somebod}' said here today, "Is there anybody that makes a living ofl!
of bees?'' There is one instance. He has no other sources of income
except his bees, and this time of the year he puts his feet up on the
stove and smokes a cigar and lives a good deal more contented than
some other people do.

Mr. Elges. — Mr. Chairman, our new census will reveal the number
of colonies of bees in the United States, together with the amount of
honey tney have produced this year, and also the amount of wax. Every
farmer will be asked the question how many bees he has.

The President. — That is true, but the man in the city will not be
asked, and there are a number of beekeepers in villages and towns.

Mr. Paddock. — That is the point Dr. Phillips brought out.

The President. — We would like to have a report from the fair
ground committee, that is the exhibition committee. I believe Mr. Kil-
dow has that report.

Mr. Kildow. — I will give you a little verbal report, because we
didu't write anything down. There were a good many of you there to
see what we were doing. You probably know that last year, being a
poor honey year, we had no extractor on the ground. We couldn't get
the combs to extract, but the other part of it, the educational feature,
was carried on the same as before, and I think you will agree tliat it lias
been a source of information to a good many people that come to the
fair, just the little information we could give them. Some would ask
for information, others wouldn't, but al| those that wanted information
got the best we had, and it helped lots' of them, because we have had
people say since then that it was a world of good to them. I think this
ought to be continued in the fair ground, because we can get people to
come there when we can't get them in any other way, and they will get
together and ask questions and get information that they will never get
in any other way. I think these things ought to be continued, it is a
source of education.

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, I move that report be accepted and
the committee continued.

Mr. Williams. — Second the motion.

The President. — It has been moved and seconded that the report
of the committee be accepted and .the committee continued. Those in
favor signify it by the usual sign. Carried. So ordered.

Mr. Bender. — I would like to ask what that committee is supposed
to do, what their duty is.

The President. — That is the committee that arranges for the
exhibit, and places the exhibit of the State Association, and sees that
there is someone there to take care of it.

Secretary Stone. — Will the president name the committee?

The President. — He will* not name the committee till the new
president is elected.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 93

Secretary Stone. — The motion was to continue that committee,
not the same men, that is right.

The President. — Is there anything else tefore we proceed with
the election of officers? If not, we will now proceed to election of
officers. I will appoint as tellers Mr. Kildow and Mr. Dadant. I will
appoint as collecting teller Mr. Bender. ITominations for president are
now in order.

Mr. Bender. — I nbminate Dr. Baxter of Springfield.

Mr. Stone. — I second the motion.

Mr. Williams. — I move the nominations be closed for president.

Mr. Tyler. — Second the motion.

(Vice President Tyler acted as Chairman.)

Chairman Tyler. — It has been moved and seconded that the
nomination be closed for president. All in favor of the nomination
being closed signify it by saying aye.

(The motion was unanimously carried.)

Mr. Williams. — Mr. Chairman, I move that the secretary be in-
structed to cast the ballot of the association for president.

Mr. Stewart. — Second the motion.

Chairman Tyler. — It has been moved and seconded that the
secretary cast the ballot of the association for the president. All in
favor say aye.

(The motion was unanimously carried.)

Secretary Stone. — For president for 1920, Doctor A. C. Baxter,
of Springfield.

(Dr. Baxter resumed the chair.)
. The President. — I appreciate this honor of re-election to this
position. It has been my endeavor, while president of this association.
to at least try to put the Illinois Beekeepers' Association, as commonly
said, "on the map." We have succeeded somewhat, but not to the extent
I have wished. There is a great deal to be done, as you have heard
through this meeting, for the beekeeping industry of the State of
Illinois, and it is only with the cooperation of the beekeepers of the
State that we can succeed. We can't do it by ourselves, although we
may be very faithful and endeavor very hard to do so.

Mr. Tyler.-^I think as an association we owe Dr. Baxter a vote
of thanks for what he has done for the association in the past. Will
somebody make a motion to that effect?

The President. — I think it is thoroughly understood that thev
appreciate all efforts. The next in order is the election of vice presi-
dents. Nominations are in order. I might sav that the first vice
president at this time is Mr. A. 0. Heinzel, who has moved, it is my
understanding, to Texas, Mr. G. M. Withrow is second vice president,
third vice president, Aaron Coppin, fourth, Harrv L. King, and S. A.
Tyler is the fifth.

94 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

Mr. Kildow. — I siiffo'est we write five names down.

The President. — Yes, the thing to do with the nominations is to
write five names on your ballot, and the man getting the highest number
of votes will be first vice president, and so on down the line.

Mr. Withrow. — I will nominate Mr. Coppin. (Seconded.)

Mr. Kildow. — I will nominate Mr. Williams. (Seconded.)

Mr. Bender. — Are we to have five?

The President. — Yes.

Mr. Williams. — I nominate Mr. King. (Seconded.)

Mr. Kildow. — Mr. President, I move we call those five names
elected as vice president.

Mr. Tyler. — I second the motion.

The President. — We only have five nominations. Tt has been
moved and seconded that the members nominated he elected, that the
secretary cast the unanimous vote for the names nominated, in the order
in which nominated, for vice president: Withrow, Coppin, Williams,
Bender, King. All in favor signify it by the usual sign.

(The motion was unanimously carried.)

Secretary Stone. — Mr. President, I hereby cast the ballot for the
five vice presidents in regular order, Mr. Withrow first, Mr. Coppin
second, Mr. Williams third, Mr. Bender fourth, Mr. King, fifth. Is that
right ?

The President. — That is the way I have it. I therefore declare
these men elected for the position of vice presidents in the order in
which named. The next is the election of secretary. Nominations are
in order.

Mr. Seastream. — I nominate Mr. Stone. (Seconded.)

The President. — Are there any other nominations?

The following were nominated: Williams, Withrow, King. Stone.

The President. — While you are preparing your ballots I will name
the State Fair Committee: Mr. Kildow, Mr. King and Mr. Withrow.

(A ballot for secretary was taken, and Mr. Withrow elected.)

The President. — Mr. Withrow having received a majority of the
votes cast for the office of secretary, I declare him elected to that office.

Mr. Stone. — I am the free-est man I have been for years.

Mr. Withrow. — I am grateful for the honor, and I will try to do
the best I can.. The thing for me to do now, is to resign from the vice
presidency.

The President. — We will accept your resignation, if that is the
concensus of the association. It will be necessary to elect another man
to the office of vice president.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. Chairman, since our Brother Stone has been
the secretary for twenty-nine years, I think he should be on the list of
officers, and I nominate him, and I hope you will all vote for him.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 95

(Seconded.) I make a motion that the secretary cast the unanimous
vote for Mr. Stone as first vice president. (Seconded.)

Tpie President. — It has been moved and seconded that the secre-
tary cast the unanimous vote for Mr. Stone, as first vice president.
Those in favor will say aye, contrary, no. The motion is unanimously
carried.

Mr. Kildow. — I move you that this convention make Brother
Stone an honorary member of this association for life, without dues.
(Seconded.)

The President. — It has been moved and seconded that Mr. James
A. Stone be elected to honorary life membership in this association. All
in favor signify it by the usual sign.

(The motion was unanimously carried.)

Mr. Stone. — I thank you.

Secretary Withrow. — I hereby cast the unanimous ballot of the
convention for first vice president of the association.

The President. — Mr. James A. Stone, having received the unani-
mous vote of all for first vice president, I declare him elected to this
position. The next in order is the election of treasurer.

Mr. Bender. — Mr. President, I nominate George Seastream.
(Seconded.)

Mr, Dadant. — Mr. President, I move you that the vote of the
association for Mr. Seastream as treasurer be cast by the secretary.

Secretary Withrow. — I cast the ballot of the association for
treasurer for 1920, George Seastream.

Mr, Seastream. — Thank you very much for the honor of being
elected to the same old job. (Laughter.)

The President. — Mr. Seastream having received the unanimous
vote of the association, I declare him elected to the office of treasurer.

Mr. Lloyd. — Mr. Chairman, I noticed in a number of colonies I
have been looking after, a peculiar, decided odor which I thought was
foul brood, but in looking over them I found no foul brood whatever,
last year, and this year the same colonies are in the same condition. ]
would like some information as to what that odor might be. It wasn't
foul brood, because I looked after the two colonies fine.

The President. — What time of the year was this odor?

Mr. Lloyd. — The latter part of August and the first week in
September.

A Member. — ^What did it smell like?

Mr. Lloyd. — 'Not exactly like foul brood. It smelled more like
a pigsty than anything else. I thought it was aster bloom, but I wasn't
sure.

Mr. Kildow. — Aster bloom has a very peculiar odor.

Mr. Lloyd. — I wanted to know what it was, so that if I came
across it again I wouldn't be worried.

96 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The President. — It was probably due to the evaporation of the
nectar, probably either aster or heart's ease.

Mr. Bender. — Your theory suggested heart's ease honey as having
an offensive smell. It has been found that smartweed will give a peculiar
smell, it makes the air stale, while the astor honey smell is more de-
cisive.

Mr. Lloyd. — When they took to the field where there was aster, I
noticed that smell came in only two colonies, not in the balance of the
colonies.

Mr. Dadant. — My suggestion is that it was buckwheat. If there
is buckwheat growing they would get it from that. I read not long ago
that buckwheat has such an offensive smell that they thought something
was dead. It doesn't have that smell to me. I was raised in the country
where they make gingerbread out of honey, and I don't think it is
offensive. We are sometimes mistaken on smells. I had a poor opinion
of buckwheat. This year in August I went to where our boys had taken
the bees, and there were a thousand acres in one field, of buckwheat, and
I could compare that to nothing but an orange blossom odor. I was very
much astonished to find the smell of buckwheat in a large field so
much better than it was here and there in blossom. I don't think we
ought to condemn plants till we are better informed. In 1884 I sold a
carload of honey in the east where nobody had an}^ honey, and the only
specification was that there should be no buckwheat honey.

Mr. Kildow. — There is just one thing that I would like to bring
up before Ave close. I received a letter here some time ago from the vice
president of the iSTational Beekeepers' Association, asking us to send a
delegate to the delegate meeting of the ISTational at Kansas City, I think
it is this next month, January 6. I think it is important for us to send
a delegate there if we can instruct him as to about what idea we have,
as to what the national organization should be. They may amend their
constitution or throw it out and organize a new one, and Ave ought to
send somebody down tliere that Avill help in this.

Mr. Bender. — My idea of it is different from Mr. Kildow's idea.
J doubt Avhether a delegate from this association can have any possil)le
influence on that convention, and I don't see hoAV it can concern us in
any Avise Avhat they do.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. Chairman, that is one thing on which I can't
agree Avith Mr. Bender. If the national is anything, it is composed of
different states. I agree with him, howcA'er, in saying that it is doubtful.
This is such an immense coimtry that it is very difficult to organize
an association on the cooperation plan. I had a little experience Avith
that in 1903 or 1904. I went to California, and the Californians who
Avere ready for organization wanted to organize the entire United States,
and I was put on a committee of three. There AA-as one man from tlie
west, one man from the east, and the man from the central part Avas

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPEES' ASSOCIATION. 97

myself.' We started to organize, but we had no money, no means of
organizing anything, we had no material from which we could get up a
stock company of any kind. California had honey but in Illinois I
couldn^t have found a carload of honey to put together unless I had
spent two or three months in getting it together, and the California man
was angry at the other two because they were ready and they expected
us to be ready to start in. So to me it is very doubtful what Ave can
do, but it seems to me a State as important as Illinois should be repre-
sented in a national meeting, whether they do any good or not. We are
really a better established institution than any other, because we have
funds from the State, and it seems to me it would be legitimate to spencf
a part of the State funds in a delegation to a national convention, bufe
that of course could be threshed out afterwards.

Mr. Paddock. — I am rather an outsider here, but there is one view-
point people must get. That is because a thing doesn't look good on the
surface, you are not going to try to make it go by staying out. We
don't know what that may amount to, but unless you get in and get your
feet wet you are going to bo an outsider. I was in Texas at the time
the}' undertook this proposition, and they are coming up there to do
something, and I know other states that are going to be tliere to do
something, just what wc don't know, but I think for self-respect that
Illinois should be represented there, whether it is good, bad or in-
different as a result. I don't see liow an organization of this standing
can afford to pass up tliat proposition to be represented there. That is
the way it. looks to me. If something does happen and then you have
got some kick coming, you have no alibi, voir were not represented, and
Professor Kindig made it very positive that every delegate ought to
have credentials. Don't overlook that. He has written me the third
time about it.

Mr. Kildow. — It seems very evident that there will be something
done at Kansas City. They are not satisfied with the old association, it
is not meeting with the approval of the beekeepers throughout the
country. This body is delegated for the purpose of threshing out things
and seeing if they can't organize to fit their purpose. It seems to me
Illinois ought not sit down and let the other fellow go ahead. There
may be some things we would like to have incorporated if they change it
or make it a new corporation. I think we ought to go down, and if we
can't get what we think is right we can stay out. But if there is some-
thing there we can put in that will help Illinois, better do it. Of course
the expense will have to be defrayed.

The President. — We can take the expense of the delegate out of
our own individual fund. -

Mr. Kildow. — Yes. I believe we have got in the neighborhood of
five hundred dollars, and it looks to me like we ought to do something.
We ought to all be interested in this.
— 7 B A

98 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OFNTIIE

Mr. Stewart. — Mr. Kildow, is there any reason why the national
should exist?

Me. Kildovv. — 1 don't know whether there is or not. That is
according to what each individual thinks about that.

Mr. Dadant. — Our friend Mr. Stewart comes with his usual
criticism. That is all riglit, we need criticism and he is the man that
does it, but 1 believe it is not very difficult to answer t"hat question. Is
it necessar}- for the states of the Union to be a United States? I think
that will answer the question.

The President. — Personally, 1 think we ought to send a delegate
out there.

Mr. Tyler. — How many delegates are we entitled to?

The Presidents. — One. We are not a.ffiliated at present with the
national in any way.

Secretary Stone. — If there are nominations to be made, I would
nominate Dr. Baxtei'. He is one of the directors of the national.

The President. — I would ])rei'er that you send a man that has
had a little experience in the reorganij^atiou of those societies. He
knows its fault?^. I think Mr. Dadant should be the man. I will be
there, but I will go on the executive committee of the present national.

Mr. Kildow. — ] will nominate C. P. Dadant to be our delegate.

Mr. Tylei;. — Second the motion.

Mr. Dadant. — I believe it is better for you to send a man who has
had less experience than I. for I don't want to make a fool of myself
again. (Laughter.)

The President. — Any other nominations?

Mr. Williams. — I second the motion that Mr. Dadant goes.

Mr. Dadant. — 'I'here is another reason. We ought to keep the
private institutions A\ho can have any influence on the beekeepers, out.
There is always a chance for complaining that Mr. So and So is in-
terested personally in anything, and if he is an outsider, then he is
without blemish.

Mr. Bender.-t-I think Mi-. na<lant is right about that. While Mr.
Dadant has never been accused. I think lie is wise to take the position
he does, while he would make a good delegate. For that reason T am
in favor of Dr. Baxter as our delegate.

The President. — Mr. Stone, you will have to do the talking, you
are the first vice president.

(Mr. Stone acted as temporary chairman. )

Chairman Stone. — Is Mr. Dadant's nomination withdrawn.

Mr. Kildow. — Yes, I will withdraw that.

Chairman Stone. — The motion is that Dr. Baxter be the delegate
to the Kansas City N'ational Beekeepers' Convention. All in favor of
that motion will signify it by saying aye, opposed no. The motion is
unanimously carried. The ayes have it, Dr. Baxter is the delegate.

ILLIJfOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 99

(Dr. Baxter resumed the chair.)

The President. — Is there an,y further business? If not, a motion
to adjourn will l)e in order.

Me. Williams. — Mr. President, I move we adjourn.

Mr. Tyler. — Second the motion.

The President. — It is moved and seconded that we adjourn. All
in favor signify it by the usual sign, contrary no. The meeting is
adjourned.

Whereupon adjournment was taken sine die.

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102

NIXETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

E. S. MILLER,
President, Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association.

PROCEEDINGS

of the

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION

Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association

held at
Chicago. 111., in the Rose Room of the Great Northern Hotel

December 15 and 16. 1919

104

NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

JOHN C. BULL,

Secretary, Chicago-Northwestern Bee-
keepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 195

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHICAGO-NORTHWESTERN
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, Mr. E. S. Miller, Valparaiso, Indiana.

Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. John C. Bull, Valparaiso, Indiana.

Vice President, Mr. Edward Hassingei', Jr., G-reenville, Wisconsin.

The convention was called to order by the president at the appointed
time and the minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The report of the secretary-treasurer showed the following:

Cash on hand at the beginning of the year $ 62.02

Eeceipts during the year 132.00

Total $194.02

ExjDenses for the year 120.59

Cash on hand _. $73.43

Mr, Bull, the chairman of the fair price committee, reported as
follows : We did this last year about the same as we have done in the
two previous years. This year we mailed out one letter in August. The
prices are practically the same now as they were then, so we haven't
mailed any further letters. The prices have been running just about
the same.

There is considerable western honey coming in now, that has pulled
prices down a little, but the eastern honey is holding up about the same
all the way through. We mailed around nine hundred letters in
August, and since then I have added around one hundred names, so we
have about a thousand on the mailing list now. I might say in addition
that I have some blanks here, and if you will fill them out with the
names of any beekeepers in your vicinity, I shall be glad to have them.
We have to keep adding to this mailing list, if we don't, it will become
dead in a few years. We must keep a live list if we want to get any
good out of it, and keep adding to it all the time.

Upon motion of Mr, Wheeler, the report was accepted.
■ Mr. Dadant, Mr. Eettig and Mrs. Hammett were appointed as
auditing committee. Present marketing conditions were then taken up
for discussion, and Mr. L. C. Dadant being called for, responded.

Mr. President, I do not know that I can give you very much in-
formation. Some of these people around here who handle honey in large

/

lOG ^riNETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

quantities might be able to do-, better than I can. We produce a great
deal of honey and buy some' on the open market, but not a great deal,
and I find from the little information I have been able to gather, that
honey is holding its own pretty well, especially in the eastern and
central states. California hone}', I noticed, went off about a half a cent
a pound last week, white sage and orange honey being held at twenty
cents per pound, f. o. b. Coast was quoted at 19, a change in two weeks.
Of course, that is still a pretty good price, yet nineteen cents f. o. b. the
Coast means one and one-half cents added to it before delivery in
Chicago or JSTew York, which would mean twenty and one-half cents in
carload lots, wholesale. Northern honey I think, anything that can ])e
called a good grade of clover has been all sold. I don't think anybody
will disagree with that, but in the west, especially in California, they still
have considerable honey, compared with what we move in this part of
the country, but it is not a great deal compared to what they have moved
already. I think there is no doubt but that the market will clean up
before the next crop comes on. I think the price of sugar is having ;i
great deal to do with it. I bought some sugar the other day, in town,
and it was worth sixteen cents a pound, and the grocer told me that the
next would be eighteen cents, and the next probably twenty-one cents
a, pound. So with sugar as high as it is we ought'n't to worry about
honey. Then you can't get it. I think that is one of the things that is
going to keep up the price of honey, the scarcity and shortage of sugar.
There is no doubt that the baking industries ana the candy industries
have protected themselves pretty well with a supply of sugar, but the
question is now whether they are going to be able to do that in the
future, because everybody seems to have his eyes pretty well opened as to
what the sugar business amounts to, and if they are not able to protect
themselves, they will have to buy honey, and of course that means
better prices for our product.

Personally, I do not want to see honey get much higher than it is,
unless sugar goes very much higher. I think that last year when bee-
keepers got as high as thirty cents a pound for honey wholesale, that
more harm was done with the honey industry than good. I do not say
it was too much for honey, but people aren't used to paying those high
prices for honey and they consider it as a substitute. They were not
educated to the use of honey, and when they saw it go so high, they
said we were profiteering. If it had staid ten cents lower people would
have said, "We can get honey at a reasonable price, and we will use it,"
and it would have encouraged them to do that. As it was, they discarded
its use, and there was absolutely no demand for honey after the armistice
was signed, or very soon after that. I do not say that thirty cents a
pound was too high for honey, but I do say that it was too high for that
time, because people were not prepared to buy it at the price that the
retailer would have to put on it when he paid thirty cents a pound for

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 107

it wholesale, but with present market conditions I think hone}' is going
to stay up unless we have a crisis of some kind, which I hope won't come.

The President. — We would like to have this subject fully dis-
cussed. I am not acquainted with all the members here, but I think
some of our Chicago people are here who are selling on the market retail.
You should be able to give us some points in regard to that.

Mr. B. W. Brown. — I am selling honey in ten-pound pails at three
dollars and forty cents. That is a little higher than the committee
recommended. I charge one dollar and seventy-five cents in .five-pound
pails and three dollars and forty cents for ten-pound pails. It seemed
to me that in your recommendation there was a little too much diifer-
ence between the two prices.

Mr. Kannenberg. — Mr. President, we have got a man in our
vicinity who came from Idaho, and they brought honey along by the
carload, and he puts it up in cans, two and a half and five pound cans.
He sells the five pound can for two dollars and twenty-five cents, and
the two and one-half pound can for one dollar and thirty-five cents. He
is getting more money for his honey than ever. It is advertised, and
people go in and buy it, too. I saw a fellow who bought it, and he said,
"That honey don't taste good, at all." I said, "What kind of honey is
it?" He said, "I don't know. It looks dark, so it must be no white
clover honey." I liave not tasted it, but I am going to buy a can and
see what it is. I have been selling my honey at about the price regulated
by the committee; that is, for the white honey one dollar and sevent>"-
five cents for a five-pound pail delivered in town or f. o. b. to be shipped
out, and three dollars and twenty-five cents for the ten-pound pail, that
is for single pails. For one-half dozen or a dozen pails sold in one lot
they come correspondingly cheaper. I make a difference because a
great many people that ordered honey, especially to be sent over here
to Chicago and suburbs, buy enough for themselves and their friends,
and you can make it an inducement for them to buy in dozen pail lots
and they can cover their own expenses and perhaps make a little profit.
iOccasionally parties- buying a dozen pails in a few weeks they will buy
another dozen and take altogether a considerable quantity. I have a
good mail order trade. I can see very little difference in the market
this year and what it was last 3^ear. We are selling about the same
quantity, and the prices I am asking are a little bit higher than they
were last year. Maybe there are several others here in the audience, who
sell honey around Chicago in a retail way. We would like to hear from
you.

Mr. Teutemacher, — I have sold some, and I sold it at the price
recommended, and one party came around again and asked for the price,
and I told him. He was one of the automobile people going by. He
told me that last year he had bought honey for twenty-six cents a pound
in the south. I told him that I sold it at that price, too, last year. Ho

108 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

said, "It don't cost any more to feed the bees this year than last, does
it/' I said, "Yes, it does. If I sell my honey at the old price and go
into the store, everything else has gone up, I can't get as much for my
money as I did last year." He said, "I guess you are right about that."
Another party from Iowa came around and asked the price. I told him,
and he said, "I can buy honey for fifteen cents a pound." That con-
dition ought not to exist.

Mr. J. E. WooLDRiDGE. — Mr. President, in my neighborhood honey
is moving nicely at forty-five cents a jar. We put it up in pound jars,
sixteen ounces, net, and it is moving nicely at that price. We also have
a four ounce bottle that we supply some of the stores with. We get
fifteen cents for that, then we get twenty cents for six and a half ounces.
We have a good many repeat orders. Nobody complains about the price,
no wrangling about it at all. It is sold in the stores for sixty cents, so
they see the advantage of buying direct from us. We have lots of
duplicate orders and no complaints. Of course, we produce our own
honey.

The President. — Honey put up in small packages, of course, is
worth more per pound. It costs for the glass or container, and the cost
will have to be added to the price of the honey. If honey is worth thirty
cents a pound in pails, it ought to he worth forty-five cents in a glass
container, I should think.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Yes, the glass and wrapper costs seven cents.

A Member. — What do the five pound pails cost?

The President. — I think about eight cents, the last I bought I
believe were eight cents. I notice in my town that the A. I. Root Com-
pany sells the i^irline honey, a fourteen-ounce jar, at fifty cents. I do
not know what the storekeeper pays for it, the}^ wouldn't tell me. The
selling price of honey seems to vary a great deal. The price committee
that this association has had for a number of years has a tendency to
get us nearer together on those prices, which seems to me important.
They were telling me not long ago that honey was selling on South
Water Street for seventeen cents a pound, white honey from the west.
I suppose the commission men i)robably got it for less than that.
People that will sell first-class white honey for seventeen cents a pound
ought to be educated along the line of prices, and that is what our com-
mittee is endeavoring to do. If we could just get in touch' with all these
fellows that have large quantities of honey to sell, but it seems often-
times the beekeeper who produces a considerable quantity of honey does
not come to our bee meetings and often does not read the bee journals
or price quotations, and consequently sells to the first buyer that comes
along. Those are the people we ought to get hold of in some way.

Mr. Frank Sopiter. — Mr. President, I suppose I have run against
as many different prices of honey as any man in this room, and maj'be
more, and it has been selling all the way from fifty cents a quart to a

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 109

dollar and a half. There is a man by the name of Miller south of here
some place, in Dalton Park, who charges a dollar and a half a quart and
two dollars and twenty-five cents for five pounds. I didn't run across
any ten pounds that he had sold. I came across an old German woman
over here who had bought a five-pound package in a store. The store-
keeper wouldn't say where he got it. I had my honey and a woman
came along to get some. "I would like it if it is honey," she says. I
said, "If it isn't honey I will give it to you.'* She said, "Bring me in
a pail." I took her a pail. She looked at it and said, "That is all
right." "i*fow," she said, "I will show you something. I bought this
from Mr. So-and-So," and she brought it out for me to see. It was
granulated, all solid. She said, "What is that?" "Well," I said, "I
should think by the looks of that and by the taste of it, that it is buck-
wheat." "Xo," she said, "That is brown sugar." I said. "I don't believe
it." I couldn't believe it. I said, "I believe I can prove it to you. If
you will give me a little hot water I will bring it back and show you.*'
She didn't know anything about that, so she got a little hot water. I put
it in the water and it came back, but it was very strong. She said. "I
know what I will do. I think that I will put it out in the alley." I said
to her, "I don't think it would be well to do that, there might somebody
have some bees around liere. I would put it in fire or bury it. If you
leave it in the alley you will make some other fellow's bees sick." But
no, she said she would throw it out, and I said, "Give it to me, then."
No, she wouldn't do that. I said to bury it then. Finally she buried it.
That settles that part of it with the man who sold that honey, over in
that part of the world. She had paid him for it already. I think she
paid $2.50. for that little package, whatever it was.

Then there is another party here who has Just flooded the south
side ever since about the first of September. He must have had twenty-
five or thirty men selling honey all over the south side. I found a lot
of them th-at have bought honey from them. It was nice honey, and he
got a big price for it. They had a big truck and would deliver it. It
is some man, I suppose, like that fellow that brought in a carload o*f
western honey, no doubt it is the same fellow. The name is on the pail,
but some of the pails didn't have any name on either. Tliey sold the
honey for whatever they could get. If the}^ could get a dollar and a
half they got it, if not, they would take fifty or sevent\'-five cents, just
whatever they could get.

I find these things out, and it isn't you fellows raising lioney out
in the country, by the carload, but it is this fellow if he can get a dollar
all right, or a dollar and a half or fifty cents. Those are the fellows that
raise the dickens with us fellows here that are trying to sell it at a rea-
sonable price. I haven't sold pail honey this fall for less than a dollar
and a quarter and deliver it wherever they want it. You can go to the
stores out in the countrv and vou will find that you can huv nice honey

110 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF TJIE

ill five pound paiJs for a dollar and sixty-five cents. A man can put in
ten or twelve or twenty pails of honey in a store, and the storekeeper will
sell it for a dollar and sixty-five cents. Any of you fellows can go out
there, who live in Chicago, and get a pail of honey for a dollar and
sixty-five cents, and when you can do that you would be a fool to pay me
two dollars and twenty-five cents for it. You say you are charging too
much for that honey, what are you going to do, we all have to live.
Then go out in the country and live there. I have sold a good many
IDails of honey this fall so far, and will sell more this winter, but I am
going to sell only nice honey. That is the main thing. The nicer it is
the better you can sell it, and you are never ashamed to go ])ack to the
same women again and sell them another pail, but try to get a level price
on it anywhere; get a good price on it and keep it.

The Pkesident. — The question arises in my mind, shall we make
a difference in the price of dark honey of good quality and light honey
of good quality. We find that some consumers prefer the .dark honey.
They wouldn^t have the light honey. Others prefer a >vhite honey.
Shall we make a difference in price? I find that the majority prefer
the white honov. What do vou sav about that?

Mr. Soptier. — I was out in the country last Saturday and I had
one hundred and fifty pounds of wild honey. A Avoman said to me, I
want a pail of honey but I want it strong. I says, "Wliat is the idea?"
That was what ^]le liked, it was her idea of a good honey. I told her
I couldn't give it to her, but I happened to think I was going out in
f:he country and I told her if T could get it I would get some and bring
it back to her. I tried to get it but I couldn't. I tried to get a pail ofE
of Fred but Fred didn't have any. I told him I would like ^to get hold
of a strong pail of honey for that woman, and I would still like to get
it. She is so positive sure that slie wants strong honey, that I want to
satisfy her.

A Member. — Get some honey-dew for her.

Mr. Sopher. — So, Mr. Miller, if jow have got a pail of real strong
honey, send it over to me.

The President. — I have got it.

Mr. Wooldridge. — I might say our sales run about half and half.
Some weeks we are ahead oil the amber and sometimes it is a little
different, but it is pretty Avell equalized with us, and ours is a pretty
gooct sample, for the reason that the majority of them are repeat orders,
so tiiat they make it about half and half.

Teie President. — Do you make a difference in tlie price?

Mr. Wooldridge. — Xo, sir. Both are good and it is a matter of
taste. It is of good quality, both amber and clover.

Question. — You tell your customers, then, that you have two kinds
of honey?

Me. Wooldridge. — Yes, sir. We sell honey from the sample.

y

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. Ill

The President. — I would like to ask Mr. Dadant if he makes a
dilt'erence in the price of light and dark honey?

Mr. Dadaxt. — In ordinary seasons, no. We sell our dark honey
for the same price as we do the light, but this year we have had to buy
what light honey we have sold, and we have put a little higher price on
'it, two cents a pound only, as the difference between the dark and the
light. This was done to get them to take the dark, because we had more
of it, and v^e have many customers who will not use anything but fall
honey and they would rather pay more for it than for the white, so we
figure we can get just as much for the dark as for thelight. The western
honeys you can't rely on, on the dark honeys. They .are not good table
honey. That kind of honey doesn't command as good a price as the
other.

The President. — It is not advisable to put that on the market.

Mr. Dadant. — If we tried to put our dark honey on the market we
would have to take five cents a pound less, but by selling the dark to the
consumer we can get the same price. We have people working for us
who will take it, when we make them a little less price.

Mr. Winter. — Just for the benefit of you Chicago retailers here,
I Avant to tell you how to get rid of your honey. I have been handling
honey for the last eight years around here, and I have sold all the
drug stores south of Twelfth Street. I have a lot of cards printed,
"Try our honey sundaes.^' And I guess you will find them scattered all
the way from Twenty-second, Forty-third, and Sixty-ninth, all over
those ice cream parlors you will find '"Try our honey sundaes," and every
Aveek I go around to see them and they give me an order for a gallon of
honey, or two gallons, or five gallons. I get four dollars a gallon for it.
If they have got any poor ice cream and they can't get rid of it, they
dope it with honey over the top and they are getting twenty-five cents
for it too, with three cents war tax. twent5'-eight cents for your honey
sundaes, and they get away with it.

Mr. Smith. — I have been liandling honey for fifteen years, and
light honey and dark honey doesn't mean very much to me. It seems to
me as producers of honey we ought to grade our honey according to the
predominating flowers that they are- gathered from. The public that
buys the honey will call light honeys dark and they will call dark honeys
light. They do not knoAv, it does not mean much more to them than
it does to me. Some gentleman gets up here and says "light lioney."
I don't know what he means, except that it isn't black or it isn't amber,
but I don't know what flowers it came from, and for that reason T don't
know what the honey would taste like. It seems to me we ought to
grade our honeys from the flowers that they come from. I have had
some people call sweet clover honey a light honey and other people have
called it a dark honey. I don't know whether it is light or dark.

112 NIIiTETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

I sell my honey in Mason jars. Fill five jars and set them np
between you and the light, and no two of them will look alike. I haven't
been able to overcome this difference in the glass and keep it from
varying. I have got sweet clover honey in cans that look just like water,
just as clear practically as water, and I have got honey that looks like
Chicago Eiver water, but it seems to me we ought to sell our honey and'
get a market for it, that the producer ought to have a market for his
honey. If he has a sweet clover honey or a white clover honey, if he has
an orange honey, give it that name, give it the name of the predomina-
ting flower that it came from.

The PEESiDEjfT. — 1 can see one disadvantage in that, the fact that
the consumer doesn't understand the source of honey. If you say sweet
clover honey or white clover honey or buckwheat honey or something of
that sort, only a comparatively few of them know what it means.

Mr. Smith. — But they will learn, and '.they will never know other-
wise what they are getting. When they call for light honey they do
not know whether they are getting the honey they bought before for
white honey or not, and they have no Avay of knowing?

The Presidext. — I see the advantage fii putting the honey in white
glass. The fruit jar glass will give a dark color to any light colored
honey. I prefer for that reason the white glass jar, of a uniform size
and color. They cost possibly a little more, but you can use a smaller jar
and sell it for a little more money than if you put it up in large jars.

Mr. Sopher. — Mr. President, I would like to have all you big
beekeepers around the outside, within a hundred miles of Chicago, come
to some price where you can depend on it. If it is going to be two
dollars or a dollar and a half for five pounds, what are you going to
deliver it at Chicago for? Or, if you are going to ask two dollars, make
it two dollars, and don't make it one dollar' and seventy-five and then
have them jump all over us fellows because we are selling honey and
making a different price. We drum just as much trade for you fellows
in Indiana and Wisconsin as you do for yourselves, and more, because
if they once get hold of your name and what you are doing, they are
going to write to you for it, and if they learn how to use honey that is
all the better for you, isn't it ? Get the price where you are living, that
helps me and it helps you too. It helps you more tlian it does me,
because I have got all kinds of expen,se. By getting a price and sticking
to it, that is all you have got to do. You can get two dollars and a
dollar for it in Valparaiso, per pail, just as well as yon can get seventy-
five cents.

A Member. — That has been tried a long time and it doesn't work.
We can't get them to do it.

The President. — It depends a good deal on the other fellow. If
you ask two and a quarter for your honey and the other fellow living
next door to you asks a dollar and a half, you are not going to sell very

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 113

much. The only thing is for beekeepers to get together and agree upon
price.

Me. Sopher. — That is the idea, exactly.

The President. — I think a great many of us are doing that, not to
raise the price so much to the consumer as to bring about a greater uni-
formity of price.

Mr. Bull. — I miglit say that when you are out selling honey, non-
uniformity of price has more to do with killing sales than anything else.
Someone will come into a neighborhood to sell honey. Here is a block
that will take one hundred pounds of honey. Someone goes in there and
sells honey at thirty-five cents a pound. Somebody else comes along and
he will sell it for twenty-five cents, and he will kill the other fellow^s
sale every time. If you go into a neighborhood that will take one hun-
dred pounds of honey at thirty-five cents and someoiie comes in and sells
one can at twenty-five, it will kill the sale of the other ninety-five
pounds — they will do it every time.

The President. — You can get it at most any price from people
who do not know its value.

The Secretary. — I have a letter here from a man who has four
thousand pounds, and he had one of these price letters, thirty to thirty-
five cents. He wants to know who would give him his price of twenty-
five cents. He says he couldn't sell it at that price. He couldn't sell it
at twenty-five cents in his town when it was worth thirty to fifty-five in
the open market at that time.

Mr. Kannenberg. — Mr. President, we had an agent going around
in my neighborhood, a man who came from Wisconsin selling honey all
over. I forget exactly what the price was, but it was pretty low. I
wouldn't sell it at that price. He had samples with him, and it was
nice honey. I didn't take his name, but he knew everything about the
JSTorthwestern Beekeepers' Association, and everything. He said he
came from Wisconsin. He said we have all over the United States the
bees in different localities, and we are selling this honey all over the
country. I know he was selling it cheaper than I would sell it.

Question. — Did he go from house to house?

Mr. Kannenberg. — Yes, he went from house to house, too.

Question. — Did he sell much?

Mr. Kannenberg. — Well, I don't know. He said he had good
sales, but it was all extracted honey.

The President. — Those of us who can. it would seem advisable
to me to buy up the small lots being offered below the market price.
But oftentimes we find people having small lots, who will not sell to us.
I know of one instance, a lady living out of town. She had a few bees.
She advertised in the papers for weeks: "Comb honey at fifteen cents

— 8 B A

Hi NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

a pound, delivered." She would deliver a pound or two pounds. I tried
to buy the whole lot at the same price and she wouldn't sell it.

If there is nothing- further along this line, suppose we consider
the future market of honey for the coming winter ? We have been
hearing a general discussion of the present market conditions. Is honey
going higher or is it going to be lower? Are we going to have to sell
our honey for less in a wholesale way, in a jobbing way? Can anyone
enlighten us along this line?

Mr. Sopher. — All of you beekeepers can get more just as well as
you can get less. All of you fellows producing honey, whether it be a
ton or two tons or whether it be ten tons, all you have got to do is to
ask the price, and you will never get it if you don't ask it. Do you
suppose that a woman who wants a pail of honey and it is five cents a
pound more this fall than it was last fall, she isn't going to have it?
She will have it just the same, even if she pays ten cents more for it.
She is going to get it. I have got fifty customers who would pay seventy-
five cents a pound for honey if they couldn't get it any other way. I
don't charge them any more now this je^r than I did last year, but if
you ever set a price you have got to stay'^ath it. Just as sure as you
come down the party that you have sold it to will say to another cus-
tomer you have been selling to, and gettjLug the- regular price, "See, I
bought this honey ten cents cheaper thaiiTyours." And you need never
go back to your good customer again, beqause they will get acquainted
and your customer will find out that you have been selling it for less
than you sold to her — they will become acquainted in some way, and
they'll find out the difference in price (laughter). They will know one
another, I have tried it and I know. If I sell this man a pail at a
certain price and then sell a man over yonder at another price they will
know it just as sure as I do that. I don't know how it comes, but they
will find it out (laughter). The only way I can get out of it then, is
to say to them, "I get the pail back from this felloAV, and I don't from
you." (Laughter.) I never deliver a pail of honey the second time
that I do not call for the pail. If I get the pail and she is a good cus-
tomer I pay her for keeping it for me. "

Mr, Huber. — I think that, ever}' man that produces honey ought
to go out and sell it from house to house, and then he would know some-
thing about the business. The honey business is a business like any
other, and it ought to be put on that basis. But I find in getting around
that there isn't the foodstuff produced that has any more demoralized
prices than honey has in Chicago right now. You can buy honey all,
the way from seventy-five cents a quart up to a dollar and a half, and""
it is all honey, but there is a difference in salesmen and a difference in
beemen. It will always go along that way. I suppose, because there is
no way to systematize it.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 115

The President. — One difficulty with beemen and producers is that
so many sell at retail, asking only wholesale prices. Tliey will sell one
pound or five pounds and ask the same price per pound as if they were
selling a thousand pounds. It costs money to sell honey, to put it up in
small packages, but a great many people don't understand that. They
are usually the people who do not attend bee conventions.

What is the future prospect for prices of honey for this season?
I think Mr. Dadant gave his views, that the tendency probably on
account of sugar would be upward. Has anyone any other remark.

Mr. Dadant. — Mr. President, I don't believe I intended to convey
the idea that the tendency is upward. T don't believe it will go lower,
but after the holidays the demand usually drops. We have found it that
way, and others who handle honey find that the demand after the holi-
days is a little less than it is before the first of the year. I do not believe
it is going down, but my personal opinion is that I do not believe it will
raise in price, on account of the fact that the California market has
dropped a little in price, and that there seems to be quite a little honey
in the west yet.

A short recess was taken.

QUESTION BOX.

The President. — 1 have a question here: "Why do bees some-
times act like they are weak when swarming, hj falling to the ground on
vegetation, then going to cluster — I don't know whether I understand
that question fully or not. If anybody can answer it, we will be glad
to hear him.

Mr. J. C. Wheeler. — Mr. President, I think I can answer that
question in a way. It usually happens when there is no honey coming
in and when the bees swarm out of the hive and are in a starving con-
dition. They drop do^m before they get to their cluster. I have had
that happen in a chilly wind.

Mr. Stewart. — They do that any time if thev are in the air, any
time till they get tired they will drop.

The Secretary. — Isn't it a fact that those are largely young bees
not able to fly yet, that go out with a swarm? Most of the bees that
leave the hive are heavily laden with honey when they swarm, that makes
a tendency to drop. Either young or old bees could fall that way.

Mr. Flood. — Then that is not a sign of weakness on the part of
the bee. If there is no nectar coming in, it would indicate starvation.
If they are starving they ought not rush out that way, but when the
system is, you might say, in its best state, and they come out that way,
it would indicate not a weakness, but an overloaded stomach. The case
that I spoke of was in the midst of our good season. They came out, a
very nice swarm, and they flew around, and pretty soon the ground and
vegetation around was literally covered. They went to cluster quickly.

116 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OE THE

I never saw it so pronounced in that way. So I was just wondering if
there was something that was preventing the bees from standing, if it
was young bees, or what it was. There was no shortage of food. I know
that, but when they came out and were only in the air a short time,
sometimes it takes them longer to settle than it does other times, but in
this case they had only been in the air a short time, and when the bees
took a notion to alight I saw the vegetation was covered with bees, and
I was a bit alarmed about it, I thought that they might have some
disease I didn't know about, that made them weak, yet there was a fine
swarm that came out.

The President. — They all joined the cluster, then?

Mk. Flood. — Yes, pretty soon. After the queen took her position
they went there and made a fine cluster. But I was afraid, though, that
they had some disease I hadn't got on to, and if there was some diseased
condition about it I would like to bear from our brother members here.
If it was because of an overloaded stomach, I am not worried.

The President. — It is probably due to young bees and the heavy
load they carry. I have observed something similar to that, yet difEerent,
in many respects, called ''Disappearing Disease," Avhere the whole
gj'ound would be covered, but not at the time of swarming.

Mr. Woodward. — After the queen left it was only a short time
until they took their position in the cluster.

Mr. J. C. Wheeler. — Another thing, when the virgin queen comes
out, naturally the swarm comes out and they go together. If one has a
virgin queen, bees are apt to fight, and in that case a great many dead
bees are found on the ground.

Me. Woodward. — These bees are not dead, they seem to be over-
loaded, as you might say, and were weak or tired.

The President. — The next question is, why do you sometimes find
nearly grown brood removed from the combe thrown out in front of the
hive ?

Mr. Eettig. — It would indicate starvation, [ would judge, if I
would see it in an apiary of mine, that to be able to feed their brood
they had, they would carry the larvae out to save the rest of the colony;*
or, if it be cold weather and they- were chilled, they would carry them
out in a case of that kind.

The President. — I think Mr. Eettig is right about a starved or
chilled brood. Sometimes the flow stops suddenly and the bees do not
get sufficient food for a short time, then they begin to carry out the
brood. ,

Mr. Wooldridge. — May I ask when those conditions are shown,
would it indicate that the flow had stopped, would that affect them to
that extent when they have got a good supply of honey on the inside?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION;!. 117

jVIe. Eettig. — I don't think that would cause the removal of the
brood. I think there must be some other cause for it besides starvation.

The Peesident. — What about the temperature?

Me. Woodwaed. — The temperature was midsummer. There was-'
plenty of warm weather. That is the time this occurred.

The Peesident. — Could it have been too warm?

Me. Woodward. — Xo, I don't think so. They had fair shade and
the entrance was plenty large. As to overhead conditions, I don't believe
better ones existed.

Mr. Dadant. — Had any drones already appeared in the hive ?

Mr. Woodward. — A few.

Question. — Eight in the midst of the swarming season ?

Mr. Woodward. — Eight in the midst of the swarming season, yes.
The bees around ^vere swarming. We were wondering why they should
deliberately take a few grubs almost ready to hatch, and pile them out
in front.

Question. — How many were out ?

Me. WooDWARD.^Oh, quite a few.

A Membee. — They might have been poisoned.

Me. W^oodwaed. — This apiary is located in a section of the country
where they do operate, but it was really too late for spraying.

A Member. — Some people spray every month.

Me. Woodwaed. — If they do in this section of the country, I do not
know it. It was really after the bloom. There was a great amount of
grubs thrown out of each hive, there were enough to be noticeable.

■ Mr. Eettig. — I would suggest in this c^se that if the bees were not
poisoned, it may have' been chilled brood. Probably the bees got robbed.
If they were a weak colony, probably a stronger colony robbed the honey
out and the brood would chill and die and be carried out from that.
That is about the onl}- think I know of that would cause that, either that
or a shortage of honey.

Mr. Wooldeidge. — Then there is only one thing that I would say
would cause that, that would be poison, because I went to the trouble
to ascertain the condition of their food supply which was ample at that
time. The weather was ideal for summer weather. It would simmer
down to the fact that it was a poison, somebody sprayed something
poison on their orchards after the fruit had been set. It might have
come from that, if they spray more than two times it is more than I
know about in that section of the country.

Mr. Eettig. — It is more than likely, if the colony was fairly
strong, because they would hardly chill.

Mr. Wooldeidge. — This apiary is about three hundred miles south
of here, and I will look that matter up more carefully next spring.

118 NINETEENTH ANis^UAL REPORT OF THE

The Peesident. — You know that spraying sometimes is done after
the bloom is gone and the spray material falls npon the clover, and then
from the flow there under the trees you might get the poison also.

I have here another question: Shall we finance the price com-
mittee for inquiring concerning crop conditions in other states? Who
will answer?

Mr. J, Frank Haan. — Will the gentleman that asked that question
get up and give us a little more explicit information on that subject?

Mr. J. C. Wheeler. — I asked the question, but I am looking for
information myself.

Mr. Haan. — Tell us what vou want.

Mr. Wheeler. — I am wondering if it isn't asking a great deal of
the price committee to go to work and find out a definite condition of
the crops all over the country before they could make their report. They
can, of course, inquire of the beekeepers around where they live, but
they can't set a price for the honey for Chicago, not knowing what is
coming toward Chicago and on the road to Chicago. That happened
this fall. The price committee set a price to Chicago, and now Chicago
is flooded with a lot of western honey. If they had known about that
it might have made a difference. There is the question as to whether
or not they ought to have their expenses paid in these flndings. I just
brought up the question so it would come before you, if you thought the
price committee ought to branch out and inquire about the crops in other
localities before they make their report.

Mr. C. 0. Smith. — Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that it is almost
selfevident we can't do that. We don't have money enough in our
treasury to find out the crop conditions in Indiana, if we wero to ga
at it independently. The government spends thousands upon thousands
of dollars to get those reports that we get through the bee journals, and
this committee takes the same information that we all get, and studies
it carefully and arrives at a conclusion, is the way I understand these
prices are made. But this association, if we would spend all the money
we all have, we couldn't get reliable information on what the crops of
the United States are going to be.. I have done a little bit of that work
in my own neighborhood, and I don't know what my crop is going to be
until after I get the report.

The Secretary. — Mr. President, I might say that Mr. Smith has
got it about right. He has the right idea as far as I am concerned.
That is where I get my information, from the government crop reports.
I get them for about two or three years back, study them carefully and
find out where the honey is. This year the report came out in August.
I think if you glanced over it you would say, "Look at all the honey
they have!" Some of the Kew England states report big crops. The
result is that the average is away up, and the actual fact is that the
amount is going to be short. The report is so misleading that they

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 119

sent a letter explaining it before they sent it out. I notice in the last
report that came out here a short time ago, November first, they gave
there, for the entire United States, every day, what percentage each
state produced of the honey this year. States producing less than one
per cent were shown with a star, and so on up to fifteen per cent. I
believe California was the highest. If a state reports five per cent of
honey in the United States, you can see what the average has been for
two or three years back, and you can form pretty reliable estimates of
where the honey is. We are not mind readers, we have to go by con-
ditioiis as they actually exist. The letters are not mailed out until after
we get that crop report, and you guess at it as well as the next one, but
we don't want to let these letters go out on guess-work. •

Mr. Wheeler. — Can you tell us what the comparative price is this
year, as against last year, what the price is on both comb and strained
honey ?

Tub Secretary. — I think comb honey this year is five cents a
pound higher than it was last year, if I remember right.

Mr. Wheeler. — And extracted is about the same.

The Secretary. — About the same.

Mr. Wheeler. — That is the point I was getting at. If you put it
five cents a pound higher this year, when the last reports came out they
reported crops all over the United States were equal to the crops of last
year. That is the last I read in Gleanings or the American Bee Journal,,
so that if the crop is the same we are five cents higher than last year.

The Secretary. — That is all right. Suppose we take the price of
all commodities a year ago. Would five cents a pound be too much of
an increase, provided the crop was the same? I don't think it would.
Everything is on the upward tendency. We have to take all these things
into consideration. We will ask a retail price of one dollar and seventy-
five cents this year where we asked one dollar and fifty cents last year.
That is five cents a pound more. Mr. Dadant told you last year the
wholesale price was thirty cents in some instances. It was too high.
This year it is down more, but still we have raised the retail price. I
don't think there is too much margin between the two.

Question. — How can I put a swarm with a virgin queen, with one
that has a fertile queen, without killing the bees ?

A Member. — ^Without killing either one of the queen bees, I sup-
pose, is meant.

The President. — I don't know hardly how to do that.

Mr. 0. C. Smith. — Shake them in. That won't kill them. Do I
understand that you want to save both queens?

The President. — I don't believe he says what he means.

Mr. Dadant. — Probably he meant there that the bees will fight
if you put a swarm with any kind of a queen in with a colony already
established, you are going to have some fun. I suppose he wants to

120 NINETEENTH ANNIAL ItEPOllT OE THE

know how to do that. If you put them together without some precau-
tions, you will have some fighting. I suppose that is what was meant.
The best thing to do is to change them — put them in a separate hive.
If you don't want to do that, give them plenty of smoke to confuse them,
put the hive on the stand and run them in, and there will be a few bees
killed but not many.

The President. — You can unite them by putting one hive above
the other with a sheet of newspaper between. When the queens get
together one of them will be killed. That works all right through the
summer when the weather is good and weater conditions are right. It
won't work quite so well when the" weather gets cool, late in the fall.
If the weather is hot you must be careful about putting in the news-
paper without making a small opening, otherwise they might smother.
If the weather is very cool in the late fall, they may not get through
the paper at all.

Mr. Frank Sopher. — I have done that a good many times. About
four years ago I got eight swarms from the woods, and that is the way
I did. I put one swarm on top of the other and put a newspaper on
there and took my knife and poked holes through it, and you never could
tell the difference; the}- went right down together, as nice as could be.
I doubled up eight swarms that fall. I cut one out of one tree and one
■out of another and brought them hoine and put them together like that,
and never had any trouble at all with them.

Mr. Stewart. — Use a' queen excluder, it will answer the same
purpose.

The President. — They migjit fight with a queen excluded, I have
tried that. You want something that will keep them apart long enough
till they will become acquainted gradually.

Mr. Greenson. — I had a peculiar thing happen to my bees. About
two weeks ago I commenced feeding them with a mixture of two pounds
■of sugar with one pound of water. Shortly after that they seemed to
become unsettled and began coming out of the hive in the snow, before
the snow melted. Now since the snc^w has melted, they are still coming
out. Yesterday I counted in front of the hive about three hundred, that
came out yesterday during the forenoon. Of course, a lot of them flew
further, and those that did I couldn't count, they were on the grass. I
was just wondering what caused that, whether the feeding so late in
the season did it, or whether I should have fed instead of the syrup, a
candy. „

Question. — Did you use brown ^r white sugar?

Mr. Greenson. — White sugar, two pounds of sugar to the pound
of water. ^^^

Mr. Eettig. — Did 3''ou feed the syrup, warm or cold ?

Mr. Greenson. — Hot.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 121

Me. Eettig. — That would cause the bees to fly out, that would
cause the bees to chill, and they probably wouldn't get back.

Mr. Greexson. — 1 fed them only two days, in five-pound Karo
cans, with perforated holes, and they cleaned out about fifteen pounds
in that lengtJi of time, and there was no stir among the bees that I
noticed, imtil about a week later.

Mr. Eettig. — There is some other cause for that besides the feeding.

Mr. Smith. — All the bees that were dead, did you see them come
out of the hive?

Mr. Greexsox. — They were active and all right till I began feed-
ing them.

Mr. Eettig. — How large were the openings in the lid when you
turned the can up.

Mr. Greexsox". — There were little perforations, about fifteen, 1
should say, in the top of the Karo can, which I inverted over the cluster.

Mr. Eettig. — Did you notice whether any syrup had run down over
the frames at the bottom ?

Mr. Greexsoxt. — I left it turned over till it stopped running in a
pan, then carefully looked it over.

Mr. Eettig. — Oftentimes in feeding syrup with an ijivcrted can,
it will run down through over the frames and chill the bees, and get on
the bottom board, and if it is freezing Aveather I have seen the bees even
freeze. Of course, that would have a tendency to weaken the bees, and
possibly in flying out they would be so weak they would not be able to
get back, but I have found that the best results in feeding are obtained
by taking a bucket of any size and putting excelsior or straw or anything
like that, then pour your hot syrup on top ; the bees will crawl down on
that and will take it all up, then there Avill be no chance of drowning the
bees through those perforations. But in cool weather you can't do that.
The bees can't take it up fast enough, and if there is anything like straw
or hay or excelsior in there, in a week's time or so it will sour the cells,
but in warm weather they take it up very fast, but after it gets cool you
would feed nothing but the hard candy to get the best results. A. nice
way that I find to feed candy is to take a super with a newspaper at the
bottom and turn the edges up.

QuESTiox". — How much do you feed ?

Mr. Eettig. — Two and a half pounds for about twenty-five swarms,
according to the amount you have, then if it is cold, but not too cold so
you would lise the heat in the hive, have that candy warm. One piece of
candy will fit any of your supers of a standard make hive, then when vou
put that in, invert it on top of your frames, while hot, and if there is a
little bit of heat lost, the head of the candy that you throw down on top
will swell the edges almost tight and hold the heat down. If there
should be a little bit of heat lost from the cluster, they can get up against
the candy, it being warm, and they will soon commence to work on it

1

I

1:;J2 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPOJiT OF THE

and will soon eat across from one frame to the other, according to the
size of the cluster. Some prefer laying a stick on top. When you do
that, it will be just like raising the roof of your house, the heat in your
house will pass out and over from one to the other, and let the heat go to
where there is no fire or anything, and you may desire that. The same
way by putting sticks across your frame. If it is laid down flat on the
frame, it can't bridge across from one place to another, only as the
cluster gets through, and as they shift positions from one side of the
hive to the other they will bridge across. I have found it to be the most
successful way of feeding in cold weather, in preference to feeding the
syrup. It is more work, but I would prefer, if feeding syrup, to do that
along about in September. For this purpose I tried to select a day when
I could get in the yard in my shirtsleeves. After Thanksgiving I do
not like to open a hive if 1 can avoid it. Usually along about the first
of March I open up the hives, unpack them, and see that tliey have
plenty of feed, and even if they have, and have no candy on hand, I aim
to give them about a pound or two, and I think it starts the queen
laying, and a light flow coming in it gets the bees built up early for
spring.

Question. — How do you make it? '

Mr. Eettig. — I take one gallon of water to four gallons of sugar,
and I take it off the stove as soon as it commences to boil. I take one
hundred pounds of sugar at a time, and I keep stirring it. If you
don't stir it, it is just sticky like taffy. If you stir it, it becomes brittle
like fudge, and the bees can take it up easier. I boil it till it bubbles
up like a mush, and it will stick around the edge of the container. I
scrape it dow-n and when it is a little hard I dip it in water, and when
it gets hard enough that I can feel it isn't soft, I consider that it is
done and I pour it into my> supers, feeding just about what I think the
colony needs, and in that yay I have found I got the best results.

Question. — You don^ stir it after you take it off the fire?

Mr. Eettig. — Stir it) as soon as you put the Avater in and till it
gets to boiling. I just st>ir up my sugar and keep on stirring it until it
is just about done. JiJi didn't I get a taffy in the place of candy, bei-
cause it will be Imrcj^nd brittle, and it will l)e harder to take hold of.
If I stir it, it is more like a fudge. It feeds easily, the bees bridge
across on the bottom of it, they bridge across from one frame to the
other. !

Question. — Do you use brown or white sugar?

Mr. Eettig. — Granulated.

Question. — Did you ever try brown sugar?

Mr. Eettig. — I have had no success with brown sugar. The light
sugar seems to be the best for bees.

Question. — Beet sugar will work all right, will it not ?

Mr. Eettig. — Oh, yes, it is all right.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKKEPElls' ASSOCIATION. 123

Mr. Haan. — On that cand}" proposition, I have tried a little experi-
ment, and we haven't always been successful. In making that hard
candy it seems that the least little scorch in it spoils it. You have got to
be very careful, you might as well throw it away as to feed it. In regard
to stirring this stuff when cooking, I understand it makes a creamy
fondant if you stir it.

Mr. Rettig. — It is more brittle and soft. It really makes a hard
candy if you don't stir it, and if you stir it it is softer.

Mr. Wheeler. — Isn't it a foamy substance when you stir it all the
time? If 3'ou don't stir it, it will turn hard like glass, but it gives
excellent feed for bees in the winter, but stirring it constantly while
cooking, they say, turns this sugar into a white, creamy substance, a
sort of granulous mass.

Mr. Haan. — Does that injure the bee ?

Mr. Wheeler. — H^o, but I should consider the hard feed better
than the fondant.

Mr. Eettig. — The hard feed is more like a rock. It will hold both
cold and heat better. By stirring it, it becomes more porous, like sea-
foam, and it does not get as cold in the hive as the hard candy. I find
that the bees will do better when I stir it than they do when I do not.
because it is softer and it does not get as cold as it would if it is real
hard like a rock.

Mr. Haan. — That is what I am trying to get at.

Mr. Eettig. — When I want to break it, I generally drive down with
a truck and, say I want to feed one colony, I take a super two and a
half inches deep, I take a knife to the edge of the -truck and break the
thing in two and give them half of it, and fill the balance of the space
up with rags. But if it is cool weather I try to put it in hot and keev
as much heat in there as possible. If anything. I try to give them a
little more heat rather than try to take out any. It will give better
results.

Mr. Haan. — I might say that in making maple sugar, if you boil
the sap down to a certain consistency it is syrup, molasses. If you keo])
on it becomes sugar and you can dipper it out in pans, and it will become
hard, but if you want to make grain sugar you will have to keep on
stirring it, till, when it begins to get colder, it all crumbles up to the
consistency of which you speak. Mant years ago I made many kettles:
of it, so I know what I am talking about.

Mr. Stewart, — Another thing these men have forgotten ; they have
forgotten that beekeepers do not buy sugar.

A Member. — Good for you.

Mr. Eettig. — Probably not every beekeeper is successful.

Mr. Brown. — There is one other point that I believe has not been
brought out, and that is this: boiling sugar does not seem to injure the
bees, but boiling honey is fatal. Why is it you can boil honey for feed

124 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPOHT OF THE

for bees and bees will die, but you can boil sugar and evidently there is
no harm in it?

Mr. Stewart. — When you are boiling sugar, it will scorch much
easier than honey will when it is boiled.

Mr. Brown. — If you feed back honey you do not know whether you
are going to feed foul brood or not. In feeding sugar you avoid foul
brood, but if you put honey in your sugar to make hard candy, "when
you are boiling it the honey will scorch when the sugar will not. That is
the reason why, when you boil your honey, it kills the bees. It would
be all right for summer feeding, but for winter feeding the honey is too
liable to scorch. It will not stand the degrees of heat that sugar will.

The President. — You can boil either one if you put water with it.

Mr. Gill. — I am afraid we are getting away from the question.
The man who asked that question would like to know why his bees come
out these cold mornings, a week or two after they had been fed, so it
seems to me that had nothing to do Avith it.

Mr. Eettig. — Did they have plenty of honey in the comb ?

Mr. Greenwood. — I thought they had when I looked at them in
front, they had several outside combs two-thirds full of honey.

Mr. Eettig. — If they had plenty of honey they should not have
come out, but if the syrup settled down and froze they wouldn't have had
anything to eat. That is the only way I could account for it.

Mr. Dadant. — We all know that when bees are confined for a long
time they become restless. That is because their intestines become
overloaded. Isn't it possible that feeding these bees this sugar syrup,
which was probably a little warm,; caused them to fill their stomachs
with it and then their intestines became overloaded? They had no
opportunity to fly and they simply got restless. It seems to me that in
a week or two Aveeks, especially if weather conditions were right, if the
syrup was where they could get it, they might have eaten more of it
than they should have and for that reason they felt like the}'' had to get
out and take a fly. and that is the reason.

Mr. Haan. — Jt Avas two Aveeks after.

Mr. Dadant. — Possibly tw6 Aveeks Avould be long enough for them
to get uncomfortable, but they cer^aitily would come out.

The President. — Mr. Smith, what have you to say on that?

Mr. Smith. — I can't give my experience, but I will say that I
think there is a very great difference in the disposition of bees, just
as much as there is between people or animals or anything else. Yester-
day I saw bees coming out of a certain hive. I couldn't account for it.
I don't believe anybody could account for it. The hive had at least
thirty-five pounds of honey in it, and yet every now and then a feAV
bees Avould fly out. Once in awhile one Avould get back, but very few of
them did. I think Ave make armistake, sometimes, in figuring that bees
are all exactly alike and ahvays do the same thing under the same ^ir-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 125

cumstances. They do not. There is a vast difference in their dispo-
sition and what they will do under similar circumstances. T have
different colonies that I have tried to unite, but they haven't united yet.
There is no paper between the two hives, but they are there. I have
them in three separate clusters, and I except to find possibly, maybe t\vo
or three queens in some of those united colonies next spring.

Mr. Wheeler. — I think it is a good time to bring up the question
of the value of brown sugar as against white sugar, and who has tried-
the brown sugar and found out that it is detrimental to the bees. If we
can settle that here, I think it would be a good idea. I know of a man
in Wisconsin who had to feed brown sugar because he couldn't get the
white. If there has anvone tried it and found it gave the bees dvs-
enterry, let us hear from them.

The President. — Has anyone tried the brown sugar with or with-
out the white, and what results did you get? In regard to Mr. Dadant's
suggestion that the bees ma.y have taken too much white sugar, I would
suggest it is stated, theoretically, that there is no waste matter in white
sugar, it is all food. If bees are fed on sugar th<;re is no waste matter
to be taken into consideration. It is all pure sugar.

Mr. Dadant. — At the same time, Mr. President, tlie bee doesn't
ordinarily fill himself with syrup or honey when he goes into winter
quarters. Whether that would have anything to do with it or not, I do
not know. They eat it just as they need it. The}' would have their
stomach full of honey or sugar when they go into winter quarters.

The President. — It is a bad thing to feed liquid food to bees late
in the season, when the weather is cool. It is much better, if you are
feeding liquid food, to feed earlier in the season, along in the summer.
The best way of all, I find, to feed bees, is to have plenty of combs
filled with good, capped honey, and when they begin to run short slip
out the empty comb and put in a full comb.

Mr. Dadant. — It occurs to me there is another reason we have
overlooked in the feeding of the sugar. You have had considerable cold
weather and you fed during the cold weather, and if it had been a little
more cold they would have taken some of the syrup they hadn't taken
before, and you all know what it \s to feed syrup or honey to bees in
the daytime. It excites them more or less and they go out. It might be
that they took some of that syrup, that he speaks of, and it excited a
few of them so they fiew out. That may be a long guess, l)ut it may l)o
why they came out.

Mr. Brown. — I would like to suggest that the bees had just got
through eating, and they came out to see whether they could get some
more. (Laughter.)

The Pr]ESIDENT. — We have some more questions if this lias been
disposed of satisfactorily ; how would you clean an extractor and tools
after extracting the foul brood honey?

126 NINETEEXTH ANNUAL ItEPOliT OF THE

A Member. — Burn them with a blow torcli or scorch them a little
bit.

The Secretary. — Clean the extractor with boiling water.

Mr. Eettig. — Hot water would clean the hive.

The President. — If it was American foul brood I would suggest
you use plenty of boiling water and let it in long enough so it will kill
the germs, and then wash it thoroughly.

Mr. Brown. — Dr. Phillips said last summer that he had never yet
has a case brought to their attention where an extractor was known to
transmit foul brood, but he recommends cleaning an extractor as a pre-
caution, but they haven't had any trouble traceable to that cause.

The President. — Here is another question. Can a queen bee be
induced to lay more than her quota of eggs in one season, if so, how?

Mr. Haan. — Mr. President, I wrote that question, and the reason I
asked it was this: I read so much about having strong colonies in the
fall, trying to induce the queen to lay more eggs or produce more young
bees to winter over. I tried my experiment with a number of nucleus,
and I have had the nucleus late in summer, but it was still quite warm
weather, but I couldn't get the queen bees to lav any more eggs or
produce more young bees to winter over than just so many. It seemed
after the season was past, they didn't seem to lay, whether they got feed
or no feed. For that reason I asked that question here today, to see if
anybody else could give me any more light on the subject. I, of course,
have tried the experiment. Xow I am satisfied myself that it can't be
done advantageously, and that a queen, will not lay any more than a
certain number of eggs, any more than a hen will lay during a season
whether she is fed any more or not. If anybody else here has tried it,
1 would like to hear from him.

Mr. Coleman. — I think the strong bees will.

The President. — You mean that in a strong colony a queen will
lay more than in a weak colony?

Mr. Coleman. — Yes.

The President. — Yes, that i& true. The egg-laying may be re-
duced by lack of feed or room or a lack/ of bees to take care of the brood ;
any one of those causes will reduce the amount of the eggs, but if they
have plenty of room, plenty of feed and ]ilenty of bees, can you in-
crease it?

Mr. C. 0. Smith. — Mr. President, right there I think we open
up a question that is \cv\ interesting, because I believe that we can in-
crease the egg-laying, l)ut I think it is a long, arduous task. We have
got to learn more about the bees, and we have got to handle them better
than we do now. There are articles in the bee journals which we have
all read, one man in particular that wc all know writes every two or
three months regularly, and has for the last seven or eight years. About
three or four years ago he stated that the bee was perfect and had been

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 127

for five thousand years or about that time, and that it was useless to
try to improve it. jSTevertheless, I have worked for fifteen 5^ears with
bees, with the sole idea that they are exactly like other animals and the
human race, that certain conditions will change them the same as it
changes all other animal life, and I haven't made very much progress,
but I have made a little. I have read practically everything that I could
find in bee literature, and tried to sift out the best. I have a queen bee
this year that is probably four or five generations removed from one that
I observed, several years ago, that lived to be seven 3'^ears old. One of
her offspring lived through winter-before-last, one of the coldest winters
we have ever had, and the winter before that, without any protection.
After the coldest winter she came through with the strongest colony of
bees that I have seen anywhere near Chicago; she was one of three that
were left, out of one hundred and twelve colonies that had wintered
through the two winters without protection. One of her grand-daughters
this last spring in May, had perhaps three-quarters or a pound of bees.
She is a virgin. I examined the hive and considered it lost because
there wasn't over a pound and a half of honey, or maybe two pounds of
honey altogether, in the hive. They were eight miles from where I live,
two colonies were there, one in a very good condition, with a sister queen
in it. This queen I gave up as lost. I would have had to have taken
that trip of eight miles to have fed her, and I didn't want to do that, so
I left them there. In the latter part of June I went back there, and
she was the equal of any hive that I had among forty or fifty others, and
produced over one hundred pounds of surplus. That queen laid eggs
in spite of the small number of bees in the hive and in spite of the fact
that the fore part of May she didn't have two pounds of surplus honey.
I thought there was two or three chances of their disappearing, one was
l^ecause she could not make good, another was that they would starve to
death, but that was the second best colony of bees I had this year. With
about — somewhere around fifty hives, the only bees that produced any
surplus for me this year (except two) were daughters or granddaughters
of that queen that wintered two winters without any protection. Whether
that can be kept up or not and still improved, I do not know, but I am
satisfied that the success of the hive is very largely with the queen, and
that in order to increase our crops, while we do not want to neglect
taking good care of them and the hives and all of the paraphenalia that
we ought to have, I think we should look more to the selection of our
queens. (Applause.)

The President, — I do not want it understood that I stated that
the amount of brood a queen could produce could not be increased by
proper selection and breed. I had reference to an indifferent queen. I
think Mr. Smith is exactly right. I have had similar experiences with
my own good stock. Has anyone else anything to say on this?

128 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

Mr. Dadant. — Do I understand the question to mean that a qneen
lays so many eggs during the season, regardless of what the beekeeper
does ?

The President. — No, T believe I stated that the number of eggs
may be reduced by a lack of food or a lack of room or lack of bees to
keep the brood warm, but given plenty of bees and plenty of food and
plenty of room, the individual queen cannot be induced to lay very
many more eggs.

Mr. Dadant. — She can't be forced beyond her limit.

The President. — That is the idea.

Mr. Wooldridge. — I made an experiment this season. I took two
fairly good hives, and I fed one by the slow process and the other by the
rapid. The one that I fed so they could carry it down quickly provided
more room for them all along. They never were honey-bound or never
lacked room as to the amount of eggs they could lav. The one I fed for
stimulating and slowly built up rapidly, cast a good-sized swarm, and
both the original hive colony and the swarm produced, each, equally a>;
much as one that cast no swarm at all. ISTow. as far as I know, the
queens were equal the year before, and they seemed to have about the
same amount of bees, bait what made that diiferenc? "Was it the slow
feeding or the quality of the queen? I caught a swarm, and the swarm
produced as much honey as the one I fed rapidly, and after an experi-
ment by the slow feeding I produced an extra swarm and that swarm
produced as much as the original and as much as the other hive that
didn't swarm. What caused that? AYas it because of the quality of the
queen? I am inclined to believe that the stimulative feeding helped that
queen along. She kept busy laying right along, because she either was
fooled or thought there was a flow coming it. I did it as an experi-
ment, that was all, but those were the results I got with those two
colonies. I selected good colonies and as near alike a^? possible, but I
do believe you can increase a queen's laying capacity in the spring by
stimulating the feeding a little bit, by a slow process as in this case. T
do not mean to make her lay an unusual amount of eggs, but I do think
the queen is partially governed by the flow that comes in. the increase
in the young bees will be along anyway. T am simply telling you what
I did with one stand or colony of bees by feeding it, and I intend to give
it a fair test. I had no idea a thing like that would come up here for
discussion. T wanted to find out if I could get better results.

The President. — That is an individual case. There are so many
factors entering into it that it is pretty difficult to say Avh^'. I once tried
it out with about fifty colonies that I fed in the spring, stimulative
feeding. A number of years ago some of our leading beekeepers advo-
cated stimulative bee feeding in the spring for getting the summer flow.
I tried it with probably fifty colonies that T fed and fiftv that I didn't
feed. I cou\d see no advantage on the average, although some colonies

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 1 29

would produce more and some less. I believe it is the concensus of
opinion among beekeepers that have tried this out, that stimulative bee
feeding does not pay. It might have been all right in this individual
case, but the increase might have been due to some other cause.

Mr. Sopiier. — I had a little inatter come up last spring, I had a
swarm of bees at home. The queen had a bunch of brood. I let her go
for two weeks; it came a warm day and I opened them up again and I
couldn't find the queen anywhere. I looked around, and [ found three
queen cells. They had all been hatched, but I could only find one queen.
The other queens had died. There wasn't a drone in the liivc, not one.
What should I do? I went out in the countrv and I got six drones out
of another hive (laughter). I brought them home and put them in
the hive. I got home about ten o'clock at night. T put them in the
hive, lifted np the lid, turned the bottom side up and let them go down
through a little hole. I went along for about two weeks. I looked in
the hive, the queen was laying eggs (laughter). Everything went along
all right and I had the nicest swarm of bees that anybody wanted to
look at.

Mr. Haan. — To sum it all up I suppose if we rush the queen in
the spring there won't be so many young bees come out in the fall.
because she is limited, but if we let the queen take her own way and go
at it easy in the spring, she will probably come out with a strong colony
in the fall, to go into winter quarters, but if we rush her in tlie spring,
I suppose that woukl produce only a certain limited number of young
bees in the fall.

Mr. Dadant. — That limited egg-laying capacity of the queen, as
you submit, is governed by the amount of food she gets, and her age, etc.
In a good season the queen will very likely lay three or four times as
many eggs as she would have if you had hurried her all the way through.
She only lays so many eggs, but it-will be so man}^ one year and so many
another, so you might say there is no dividing line as to what a queen
will lay. It is a question of conditions as to what she will lay.

Mr. Wheeler. — One point you have ignored, you haven't found out
how many eggs the bees eat np.

The President. — They will eat the eggs if they are short of stores.

Mr. Sopher. — Did I do right, that is what I want to know ?

The President. — Can we improve the bee by proper selection?
We certainly can. If they are acquired characters, will they be trans-
mitted?

Mr. Smith. — Acquired characteristics, no.

Mr. Dadant. — In a long enough time.

The President. — What qualities are transmissible?

Mr. Smith. — Mr. Chairman, I asked that question l)ccause I
wanted to get more light.

— 9 B A

130 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

Mk. Kannenberg. — Mr. Taylor can answer tliat.

Mi{. Smith.. — I wish this association or some other association
would take up that wojk. For instance, 1 do not breed queens to sell
and shall not, it 1 over do, before I find out that I have the goods, as
Avc any. I can't breed queens for one dollar apiece or two dollars apiece
or three dollars apiece, but if I can produce a queen that is better worth
ten dollars to a man than the average queen for a dollar, then I think
i would like to breed queens. J can remember the time when the l)est
Hereford cattle in ilie United tr^tates, the best animals on the market,
could be bought for live hundred doiJars, and the other day a Chicago
man went dowii to Oeorgia 'and paid seveiity-five thousand dollars for
five head, and they wei'c worth the money. One of my neighbors ])aid
ten thousand dollars for one hog. I Ciin lemerab^er when the best hog in
the United States could be bought for one hundred and fifty or two
hundred dollais. \\'c have never dojie that or tried to do it sciontilieally
Avith the bee. The queen that will produce this year, in a poor year, one
luindred and iii'ty pounds of lioney, is better worth ten dollars than any
<|ueen that I ha\ e bought on an average worth fifty cents, because on an
average the queens T liave l)ought wouldn't produce any surplus. Some
of them Vv'ould, but 1 have one (pieen this year — I ordered twenty-Five
queens, and out of the twenty-five i gol one, 1 tliink, tluit I would allow
to remain in the hi\e riext year. 1 oidered untested queens, ;iJid about
two-thirds of tliem had been clipped. 1 don't know why they were
clipped, but one queen, lui- bees placed praciically all the honey they
gathered, in the super. 1 had, two hive bodies, ten-frame, ;ind at no
time during ttie season wa- there over three or foui ])ounds oP honey, or
at least not to exceed i'our pounds of lioney in the brood iiest, and for a
long time there was no (jueen excluder on it. Xow, that quccji's l)ees put
the honey in the upper story-, and when fad came they didn't have five
pounds of honey in the brood next, and over fifty per cont of it was in
the suj^er^ ]''or about th]-ee or four days dui'ing tlie season at one time
when all the ten franujs vrere full of brood I'olow, the queen went up and
laid in tv.'o frames al)ove. 1 have never l)efore had a queen th.at would
do that. I would like to know if that is a transmissible quality, so as
to know wliether to use that queen lo breed from. II that quality is
transmissible, if lier daughters will do tiie same thing, that can be
increased by selection just as all otliei' cliaracteristics are increased by
seiect'on. and there liave been 1)rands of c;r!:tle selected for beef so long
that the cow doesn't give milk enough to I'aise (he calf, so T believe that
you can m-ike. by selection, a breed almost any\\'here we want it, but we
are wasting time uidess we know the qualities we are trying to get are
tran'-inissibl(\ 1 kiiow of two other queens that shovred ' remarkable
tendencies. One cpu^'U was in a yard where there was American foul
biooil, in every colony l)ut one. Thiu'e was American foul brood in five
different bee yards within a mile of that place. This hive of bee« Avent

ILLIXOjS state BEEKEEPElfS' ASSOCIATION. 131

*

tlirougli the whole siimmei' and didn't contract that I'oul brood. There
was two or three weeks when there was no honey coming; in. wJicn they
hiad access to the hives of honey where the hees ad died out ii'oni Aineri-
ean foul brood, isow, thousands of those bees Avere taking honey out
of the hives where the bees had died out because of American foul brood,
and yet it didn't generate the disease in that colonv. Whether they
were immune or not, or whether there was some accident or something
of that kind, of course 1 didn't know.

Mk. Dadaxt. — Was it a strong colony?

Mr. Smith. — It was a verv strong colonv.

Mr. Stewart. — Are you sure they didn't rob out any of the others?

Mr. Smith. — Tbev weren't robbing when I visited the localitv.
I visited this jtarticular apiary for the purpose of finding if there was
foul hrood there. The ladv said. "'We lost a good manv of our hees
last winter. They winter-killed. Xow the strongest hive we have got
sits over there." 1 think it was with two hive hodies. She told me I
eordd examine all of thorn iL J wanted to. I went out and looked at
the strongest colony and saw it Avas ]]0 colony, it Avas the rohbers. There
were more bees working there thaji any place else, they wei'e all robbing
it out. I found four hives there, four different stands, with two hives
on ii stand, with thirl}' to fifty pouuds of honey in each one, and on
nearly every frame you could see the remains of dead hees that had died
from foul In-ood, so that I thought it was utterly a loss for that strong
colony in that same apiary to bo robbing out that honey.

I called on an ex])ert ha]ulling bees and we went out there three
times that summer and A\'atched tiiat coKuiy, and foul brood didn't de-
velop there that summer.

QcESTiox. — Did that colony produce honey?

Mr. Smith. — Yes, when I was out there, it was a ten-frame hive
and I think there was three supers, besides the hive body that the brood
frames were on, and there was over a hundred pounds of surplus last
year.

Mr. Wheeler. — They probably got that out previous to tlie robbery.

Mr. Smith. — But ]\Ir. Duff shook the whole apiary and cleaned up
the foul brood, and he also went to four or five others and cleaned them
up in that locality.

Questiox. — In that locality what did the bees gather?

]\Iu. Smith. — Some would gather one hundred, and some would
get nothing.

Mr. Stewart. — The one that wasn't roljbed gathered oric hundred
pounds. Ha-\'e you ever noticed some bees won't rob anything and
others will?

Mr. Dadaxt. — They might have been finding the source of a nec-
tar the others hadn't.

132 XIXETEENTII ANXDAL ItEPORT OF THE

Ml?. Smith. — They were either immune,, or for some reason didn't
take it, but there was foul brood all through the locality, within two or
three miles. If that is a quality that may be developed by bee culture,
if there is a class of bees that are immune from foul brood, or a ten-
dency to be immune, and we can breed that class of bees till they be-
come immune.

Me. Wheeler. — Was the man that cleaned those colonies up work-
ing for the State?

Mr. Smith.^ — Xo, he just wanted to help his neighbors. ^ If we
can know the (jualities that are transmissible, then we will know what
to work on.

Mr. Haax. — ]\Ir. Chairman, I would like to have a few words on
that strong colony subject. I think that a colony during the height
of the honey flow will not rob any hive as long as they can get the free
nectar. Later on in the season when there is no nectar to be gotten,
I believe bees will rob almost any other colony the}^ can get at. This
robbed honey comes in so late it is probably after brooding time. Then
this honey will ])robably be used up iirst also, before the}' would start
brood rearing. In the spring, consequently that colony would be con-
sidered immune from foul brood for the next season. There would be
no foul brood in that colony for the next season, because they would
use up that foul brood honey. 1 think if a colony is well taken care of,
and if they have plenty of stores I don't think they are so apt to go to
robbing as they might be if everything was taken away.

The Pkesidext. — In answer to one question Mr. Dadant brought
up in regard to transmitting qualities, I believ the modern scientists
have decided that acquired characters are not transmitted. By proper
selection we improve or retard the de\elopment of the different species.
The same law holds true with regard to the vegetable life as with ani-
mal life.

We have one (piestion left, but are keeping that open till this even-
ing. We meet at seven-thirty to hear Mr. Dadant on the subject of
"Large Hives," and we will have some other talks. If you have any
more questions you would like to ask and have discussed,, please write
them out and send them in.

Adjournment was taken till 7 :30.

TUESDAY EVENING SESSION.

The Presidext. — We have on our program this evening the sub-
ject, "Large Hives," by Mr. Dadant. We will hear from Mr. Dadant.

Mr. Dadaxt. — Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: In taking
up this subject this evening T will say that it was assigned to my father.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEliS' ASSOCIATION. , 133

C. P. Dadant, who lias been unable to attend the meeting because he
was caught by a delayed train in Xashville, Tennessee.

All the Dadants of course have had considerable experience with
large hives. They have been using them a great deal, but father and
gj-andfather made a good many experiments years ago, which we know
about, but which we haven't had experience with ourselves, though we
did here five or six years ago put in a lot of ten-frame, Langstroth
hives in our own apiary on one side, and left fifty large Dadant hives
on the other; and our experience with them was practically the same
as the experience by father and grandfather, years before. We were
like a great many others, we perhaj^s thought fatlier and grandfather
were mistaken, we had to see for ourselves, and we have since discarded
them. We have some of them in our apiaries, but are gradually work-
ing them out. You must remember we run for extracted honey pro-
duction altogether, and while large hives are good for comb honey pro-
duction, Ave are not in a position to speak with knowledge in regard to
comb honey, but we do know what large hives will do with extracted
boney.

The President. — You have heard Mr. Dadant's paper. The ques-
tion is now open 'for discussion. We will be glad to hear from anj'onc
who has made experiments along the line of large hives versus small
hives.

The Secretary. — I would like to ask Mr. Dadant a question.
How do the ten-frame Jumbo hives compare in size with your hive?

Mr. Dadant.— With our Dadant hive?

The Secretary. — Yes.

Mr. Dadant. — The ten-frame Jumbo is one and one-eighth inches
shorter than the regular Dadant-Quinby hive, the hive such as we are
using now. It would make a difference of a little more than one frame.

The Secretary. — What is the depth of the Quinby frame?

Mr. Dadant. — Eleven and a quarter inches.

The Secretary. — That is outside?

Mr. Dadant.- — Outside, yes.

The Secretary. — The Jumbo is about what?

Me. Dadant. — Eleven and a quarter.

The Secretary. — That would be the same depth.

Mr. Dadant. — The Jumbo hive was first built by iV. Draper, Alton,
Illinois, and he persuaded the A. I. Boot Company to build some hives
like it for him. It was built with the depth of a Quinby and the lengths
of the Langstroth.

The Secretary. — How many frames do you use in the Quinby?

Mr. Dadant. — Ten frames.

The Secretary. — Same width ?

Mr. Dadant. — Xo, there is a difference of one and one-eighth inch
in the width, because the Jumbo frames are one and three-eighths inch

134 , XIXETEENTII ANNUAL l.iEPOUT OF THE

spacing while the Qiiinby such as we use have oue and a half inch spac-
ing.

Question. — How large is it?

Mk. Daoant.— It is equal to about thirteen and a hali' frames.

Question.— About a ihirJ larger?

Mk. Dadant. — Yes, a little over one-third larger.

The Seci;etai;v. — 1 would l^-:e to ask another question. If you
were nsiug tbe regular Laugstroth hive aud were changing to the large
hive, woukl it be an advantage to use the Jundjo or Quiiib}?

Mr. Dadant. — The Quinby -Js it is made now, we are using the
Quinbv. 'idle Jundx) is the sanie length as the Langstrolii. The ob-
](?ction to the Jumljo is ir lias omly one and three-eighths inch spacijig
and if you use one and a hall' yc>u can oidy get nine frames in it. The
Jund)o with the nine frames v.uiim stili be an ad\antage over the Lang-
sti'olji with the ti'H-frani!>s.

(}i:esti(!N. — Not th(;se leu I'Vanies with one aiul one-lialf inch s])ace?

Mr. Dadant. — Yes.

The Si:;c'I!i:t.m;y. — You coyld still use your regular supers on the
Jumbo?

Mr. Dadant. — Y'es. Thcvimodified Dadant is made with eleven
frames, so it has the same capacity as our original Dadant hive. The
reason that has been made smaller is because the old Quinby such as wo
used to know is botli too wide and too long to permit the use of the
regular Langsiroth c(]uipment. so tliis new hive has been devised iu
order that the bcekee])er might use Langstroth equipment aud have as
darge a brood chamb(>r of tiie same capacity as the hive we aie now
using. There would be no dinicultv whatever in usinc- the Langstroth
equipment.

Question. — 1 would like to ask about the condition th;it hive is
left in till the lirst of 3[ay. It is packed, and how long is it packed,
and in what coiKliliou for jiackiug is the new hive as com])ared with
the old hive?

Mr. Dadant. — In tho old hive we have always practiced packing
v.'itli forest lea\<v. Our old hive is made with a deep cap, about ten
inches, and that is filled with forest leaves, directly over a straw mat
which goes over the l)rood chand)er. That gives an absorbent and an
air space above, which we consider of prime importance. Then We
use ordinarv chicken netting to hold the leaves around the hive on three
sides, and the front is faced to the south, and we have excellent results
in wintering. The new hive has only a shallow cover. The new hive
has been designed to meet the pocket of the beekeeper as well as his
Langstroth ccpiipment, and of course you can use any kind of packing
that you wish with that, that you use on the large hive, excepting that
you haven't the deep cap. We would have to add something like one
dollar to the cost, and we did^n't feel as if we should do that, because

ILLINOIS STATE BEP]KKEPP:Rs' ASSOCIATIOX. 135

the cost of our old Jiive is one of tlic things that kept it trom coming '
into general use, that and the length of the frames, which were one and
one-eighth inch longer than the Langstroth frames.

Mr. Stewart. — Then your hive is only packed on three sides?

]\[i;. Dadant. — Three sides. We usually face our hives to the
south. We' iigure tluit if we pack the liive in front, that there are many
(Uiys wlieu the weather gets just warm enough for the bees to get a
liiglit, that they wouldn't get out if they had that packing in front, for
it would keep outside heat out, aiid many times bees will get out one day
in the winter and it will save them wlien if we had the packing in front
tliey wouldn't get out.

As far as wintering results have been concerned, we liave had ex-
cellent results with our method of packing. Of course you must re-
member we are quite a little bit south of here, and our method is for
ou]' locality. ]t might be better to have more packing for tlie north.

QuESTiox. — Don't you pack your bees in tlie faliy

I\Ik. Dadaxt. — AVe begin packing about — as soon as the leaves fall,
an.d fie finish it up l)efore Thanksgiving, with our colonies, and they are
packeil pretty tight. If you have ever tried to weigh leaves down very
much, you know they "do ]iot go dovv-n very far. fn fact, after the raia
and snow we had about a Aveek ago, I Avent to look at tliem after that
tnawed out, and it is about as drv as it was before. AVe have verv little
trouble getting v/et. AYe take precaution to draw them up very tight
with cliicken netting, and cram plenty of leaves down behind. AA'e leave
it on as long as we can. in the spring. Some years, if we know we
have got plenty of stores and there is some honey coming in, we leave
it on till we think we have to look at them, in April ox May, but some-
times we have to take it oi! a little earlier, because they are short of
stores. AA^e leave it on till the weather gets warm, if we can.

Mu. Dadaxt. — For the new hive., by simply doing Avhat we have
done for 5'ears, that is nail a cleat on each side of the Langstroth body,
very solidly, so that your hive won't pry it loose. AYe have done that
for a number of years. AATienever we bought out an apiar}' with Lang-
stroth equipment Ave Avould iise it for that or until Ave got some more
extracted supers, then after aAvhile we Avould melt it up, avc AA'ould make
use of it by nailing some cleats on the side.

QuESTiox'. — Don't you think a ten-frame Dadant hive, and a deep
frame, tAvo inches deeper, AA-ould be plenty?

Mr. Dadaxt. — You mean the ncAv size frame?

Question^ — Yes.

Mr. Dadaxt. — AA^'e made it eleven frames so that if the beekeeper
Avanted to use a division board he could. Ten frames would be enough,
eleven is a little better. AYe use a division board in all our hives, not
an ordinary division board such as you get with the ten-frame hive on
the market today, but we make a good, solid, substantial division board

t

136 XlXETEEXTir AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

with a cloth on each end^ so that if you want to reduce the size of your
brood chamber, to six frames, you can do it, and if you want to winter
on eight frames you can. ^^

QuESTiox. — Do you reduce your colonies in winter ?

Mr. Dadaxt. — Xo, since there has been so much foul brood wo
don't dare do it. We would have tc^ mix combs and we won't do it.
]\Iy uncle, Mr. Baxter, at Xauvoo, always takes out two combs on a side
and fills that space. He moves his division board over, which is closed
on the end, and fills that space with leaves, which makes excellent win-
ter packing. Then he has those t)j'o sealed full, to give to whatever
colony he wants to, but he never had ^ny disease in his colony. Some
morning he will wake up with a dis^ease among his bees and it will
spread all over his yard.

QuESTiox. — That })acking then is^othing more than a windbreak?

Mi{. Dadaxt. — You might calli\t that.

QuESTiox. — That is about all

Mr. Dadaxt. — 1 don't know that you could say that. It protects
those three sides of the hives as nluCh as any other packing would, ex-
cept you have one side open.

A Member. — They claim it isn't very good. .

Mr. Dadaxt. — That is true, too. We don't think it is either.
That might be improved on, that packing, and we have in mind trying
those packing cases, but when we come to figure up the lumber our heart
fails us, because it takes an awful lot, in fact the way the government
advises now, if I have it right, I figure that with good lumber and good
workmanship it will cost twenty-one dollars for a four-frame packing
case, retail price, so in view of that fact leaves are pretty good — leaves
arc good enough.

A Member. — I would like to make a correction. I think Mr. Da-
dant made a mistake in eleven and one-half and the eleven and one-
fourth.

Mr. Dadaxt. — The old Quinby frame is eleven and one-half.

A Member. — I was going to say I heard Mr. Hazen make a state-
ment that he has on an average, sixteen frames full of brood in fruit
bloom.

The President. — It depends on the stock of bees you have,
whether you have proved bees or not.

The Member. — Sixteen frames would be an exception.

Mr. Dadaxt. — That is more than an average queen can lay.

The Member. — That twenty-frame has packing on top till fruit
bloom. The point I wanted to bring out Avas the new hive without that
cap. This new large hive Mr. Dadant has brought out they haven't
tried out as thoroughly as the old one Avith the cap on. That is going
to make a big difference. That^has been proved by using packing.
This idea in this climate, of unpacking as soon as you can get out and

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION". 137

tearing the packing off is all wrong. Make your hive big enough so
that you are going to have room enough for a twenty-frame arrange-
ment and give her the protection and let her keep it. Give them a big
hive if you are at it.

I have tried packing one twelve-frame Langstroth in government
cases. I have got some of the government cases. They are an improve-
ment, but twenty-one dollars isn't what you will have to pay. You can
buy second-hand cases for one dollar and tvventy-five cents. Put an-
other dollar and a quarter on that and you have got your big case for
a twentj^-frame hive, and use your ten-frame equipment, and you will
have to spend about four dollars to each colony to make a twenty-fi'ame
hive that is packed permanently the year around. Then you have got
something that is worth having.

The Peesidext. — I think that we should use the very best pack-
ing case, and I think the best is a good cement cellar. That is what
] use. You can carr}' in one hundred colonics in a day in the fall,
and you can carry out the same number in the same length of time in
the spring. There are practically no losses. As far south as Mr. Da-
dant is, perhaps it isn't advisable to have that kind of cellar. In re-
gard to the large size hive, I have been studying the question a little,
and it seems to me there are one or two objections that come up, that
makes it almost impossible for some of us to use them. Those of us
who carry our bees around to different yards on a truck or otherwise
find that by using the very large hives we will have some lifting to do.
In the second place those large frames are hard to extract without
breaking. If you put them in an extractor unless you are extremely
careful in Avarm weather, your frames are going to break.

Mn. Dadaxt. — We do not extract from the brood chamber.

The Presidext. — Another difficulty that I foresee in the method
I use of handling bees is the fact that they are not interchangeable
with the combs of the super, and I could not use them in my system of
manipulation. Perhaps if you had another system of management you
could do that very nicely. I mention these as the chief objections that
T see to the use of the large hive. I realize there is a great deal of ad-
vantage in usino; them as jMr. Dadant has stated. AVe would like a
farther discussion of this subject.

Mr. Browx'. — Mr. Chairman, I can say this: the twenty-frame
brood nest packed weighs about two hundred and fifty pounds, and
yet it is about the handiest thing to have, in case of moving, that I
have struck. Take the ten-frame super, put a bottom board under it,
take out ten frames of brood, set it in front of the entrance, close the
entrance. That will catch the field bees and take along a good swarm
of bees in a ten-frame hive, leaving enough brood to take care of what
you have left there. Put them back in the fall. You would have to
wait till 3'our season is over for the honey to ripen. It isn't much of a

IciS XIXKTKKXTIl AXXTAL RErOlIT OF THE

proposition to move tiuaii ihat way, move the Held bees. You are prob-
a!>ly right at the begimiiii^' of another liow and you want to move yonr
iield bees, and voir want vour A-oiing bees. Have a voium- (lueen readv
to release, or let tlienr riiist' a ((iieei:. ^'ou will have bees enough left,
some of those hives ha\e got bees to spare, i had six common supers
and thirty-two full depih frames on one liive, twenty frames imder-
neath, and bees liajiirinu' oui in front everv night in a twentv-franio.
this vear. with raie (]ue'.ii. Tliere was a bi,"' buneh of bees hanuinu' out
there every niglit. Those are the facts. I don't say that tl^.at ((uceji
laid all those eu'u's in the five v/eelcs, but the i)oint is this: we ha\"e 2;ot
to liave p'aekiP.g, we peo[.'!e in the >v'orthweste]n Assoeiation, we are all
oi' us in practically the s.ime i iinnue. We h.ave cold weatlier oil' and on
up until the Jii'tli or tenth of Jiriic, when packing feels mighty good. If
yon are out d'.'i\ing yuu wmw an overcoat on, and if it is tinit cold for
Vdu, what ai'e vour b-es d'-inu- Those niiildsr Durirjo- ttic iirecdina sea-
s(ni they have got to n.uiin*ain a temperature of ninety-i!\'e degrees in
tJie brood n^'sl. A. siiiglc wall l!i\<' gets really Too c(dd, nidess it is
packed, and il' your bees start breeding when fruit bloom comes, with
weather such as we have had the last two scasoiis, you cm Jia\e eight
and ten frames oi brood. \'ori can't do that in a ])acked hive, Jio m;it-
ter wliethcr it is an eighi or thii'teon frame ]u^■e.

So far as wijitering iii tbe basement is conc-erned. thai is all riglit,
jjut you need protection if you take tin na out. IJees that vill wintei-
and come thnaigh in fair sl'a])e Avithout any ju'otectioji cruiiiot raise a
bunch o!' bees to store a crop of honey in this climate, without some
kind of p>i'(.)tection. It isn't tlie winter ])rotcction alone that the pack-
ing gives, it is i)ic.Lectio'ii agjiirist tlie cool weather hiter and it- is a mis-
take if you take it oil'. Ji/avc the protection on, and h;i\e a hive }oii
can keep prounted until clovci' bloom comes. AVhy not? \'(<ii can get
tiiem into the basement, but you can't get them to build up in the l^ase-
meid in the spi'ing, they would have to be out storing honey, they can't
make it out ol' Jiotbing. IjC't them put away a crop of honey they can
make bees from. (:Jive them protection and the room, and they will
replace the hor.ey with bees.

Mu. Stewai;t. — I have heard that kind of talk for thirt}' years,
and that is all the good it does. I thought I knew how to pack bees;
I thought I had a cellar as good as any of them. I go around in the
spring and buy bees that have been wintered in old cracker boxes, bee-
gums, or anything, take them home, and they are just as good as mine.
1 couldn't ask any better. There is no packing around them at all —
what is the use of packing (laughter) ?

The Presidext. — It is true a good many of those bees do not die,
but we do not count the ones that die. Mr. Stewart buys the live ones
and not the dead ones.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKs' ASSOCIATION. 130

Mr. STEWAPtT. — Tliey didn't lose any more than I did in propor-
tion. That is what got nie.

The PRESIDENT. — I tried Vsijiterinij,- out of doors several years my-
self, with not very good success.

Me. Stewailt. — You didn't have good cracker boxes.

The PiiESJDENT. — I didn't have good cracker boxes, in fact, 1
didn't liavo any outside packing at all in those days. Xobody did.

Mn. WoOLDiMJKJE. — Mr. President : ' 1 v-ould like to ask these.
l)]'othtr beekeepers aroiuid here if they have ever had ai;y experience
v,-it]i hair felt packing, iji pla.ce of using newspapers to "use inch pack-
i]!g on the inside, inducing your equipment down to eight frames, then
slip a special cut S(|Uare thai will extend dov."n below the bottom boJird
crack to keep tlie wiiid out there, and tlien use cai'dtward f)r newspaper
to the extent of iilling up the emis. Rave you ever luid any experience
of that kind? It absoxbs the moisuire. a.nd aiiother one lits in on to])
below the super. It extends up just above tlie edge of l)oth b()ttom and
top, so it fits down idcely aivl makes a ^'ery snug and t-nwotli nest. It
absorbs the moisture quite well. I usually lay a burlai) ])acking. maybe
two of them, oxor the frames, then I lay this mat of hair felt on top of
that, and 1 am not bothered with moisture or Avith mouldy combs. I
would just like to know if any of tiiese otiier gentlemen ha\e ever used
tliat as a ])aeki ug?

Tjie PjiESiDENT. — 1 would like to ha\e vou describe tiuit liair .i<3lt
a little more fidly. 1 do not k)iow that I ever saw it.

Mr. WooldkiDGE. — It is luiir felt such as you can buy at any of
these ship building places, for kee])i]ig out cold or lieat, eitlier one. It
answers the same purpose. It comes in various thicknesses. I use felt
one inch in thickness and I have it cut at the factory. I buy mine of
CJeorgc B. (^ir'penter. over here on Wells Street, and they cut it just
the size I want. Of course. I use the ten-frame hives and I reduce
the brood nests down to eight frames. That gives me a chance to sli]')
on each side one of these squares that fits exactly, then by using news-
jDapers 3-ou can fill in the space between the end of the brood frame and
the hive. You can use about eighteen thicknesses of nev/spaper and
not crowd it, so I bind that around the corner so it makes it almost
wind-tight, then it extends down to Avhere your hive sits on the bottom
board, below that crack. It also extends up Just above the top of your
hives sufficiently so that when you put on your last cap it makes it just
- like a lid, and what I like about it is it absorbs the moisture very nicely,
yet it doesn't get too wet, and I have never had any trouble with mouldy
frames or combs, or with condensation. When I used to use shavings
for packing I used to have too much condensation, and the ventilation
wasn't so good.

The Peesident.— What is the cost of this hair felt?

140 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. WooLDRiDGE. — Well, about sixty cents a hive, but it lasts in-
definitely, for that matter. Sometimes when I am in a hurry I use a
little cardboard on the opposite side from the hive, raise the bees and
give them a little more protection that way, but usually it is kind of
quilted or cross-barred on each side, and I usually just put that right
next to the comb. They do not seem to interfere with it, it doesn't
seem to annoy them, and the results are very satisfactory. I like it
very well, and I have foiind it to be the cheapest in the long run.

Question. — Is that what is commonly known as asbestos sheet
packing?

j\Ir. AVoolridge. — Xo, sir. It is a real haircloth, that is all it is.
It is made of coA\hair. You can get it in any size you want. I would
just like to hear if any of these other gentlemen have used it, and M'hat
tbeir experience has been.

A Member. — I have found it very satisfactor}', altbough there is
one objection to its use. You have got to be very careful and not let
it come m contact with the bee direct or touch anytbing that has bees'
glue in it, or it will stick to it. You can't let it touch a super cover
or any of these thick board covers.

Mr. AVooldridge. — You have had experience that it is 2iot satis-
factory in that way?

The Memher. — Yes. It has worked out that wav, if anvthing
comes in contact with the felt itself, but if you always use muslin or
burlap next to it, it is very satisfactory packing, I find.

Mr. "Wooldridge. — Has anybody else had experience with this kind
ol" packing? If so, I Avould like to: know what results have been ob-
tained, and how you liked t.

The President. — AVill you give again the address of George B.
Carpenter?

Mr. AVooldridge. — Yes, sir. lie is right over here on AVells Street,
at the corner of Wells Street and Illinois. It is 43G Xorth Wells Street.

Mrs. IIammet. — I would like to ask the gentleman if he uses this
in summer.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Xo, ma'ain. I leaves it on till late in the sea-
son, and when the heat isn't needed I remove it, but of course we are
like our frieiuls over there. lie wants a little packing, and I am in-
clined to think that we need protection for our bees on cool nights in
the spring, l)ut it certainly is a good thing as a cold stoppage either way.

Mr. Roeiis. — -Mr. President, I think you can get that stuff at some
of these places where they wreck cars, they use it for refrigerator cars.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Yes, that is the same kind of hair felt.

Mr. Brown. — They give it to them for nothing.

A recess was then taken by the meeting.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOlSr. Ml

The President. — In order that we may get this into the report,
you are requested to give your name whenever you rise to speak, so the
stenographer can get it.

I want to call attention to the government bulletin on Comb Honey
Production, Farmers Bulletin 1039, by George S. Deniuth. This is
the best treatment of the subject I have found. You can get it free
from the Department of Agriculture at Washington, by sending a postal
card requesting the bulletin.

I wish to call your attention also to the fact that the secretary of
the Chicago Xorthwcstern Beekeepers' Association is very anxious to
get your names on his list, with your dollar and a half. This dollar
and a half entitles you not only to the membership in the Chicago-
?^ orth western Association, but also gives you membership in the Illinois
State Association, and gives 3^011 a little book which is worth more than
half the price of the membership. The book is a published stenographic
report of both this meeting and of the Illinois State Association, which
meets at Springfield. The dollar and a half admits you to 1)ot]i associa-
tions.

Wq will now have a talk by Mr. Wooldridge, explaining a device
for comb honey production. Mr. Wooldridge.

Mr. J. K. Wooldridge next explained a device or mode of fastening
foundation. It consists of a slot or saw-kerf cut in the section for the
insertion of the foundation.

The President. — If there is nothing further, we will take up the
questions handed in. The first I have is : Who has had experience with
an electric bee heater? If the gentleman that wrote that question will'
enlarge upon it a little, perhaps it will help to get an answer.

Mr. Wooldridge. — I asked the question m^'self. I wanted to hear
from these other gentlemen.

The President. — To heat the bees in the hive ?

Mr. Wooldridge. — Yes, sir. Use a little heater for that purpose.
The principal trouble with that at the present time is the cost of it.

The President. — People out in the country wouldn't have the
electricity.

Mr. Wooldridge. — That is quite true, but there are a good many
people that do have electricity, that could be gotten to the bees all right,
but it is the purpose to keep that with such a low current that there is
absolutely no danger of fire. Of course, it would be naturally in asbestos
for the purpose of the prevention of fire, eight by ten, right on the plate
would be large enough ordinarily, for the ordinary hive or colony to
cluster underneath, and would be Just right, nice and warm. That is
all there is to it, barring the fact that they create some heat themselves,
and it does away with the moisture. I would like to know if some of
the gentlemen haven't tried it out a little more than T have.

] !'3 XIXKTEENTII AXXL'AL EEPORT OF THE

'I'iiE l*i;E.sii)KXT. — Tiiat inofle of kccpijig the bees warm would liave
to 1)1' confined probably to city beekeei^ers. Out in tlie country where
ninety-nine out of a luindred people have bees, it would not be prac-
tieal'Ie, because current wonldnot be available. Furtheiniore, it is quite
ex|iensivi,'.

Ivli;. AVooLDiMDGE. — Xot uecessarilv, the equipment is not so ex-
pensive.

Tij.!:: Pi;ESini-:xT. — Not the equipment. !)ut the ciii'rent.

Mil. \Voo].ui;!i)G]:. — You see, Mr. Miller^ it is such a low tem]:)era-
ture that tlie cost vrould not be as high as you might tliink for, but at
present it is a little expensive to put a wliole apiarv under, but as an
experiment, it is all right. It certainly takes care of ib.c moistui'e
pretty well.

Tii:E PJiKSinENT. — It is quite piacticable to iise electric current for
imbedding foundation, as pwhahly a good many of you people know.
Here is another question: Js the practice of placijig a decoy in an
apiary a success for catching svv'ai'ms? Has anyo;ie had experience
along this line r

A MEiiBEi;. — L would suggest that you try it. T get a gooH many
of my neigbl)()j-s' l)'_'es that way. (Laiighter.)

]\Ii;. AVooi.DitiJK .'!■:. — 1 see the State of Califonna has made a law
]>rohii:)iting that. It nu!st be succes-ful. nr tb.ey wouldn't make laws
against it.

^Fr. Ly:xrAx. — Ih'obably you have all noticed bees flying around
duiing swarming tiine, around the top of the Ivive. coming and going
where there has been nothing for them to rob. They are certainly
scouting around, looking for a])lace, trving to fiml a location. I h.ave
gone to a yard and found as many as tlvree swarm- there udiicli had
arri\('d during tb(> week, of black bees.

Mi;. liOi'DA. — \ caiTt speak for myself, but my brother got some-
tbing like twenty swarjiis, just by putting hives in trees, and initting in
a piece of comb.

?\lir. Koiii.LiX'.;. — 1 lune seen ]iictu]-es in some of the bee journals
vrhere whole apiaries vrere composed of bees gathered that way, in Texas.

. Ti!!: SECiii^TAiiY. — I n.iight say that is where T got my start in bee-
keeping, J got .^oine emidy hives an.d caught some svrarms, six or eight.
(Laughter.)

The Pi!ESJ])EXT. — That :-eems to be a success in soiue places. The
next (juestion is, can you feed sour honey to liees. if you boil it before
feedijig? Who vvill answer this question?
y^w. Steav'Aijt. — Will they take it?

Tile PuEsiDKX'r. — Has anyone had experience in feeding sour
honey, after havijig boiled it, feeding it to the bees? T wouldn't advise
yon to do it for winter feeding, but it is all right in the spring in
rearing brood. [ Inive fed Ironev of that sort. T wouldn't feed it late

ILLINOIS ST.VTK BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION". 1^3

ill the ijpriiig so it would go into the supers. It you boil the honey you
get rid of a good deal of the sourness. The sour part of the honey it
seems is driven olF and forms in a froth or scum at the top, and can Ue
skimmed off. Tiio rest of it isn't so soui', altliough there is some taste
to it of sourness, but it is all right for feediuij the bees for lueeding
purposes in April and May, in this local itv.

QuESTiox. — -What is the cause of sour honey?

TiiE Pin-:siDi:xT. — Too much water in it, eitlier the liees have not
evaporated it or water has been added to it o)' becu absorbed by it later
on. In most eases it has not beeii evajiorated down by the bee~.

At this time Mr. Dadaut acted as chairman of the meeting.

Mr. ]\rilier presented the following plan of manipulation for the
production of comb honey:

^fi;. MiLLE!'. — 1 do not profess to bo an exi^ert in the nroi'uction
of comb hduey. f)ut 1 have studied the most modern methods of comb
lioney {n'odiictioii and have ])iit them ijito practice to some extoiit, and
it has |Sfi'ovfd so far su(;cessfu!. 1 will say ojie oi" tjie prime ccnditions
for success in ccani) lioney or extracted honey ])roduction is to have
good, strong colonies. We have had that preached to us a good while.
In order to get iliose strong coloiiies I woukl svart the year before. I
v\(,'i!ld see that every colony has a good qneen, preferably a young queen,
iiiid th.at every colony has suilicient stores as early as August, and I
vrouid examine them later on, in the latter part of September and Oc-
tober, and if necessary again in November, before they go into w'inter
quarters, to s(e that every colony has plenty of stores to carry it through
the wunter. Xoav, a young queen isn't always the best queen. I woldn't
advise re-queening e\ery year, !)ut I think a. queen ought not io he in
August more than a year old, so that the coming year she would not be
more than two years old. There are exceptional queens that might be
carried o\er if ihey are very good stock, btit for ordinary ]nirposes 'we
will say a queen ought not to be more thai] one year old, at the time
Y>"e begin to p!'e])are them for u'inter. Be sure that they have plenty of
fe-od to run them through the winter. Of course, the v.-intering prob-
lem is a very important one. I will not go into that deeply. I prefer
tJie cellar. My winter losses in the last ten years have averaged less
than one ])er cent each year and the loss was not due, in my opinion,
to the wintering, '^^^f- f<^ (pieenlessness or something of that sort. Tliey
should have protection in the spring, and it is very important that they
should have ]j]enty of food in the spring as soon as they begin breeding,
and especially between fruit bloom and clover. .V colony that is strong
hi early spring is very apt to eat up all the available food it has and
run short of stores after fruit bloom. In some localities we get enough
honey in fruit bloom, in others there is very little, and if a colony is
very strong in early spring it may eat up that honey, and during the
period — usually two or three weeks, between fruit bloom and clover.

141: NINETEENTH ANNUAL IJEPORT OF THE

may ruu short of stores and the colony starve, or they might run short
of honey to such an extent that the queen would stop laying. As Mr.
DeMuth in the bulletin to which I have called attention, has stated, the
bees which gather the crop are those reared within six weeks of the
opening of the honey flow. For this reason you can readily see the
im})ortance of having plenty of food to keep the queen laying. Count-
ing back six weeks preceding the clover flow, if the clover flow starts,
say about the first week in June, would bring the date about April 20.
From this time on to the opening of the clover flow it is important that
they have an abundance of food. If we allow those bees to become
short of stores and the queen stops laying from fruit bloom to clover,
you caji see that there would be comparatively few bees to gather the
crop.

It was Mr. Doolittle who advocated a scheme for comb honey ]u'o-
(iiiction a number of years ago, a x)]an i]i Avhicb he ]>ut a scctnid liivc
body on top of the first hive bod}'', about the time of fruit bloom, pro-
vided the colon}' is Sufficiently strong, with queen excliuler between tlie
two. This second hive body contains some honey to carry them over
tJiis ))eriod from fruit bloom to clover, when they are apt to run short
of stores because of the large amount of brood. In this second hive
body the outside combs should be comljs filled with honey kept over
from the previous year. I would give them combs filled with honey at
the outside, then in the middle place an empty drawn comb or perhaps
two of them. The remainder of that second hive body is filled u}) with
full sheets of foundation. This carries them over this starvation period
and until the clover flow begins. It sometimes happens that the clover
flow does not materiali/^e. We may have three or four Aveeks of bad
weather, and should be sure that the bees have plenty of honey to carry
them through.

At about tbe beginning of the honey flow I take away the entire
lower hive, with all the brood- -not a part of it only. Don't leave one
frame, or any brood at all. But this second hive below and shake olf
the bees in front of the hive. When you take out the brood you can
find the queen and see that she goes into the hive with the bees. Of
course, if they are black bees it may be easier to shake off the bees in
front of your top hive, which you now put down on the bottom board.
Let us see how this works out. The bees now have two combs of honey
on the outside, to protect them from starvation, in case they need it.
In the middle they have empty, drawn combs. If during the fruit
bloom they have filled this up, it Avill probably be necessary to change
tbem, but up in this part of the country we do not get enough in fruit
bloom to fill up the upper hive very much. Xoav the I'emainder of the
hive, being filled with foundatioii, forces the bees to store their honey in
the supers which are put on, at this time. If drawn combs were placed
in this second hive body, the honey Avould go into those combs instead

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKs' ASSOCIATION. 145

of going into the super, but by filling out with foundation, it forces the
honey into the supers. The condition of the colony now corresponds to
that of A new swarm in natural swarminsr.

There is another process which is used by a good many peeople,
which makes a break in the brood rearing of nearly three weeks. It
corresponds to the parent swarm in natural swarming, and that is to
remove the queen and after about ten days or two weeks, re-queen. Here
are two processes corresponding to the two processes of nature, one
corresponding to the new swarm and the other to the parent swarm.
There is another advantage in this, in that it does away with the rear-
ing of much brood at a time when the bees are storing the honey.
Brood reared during the honey flow does not produce bees that gather
honey during that flow. Suj^pose a clover flow begias the first week
in June and lasts, we will say, five weeks. The bees reared in June will
not help to gather that crop of honey, and if you have a fall flow these
bees will be too late to gather the crop in the fall, but l)y using the
scheme just outlined, you get rid of the rearing of this immense (pian-
tity of brood during the honey floM\ The bees give their undivided
energy to the storing of honey, and by putting the foundation below
this honey is forced into the supers and will result in a maximum crop,
providing you get the nectar.

Now, it sometimes happens that we can get some comb honey in
the fall of the year. Sometimes in August there is a flow from hearts-
ease and other flowers that bloom at that time. I would use the same
plan in that as for the clover flow. That is, I would take the brood
away at the beginning of the flow.

This plan that I have outlined here may not be complete, and if
you have any questions I would be glad to answer them if I can.

QuESTiox. — What do vou do with the brood when vou take it away?

Mr. Miller. — I usually start a number of nuclei about the time
of fruit bloom, and build them, up into full colonies by, using the surplus
brood.

Question. — That first method of yours is simply the shaking
method.

Me. Miller. — It is the shaking method, but it is modified in such
a way that it is more effective. You retard the brood rearing in the
hive that is storing the comb honey. By using foundation you force
this honey that they bring in, into the supers. Another advantage is
this : that the bees will not swarm out or abscond. If you take another
hive and give them just bare foundation without anything to start on,
and no honey, oftentimes they will swarm out, but I do not remember
of having a colony abscond in the last ten years with this mode of
manipulation.

—10 B A

14G XIXETEEXTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

Question. — What do you do with your excess combs that you draw
out every year?

Mr. Miller. — For several years I have been melting up those con-
taining drone cells and have been increasing the number of colonies so
that I could use all the good combs that I have.

Question. — Doesn't it take a good many old bees to take care of
that new brood?

Those old bees are taken away from the field, and they will have
to do the nursing and take care of the young brood.

Mr. Miller. — When vou shake these bees, von shake off all the
bees, young as well as old.

Question. — 1 mean -the hive you had on the top story, you put it
down and put a queen down below and have a full force of worker bees,
but this queen will begin to lay in the new hive, and it will take a good
many field bees away from the field to nurse the brood.

Mr. Miller. — It will take some of them.

Yon must remember that we shake off not only the old field bees
but the young bees under two weeks old, and whatever brood is started
they can take care of. *

Mr. Dadant. — If your flow lasts more than three weeks you have
a complete cycle in your hive and your honey flow is going to be cut off,
because the greater part of the bees are busy feeding the brood. If
j^our queen is a prolific breeder she has a lot of bees that need atten-
tion after your flow begins, and I can see where you would have a very
big advantage. We have often noticed that when we shake off colonies
that have foul brood. They will be like a new swarm for three weeks,
very strong, but at the end of that time your old bees will begin to
dwindle and your young bees haven't started out yet, so although your
flow is good you may not get very much honey. This seems to be all
right for a short flow but not for a long one. Of course, yoii have had
experience and we haven't, in comb honey, but that .is the way it works
out in extracted honey.

Me. Miller. — The plan may not work so well where there is a
protracted flow, but after three weekS) there will be a new crop of young
bees to feed the brood.

Question. — Instead of putting down that upper story, why not
stick in one or two frames of browed and make them contented? That
is what I do.

Mr. Miller. — I have tried ^hat and I find in a great many cases
they start cells and swarm: f

A Member. — I think Mr. Mller's theory is good, for one particu-
lar reason because it overcomes /swarming. As I understand, it is to
a great extent the theory whichyyou have adopted?

Mr. Mjller. — Yes, it p^tically eliminates swarming.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 1-17

The Member. — Of course, there might be some effect on the honey
flow, which Mr. Dadant speaks of, but I think it is a great advantage
to know how to overcome natural swarming.

Question. — Do I understand that you have a comb of honey on
each side of the brood nest and all the rest is foundation?

Mr. Miller. — You have empty cells for the queen to start on.

I put a drawn comb in the middle. The two outside combs are
honey and the rest of it is full of sheets of foundation.

Question. — Then you should have seven sheets of foundation, two
combs of honey, and one drawn comb?

Mr. Miller. — Yes.

A Member. — ^The objection can be met the way Dr. Miller meets
it. He sets the brood to one side after the brood have hatched, shakes
the brood that has hatched, over that hive.

Me. Miller. — That is a very good plan with this exception, it re-
quires an extra amount of labor to do that, and where you have hundreds
of colonies you can't handle it very well.

The Member. — Then the other way is to use Mr. Dadant's big
hive and not have any swarms.

Mr. Miller. — Mr. Dadant raises a great number of bees to eat up
his honer.

Mr. Dadant. — But you have got bees to gather the honey. How
long does the honey flow last? Can you tell ahead of time? It may
last all the way from one week to eleven, depending upon the kind of
weather. Langstroth says in his book, keep your colonies strong, and
that is what we have always practiced. Of course, I want to say that
we do not produce comb honey, but we do produce extracted honey, and
we think keeping your colonies strong is the thing winter and summer,

Mr. Miller. — In my experience two years ago I had some exceed-
ingly strong colonies full of brood. They had quite a lot of honey,
I found by September they had eaten much of it up, and brood reared
some of thein one hjundred and fifty pounds or more in the hive, but
in June ate up the honey and died before the full flow came.

I want to call your attention to the fact again, I mentioned it
awhile ago, but perhaps we didn^t all get it, that these two processes I
have presented, one of removing the queen and re-queening later, and
the other of shaking, corresponds to the two processes in nature. That
is to say, one colony has no queen for a. period of about seventeen or
eighteen days in natural swarming. After the prime swarm, I believe
it is about seventeen or eighteen days before the young queen begir.s to
Jay, which stops broodbearing during that time. That eliminates later
swarming in case of a natural swarm, and in case we remove the queen
and re-queen later that will perform the same office and accomplish the
same results. In the other process, that of shaking and taking away
all the brood, we have what corresponds to the new colonv .mi juitu^'al

148 ninp:teentii annual eepokt or the

swarming, and it does away with practically all the swarming, which-
ever method is used. There is some advantage in one method and some
in the other, and it reduces brood rearing in that particular colony dur-
ing the month of June or whenever the flow occurs.

Question. — What is the idea of setting that story on top ? Wouldn't
it work just as well to have that second story below?

Me. Miller. — If you put that story on top your brood is below.
The tendency of the queen is to work upwards. If you put that below
and the other on top, the queen would stay in the upper one, and would
not use that one below at all. If you put the second hive body below
with the foundation in, the}' will not do very much there, but if you
put it on top then they will store some honey there. It takes the sur-
plus honey which may come in at fruit bloom, and it also provides,
when you put it down, a place for the brood. If they have to store a
lot of honey in this second hive body, fill up, the combs as they some-
times will do, the bees may swarm before they carry it into another
super that is put on top, but if you take it in time, before they get too
much honey, along the first part of clover flow, it s all right without
any other change.

Now, as to the advantages. The work of manipulation is very
little. There are many other methods of handling bees for comb honey
production, but it requires too much labor. If you have out-yards this
plan will work out with very little labor. In the first process, that is,
the process of removing the queen and re-queening later, you remove
whatever cells may be started and give them another queen. In the
other process there is only one manipulation, that of shaking and dis-
tributing your brood to the other> hives. That can be worked where
one is not obliged to watch the bees all the time, in order to raise comb
honey. It is a difficult matter to produce comb honey in out-yards
without the bees swarming.

Question. — Do you think a ten-frame hive would raise all the bees
necessary for a swarm of bees?

Mr. Millek. — They have two ten-frame hives to begin with, but
the brood is below, of course, and the queen fills that eight or nine
frames at, least with brood, and I think that is enough. If you have got
a larger hive it will not work out so well in comb honey as it does with
extracted honey. A good many people advocate an eight-frame hive
because they claim ten is too big for comb honey. We put that top
hive down and the two outside ones are full slabs of honey capped up.
That reduces the queen to eight frames instead of ten.

Question. — I understand you are in a clover honey section. Do
you practice that system on your fall flow?

Mr. Miller. — Sometimes we get honey in August, and we prac-
tice that svstem about the time the flow begins.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 119

Question. — A good many fall flows start about the middle of June
and last till frost. It wouldn't work then, would it?

Mr. Millee. — If there is a long-drawn out flow, I don't believe I
Mould try to produce very much comb honey, I would produce extracted
honey. Don't forget to put on a sufficient number of full depth combs
for the bees to fill up for feeding the next spring. You will find, if
you go through a colonj^, that some colonies that are comparatively
heavy along in September will be too light in October or the early part
of November, and wherever you find a light colony take out the empty
combs and put in the fvill ones. It is the easiest and best way, I be-
lieve, of feeding bees. You about have to do that where you have a
good many colonies.

Question. — Does your honey granulate?

Mr. Miller. — Not very much. We usually get some golden rod
honey in the fall. It is a dark honey, and dark honey doesn't sell as
readily as light honey, so we use that for feeding purposes in the spring.

A Member. — Have you a practice of spreading the bees in the
spring ?

Mr. Miller. — I never do that. I don't have time, for one thing.
I don't know that I would do it anyway. I don't believe there is
enough profit in it to make it advisable.

Mr. Stewart. — I don't think it is a good plan any, time.

Mr. Miller. — The main thing is to give them plenty of room,
plenty of food and rear plenty of bees to keep the brood warm, and then
when a swarming season comes on try to curtail brood rearing as much
as possible.

At this time President Miller occupied the Chair again.

An auditing committee was appointed and the meeting adjourned
to meet Wednesday, December sixteenth, at nine-thirty A. M.

150 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION.

The President. — The meeting will please come to order. We
have with us Mr. B. F. Eandig, president of the ISTational Beekeepers'
Association. This afternoon Miss Fowls will discuss her subject. Mr.
Kindig's subject is beekeeping. We will now hear from Mr. Kindig.

Mr, Kindig. — Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: We hear a
great deal about the beekeeping industry, but when we begin to ask
some pertinent questions as to really what this industry is, we have a
variety of answers. A short time ago there appeared in "Poultry Suc-
cess" an article which set forth that beekeeping is a family stunt, or as
the editor said, a side-line stunt, but for dollars and cents you better
stick to chickens. Well, I suspect there are people who are not closely
familiar with the beekeeping industry, I find that there is a large num-
ber of people engaged in beekeeping, whose memory takes them back
to the old days when their old grandmother had a few skeps somewhere
arounde the back of the premises, and in the summer a little honey was
taken off. 1 feci that we should have more publicity in this country,
and among beekeepers themselves, as to what beekeeping is. I know it
took me ten years to outgrow the idea that beekeeping could not be any-
thing but just a very insignificant sideline on the farm. After all my
years of beekeeping experience I am now ashamed to admit that with
something like twenty colonies I had only one movable frame hive. I
am not alone in that, although there are lots of others who are still in
the same class. I am glad to say that with the extension of state and
of course, government work, beekeepers are being brought together so
that they are being informed of what beekeeping really amounts to.

Well, this fall I have a very attractive little stenographer in my
office, and our stvidents in beekeeping swarm about the office in consider-
able profusion, and we have been "kidding" her more or less about be-
coming the wife of a beekeeper, and finally one day she said to me, "If
I should happen to marry a beekeeper, what would be the prospects of
me starving to death?" (Laughter.) Well, just previous to that time
I had started a little movement to get together some real information
about what the beekeeping industry is. I sent out sheets all over the
State, for information to be gathered for that purpose, sixteen hundred
questionnaires, in which I asked beekeepers some very personal questions
about their business. I stated on that blank, that "It is necessary, in
returning this blank, to put your name on." I felt that certain bee-
keepers wouldn't like to tell some things for public information, although

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 151

their names will never be mentioned, yet they wouldn't care to tell the
actual facts of their business. So I stated that they need not place
their name on the sheet, simply return the blank filled out otherwise,
sending me the information that was requested, rather than the names.
Up to last Saturday morning we had received out of that sixteen hun-
dred names six hundred and forty-seven replies. I might say that I
came back the second time, however, to get that high number, and there
were one hundred or a hundred and fifty still on my desk, still untabu-
lated, and so I want to give you now some of the results of those ques-
tionnaires, because in my estimation it sheds a very valuable light on
what beekeeping is.

I want to say in explanation of who these people were, that this
was not a hand-picked list at all, but we simply started down a list of
beekeepers whose names we happened to have, and took the first sixteen
hundred as we came to them. This list does not include the statistics
of our largest beekeepers. Our very largest beekeepers conscientiously
refused to answer the inquiry. There is no beekeeper on this list that
has over five hundred colonies, and only one of them that has over four
hundred, so there are several of our most successful producers that are
not on the list at all, and I believe the list wall give you a pretty fair
idea of the statistcs, of what the industry is in Michigan. Of course, I
must confine my talk to Michigan because that is about all I know.
When it comes to the country in general, someone else will have to speak
for that, but out of the six hundred and forty-seven beekeepers wha
made returns, two hundred and thirty-one of them had less than ten
colonies. Those beekeepers averaged four and one-third colonies each..
They produced two pounds of comb honey to one pound of extracted
honey in this place.

I have divided them into various classes, and their gross income
per colony is, figured at twenty-five cents for extracted honey and thirty-
five cents for comb, seven dollars and eleven cents. T wish I had a
blackboard I could put this on, it would mean so much more to you.
You know how it is, in taking a bunch of figures, about thirty different
totals, by the time I get through I know what the confusion will be.
That is why I say I wish I could get it in front of you where you can
see it. If you will just remember this class of the smallest beekeepers
makes an average annual gross income of seven dollars and eleven cents
per colony, that part of it will stick probably. I want you to notice
the graduation in numbers as the fellow gets away from the sideline and
gets into the industry.

The next class into which I have divided these beekeepers, arbi-
trarily, is from ten to twenty-five, less than twenty-five, and ten or more,
and there were one hundred and fifty of these people whose average in-
come per colony was eight dollars and forty-five cents, and their comb

152 NIXETEEXTII ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

liouoy production was forty-seven per cent of comb honey and fifty-
three per cent of extracted.

In the next smaller class which I gave you before, there was seventy-
one per cent of comb honey and in this case there is forty-seven per cent
of com!) honey.

Xow, in the next class, which is from twenty-five to fifty colonies,
their gross income was ten dollars and seventy-five cents per colony, and
our production of comb honey fell down to thirty-five per cent — seventy-
one in the first, forty-seven in the second, and thirty-five in the third.
In the next class, or rather iji the class from twenty-five to fifty, then in
the next class from lil'ty to one hundred colonies, their production of
comb honey is twenty-two per cent. In the class before it was thirty-
five, and their gross income per colony was $12.09, and it Avas $10.75
in the one previous. Then in the next and last class, the class that I
will call professional beekeepers, the class where I consider the bee-
keeping industry begins, is a class with one hundred colonies or more,
and of those there were seventy-seven out of six hundred and forty-
seven and their production of comb honey was twelve per cent, and their
gross income per colony was fifteen dollars and seven cents.

Xow, to get this a little more firmly fixed in mind, let us go back
and go over some of those figures as they compare, beginning with comb
honey production:

First class 71 per cent

Second class 47 '• "

Third class 35 " "

Fourth; class 22 " "

Fifth class 12 " "

ISTow, notice the decrease in the production of comb honey — whether
this is contributory or simply incidental to it I do not cary to say — but
wdth the increase in the number of colonies the gross income is this :

First class $ 7.11

Second class 8,45

Third class 10.75

Fourth class 12.09

Fifth class 15.07 per colony

This professional class of beekeepers average two hundred colonies
per beekeeper — 199.7 colonies per beekeeper, call it two hundred in
round numbers. That was their average number of colonies, and their
average income for that^umber of colonies was $3,009.48. Those are
the figures with which I answered the stenographer's question of, "What
are the prospects of starving to death?"
A Member. — Did it satisfy her?

Mil. KiNDTG. — Yes, I think she decided that will be all right
(laughter). I maintain that even under the present high cost of living,
with an average of seventy-seven beekeepers, and in this list was one

ILLIXOIS STATE IJEEKKEPEIJS" AgSOCIATIOX. 153

beekeeper of four Imndred and fiftv colonies, whose production for this
past season was less than a thousand pounds of honey, we have got the
bitter and the sweet mixed together. I believe that when the average
income is as great as it is at these prices, which are the prices of this
last year — this is supposed to be an average of several years, but the
prices were taken arbitrarily for this past season — that when a man
with two hundred colonies can be assured that if he is an average man
and has an average equipment and has an average honey flow and an
average market, he can make some money, that more people will be in-
terested in bees. Some people will object to this being an average
market, but these are the prices that these beekeepers ' got, according
to their own statistics, wholesale and retail, both averaging together —
twenty-five and eight-tenths cents a pound for extracted and thirty-
five and eight-tenths cents a pound for comb. I will call it twenty-five
and thirty-five, to make it easier to gure. If an average person under
average conditions in Michigan can be feeling fairly sure, at the present
prices, of having an average gross income of three thousand dollars
for two hundred colonies, I maintain that he can feel quite certain of
making a living and having a little something left.

Me. Stewart. — You have a lot of "if's" in there that knocks the
whole thing. . '-

Mr. Kindig. — Yes, that spoils the whole thing, I know, but then
I will give it to ,you for what it is worth.

I want to take up another line. The average income per beekeeper
for the first class having less than ten colonies, is $30.81 per year. We
will just run down through the next three classes to the professional :
second, $135, third $365, fourth $785. Now, it looks to me as if there
is there a very clear line of demarcation between the place where bee-
keeping is a side line and the place where it becomes a business. Xow,
in regard to the volume of this business I want to submit these figures.
The total amount of extracted honey produced by this whole group of
six hundred and forty-seven beekeepers /was one million and twenty-nine
thousand pounds, of which the professional beekeepers produced seven
hundred and nineteen thousand pounds.\ Over seven-tenths of the whole
volume of honey was produced by sevenV-seven of the six hundred and
forty-seven beekeepers, that is in extractM honey. In comb honey the
whole amount j)roduced was two hundred and fiftj^-one thousand pounds,
of which the professional beekeepers produced one hundred and four
thousand, and those that are not professionals or below the one hundred
mark, one hundred and forty-seven thousand, so it looks as if the comb
honey of the country, or the comb honey of Michigan, is being largely
produced by the non-professional beekeeper; it seems to indicate that
professional beekeeping or the beekeeping industry means the produc-
tion of extracted honev.

151 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE

I was quite surprised at these figures, I admit. There are a lot of
things in here that were surprises to me. We had felt that we knew
some things about the beekeeping industry, but our knowledge has been
generalized. It was not specific. That is the reason why I got these
figures, so we can have some really specific things to talk about. We
well know just what is being done in dollars and cents or pounds and ,
colonies.

One of the first questions in connection with any industry is, "Are
the returns of that industry sufficient to warrant the investment of
capital ?" Now, it seems to me that that question is pretty well answered
in the statistics of the professional beekeepers with a great income of
three thousand dollars from two hundred colonies of bees, fifteen dollars
and a little more per colony. Those men who are operating on that
scale in general are satisfied, or at least largely satisfied, with the returns
which they are getting for their labor and their capital invested, and
there is today — you have seen it, I presume — a tendency on the part of
men with capital to get into beekeeping, not that they will get into it,
but there are a considerable number of men with capital who have seen
what professional beekeepers are doing, who are willing to invest their
money against the other man's knowledge. A very striking example of
that came up the other day at a hotel in Lansing. A certain person in
Michigan made a statement to several professional beekeepers in a little
group, talking, that he believed that he would try to get together a
certain amount of capital, not only for the purpose of increasing his bee
business from what it is at the present time, but for the sake of taking
on in addition a bottling and distributing business, and among those four
or fivo'men gathered there — now, these were beekeepers, of course — more
than enough capital was ofl^ered at that time to finance the enterprise.
To mc that was an excellent illustration of the confidence that the bee-
keepers themselves have in their biisiness. I believe that there is more
confidence, and that beekeepers are looking ahead with more certaint}'
to the outcome and to the future of beekeeping than they ever have
before. I believe that in general we are standing on the border line
between a side line and an industry, today. Certain beekeepers have
gotten over into the professional class. I believe that others will follow
very fast in the next ten or fifteen years.

In connection with an. industry, one of the things that is essential
to the stabilizing of any industry, and to its success, is the assurance of
an adequate supply of the product, and there is a place where beekeeping
runs into one of its first shortcomings. The supply of honey produced
today is not adequate for the twelve months of the year. You well know
what a large part of the year many of our retailers are without honey.
In general, most of the stores will have honey up to Thanksgiving or
Christmas, a little period of four months or so, in which they have a
supply, but during the remainder of the year the public is compelled to

ILLIJiTOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION, 155

go without what they would otherwise purchase. You may say that that
is not because of the supply but because of inadequate distribution. All
right. That may be it, and if it is, that shows us again one of the
shortcomings of the industry. I hold that we must consider beekeeping
not as a real industry until the supply is sufficient to extend over the
whole territory, and the distribution is taken care of, so that the whole
public may have this product all through the year at any of the ordinary
places where it is disposed of.

It seems to me we will have to eliminate a good many things in
this beekeeping industry before it will reach that place that we are all
looking forward to, before it will reach the proper place in the minds
of the public, and one thing in connection with an industry of any
consequence is a national advertisement. There has been a little national
advertising, but it has only been a little. The A. I. Root Company I
think have done the bulk of the national advertising of honey, and it
really is only a drop in the bucket to what other food products are
getting in the way of national advertising. You. people are familiar
with what has been done by the cooperative producers of lemons,
oranges, raisins, and that sort of agricultural product, which it seems
to me are no more susceptible to treatment of this kind than honey is.
As I look at it, the industry is yet in its stages of infancy and will
eventually get to that point where we will have this national adver-
tising, wide distribution and continuous supply.

Another thing that seems to me very essential is a standardized
product, or as near a standardized product as honey can be. We have
had for years national grading rules of various kinds. You know how
effective they have been, if a man sold his honey according to what he
had. There hasn't been any standardizing of labels, for instance, in
such a way that the producer may know when he looks at a package that
it is a certain grade. Take as an example of what I mean, Karo corn
syrup. There is one sort of a label that indicates Just ordinary glucose.
That is all it amounts to. ' A second kind of label indicates that it con-
tains fifteen per cent sugar syrup. Another label indicates that it is a
certain per cent maple syrup, ^ow, the public knows those labels and
they know that when they buy that package they are going to get a
certain sort of product. It seems to me that honey to a considerable
extent can be treated in the same way, when we once reach that period
in our industry where it can be handled. As it is at present, I don't
think it can, except in a very, very small way. Our industry is yet in
its beginning. It looks to me as if it were just in its infancy. Xow,
any industry of any consequence which is attractive to people ordinarily
is subject to future development, and from the statistics that we have
available the honey producing industry is capable of being developed
tremendously from what it is at present. Taking it from Dr. Phillips'
book on beekeeping, I think he states in there that probably less than

I.")*) XIXETEKXTH AXXUAL REPOKT OF TPIE

ten per cent of the possible amount of honey is produced in the United.
States at present. At the same time I think we will all admit that less
than ten per cent of the possible consumption of hone}' is being con-
sumed in the United States at present. Xow, if those two things are
true, we see we have before us a nine-fold development yet to come
before we would reach the maximum production and the maximum con-
sumption of honey. We are gradually working that way. It seems to
me that there is at present more than there ever has been in the past —
at least there is to my knowledge — a tendency on the part of beekeepers
to keep bees more extensively. I meet from time to time men who say,
"From now on I am going to let someone else farm the farm. I will
devote my entire time to bees." There is growing up in this country a
bunch of 3'oung men and young women who today yet are amateurs, but
who in a few years to come will be professional beekeepers.

t, Tlie work of the Bureau of Entomology in its extension service
throughout the country and their extension service of the various states
and the offices of the state inspectors an(^the agricultural colleges, all
those departments of the work are bringing to bear pressure on the
young man and the young woman who has a natural inclination toward
beekeeping. ■ It is teaching him or her that there is a future in bee-
keejDing which is sufficiently attractive to command the time and the
ability of any young man or woman, regardless of how well they are
gifted mentally and physically, and that work is developing a large
number of young people who in a few years to come will stand in this
class of one hundred or more.

Xow, those people are not going to stop at one hundred. Not by
any means. I could name a large number of them,' just in Michigan,
who are sort of reeling their way, learning as they go, but gradually
increasing to the point and looking forward to the time when their
entire income and their entire time will be taken up in beekeeping. It
seems to me that we are right on the threshold of a tremendous develop-
ment, and I want right here to give credit to Dr. Phillips for a large
part of the agitation which has brought about this activity along the
lines of education in beekeeping.

In connection with all this matter of education and of advertising
and of distribution, and of broadening the field of beekeeping — for I feel
that every state ought to do something in the way of making a survey
of its honey producing resources for the benefit of those who desire to
get into better locations or those from other states who wish to come in —
I think every state owes it to its beekeeping industry to make a survey
of that, of those things Avhich will tend to better beekeeping, and along
with all this development there must come better organization, or or-
ganization, but it is about these better conditions, whichever way we
want to put it.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 157

We have in the United States at present a very large number of
beekeepers' associations; I wouldn't attempt' to state the number. Our
ChiGago-]^ orthwestern here has been running for a number of vears.
The Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin asociations have been in
existence and have been doing good work for a good many years past.
We have more recently come to the development of county organizations,
through which we are able to get hold of these smaller beekeepers.
These fellows in that first class, in that second class, would always stay
in that class probably, if they were not forcibly taken hold of and Jerked
out of that class by having their vision of the field broadened through
contact with bigger and better beekeepers, so that they can commence to
see that this little side line that they are running has tremendous pos-
sibilities. We need in this country a big strong organization of bee-
keepers, we need a national organization of beekeepers. Your president
introduced me as president of the National Beekeepers' Association. It
makes me smile every time I think of it.

Mr. Stewart. — Others do, too.

Mr. Kixdig. — Yes,, others do too. Xow, that verv fact indicates
that there is something wrong, that the National Beekeepers' Associa-
tion is in need of a doctor, that it needs an overhauling or something of
that sort, or that it needs being kicked into the rubbish pile and a new
association organized or something of that kind done. Friends. I think
you will all agree that the beekeeping industry does need a strong
national organization that ma}^ in a manner direct the education of bee-
keepers. We need it for its educational value, we need it for its social
value, and we need it for its legislative value. Xo one will contend
that the National hasn't served an excellent purpose in its legislative
function down there at Washington. It hasn't done all that it might do.
I will admit that, but it has done a good service, and that service should
be continued and be made greater, made more effective. As you have
well expressed, the national stands in disrepute before all people to a
large extent who are interested in beekeeping today. The beekeepers
themselves do not think a gTcat deal of it. I have reason to believe that
the bee journals do not have much higher regard for it, or that the bee
supply manufacturers realty don't think very much of it, and in corre-
spondence with state insi^ectors and state workers I find that they are
not particularly interested in it, and that even our government men
under Doctor Phillips in the Bureau of Entomology do not take a very
serious interest in it and our membership list will prove all those things.
We must have a central organization of some kind. The interests of
the beekeepers must be looked after in a national way. Each little in-
dividual community cannot solve its own problems. There are problems
that are more than of state wide importance, more than just of local
importance, and those things must necessarily be taken care of by some
central organization. Some of you people Avere here last winter over

158 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE '

in the LaSalle Hotel, at the meeting of the National^ and 3'ou will recall
that a committee was provided for, that should meet at Kansas City in
January of this coming year, and that that committee should diagnose
the ills of the National Beekeepers' Association and should prescribe for
it in one form or another. One of my purposes in coming here is to
plead with your people to send a representative beekeeper to Kansas
City this year, to take part in what will in my opinion be a reorganiza-
tion of the National Beekeepers' Association along such lines that the
beekeepers, the bee journals, the supply manufacturers, the extensiou
workers and the government officials can all cooperate and come together
on one plan and platform, and that all of them will work together for
the common good of the beekeeping industry.

Now, if you people don't send a man down there, and Indiana
doesn't send a man, and Ohio doesn't send a man, and all of these other
states don't send anybody, who is going to represent the beekeepers of
your territory? Who is going to express the sentiments of this asso-
ciation? I contend that that committee need not be large, but it must
be representative, it must represent all interested classes, and you will
all agree that all of these five classes which I have named have a right
to be interested in the National Beekeepers' Association. So I ask you
to try to make some arrangement in this convention so that you will
have at that meeting someone to represent the members of the Chicago-
Northwestern Beekeepers' Association and the beekeepers of your terri-
tory. I feel that this is a very critical time. I feel that this year the
National will either live or die. It is not going to die for long, I do not
think that. There is too great a demand, there is too great a need of a
national organization. It can't die for a great while. If you choose to
let it die some other group, some other beekeepers, will get together and
will build up another national, but will it be built up along the lines
you people would like to have it built up on, so that it would be for
your interest? There are a lot of questions that will come up at that
Kansas City meeting, and I can't take your time now to go into a dis-
cussion of all of it, and it probably would be wasting a lot of time if I
did, because what must come about will be, it seems to me, a balancing
of the interests as against the west and a balancing of the interests of
these various five different classes of people who are interested in this
one thing, a general compromise of all the interests to a large extent, and
the mapping out of one broad general and conservative program, launch
a national organization which will work for the betterment of the in-
dustry. And so, again, I ask you if you can at all, if it is within your
power to send someone to that meeting, I personally feel that it is your
duty to do it. (Applause.)

The President. — I think we all appreciate what has been said by
Mr. Kindig. I think myself it is very important for the eastern asso-
ciations to be represented at that meeting, to serve their interests, for as

, ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 159

he says the other interests will be balanced against the interests of the
east and the east should be represented by members from every state
association and from every other association of considerable importance.

Mr. Kindig. — May I just say another word in that connection?
As the situation now stands, if the east is not represented the national
organization will cease to be a social and educational institution. It
will become a purely commercial organization, which will have for its
purpose the selling of the co-operative producing west. Maybe I
sliouldn't make that statement in public; but I tell you, friends, right
from the bottom of my heart, if you people here in the east don't get
a man to Kansas City that will hold up the contention of the people of
the east, the next national organization will be a western product, and
3'ou know what that means to eastern beekeepers.

Me. Smith. — Mr. Chairman, I am sorry this came up just at this
time. I am so interested in Brother Kindig's knowledge of beekeep-
ing that I am sorry he mixed the two. "We have a small number here
this morning, and that is one reason that we do not have a large num-
ber, because we are not giving the people what they want.

Brother Kindig's address on beekeeping is well worth three days
of my time if I didn't get anything else, as long as he stuck to beekeep-
ing, but when he gets into organization he is getting into something
that I know ten times as much as I know about beekeeping. It is just
as he says, that organization that meets at Kansas City, if I am a judge
of human nature and is past experience is worth anything to me, is
going to be carried on and handled by the commercial beekeeper. One
of the smoothest pieces of organization that I ever saw take place took
place in the Kational Beekeepers' Association in the LaSalle Hotel last
February, .and I have seen a lot of them, among some of the best or-
ganizers in the United States. The smoothest piece of business that
I ever saw was pulled off there, and it cost that associationj thirty or
forty members right there. A man who came from Iowa talked to me
for the purpose of joining that association. He says, "If that is an
indication of what this association is going to be, I don't want to belong
to it." I want to ask Brother Kindig if this is not true: there were
about seventy people at that meeting when this work was done, and
about twenty of the members, and we didn't get a member out of the
other fifty. There was a lawyer there. I didn't know he was a lawyer,
I wish I had known it at the time, that helped very materially in call-
ing that meeting at Kansas City. He made one of the most absurd
statements about law that I ever heard. He was asked the question
vv^hen the motion was put to call that meeting at Kansas City, if under
the charter of the association they had a right to call that meeting.
His answer was this: Our charter does not prevent it, therefore we
have a right to do anything that our charter does not say we shall not
do." That is exactly the opposite of the powers of the charter. The

160 XI^'ETEKXTII AXXUAL IIErOET OF THE

law on charters is, and the reason you get a charter, is to permit yon
to do certain things. If he will read that charter he will see that that
charter specifies everything that they have a right to do, and they
haven't a right to do anything else, yet that lawyer got up there and
told them they could call that meeting in Kansas City because the char-
ter didn't prevent it, just the opposite of what should have been said.
To my mind there was two or three commercial beekeepers there who
wanted to put that through, and they put it over a good man}^ people
that voted for it, out of about fourteen that really voted for it in the
first place. Just because they didn't understand the situation.

One thing they wanted to do that I think is very damaging to the
]!eoplo at large in the United States as well as the beekeepers, and that
is they want to standardize honey so that everybody in the United States
and everybody in the Avorld must cat exactly the same kind of honey,
and that a mixture of the poor stuff and the good stuff together be made
and standardized, that is what they want to do, that is what they advo-
cated. I am talking about a gentleman, I remember one time one of
ciir great orators had noticed many times in his life that people were
named according to their specialties. He said the longest man he ever
knew was named Short and the shortest man he ever knew was named
Long; and this man who was there and put this proposition over, his
name was Justice (laughter), he is a very smooth talker. He runs an
organization in California and probably is getting five to eight thousand
dollars a year for his services. He is well worth it, he can get it in
any of these corporations I am satisfied from what I heard him talk; he
is probably getting five thousand dollars a year for selling honey.

A Member. — California honey?

Mr. Smith. — California honey. And he wants to control the
honey of the United States. Xow, he wants to standardize the honey,
and he is afraid of the little beekeeper. In his remarks he said, "Get
their name on the dotted line." Xow, I don't believe that most of the
people that voted for his proposition there understood Just what it
meant. He is the kind of man that could come into your home and
make you believe he is going to make you rich on five colonies of bees
if you do Just as he told you, and'if you would sign his contract to Join
his association. He sa3's if you get their name on the dotted line in
this association, and if they don't do what they agreed to do, sue them.

Mr. Bull. — He didn't make that statement that plain.

Me. King. — You couln't abuse that man in California like you
could here. He is putting in ten or twelve or sixteen thousand dollars
in the pockets of the people of California and you are making a state-
ment about him that is not true.

Mr. Smith. — If I am mistaken I will stand corrected, and I apolo-
gize.

The President. — Let the gentleman finish, then we will answer.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEEs' ASSOCIATIOX. 161

Me. Smith. — 'Now, this gentleman made the remark that the courts
of California were sustaining their contracts. That said to me his
people are not satisfied. I don't want to belong to an association of
beekeepers where the people have to be sued in order to hold them in
the aseoeiation. I asked him how many of their members they had to
sue. He didn't answer. I believe he said he didn't exactly know, but
he said they thought it was right if ninety per cent of them paid u])
that the other ten should pay and they would compel them to pay in
the courts.

Now, I want to get to the point. Probably it should have been
made when the motion was made that we join that association. We
have no right, in my judgment, to send a representative to that meet-
ing— we have no power to do it. We don't want to take our funds and
pay some fellow's expenses to go out there, neither do we want to ask a
man to give his time to go out there. I went to a man who deals in
foods in Chicago, in the millions, and asked him what would it be worth
to you to get full control of the Beekeepers' Association ? He said fifty
thousand dollars. The members of that National Beekeepers' x4.ssocia-
tion have got something that they do not realize the value of. It is
more valuable than they realize it is. There are several millionaires
in Chicago who will pay fifty thousand dollars to get full control of
that association, and they will make money on it. That is a commer-
cial fact. Let me tell you what was actually done on the first vote on
that Kansas City meeting at the LaSalle Hotel. Fourteen people voted
for it. The secretary told me there was over two hundred members.
You can't tell me that fourteen people have a right to rule in an associ-
ation where two hundred members belong. It must take a majority
unless their charter gives fourteen the right to rule. The highest vote
they got after the first vote, the test vote, was about twenty or twenty-
one votes, and two or three told me that they were not in favor of it,
but then they wanted to be with the majority, they didn't want to ap-
pear to object. Xow, our by-laws do not permit us — the laws of Illinois
do not permit us to join an association by proxy, by representation, and
that meeting at Kansas City has no more right to change the national
association's charter or by-laws than any one of you and I have to get
together in a back-room and change it: — not a particle. They are not
going according to the by-laws and the charter, as I understand the
by-laws and the charter, and anyway, the proper place to have done
that was to have given notice last February and bring it up at the meet-
ing of the Beekeepers' Association, the National Beekeepers' Associa-
tion the coming year, in place of where they are going to meet.

Now, I object seriously to having so much of my time taken up
last year with that organization and that meeting in Kansas City. It
is simply a meeting called to see whether they are going to change
—11 B A

IGS XINETEENTII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

everything about the national association, and I have no objection to
those commercial beekeepers having a national association if they want
one. They ought to have brains enough and initiative enough to get
together and organize for themselves, a national association without
taking the money of the one that is already organized to do it with, or
taking the talent from that one. The national organization is an or-
ganization fifty years old. It is incorporated. It is valuable to the
inembers v/lio have kept it up. Let them keep their charter and go on
as they have for the past fifty years, doing the same Avork and the same
kind of work. Professor Phillips said there that he had attended the
National Association for seventeen years, and everywhere they had re-
organized. Do you want any better Jinswer as to why they are not more
prosperous? None of us know what they are going to do.

Mr. Kindig. — I believe I can clarify this subject a little bit. One
of the reasons for that Kansas City meeting is to avoid the taking up
of people's valuable time at the convention at Buffalo by a long dis-
cussion of the pros and cons with a large number of people that can't
get together. You all know a committee is more effective than a large
body. Xow, here is the situation as I understand it. To put the thing
bluntly, there is no Xational Beekeepers' Association. As I understand
it, the membership of the Xational Beekeepers' Association is made up
of the affiliated associations of the several states, and there are no affi-
liated associations of the several states.-. For a couple of years past the
national organization has existed only in name.

Mr. Smith. — Haven't they a charter?

Mr. Kindig. — They have a charter but there are no members. That
is the point of the proposition. They have a charter, they are a cor-
poration, but there are no members. That is the reason for the meeting
at Kansas City, when you get right down to the facts of the proposition
there isn't any national organization. The whole question as I see it
here is, do you want one or don't you want one? That can be very eas-
ily answered, I think.

Mr. Smith. — Just one question I would like to ask. If the people
who were taking in the money at the LaSalle Hotel from people who
thought they were becoming members of the national association, knew
tlierc was no national organization, were they bunco steerers ? '

Mr. KtXDiG. — That same statement was made at the LaSalle Hotel,
that was why the roll-call was taken of the names of the individuals
belonging to the association, rather than a roll-call of delegates for the
states. Any of you people 'who attended the last convention at Madi-
son, Wisconsin, know business was done along the line of delegates from
certain states and under the charter of the national association that is
the only legal way to do business, but as there were no delegates and
there were no members the only recourse left was to submit this plan
to the vote of the people who had paid their membership fees. To get

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION. 163

right down to brass tacks there is no national and has not been since
that meeting two years ago at Madison, Wisconsin. We are simply a
sort of an organization existing; it is not a healthy condition, and it
is not right. It has either got to be knocked in the head or we have
got to have an organization, one of the two ; that is why this proposition
is brought up. As I correct on that, Mr. Smith ? There is no national
o]-ganization.

Me. Smith. — Then why not put it in shape to organize a national
association and get the thing started right.

Mr. KiNDiG. — I think the general sentiment of all these delegates
is to organize a new national beekeepers' association. That is what it
will be as far as that is concerned. Conditions are so it can't be other-
wise. There will be a new national beekeepers' association. There
isn't today.

The President. — As I understand the proposition, it is not, Mr.
Smith, to take the money of the old national association to form a new
one. They are not asking for the money. They are trying to organ-
ize a new association, then if the members of the old association are
willing to accept it they may do so, but we are not forcing anything
on them at all.

Me. Kixdig. — This plan will all be submitted to the members of
the Buffalo convention and they can either take it or leave it alone,
either continue as we are, or reorganize.

The President. — This plan will all be submitted to the members
of the Buffalo convention and they can either take it or leave it alone,
either continue as we are, or reorganize.

The Peesident. — I think practically all the beekeepers of the east
will oppose Mr. Justice's proposition, and that is why I believe eastern
beekeepers should be represented in this meeting, because we do not
want the California beekeepers to put it over on us. We couldn't stand
for what is proposed by Mr. Justice. His idea of compelling every bee-
keeper to sell all his honey through the association I don't believe Avould
be accepted by the east. '

Mr. Coleman. — About suing members for not selling their honey
through the association. That is a mistake, Mr. Justice never said
that. There never was a suit as far as I know, in California, against
a beekeeper for not selling his honey through the organization.

Me. Smith. — Inasmuch as I have been disputed, I think I have a
right as a matter of privilege to clarify the matter a little. Mr. Jus-
tice stated in answer to my question in the La Salle Hotel as to how
many of his members they sued, he said he didn't know just how many,
he didn't have the number, but that "we feel that if ninety per cent
paid we ought to sue the other ten and make them pay." I believe the
chairman will remember that.

1G4 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The President. — I believe the'Oeastern beekeepers will not sign a
couti'act that will bind tlicm to anything unreasonable. That is why
I believe it important that eastern beekeepers be presented at this meet-
ing to see that these things are brought np in the right manner, and
the ri^t provisions adopted. We do not want one section of the United
States TO dominate the national beekeepers' association, if we reorgan-
ize and forni a new association. We do not want it dominated by one
section; it should be r^resentative of the whole United States, north,
south, east and west, ^nd in the coming together of many it is said
there is wisdom. I Believe we can organize a national association that
will be worth Iwhile. We all recognize the fact that in the past it has
not come up to. our expectations. We want to reorganize and make an
organization that will be of benefit to the beekeepers^of the whole United
States. Pardmi me for speaking from the Chair.

Mr. Scott. — As to what it has done, I am one of the older ones
and know something about it. It has done more than anything else
in the beekeeping world for beekeepers. It has fought lawsuits for me
and won them. That has saved a lot of beekeepers a lot of trouble and
it is worthy of respect, from that cause alone, from every beekeeper
in the United States.

Mr. WoOLDijiDGE. — Why do those people \hat threaten suit, why
don't the}' want to sell their honey to the association? It is because
they got a lower price than they could obtain somewhere else? Why
don't they want to live up to their contract?

The Presfdent. — I am not familiar with the situation, but as I
understand it the price is set by the Association in California and some
of these other people find that they can possibly sell it in other ways
and make a little more money by doing so, and they therefore refuse
to sell to the association. I may be wrong on that, but that was my
impression. That is merely a locaLmatter. We don't need to consider
that when we consider a nationaPassociation. What they do in their
California Honey Producers' Exchange is nothing to us in the reorgan-
ization of the National. Is there further discussion ? What shall be
done about this?

Mr. Scott. — Lav it on table till afternoon.

A Member. — Finish it now.

The President. — If it is the general opinion that we should leave
i( over till this afternon we will do that. It is now twenty-five min-
utes after eleven. Is there any other business that we might take up?
Have you any questions or discussions you might take up at this time?
This afternoo]! we have the appointment of committees and consider-
ation of the appointment of the delegate to the Kansas City convention,
and we have Miss Fowls with us frdm Medina, Ohio, representing the
A. I. Eoot Company. We Avill ^^Q very pleased to hear her. I would
like to have every member present this afternoon. I will ask that we

i
• I

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 165

meet promptly at one-thirty, so that we may finish our work l^efore it
is too late, because some of us have a long Avays to go.

A Member. — Isn't there another question on this program before
dinner?

The President. — I think we discussed that yesterday. We will
take up the remaining time in a discussion of the subject, How Can AYe
Make Our Association More Helpful to its Members?

Mr. Smith. — If you will allow me to make a suggestion, Mr. Chair-
man ?

The President. — Yes.

Mr. Smith. — I suggest that a committee be appointed, consisting
of one or more men, to take up subjects that will interest in a general-
way all beekeepers, and report at the next meeting. Give this commit-
tee of men that you appoint on certain subjects power to appoint a few
himself, and let him get out and use that and get more members. There
are five times as many beekeepers living in Chicago alone as there are
here, and every one of them ought to be here. They could learn some-
thing that would be valuable to them, and many of them could give us
something that would be Aaluable to us. I will just mention one item
— queen bees. It is going to take the cooperation of two or three hun-
dred people to improve the strain of bees properly. Every queen bee
should be tested, ^o man has capital enough and patience enough and
time enough to test them as they should be tested. They should be
tested, the queen bee, for certain characteristics. She should be se-
lected as a breeder, she should be placed in the hands of a good breeder
and her daughters should be placed in the hands of two oi' three hun-
dred beekeepers in the United States and reports made as to the results.
In that way we can select good breeding queens and get results. Every
other question that comes up in beekeeping has the same outlet. It is
one of the biggest things that I have ever studied, and that is why I
am in the business. I have been connected with large corporations,
with large associations, and I got tired of them. I want some room
where I can use my own original thoughts and be somewhat independent.
T am making a living out of bees and I have not got fifty colonies.

The President. — Any other suggestions along this line?

Mr. Eoehrs. — The question has been up again and again: How
can we get more beekeepers to join our association? Because we alwaj^s
find that we have at every meeting less than we had, maybe, at the
meeting before, and it seems to me if we would talk less business, es-
pecially prices, and all that, and talk more bee lore, telling the begin-
ners just how to do this and how to do that; then they would come and
enjoy it and have the benefit of being a member and of being with us,
but in general we don't speak much of how to go at the work and do it.
Xow, I am not speaking for myself. I have been working with bees
for over thirty years, and I naturally know a little about them, but still

166 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I am very thankful if somebody gets up and tells me how he is going
to do this and that. If somebody tells me he got for his honey ten or
fifteen cents a j^ound, that doesn't interest me, and I think that is just
the trouble why we have such a hard time getting new members, because
they are all new scholars; they want to learn, and if we talk about those
things way up, they don't understand and don't catch on, so let us
come 'down and be on level ground and talk to a man in a plain lan-
guage, how to do a thing and why to do it (applause).

Mr. King. — I just wanted to inquire whether the secretary is al-
lowed anything for his work. That has a bearing on our problem over
in Michigan.

The President. — The secretary is allowed a percentage, I believe.

The Secretary. — Yes, , twenty-five per cent.

Mr. Stewart. — I move that he be allowed twenty-five dollars addi-
tional for this year's work.

A Member. — Second the motion.

The President. — All in favor of the motion signify it by saying
aye, opposed no. The motion is carried.

Mr. Kannenbekg. — What does the president get (laughter). He
is the head man of the organization and I think he is entitled to as
much as anybody else.

j\Ir. Stewart.— He gets honor, that is enough for him.

Mr. Kanxexberg.— I think honor don't count for much.

Mr. Stewart. — It does" to some people.

The Presidext. — I think the president is sufficiently paid in being
permitted to come here. I believe the question that we had under dis-
cussion was the means of improving the Xorthwestern Beekeepers'
Association. We want all the suggestions we can get along this line,
because we want to make it better if we can.

Mr. Kixdig. — Do you have any provisions in your constitution for
looking after the rights of beekeepers legally, if necessary?

The President.— 1 think not.

Mr. Kix'DIG. — I*^ow, within the last year over in Michigan we have
taken up three cases where the rights of beekeepers were being tres-
passed upon by the city or by individuals, and in the name of the asso-
ciation we have gone ahead and fought those propositions through, in
each case to the benefit of the beekeeper, and while none of these cases
ever got to the point where it was necessary to have a court decision,
there was one of them got as far as court and was settled there; the
other two were city council propositions, where the city was going to
kick two different fellows out in the country, because of their bees. I
think one of the most valuable things in connection with an organiza-
tion of this kind is a provision whereby if a man gets in trouble by
virtue of his bees stinging somebody's horse or because the neighbors'
children get stung and the neighbors say he has got to move out, that

\

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' 'ASSOCIATIOX. 167

this organization will be committed to the protection of tlie rights of
that beekeeper. I don't mean by any means that they will be committefl
to defend him in the wrong, but they will be committed to the project
of defending his rights. One of these men in the case I referred to, was
in Lansing', and it was settled in this way: they were going to pass a
city ordinance in Lansing; we went up and killed the thing, and it
wasn't any more than dead till it came to life again, and that time
they were going to pass one sure. The details were all investigated and
it Avas actually found that the beekeeper was in wrong. He was actually
a nuisance, pure and simple. He was keeping some thirty-five or forty
colonies on the back end of a short lot, with neighbors all around him.
That was actually a nuisance, because there were no barriers about him.
We persuaded that man that nothing better could be done than move the
bees out in the country. While it didn't do him a great deal of good, it
protected the interests of every other beekeeper in the city of Lansing,
because if the ordinance had gone through they would have to all go
out — they would all have had to suffer the same thing. I believe if
your organization will take the stand that it will, so far as it is
financially able, come -to the assistance of a beekeeper, that it would be
one of the biggest drawing cards of this association. Of course, they
don't expect to get into trouble, but they never know when tliev will
get into trouble. T know this has been true in Michigan, and I know
that is one of the things that made the national a big factor in bee-
keeping some twenty-five or more .vears ago.

The Secretary. — May I speak ? In the first place you must have
some funds to start with. If we get a big enough membership, if we
could get in a thousand or five liundred members with one dollar, we
would have sufficient funds to take care ^ of CA-ervthing in that line as
well as have a larger mailing list for sending out letters. At the present
time we are operating on about eighty to ninety dollars a year, and
we carry a little surplus in the treasury. Last year I think it was a
little better, there was a gain of eleven dollars over the year before —
eighty-eight members. But if we had eight hundred and eighty-eiglit
we could do a good many things we can't do now. and if everybody
would get out and drum up members it would help a lot. The letter
we sent out in Aiigust brought in over forty members out of those eighty-
eight. There were eight and ten members coming in a day. right along,
for several days. If we can get a big enough membership list we can
take care of these things — that is the whole thing in a nutshell.

Mr. Smith. — I move that a committee of three be appointed to
take up this matter of protecting the members, as suggested by ^Ir.
Kindig. ■ . •

Motion carried and Messrs. Smith, Eettig and Sievei't were ap-
pointed as members of the committee.

168 . xixi-:ti:i:xti[ axxual uiipom of the

Mil. Ki^'Dic;. — I J'eel as U' I ouglit to offer another suggestion in
connection with this, in regard to the cost. It has not cost our asso-
ciation a cent this year to look after those things. I don't know how
you people are hxed np on extension workers here in your three states.
There is an extension man, I helieve, in Wisconsin. Is there not, Mr.
Wilson,

TiiK Pkesidknt. — 'J'here is one in Indiana.

Mi{. XiXDJG. — Jn Indiana there is Professor Baldwin. What there
is in Illinois 1 do not know. We handled tliat proposition through the
assistance of these extension men. For instance at Monroe I sent their
extension man, Mr. Ewell, a copy of "A. B. C." and "X. Y. Z." in which
there is laid out a very comprehensive survey of the court decisions on
all these various cases. He went down there to the city attoniev and
laid it hefore him. lie said, ''Here is what the courts have done. Do
you fellows want to go up against anything like that?" After he read
that over anv sensible citv attorney who has liad recited to him a string
of decisions hy the Supreme Court "adverse to what he claims, any city
attorney would advise the council not to pass an ordinance like that.
There isn't any particular expense connected with a thing like that.

Mil. Bull. — We want the money there for backing. That is what
1 had reference to. Jf you have got the backing you don't have to
spend "the money necessarih', but you need it there for the backing.

TirE Pkesidext. — Every county seat has a record of the court
decisions, beekeeping as well as others, and attorneys have access to
that.

The Secketaky. — ^Ir. President, might I say a few Avords? The
reason why I asked that question is because it falls to my lot to get up
this program and I want to make it of as much interest as possible.
Any suggestions or help I can get on that program is for your benefit.
I would like to hear from anyone who has any suggestions, any particu-
lar line of work or anything to be taken up here at the meeting; I would
like to hear from the different ones, what they actually want done. I
am at your service. I am working for you, not for myself, and I want
to do what will please most of the luenibers.

'Shx. Gill. — I have observed that some of the states around us have
been taking some advance steps, whereas it seems to me Illinois has not.
I think it is true that anything that we want, anything that the bee-
keepers need, that the demand must come from them, from the outside.
We can't expect that our legislators will appropriate money or take
steps for extension work or other things of that sort, unless they feel
a demand for them, and I think that one of the biggest drawing cards
for beekeepers is to get together aii4 organize themselves in an associa-
tion of this sort, to unite with it, which would-be that very thing. If
we are going to get larger appropriations for foul l)rood inspection and
other things, we must l)e organized for it, organized strong enough so

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIO?r. 169

that we can demand what we want, and be well enough organized to get
what we demand. It seems to me some discussion along this line of
what we want at the hands of the State, Avhat we should demand, w^ould
be an excellent subject to bring up some time.

Mr. Bull.- — Mr. President, I have had in mind how it would be,
as long as Ave represent about four states here — we do not get a chance
to get around tc the meetings, and do not get acquainted with the
different talents in other states— how would a committee of three, one
from ever}' other state, to offer suggestions to the secretary in regard
to getting out the program, how would it be to have a committee of that
kind? For instance, from Wisconsin or ^lichigan they know what is
going on there in up to date lines of beekeeping. I have no way of
getting that information from these localities, and it could be brought
to us. I wonder if a committee could be appointed that would be of
assistance not only to me but to the association? We want to make this
association big enough to fill a room about four times as large as this
one, at our meetings.

Mr. Stewart. — It was at one time.

Mr. Bull. — Why can't we do it again?

Mr. SopiiER. — Where is our inspector, why isn't he here?

Mr. Smith. — He knows there is no foul brood up here among
us. (Laughter.)

Mr. Smith.— I have just thought .of a little matter I think will be
of interest. I know Ave ought to do it. I moA^e we giA^e Professor Kiiidig
a rising vote of thanks for his able address here.

Several Members. — I Avill second that.

The Presideisit. — Moved and seconded that Ave giA-e Professor
Kindig a rising vote of thanks. All aa'Iio are in favor of this please rise.
(EA'erybody arose.) I see it is unanimous.

Mr. Kixdig. — Mr. Chairman, I certainly AA'ant to thank you people
for this expression. I feel that I didn't have very much to offer you
after all.

Mr. Steavart. — What little there was Avas mighty good, though.

The President. — We will now hear the report of the auditing
committee.

Chairman Auditing Committee. — We have gone over the books
and find them perfectly correct, leaving a balance of $73.43 in the
treasury. Mr. Bull's books are in very good shape and he is to be com-
mended for the thorough Avay in which he has kept them. 'It is easy to
audit them. Farther than that aa^c are; I suppose, dismissed.

Mr. Smith. — I move that Mr. Bull the treasurer be authorized to
pay Mr. Bull the secretary tAventy-five dollars.

Mr. Stewart. — Second the motion.

(Motion carried.)

vf

170 NINETEENTH A^TNUAL REPORT OF THE

t

(At this time Mr. Wooldridge explained the use of the hair felt,
showing samples.)

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President. — 1 understand we have a gentleman with us who
has bottles for honey. He Avould like to .demonstrate these containers.
Mr. Snoots, will you come forward, please?

Mr. H. W. Snoots. — -I have four different sizes of jars here, which
I will be glad to explain to you. These samples of jars here, are like
your secretary has been using. (To Mr. Bull) Will you explain it to
them, you can do it better than I.

Mr. Bull. — I have some samples of jars here like I have been
using. I thought maybe some of you might be interested to see how
clear it is, and how glass looks instead of tin for honey. There are two
or three advantages in using glass that you do not get with tin; one is
it makes a better looking package. You can show the people exactly
what they are getting; it makes a better seller. It is a larger looking
package, and if you use a two pound tin can it is about the same
diameter as this glass; you set a tin can of two pounds up against this
glass jar, and they- will take the glass and pay you twenty-five cents
more for it, each holding the same amount.

In the cities, especially, the person who biiys the tin pail will not
use it, they will throw it away, throw it in the garbage, and all, then if
there is any disease in the honey it will be transmitted. The glass
jars on the other hand will be saved and used again for other purposes.
It is a big item. I have been using this size here, o pound, for the
last four or five years. I wouldn't go back to tin under any circum-
stances. The glass is rust-proof. If people don't want them you can
always have them returned and give a small allowance on them. Mr.
Snoots is the rei)resentative of this jar, they are made at Zanesville,
Ohio.

A Member. — IIow much do the different size^s hold ?

MiJ. Snoots. — The large one holds five pounds, this one holds two
pounds. This large jar costs $16.50 a gross, niaking about eleven and
a half cents apiece at the factory. Have you ever noticed that the Bunte
Bros. Candy Company uses this container a good deal for candy? It is
v/hite glass. Those packages go' all over the world.

Mr. Smith. — What is the name of the firm?

Mr. Snoots. — It is the Iveams-Gorsuch Bottle Company.

A Member. — What have been the previous prices?

Mr. Snoots. — On the small, 3 pound, jar the price has been in
crates, ten fifty a gross.

A Member. — Do the rubber sealers come with them?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION. 171

Answer. — Yes, sir^, they are complete.

A Member.— Have you the screw caps?

Answer. — Yes, but not in that shape.

Mr. Bull. — The beauty of this jar is that it is the biggest sized jar
for two pounds that you can get;

Mr. Snoots. — A screw cap will not hold honey.

A Member. — ^Do you carry a stock of these jars in Chicago ?

Mr. Snoots. — Only samples, that is all. Freight prepaid to Chi-
cago when they are shipped in full cars.

The President. — I would offer a suggestion in regard to putting
honey in these jars. Those of you who retail them, if you put them in
stores for sale it is a good thing to heat them after filling, to prevent
granulation. If you set these bottles in water and heat to 150 degrees
and allow to cool slowly, they will not granulate for a long time, some-
times for a year or more, but if you heat it and pour it info the bottles
it will granulate in a very short time.

A Member. — Put it in cold and heat it up in the bottles?

The President. — Yes.

Mr. Bull. — That is the same can that is used for the cold pack.

Mr. Smith. — -Can you make any inducement to members of the
Northwestern Beekeepers' Association ?

Mr. Snoots. — We sell one just as cheap as the other. That is the
only inducement.

Mr. Smith. — What would you do if we clubbed together next year
and took several gross of them?

Answer. — That is the lowest price I could make anybody.

The President. — I believe Mr. Stewart has a motion to make,
have you, Mr. Stewart?

Mr. Stewart. — I might make one before I get through. We value
things in proportion to the amount of money we have to pay for them
usually. If I could get a suit of clothes for five dollars I wouldn't
think much of it, but when I pay seventy-five dollars, then I begin to
think it is worth something, and that is a good deal the way with bee
meetings they have here — not very expensive, people don't care what it
is. I think if we would raise the fees we would bring them in, and I
make a motion that we raise the dues from one dollar to a dollar and a
half. That takes in the Illinois association.

Mr. Bull. — A dollar for this association and fifty cents for the
State.

Mr. Smith. — You can't join one without joining the other, you
can't join here for less than a dollar and a half here, and you get into
the state at the same time.

Mr. Smith. — You have got to pay one dollar and a half now, to
be in both organizations.

173 iVlxVETEEXTlI ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Stewart. — A dollar and a half now, I want to make it two
dollars. I make a motion to make it two dollars.

Mr. Simmons.— I will second that motion and bring it up for dis-
cussion.

The President. — It is moved and seconded that the rate be a
dollar and a half, with fifty cents for the state association. ■ That will
include the book.

Mr. IIaan. — I believe we ought to do a good deal like a well pro-
^•ided colony of bees. When they have plenty of stores in their box
they feel a little better than if they had only a little. By providing a
little more we will feel like branching out and doing things we wouldn't
do otherwise. AVe also increased the secretary's salary a little bit this
morning, so I think we ought to do something to put something back
ill the treasury, and I don't think two dollars would injure anybody
\ery much iji a year's time. I think if they are all conscientious and
v.'illing that the organization should prosper, they wouldn't object to
paying two dollars for that. I think they could put in another colony
of bees, t|iat would pay more than two dollars dues in one year's time,
and probably pay the dues for five years' time. I think, as Mr. Stewart
says, if we only pay a little for it we only consider it of a little value.
If we pay more for it we consider it a whole lot more valuable than we
do if we only pay a little.

Mr. Kannenberger. — Mr. President, that is all right enough, to
raise the dues, but really it is a little too late now to do that because
everybody knows it is a dollar and a half and the letter has been sent
out to hundreds of people for a dollar and a half you can join this as-
sociation. Of course if you want to raise it now you can only charge
tlie two dollars for next year and^not this year any more. That is the
way I look at it.

Mr. Bull. — ]\Ir. President, I- "don't know about raising these dues.
If we go out and double our membership that will be better than raising
the dues — far better. Let each oite of us take it upon ourselves to push
this thing with our neighbors and then when you get a chance have
some blanks with you and get ihem filled out. If we could get five
hundred members it would be worth more than if we had fifty or
seventy-five members and paid fi^e dollars dues. We would have more
money. It only takes me a feW' minutes longer to write those extra
names on the book, that is all there is to it. I think we better leave the
dues where th(\y are and get out and drum up membership. I think we
ought to get some of theSe secretaries in the states aroimd us to drum
up trade in the outside territories. I don't get around to the state
meetings or I would drum up a little membership if I could.

]\rR. Smith. — I think many of the dues are already paid for next
year.

Mr. Bull.— Thev are.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 173

Mr. Smith. — Then we have contracts with those people, we have
accepted their money. It would be impossible to raise the price on
them.

Mr. Bull. — The onh' way I could see to raise it would be to have
it take effect January 1, 1931. As far as 1920 is concerned, inasmuch
as we have already made contracts and accepted members we should
leave it for this year at the same price.

Mr. Smith. — As I understand it, the motion is really out of order.
We have a contract with mosf of our members already, and have accepted
their money. They are already members and have paid their dues for
next year, then a motion to raise the dues now would be out of order,
but a motion to raise the dues and begin January, 1921, would be in
or^der.

(The motion voted down.)

The President. — I believe the question of arranging for a dele-
gate to the Kansas City convention should be considered. Have you any
motions or suggestions ?

A Member. — Is every state in the eastern states going to be repre-
sented there?

The President. — They should be represented.
''' Me. Smith. — Do Ave know whether anv of thev have alreadv
elected representatives?

Mr. Kindig. — Mr. Chairman, east of the Mississippi Piiver, so far
as my knowledge is, Michigan and Xew York are the only ones that
have representatives elected.

Mr. Smith. — Was it a state organization or an organization of lay
workers ?

Mr. Kindig. — The}' are state organizations, in fact the one from
New York is a western Xew York organization. Xew York-is divided
into two or three organizations, as I understand it, and it is the
"Western Xew York Beekeepers sending Professor Bay, of Cornell Uni-
versity, as their delegate. He is also acting as a delegate for the Ehode
Island organization, wbo want to send a man but said it was impossible
to contribute anything toward his expenses. It is a long way from
Ehode Island, and they prevailed upon Professor Bay to represent them.
Michigan elected a representations the other day. I haven't heard from
a number of other states : Iowa, Xebraska, Misouri and Kansas have
elected delegates, Texas will send two delegates and the cooperative
states of the west will send a solid delegation. That is why I plead
with you people this morning to send a delegate. The interests of tlie
east must also be represented or it will not be a representative meeting.
I feel sure that Indiana will send a delegate; it is litely that there will
be one from Ohio, but I am not so sure. Also several other states are
seriously considering the matter, but I have not heard from them. I
received a letter from Mr. Kildow in Illinois, stating that he thought it

174 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

likely that Illinois would send a delegate. They had a convention the
other day. I have been away from home and I haven't heard what they
did do.

A Member. — They elected Doctor Baxter as a delegate.

Mr. Smith. — ^Mr. President, inasmuch as we are, as you know/
members of the State association, and Doctor Baxter represents the
State, why not leave it rest at that, or let him represent us ? I wouldn't
be in favor of appropriating any money to defray the expenses of any-
body to represent this association out there, because I don't believe they
will do us any good. If they are dominated by the western people, they
certainly won't do us any good.

The President. — There is no motion before us, it is simply a sug-
gestion that has been offered. Is there a motion in- regard to this ?

Mr. Haan. — Mr. President, can it be fixed up between this or-
ganization and the State organization in regard to having one delegate
to represent the two organizations? I don't know whether it could or
couldn't. As Mr. Smith said a little while .ago, I believe it wouldn't be
any more than a courtesy for us to' ask they to place us on their list as
having Doctor Baxter represent us as well as the State organization.

The President. — You would have one vote then for twt) organiza-
tions.

Mr. Haan. — The vote would possibly count a little more on account
of the two organizations, but he wouldn't have any more votes if we
didn't give him that consent, but I think it would create a better feel-
ing. If we can't send anybody there let us delegate the business to
Doctor Baxter. , \

The Secretary. — Why not elect Doctor Baxter as a delegate?

Mr. Haan. — From this organization?

The Secretary. — From this organization.

Mr. Haan. — We might do that. That would probably cover my
point as well as anything else.

A Member. — Is he a member of this association?

The President. — I don't think he is.

Mr. Kindig. — May I say another word in this connection? I was
in pretty close touch Avith what that committee was doing last year, and
I know that you have a man here in- this organization that kept the
interests of the west from running away with the convention last year.
jSTow, my personal feeling is that that man ought to be at this Kansas
City meeting. It was his influence, largely, that tempered, if you could
call it tempered, the various resolutions indorsed at the National last
year, and I feel that if there is any possibility of your sending that man
there, that he will have a very, very wholesome influence on the findings
of that committee, because he is a beekeeper for a living and he has a
broad view of what beekeeping means, and it seems to me that there is

■ ILLIXOrS STATE BE]iKEEPP:RS' ASSOCIATIOX. 175

no on in this State or in Indiana that could more thoroughly represent
the beekeepers than your chairman, Mr/ Miller. (Applause.)

Mr. Stewart. — Where would the money come to pay those ex-
penses?

Mr. Kixdig. — I don't know, maybe he has it. (Laughter.)

Mr. Smith. — Under the circumstances, if Mr. Miller will tender
his services and pay his own expenses I will be glad to vote for him to
go out there. •

The President. — I don't know whether I could do that or not.

Mr. Smith. — I don't believe a vote in that meeting out there is
worth anything in particular to this association. I believe that the
N'ational Association will go right on just as it has, in spite of the
meeting in Kansas City. It can't affect that Xational i\§sociation very
much, they will meet and elect their officers, their president and other
officers, and go right on just as they have been in the past. They have
reorganized, every where, but still they have gone right on and they will
do the same thing again. They may organize a new association out
there, but even then I do n,jot believer we have, under our by-laws, any
authority to join in the association as an association and send a repre-
sentative. I don't believe we have. For that reason I don't think we
have any right to take our funds to do it. We haven't the funds any-
way. We haven't enough money' in our treasury to pay carfare out
there and back, besides the expenses there would be otherwise, twenty-
five or thirty dollars. I move, Mr. Chairman, that whoever is elected
delegate, that he go at his own expense. '

The President. — It seems to me, in' order to make a success of
any organization it is necessary for beekeepers to pull together. There
is more to be obtained bv boosting than bv knocking. We can't make a
success of anything by prophesying a failure. This can be made a
success if it is pushed in the right spirit, in the right manner, but if
we all prophesy failure and say it can't be done and knock what every
other fellow does, of course it will fail. I am not anxious to go, I
would much prefer somebody else would be appointed. I would like
to see the Kansas City meeting made a success, but if it is the sense of
this organization that no delegate be sent, of course we will abide by it.
There has been a motion before us, I believe there is no second.

Mr. Kaxxenberg. — I second Mr, Smith's motion that we elect
our president as a delegate to the national. :

Mr. Stewart. — He didn't make that kind of motion.

The President. — The motion as I understand it is whoever is
elected be required to pay his own expenses.

Mr. Kaxxenberg. — ]SJ"o, I wouldn't stand for that for one minute.
I think this organization ought to be ashamed of itself to send a dele-
gate there to represent it, to take care of its interests and not want to
give him even his expenses. I believe if we send a man down there let

^

1T6 XIXETEEXTir AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

lis send him down there right or not at all. That is the only way to
do it. As the case has been stated this morning here, and this after-
noon, I do not quite understand it thoroughly myself, but it seems it
is necessary to send somebodj" there to represent the beekeepers of this
part of the country, and if we are going to send anybody let us send
him there right or not send him at all.

Mk. Smith. — He says send a man down there to represent our in-
terests. We have no interests there any more than we have in New
York or Florida or any other state. We are not a bit more interested
in Kansas City than we are in other places. Why should we spend our
money for this organization? If those people want to meet and form
an organization all right, but we can't run our own little organization
and make a success of it, and before we undertake to run a national
organization and make a success of it let us make a success of our own,
not spend all our money to send a man out to Kansas City to make a
success in some other organization.

Me. Eettig. — While I feel myself that all organizations will be a
help to the beekeeper, if this organization isn't able to furnish any
money to help finance this trip, let us take up a collection from the
beekeepers, and 1 will head the list with ten dollars.

Tpie President. — I believe the motion was not seconded. It is
lost for want of a second. What is the further pleasure of the meeting?

Mr. Kannenber(;. — Why not take our representative from the
state association and instruct him to represent us in the national, Dr.
Baxter? Let us not drop it altogether. I make a motion that we
write Dr. Baxter and inform him that our association elected him as
a representative to represent tig^.at-^ie national.

The President. — Is there a second? '

Mr. Haan. — I second that.

Mr. Spatcti. — I take it that this Xorthwestern Beekeepers' As-
sociation is for the benefit of whoever is concerned, and I think it would
be up to the members to send a delegate to this national convention.
It looks to me as though, if they are holding a national convention of
that kind and we have no representative there, we are not doing what
we should do. If we are going to go out after anything, let ns all stand
together. What is the use of one pulling one way and another one
pulling the other. Let us pull together. I think we should have a
representative down there, and I don't see why the members couldn't
get together and send a good, capable man down there to represent us.
Why should we have someone else cater for us down there? It is up
to us and our organization, and I think it would be policy from what
I can understand to send a repreventative of this organization down
there, and I would be willing myself to donate toward a collection to
defray the expenses of a representative. I think it would be a good

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION. 177

idea to pujTsa motion before us to take up a collection to defray the ex-
penses of^U-jepresentative of this organization.

The/I*resident. — The motion before us I believe is to ask our sec-
retary to write to Dr. Baxter to see if he will accept the responsibility
of representing this association at the meeting at Kansas City. Are
you ready for the question? ' ,

(The question was called for.)

Those in favor will signify by saying aye, opposed no. I will ask
for a standing vote ; those in favor will please rise. The motion is lost.
Is it the desire of this meeting to send a representative to the meeting
at Kansas City?

Mr. Flood. — Mr. President, I move our president be elected a
delegate to the convention at Kansas City.

A Member. — Second the motion.

Mr. Flood. — All those in favor of our chairman, Mr. Miller, act-
ing as a delegate to the convention at Kansas City and his expenses
being arranged for by the convention will make it known by saying aye.
The motion is unanimously carried.

The Prelident. — We have with us today a representative from
the A. I. Eoot Company. I know you will all be very pleased to hear
from her — Miss lona Fowls, of Medina, Ohio.

Miss Fowls. — Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Honey prac-
tically sells itself these days. It needs only to be displayed and it
straightway attracts the attention of the sweet-craving public, and be-
cause many of the people have fallen into the habit of spending freely,
the honey sells readily and with no special effort on the part of the bee-
keeper. Besides this it is evident that there may be a shortage of colo-
nies next spring due to winter loss. Also it is claimed that the per
capita consumption of sugar has been increasing so rapidly that in
spite of the certain increase in cane and beet sugar production it will
for several years be impossible for production to increase as rapidly
as consumption. All of these conditions pointing toward a good market
in the immediate future, help us to forget the marketing problems of
the past and to overlook the certainty that they will again recur in the
future.

The present bright outlook is bound to attract others to beekeeping.
And many of those now in the business will materially increase their
output, — in fact they are already doing so, many having doubled or
tripled their production within the last year or two. Now we do not
really fear an overproduction of the amount of honey that could be
consumed if the public fully realized its value. But suppose that de-
mand does not keep up with supply; suppose that production continues
to increase rapidly, then a bumper honey crop is raised throughout the
country and at the same time, perhaps, consumers are found with less

—12 B A --■.?■'""■ .■■-^'■■".

178 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ready cash than at present? Just about that time we would suddenly
waken up to the fact that our present tactics in marketing would not
do, and that even in time of prosperity we should all have been doing
our best to increase demand and to use more business-like methods in
the disposal of our crop.

Beekeepers in rather inaccessible parts of the country often find it
necessary to sell at wholesale. Others even in more thickly settled dis-
tricts sell in the same way, feeling that they cannot afford to compete
with big bottling concerns in the disposal of their crop. They point
out that this is an age of specialization. They say they are experts in
raising honey, not in marketing. If such a beekeeper takes the trouble
to become as well posted as possible before making the sale, he may get
a fair price and be relieved from further worry during the rest of the
year. At the present time this works out nicely but the year will come
when the market will be weak and he will then be left high and dry
with his honey or else compelled to sell below its real value.

Those who retail at least a part of their crop in their own and
neighboring towns have the advantage that every pound thus sold ad-
vertises the entire crop, present and future; for there is no better add
than a fine grade of honey put out under the producer's name. Sell-
ing in this way leads one to raise the very best grade possible and many
beekeepers find a distinct pleasure in retailing honey which they them-
selves have produced. Their pride and pleasure in the selling gives
til em a cheerful optimism that is in itself an inducement to buy. If
the trade is followed up closely and the customers kept always supplied,
one may in a very short time double the amount of honey consumed in
a given locality. In many places where one ton of honey was consumed
annually a few years ago,^'as much as ten tons is now required to supply
the trade.

Systematic advertisnig in the local newspapers exhibits at county
fairs, an occasional address or demonstration in the schools and fine
Aviudow displays, all help to increase the demand. Perhaps the last is
as satisfactory a way of advertising as any. A very attractive display
may be made by placing mirrors at the back of the windows, thus
causing multiple reflections, and in front of the mirrors tiering the
jars of honey in the form of pyramids with sheets of clear glass just the
right size between the tiers. The sheets of glass make it possible to
leave equal spaces between jars so that by a judicious use of lights a
l)eautiful effect may be obtained. It also adds to the interest to place
in the window an observatory hive of bees so that the passersby may
v/ateh the bees, as they suppose^ "making honey." The novelty of see-
ing live bees always attracts the public.

For the beekeeper who has the time and inclination, there is no
doubt that it will pay him well in dollars as well as satisfaction to re-
tail at least a part of his crop in his locality, and if he raises a good

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 179

article, he will be helping not only himself but also all other beekeepers.

There are a number of factors that are at present preventing the
best marketing conditions. In some cases the beekeepers do not use
good business methods, but accept prices far below what they consider
the true value of the honey. Others sell to the grocers and then canvass
from house to house selling at a price lower than the grocer can afford
to meet. A few beekeepers have been foolish enough after disposing
■^of their honey, to buy an inferior grade thinking to keep their trade,
which of course they lose.

Besides a lack of business methods some have shown that distress-
ing state of mind of being "perfectly satisfied" with present conditions.
It is a fortunate thing that this feeling is not general, otherwise there
would be little chance for improvement in the future. Some of us are
far from satisfied with present conditions. In some localities the bee-
keeper with a good article is unable to sell until the market has been
cleared of all the half-price honey rushed in by the small beekeepers
in the vicinity. We have also heard of honey sold in the same package'
in Avhich it was purchased, yet sold at an increase of 100 per cent. The
selling price was only fair, so it is evident the producer received alto-
gether too small an amount to pay him for the time and labor expended.
There are also reports of buyers paying different prices for the same
grade of honey, in the same vicinity and on the same day. Such con-
ditions call for, nt satisfaction but decided objection followed by united
action of the beekeepers.

Some have felt no special attention necessary in the "disposal of
the honey crop since they believe the law of supply and demand will
automatically take care of the matter of marketing. A few years ago
a large firm began spending hundreds of thousands of dollars advertis-
ing honey. Demand responded by shooting ahead of anything dreamed
of. This firm did not sit idly waiting demand but went out and made
it. Today all beekeepers are profiting by it.

We beekeepers working individually can increase dem'and and im-
prove marketing conditions, but think what a tremendous force we
would be working along this line collectively. Some day we are going
to do it. I do not know whether it will be through the National As-
sociation or how it will be done, but some day in the not too distant
future the beekeepers of this country are goin^ to work together for
the individual and common good, just as the orange growers, raisin
producers and others have done. Are we going to do this now under
present prosperous conditions or are we going to wait till more adverse
conditions force the matter on to our attention? If we are foresighted
enough to look past the present and see the time w^hen honey will sell
less readily than now, we shall not only see the necessitv' of working up
a larger, more dependable trade individually, but also shall realize the

180 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

' imperative need of immediate and concerted action of beekeepers as
a whole. (Applause.)

The President. — Since there are quite a number of people who
would like to get away early, perhaps we would better not have a recess
but finish up our work as soon as possible. Last year or the year be-
fore a motion was made to revise the stenographer's report. Shall we
have that this year? We didn't get to revise it very much last year,
the report was not sent to us. Is it the sense of this meeting that this
report shall be edited and the worthless part stricken out before it is
printed, or shall it all go to print just as it is taken down? A motion
is in order.

Mr. Eettig. — Mr. President I move that the reports be revised and
the immaterial parts stricken out; also I will include Mr. Bull in that,
to revise the report.

A Member. — Second the motion.

The President. — Moved and seconded that the report be revisr.d
by the secretary. Are you ready for the question ? All in favor signify
it by saying aye. (The ayes were unanimous.) Motion carried.

Another motion which is ordinarily passed here is to join as a body
the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association. What has been done in this
respect? Have you a motion?

The Secretary. — I move we join the state in a body.

A Member. — Second the motion.

The President. — It is moved and seconded that the Chicago
Northwestern Beekeepers' Association join the Illinois State Association
in a body. Any discussion ?

Mr. Smith. — Just a word, Mr. Chairman. I understand that
when we join in a body we pay fifty cents apiece. I also understand
and know when we join individually we pay a quarter. Last year I
joined the state association, they charged me a quarter and charged
me seventy-five cents for Gleanings for a year. In other words, if he
joins through Gleanings he gets in for a quarter , but if he joins through
the association it costs him fifty cents.

The Secretary. — I believe .they have raised their dues now.

Mr. Smith. — I wanted to ask what they had done about that at
this last meeting.

The Secretary. — I understand they raised the dues.

The President. — Any further discussion? Those in favor of
joining the Illinois- State Association in a body please say aye, opposed
no. The motion is carried.

We have some committee reports. We have a committee of which
Mr. Smith is chairman, in regard to legal rights. We will hear from
this committee.

Mr. Smith. — Mr. Chairman, we have not had time to prepare a
written report, but we recommend that a judicial committee of five be

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS" ASSOCIATION". 181

appointed by the president to secure legal assistance if possible from
some attorney to take care of the legal matters that come up among the
members. It is the opinion of this committee that there are plenty of
young attorneys just beginning to practice in Chicago, that will be glad
to render this service. The attorneys have an ethical understanding
among themselves that they are not allowed to advertise, and all of
them, at the beginning of their careers, advertise in this way. A bright
young man who has just been admitted to the bar would donate his
services to organizations in order to get acquainted with the people,
and he usually puts that on his business card, that he is attorney for
certain organizations. It is the opinion of the committee that an at-
torney can be secured, without remuneration, to take care of the legal
end of this business, and with an attorney taking up any legal matter,
just as Professor Kindig said, if an attorney will take up a matter and
present the legal aspects of the case we can get along without lawsuits.
We do not want any lawsuits and it is our idea to get along without
them, therefore we recommend that that attorney be appointed.

The President. — You have heard the report of the committee,
that a standing committee of five be appointed to secure legal aid for
the association. What shall be done with the report of the committee?

Me. Smith. — I move its adoption.

A Member. — Second the motion.

The President. — It is moved and seconded that a committee of
five be appointed to look after the legal affairs and secure legal aid for
the association.

Mr. Haan. — I don't know whether a committee of five would do
as much as one alone, that if any member of this organization got into
trouble on account of his bees at any time or anywhere, he can write to
the secretary and then leave it to the secretary if the secretar}'^ should
give the circumstances to the attorney for him to investigate the thing.
I think that would be a quicker way of getting around it than having
a committee of five, which is rather cumbersome in my estimation. It
is hard to get them together and decide on something. I think if the
power was vested in the secretary we would get much quicker results
than the other way. I am not against this proposition, however, on
that account, but I would rather see it pushed through in some shape
or some way; I think a committee of five would be too many.

The Chairman. — Do you offer that as an amendment?

Me. Haan. — Yes, if I can get a second to it.

The President. — Is there a second to the amendment ?

Me. Kannenbeeg. — Yes, I second it.

The President, — It has been moved and seconded that the sec-
retary act in this capacity instead of this committee of five, as in the
original motion. The question now is upon the amendment. All in
favor of the amendment signify it by saying aye, opposed no. The

182 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

amendment carries. The question now stands as the original motion
amended: shall the secretary act to secure legal advice for the associa-
tion. Ahe motion carried.

Upon motion of Mr. Haau, seconded by Mr. Kannenberg, it was
voted to continue the fair price committee.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

President — E. S. Miller, Valparaiso, Ind.

Vice-President — C. 0. Smith. Chicago, 111.

Secretary — John C. Bull, Valparaiso, Ind.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned.

n
1

A

u

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 183

FORMATION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS

ASSOCIATION.

Springfield, Iuu, February 26, 1891.

The Capitol Beekeepers' Association was called to order by President
P. J. England. A

Previous notice havingrbeen given that an effort would to na^de to form
a State association, and th^^re being present beekeepers fromVifferent parts
of the State, by motion, a recess was taken in order to forffl" such an asso-
ciation.

P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Yocum tem-
porary secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P.
Dadant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a Committee on Constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State asso-
ciation and stated that it was his. opinion that the beekeepers should have
a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the "World's Columbian
Exposition.

A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m. prevailed.

L AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution reported a form for same which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially.

Geo. F. Rqbbins moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the
last clause of Section 1, Article IIL This led to a very animated discussion,
and the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out the
word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to
further discussion, and motion finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II, relating to a quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V by adding the words "Thirty
days' notice having been given to each member." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed. ^^

See Constitution.

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a Nominating Committee of
three on permanent organization. Prevailed.

Chair appointed as such committee. Col. Chas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, and C. P. Dadant.

Committee retired and in a few minutes returned, submitting the fol-
lowing named persons as candidates for their respective oflSces:

For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

For Vice Presidents — Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C. C. Miller,
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

Treasurer — ^A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Nom-
inations. The motion prevailed, and the officers as named by the committee
were declared elected for the ensuing year.

184 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, editor" Ameri- -
can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the
association. Prevailed.

At this point Col. Chas. F. Mills said:

"Mr. Chairman, I want to be the iirst one to pay my dollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others followed
his example, as follows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

!

Col. Chas. F. Mills, Springfield, Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring. J. W. Yocum, Williamsville.

Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale. Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.

C. P. Dadant, Hamilton. A. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

Chag. Dadant, Hamilton. P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. C. E. Yocom, Sherman.

S. N. Black, Clayton. Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.
Aaron Coppin, Wenona.

FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.
Thos. G. Newman, editor American Bee Journal, Chicago.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. ; 185

STATE OF ILLINOIS— DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State.

To all to whom these Presents shall come — Greeting:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed
in the office of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D.
1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association,
under and in accordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corpo-
rations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts
amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached.

Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State, of the State of
Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby
certify that the said. The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, is a legally
organized corporation under the laws of the State.

In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed
the great seal of State.

Done at the city of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and the Inde-
[Seal] pendence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
,b , I. N. Pearson, Secretary of State.

y ss.
ion, f

State of Illinois,
County of Sangamon,
To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State:

We, the undersigned. Ferry J. England, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N.
Draper, citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation under
an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled "An Act
Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof; and for the purposes of such organizations, we hereby state as toh
lows, to- wit:

1. The name of such corporation is, The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association.

2. The object for which it is formed is to promote the general interests
of the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management of the aforesaid Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually.

4. "The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to con-
trol and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate existence,
viz: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper.

5. The location is in Springfield, in the county of Sangamon, State of
Illinois.

(Signed) Perry J. England.
Jas. a. Stone.
Albert N. Draper.

State of Illinois,

^ >-ss.

Sangamon County, j

I. S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the county and State afore-
said, do hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, per-
sonally appeared before me, Perry J. England, James A. Stone and Albert
N. Draper, to me personally known to be the same persons who executed the

186 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

foregoing certificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the
same for the purposes therein set forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and
year above written.

[Seal] S. Mendenhall^ Notary Public.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS" ASSOCIATION. 187

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield, 111.

ARTICLE II. — Object.

Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of
bee-culture.

ARTICLE III.— Membeeship.

Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member
upon the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty
cents (|1.50). (Amendment adopted at annual meeting, December, 1919):
And any aflBliating association, as a body, may become members on the pay-
ment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per member, as amended No-
vember, 1910.

Sec. 2. Any persons may become honorary members by receiving a
majority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV.— Officers.

Section 1. The ofiicers of this association shall be, President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer. Their terms of office shall be for one
year, or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall constitute the
Executive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by death, resignation and otherwise — shall
be filled by the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting.

. ARTICLE V. — Amendments.

This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-
thirds yote of all the members present — thirty days' notice having been
given to each member of the association.

By-Laws.

ARTICLE I.

The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a ma-
jority vote.

ARTICLE II.

It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all
meetings of this association; to call for all reports of officers and committees:
to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all

188 NINETEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

elections, and declare the results; to decid.e upon all questions of order, and
to deliver an address at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE III.

The Vice Presidents shall be numbered, respectively, First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be the duty of one of them, in his re-
spective order, to preside in the absence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report all proceed-
ings of the association, and to record the same, when approved, in the
Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to
file and preserve all papers belonging to the same; to receive the annual
dues and pay them over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same; to
take and record the name and address of every member of the association;
to cause the Constitution and By-laws to be printed in appropriate form and
in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical table showing the
number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, and the amount of honey
and wax produced by each member, together with such other information
as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Committee;
and to give notice of all meetii^gs of the association in the leading papers
of the State, and in the bee journals at least four weeks prior to the time of
such meeting.

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the
association, and to pay them out upon the order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the sams; and to render a report- of all receipts and
expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VI.

It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for
discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and to
transact all interim business.

ARTICLE VIL

The meeting of the association shall be, as far as practicable, governed
by the following order of business:
Call to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.
President's address.
Secretary's report.
Treasurer's report.
Reports of committees.
Unfinished business.
Reception of members and collection.
Miscellaneous business.
Election and installation of officers.
Discussion.
Adjournment. '

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION, 189

ARTICLE VIII. *

These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the members
present at any annual meeting.

C. B. YocoM.
Aabon Coppin.
Geo. F. Robbims.

"1

190 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Following is a copy of tiie law passed by the Illinois Legislature May 19,
and signed by ths Governor June 7, 1911, to take effect July 1, 1911:

STATE FOUL BROOD LAW.
State Inspector of Apiaries.

Preamble. § 3. Annual Report.

§ 1. State Inspector of Apiaries — ap- § 4. Penalties,
pointment — term — assistants
— per diem.

§ 2. Foul Brood, etc. — what declared
nuisances — inspection — notice to
owner or occupant — treatment —
abatement of nuisance — appeal.

House BUI No. 670.

(Approved June 7, 1911.)

An Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foul brood
among bees, providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries
and prescribing Ms powers and duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foul brood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon
exterminate the honey bees; and

Whereas, the work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State
inspector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a great loss to the beekeepers and fruit growers of
the State each year by the devastating ravages of foul brood;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the 'State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly : That the Governor shall appoint a State
Inspector of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one
or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his super-
vision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and
necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of four dollars to
be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State
Inspector of Apiaries, and approved by the Governor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping any
colony or colonies of bees to keep the same free from the disease known as
foul brood and from every contagious and infectious disease among bees. All
beehives, beeflxtures or appurtenances where foul brood or other contagious or
infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances to
be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries shall have
reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foul brood or other con-
tagious disease, he shall have power to inspect, or cause to be inspected,
from time to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such inspection he, or
his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter into
or upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the pur-
pose of progagating or nurturing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or his
assistants, shall find by inspection that any person, firm or corporation is

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 191:

maintaining a nuisance as described in this section, he shall notify in
writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so
disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such
notice a statement of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order
that the same be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or
printed, pointing out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same.
Such notice and order may be served personally or by depositing the same
in the post office properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of
the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for
treatment may consist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the In-
spector of Apiaries, or an extract from same.

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of
Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the
owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if
not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered,
together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having
competent jurisdiction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of
such bees, hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself aggrieved
by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three days of
the receipt of the notice to the County Court of the county in which such
property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as appeals
are taken to the County Court from judgments of justices of the peace.
Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of Apiaries
shall operate to stay all proceedings until the dicision of the County Court,
which may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify or affirm the
order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then become the
order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as hereinbefore
set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must be carried
out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Mon-
day in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and
also to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of
apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of
colonies of bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or
bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100.

Approved June 7, 1911.

193 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

?

(Bill passed in the 50th General Assembly.)

BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION.

THE ORIGINAL BILL.

§ 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — § 3. Annual Report,

proviso.

§ 2. How drawn.

An Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association.

Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association have
for years given much time and labor without compensation in the endeavor
to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and,

Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-
growers of the State warrants the expenditure of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers contain-
ing practical information concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the
same and enable this organization to defray the expenses of annual meet-
ings, publishing reports, suppressing foul brood among bees in the State,
and promote the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted, hy the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assernbly: That there be and is hereby appropriated
for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum for the years 1917, 1918. For the pur-
pose of advancing the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers
of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State
Beekeepers' Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the proceedings of said meetings suppressing
foul brood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no officer or officers of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation
whatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this fund.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the
Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State of Illinois in favor of the treasury of the Illinois
State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and
receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the President countersigned by the Secretary, and make
annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided by law.

Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows:

For shorthand reporting $ 200.00

For postage and stationery. . . . .' 50.00

For printing 550.00

Expense of meetings 200.00

Total amount of the appropriation $1,000.00

The Assembly ruled that this is not to be paid in lump but drawn on
itemized accounts.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 193

CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING API-
ARIAN EXHIBITS AT FAIR AS ADOPTED BY ILLINOIS
STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey, shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style of display 20

Quality 40

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5 Straightness of comb. 5

Clearness of capping.... 10 Uniformity 5

Compl9teness of capping 5 Style of section 5

Completeness of filling. . . .\ 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a
water soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is
a most important one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be, so as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood
honey should be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a bright yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections
composing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis, etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the highest
in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and at-
tractiveness of an exhibit should be considered.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style of display 15

Quality 45

Rule 2. The points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Clearness of color 5 Variety of package 5

Body 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Remarks: 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very
light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a
dull amber.

2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that con-
sists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because
it involves the best package for marketing. We want to show honey in the
best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most
—13 B A

194 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

attractive style for exhibition. Glass packages should be given the prefer-
ence over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey," should be given the preference.

4. By finish is meant capping, labeling, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted
than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher nurbber
of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display.

SAMPLES OF COMB, AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate
premiums, should be judged by substantially the same rules as those given
for a display of comb honey, and samples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey.

Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display in their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated honey should be judged by the rules
for extracted honey, except as below.

Rule 2. The points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5

Color 5 Finish 5

Flavor .5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted honey.

NUCLEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100, as
follows :

Color and markings 30 Quietness 5

Size of bees 30 Style of comb 5

Brood 10 Style of hive 10

Queen .^10

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhibited only in the form of single
frame nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides.

2. Italian bees should show three or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden or light yellow.

3. The markings of other ,raQes should be those claimed for those races
in their purity. ■ ,

4. A nucleus from which the queen is omitted should score zero on that
point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should
score the higne^t in that respect.

6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood, should score the highest in that
respect. ^ '

7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc.,
to the best advantage shomd score the highest.

- ^-4

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. $0

■■•■■■,. ■~^'''
QUEEN BEES. ^. *^'

Rule. Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100, as
follows:

Quantity 40 Style of caging and display 20

Quality and variety 40 ^

Remarks: 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderance of Italiafi queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but
sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under the
head of quality should also be considered the attendant bees. There should
be about a dozsn with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but
the principal points In style are to make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advantage.

BEESWAX.

Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Quality 40

Style of display 20

Remarks : 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest, and
the darker grades should come next in order.

2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded and
put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to novelty and
variety.

^

^

■ k

196 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

FOUL BROOD AND OTHER DISEASES OF BEES.

Foul brood — bacillus alvei — is a fatal and contagious disease among
bees, dreaded most of all by beekeepers. The germs of disease are either
given to the young larval bee in its food when it hatches from the egg of
the queen bee, or it may be contagion from a diseased colony, or if the
queen deposits eggs, or the worker bees store honey or pollen in such combs.
If in any one of the above cases, ths disease ■vnll soon appear, and the germs
increase with great rapidity, going from one little cell to another, colony to
colony of bees, and then to all the neighboring apiaries, thus soon leaving
whole apiaries with only diseased combs to inoculate others. The Island of
Syria in three years lost all of its great apiaries from foul brood. Dzierzon,
in 1868, lost his entire apiary of 500 colonies. Cowan, the editor of the
British Bee Journal, recently wrote: "The only visible hindrance to the
rapid expansion of the bee industry is the prevalence of foul brood, which
is so rapidly spreading over the country as to make beekeeping a hazardous
occupation." i

Canada's foul brood inspector, in 1890 to 1892, reported 2,395 cases, and
in a later report for 1893 to 1896, that 40 per cent of the colonies inspected
were diseased. Cuba is one of the greatest honey producing countries, and
was lately reported to me by a Wisconsin beekeeper who has been there, and
will soon return to Wisconsin: "So plentiful is foul brood in Cuba that I
have knawn whole apiaries to dwindle out of existence from its ravages,
and hundreds more are on the same road to sure and certain death. I,
myself; took, in 90 days in Cuba, 24,000 pounds of fine honey from 100
colonies, but where is that apiary and my other 150-colony apiary? Dead
from four brood." Cuba, in 1901," exported 4,975,600 pounds of honey, and
1,022,897 pounds of beeswax.

Cuba at present has laws to suppress foul brood, and her inspector is
doing all possible to stamp the same from the island.

Even in Wisconsin I know of several quite large piles of empty hives,
where also many other apiaries where said disease had gotten a strong
foothold.

By the kindness of the Wisconsin beekeepers, and, in most cases, by
their willing assistance, I have, during the last five years, gotten several
counties fres of the disease, and at the present writing, March 12, 1902, have
what there is in Wisconsin under control and quarantined. This dreadful
disease is often imported into our- State from other states and counties, so
we may expect some new cases to develop until all the states shall enact
such laws as will prevent further- spread of the same. Arizona, New York
(1899), California (1891), Nebraska (1895), Utah (1892), Colorado (1897),
have county inspectors, and W^isconsin (1897), and Michigan (1901) have
state inspectors. The present Wisconsin law, after five years of testing and
rapid decrease of the disease, is considered the best, and many other states
are now making efforts to secure a like law.

There are several experimental apiaries in Canada, under control of
the Ontario Agricultural College; also a few in the United States, especially
in Colorado, that have done great work for the beekeeping industry, and
their various published bulletins on the same are very valuable. The Wis-
consin State Beekeepers' Association has asked that an experimental apiary
might be had on the Wisconsin Experimental Farm, but at present there
are so many departments asking for aid that I fear it may be some time
iDefore beeculture will be taken up.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

CAUSES OP FOUL. BROOD. ^i>i2^

1. Many writers claim foul brood originates from chilled or dead brood.
Dr. Howard, of Texas, one of the best practical modern scientific experi-
menters, a man of authority, has proven beyond a doubt that chilled or
common dead brood does not produce foul brood. I have, in the last five
years, also proven his statement to be true in Wisconsin, but I do believe
such conditions of dead brood are the most favorable places for lodgment
and rapid growth of disease. Also, I do not believe foul brood germs are
fioating in the air, for, if they were, why would not every brood-comb cell
of an infected hive become diseased? I believe that this disease spreads
only as the adult bees come in contact with it, which is often through
robber bees. Brood-combs should not be removed from any colony on cold
or windy days, nor should they be left for a moment in the direct rays of
sunshine on hot days.

2. The foul brood may be caused by the need of proper food and tem-
perature. Generally this disease does not appear to be serious during a
honey fiow', but at the close of the honey season, or at time of scarcity, it is
quite serious, and as the bees at such times will rob anywhere they can find
stores, whether from healthy or diseased combs, it is the duty of every bee-
keeper to keep everything carefully protected. Hive entrances contracted,
no old combs or any article with a drop of honey in where the bees can get
to it. While honey is coming in from the various flowers, quite a portion
is used direct as food for the larval bee, and Avith such no disease would be
fed to the bees. Such fed bees, even in a diseased hive, will hatch, as is
often the case. I never knew a case where a bee hatched from a brood cell
that had ever had foul brood in. If the germs of disease are there in the
dried scale attached to the- lower side walls, bees will store honey therein;
the queen will deposit eggs, or the cell may be filled with pollen, or beebread;
as some call it. Said honey, or pollen, when it comes in contact with those
germs of disease, of the food given to the young bes, if in the proper tem-
perature, said germs of diseaae will grow and develop rapidly. /,

- ■ ' CAUSES OF CONTAGION. ■_'/ -'y' ^y':-'.^^:/'---'

I fully believe that if the history of foul brood in Wisconsin were known,
nearly every case could be traced to contagion from diseased combs, honey,
or from home diseased queen breeders' cages. There are some instances
where I have traced the history of contagion in Wisconsin:

1. Diseased apiaries, also single colonies, sold either at auction or
private sale. Several law suits have resulted in the settlement of some of
the cases. ' .......— :.

2. Brood-combs and various; implements from diseased hives, used "by
other beekeepers, and borrowed articles. ' "

3. All the bees in an apiary dead from foul brood, and the hives having
an abundance of honey in the brood-combs, said combs placed out by the
side of hives, so that neighbor's bees might get the honey. From those
combs I lined robbsr bees to seven other apiaries, and each- time became
diseased and were treated. * _'' - •_

4. Robber bees working on empty honey packages in the back yards
of grocery stores and baking factories. Said honey came from diseased
apiaries, some located in far distant states^ even Cuba.

^5. Loaning of hives, combs, extractors, and even empty honey packages.

''6... Buying honey from strangers, or not knowing where it was pro-
,duQed, and feeding It to bees- without boiling the honey. . ,

. 7. Too cornmon .a practice o.t'i}sing,old brood-combs from some apiary
Vhere the owner's bees have died "ffom ""tad luck," as he calls it.

8. Queen bee — by buying .queen, be.es frQ.m strangers and introducing
them in the cages they came in. I iiave traced several new outbreaks of the
disease to the hives where such queens were introduced, and the queens
came from distant states. To be safe, on arrival of queen, put her carefully
alone in a new and clean cage with good food in it. Keep her in there, warm

^-

198 ^ NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

;

and comfortable, for a few hours before, introducing. The shipping cage and
every bee that came with the queen should be put in the stove and burned.
I do not think there is any danger from the queen so treated, even from
diseased hives, but I do know of many cases where disease soon appear in
the hives, where the shipping cage and bees were put in with the colony.
The great danger is in the food in said cage being made from diseased
honey. I was called to attend a state beekeepers' meeting in another state,
and I asked if any there had had experience with foul brood. There was a
goodly number of raised hands. Then I asked: "Do any of you think you
got the disease by buying queen bees?" Again several hands were raised.
Even beekeepers there had traced the disease in their apiaries to the buying
of queens, and all from the same breeder. If you get queens from abroad,
I hope you will do with them as I have described above. Better be on the
safe side.

EXPERIMENTS.

1. A prominent Wisconsin beekeeper some years ago had foul brood
among his bees so bad that he lost 200 colonies before the disease was
checked. Having a honey extractor and comb foundation machine, he iirst
boiled the hives in a large sorghum pan, then in a kettle all combs were
melted after the honey was extracted; the honey was boiled and also the
extractor and implements used. The bees were returned to their hives on
comb foundation he made from the wax made from the melted combs, then
fed the boiled honey. Several years have passed, and there has been no
sign of disease in his apiary since.

2. Foul brood germs are not always killed when exposed to a tempera-
ture of 212 deg. F. (boiling point) for 45 minutes. But in every case where
the combs are boiled in boiling water, and same were well stirred while
boiling, no germs were alive.

3. Foul brood in brood-combs is not destroyed when exposed to the
temperature of Wisconsin winters of 20 deg. below zero, and in one case I
developed foul brood from combs that had been exposed to 28 deg. below zero.

4. Honey, if stored in diseased combs, acts as a preserving medium,
and in such cases the germs of disease will remain so long as the comb is
undisturbed. Four years at least.

5. Honey or beeswax, or the refuse from a solar or sunheat extractor,
is not heated enough to kill foul brood germs. Several cases of contagion
where robber bees worked on solar extractor refuse or honey.

6. Comb foundation made by supply manufacturers is free from live
germs of disease and perfectly safe to use. To prove this experiment beyond
a doubt, I took a quantity of badly diseased brood-combs from several
apiaries and render each batch of combs into wax myself on the farm where
found. Then on my own foundation mill I made some brood foundation. I
also took quite a quantity more of said wax, went to two wholesale comb
foundation manufacturers, and both parties willingly made my experimental
wax into comb foundation, just the same as they do every batch of wax, I
then divided the various makes of foundation, and selected 20 of the best
beeyards in Wisconsin, where no disease has ever been known; had the same
placed in 62 of their best coloni^, and in eVery case no signs of disease have
appeared. Those same colonies - continue to be the best in the various
apiaries. "^

SYMPTOMS OF FOUL BROOD.

1. The infected colony isi not liable' to be as industrious. Hive en-
trances with few guard bees to protect their home. Sometimes fine dirt or
little bits of old comb and dead bees in and around the hive entrance, and
often robber bees seeking entrance.

2. Upon opening the hive, the brood in the combs is irregular, badly
scattered, with many empty cells which need inspection.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPER's ASSOCIATION. 199

3. The cappings over healthy brood are oval, smooth, and of a healthy
color peculiar to honey bee brood, but if diseased, the cappings are sunken,
a little darker in color, and have ragged pin holes. The dead larval bee is
of a light color, and, as it is termed, ropy, so that if a toothpick is inserted
and slowly withdrawn, this dead larva will draw out much like spittle
or glue.

4. In this ropy stage there is more or less odor peculiar to the disease;
it smells something like an old, stale gluepot. A colony may be quite badly
affected and not admit much odor, only upon opening of the hive or close
examination of the brood. I have treated a few cases where the foul brood
odor was plainly noticed several rods from the apiary.

5. Dried Scales — If the disease has reached the advanced stages, all the
above described conditions will be easily seen and the dried scales as well.
This foul matter is so tenacious that the bees cannot remove it, so it dries
down on the low^er side wall of the cell, midway from the bottom to front
end of the cell, seldom on the bottom of the cell. According to its stage
of development, there will be either the shapeless mass of dark brown
matter, on the lower side of the cell, often with a wrinkled skin covering,
as if a fine thread had been inserted in the skin lengthwise and drawn
enough to form rib-like streaks on either side. Later on it becomes hardened,
nearly black in color, and in time dries down to be as thin as the side walls
of the cell. Often there will be a small dried bunch at the front end of the
cell, not larger than a part of a common pin head. To see it plainly, take
the comb by the top bar and hold it so that a good light falls into the cell
at an angle of 75 degrees from the tip of the comb, while your sight falls upon
the cell at an angle of about 45 degrees. The scales, if present,, will easily
be seen as above described. This stage of disease in combs is easily seen,
and is always a sure guide or proof of foul brood. Such combs can never be
used safely by the bees, and must be either burned or carefully melted. Be
sure not to mistake such marked combs in the spring for those soiled with
bee dysentery. The latter have a somewhat similar appearance, but are
more or less surface soiled, and will also be spotted or have streaked appear-
ance by the dark brown sticky excrements from the adult bees.

TREATMENT.

"A beekeeper who does not discover foul brood, before his nostrils re-
mind him that there is something wrong with his bees, is not the proper
person to treat the case." Dr. Howard, in his valuable book on foul brood,
states: "I regard the use of all drugs in the treatment of foul brood as a
useless waste of time and material, wholly ineffectual, inviting ruin and
total loss of bees. Any method which has not for its object the entire re-
moval of all infectious material beyond the reach of both bees and brood,
will prove detrimental and destructive, and surely encourage the recurrence
of the disease." In Wisconsin, I have tried many methods of treatment,
and cured some cases with each method; but the one that never fails, if
carefully followed, and that commends itself, is the McEvory treatment.
Canada's foul brood inspector has cured foul brood by the wholesale —
thousands of cases.

McEVOY TREATMENT.

"In the honey season, when the bees are gathering honey freely, remove
the combs in the evening and shake the bees into their own hives; give
them frames with comb foundation starters, and let them build comb for
four days. The bees will make the starters into comb during the four days,
and store the diseased honey in them, which they took with thgm from the
old comb. Then, in the evening of the four.th day, take out the new combs
and give them comb foundation (full sheets) to' work out, and then the cure
will be complete. By this method of treatment all the diseased honey is re-
moved from the bees before the full sheets of foundation are worked out.
All the old foul brood combs must be burned or carefully made into wax»

200 NINETEENTH xi.NNUAL REPORT OF THE

after they are removed from the hiv'fe, .and all the new combs made out of
the starters during the four days must be burned or made into wax, on
account of the diseased honey that wfetild be stored in them. All the curing
or treating of diseased colonies- should be done in the evening, so as not to
have any robbing done or cause any of the bees from the diseased colonies
to mix and go with the bees of healthy colonies. By doing all the work in
the evening, it gives the bees a chance to settle down nicely before morning,
and then there is no confusion or trouble. This same method of curing
colonies of foul brood can be carried on at any time from May to October,
when the bees are not getting any honey, by feeding plenty of sugar syrup
in the evenings to take the place of the honey flow. It will start the bees
robbing and spread the disease, to work with foul brood colonies in warm
days when the bees are not gathering honey, and for that reason all work
must be done in the evenings wTien no bees are flying.

"When the diseased colonies are weak in bees, put the bees, two, three,
or four colonies together, so as to get a good sized colony to start the cure
with, as it does not pay to spend time fussing with little, weak colonies.
When the bees are not gathering honey, any apiary can be cured of foul,
brood by removing the diseased combs in the evsning and giving the bees
frames with comb foundation starters on. Then, also, in the evening feed
the bees plenty of sugar syrup, and they will draw out the foundation and
store the diseased honey which they took with them from the old combs; on
the fourth evening remove the new combs made out of the starters, and
give the bees full sheets of comlj foundation, and feed plenty of sugar syrup
each evening, until every colony is in first class order. Make the syrup
out of granulated sugar, putting one pound of water to every pound of sugar,
and bring it to a boil. As previously stated, all the old comb must be burned,
or made into wax, and so must all new combs made during the four days.
No colony is cured of foul brood by the use of any drug.

"A. I. Root, of Medina,. Ohio, says: 'The starvation plan, in connection
with burning the combs and frames and building the hives, has worked the
best in treating foul brood. It ^ever appeared after each treatment, though
it did in some cases where the hives were honey-stained and not boiled, thus
confirming the theory or fact of spores.' "

All the difference from the 'McEvory treatment that I practice is this:
I dig a peep pit on level ground near the diseased apiary, and after getting
a fire in the pit, such diseased combs, frames, etc., as are to be burned are
burned in this pit in the evening, and then the fresh earth from the pit
returned to cover all from sight. Often I use some kerosene oil, a little at a
time being poured on old brood combs, or those having much honey in, as
they are hard to burn. If diseased combs with honey in are burned on the
surface of the soil, there is great danger; the honey, when heated a little,
will run like water on the soil, and in the morning the robber bees will be
busy taking home the diseased honey that was not heated enough to kill
germs of foul brood.

I also cage the queen while the bees are on the five or six strips of
foundation. It helps to keep thje. colony from deserting the hive and going
to other colonies.

R. L. Taylor, Michigan University Experimental Apiary, reports: "The
plan that the colony be' shaken out into another hive after being allowed to
build comb for four days, I have proven, in 100 cases, to be unnecessary."

In Wisconsin I, too, have cured several cases by the one transferring,
when honey was not coming in very freely, but it is better, and a great
saving of time to both bees and owner, to exchange in three or four days,
those foundation starters, for full sheets of foundation. Diseased brood
combs and those with honey in, if melted in a sun or solar extractor, the
wax, honey or residue is not hot enough to kill germs of foul brood. This
I have proven by several experijnents. It must be boiled and well stirred
while boiling, to be safe.

I do not believe in, or practice, burning any property, such as hives,
bees, beeswax or honey, that can be safely treated and saved. Many times

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEr's ASSOCIATION. 201

it is poor economy to save all, and so many beekeepers are not so situated as
to keep all diseased materials from robber bees while taking care of it; the
best and only safe way is to burn the diseased combs and frames.

UTAH.

Utah has county inspectors, and from one who has remarkable success
I copy the report of his method of treatment.

"Wherever found it should be dealt with earnestly and with dispatch.
If the colony is weak, I recommend something to kill the bees, and, in order
to do this without letting a bee escape, take a tablespoonful of sulphur and
place it in the hive entrance of the hives; if there is any breeze, turn the
hive so it will blow in the entrance. Then fire the sulphur and it will soon
kill the bees. This should be done early in the morning, before any of the
bees are flying, as one bae escaping from the hive might carry the disease
to any colony with which it may take up its abode. If the colony is a strong
,one, I would keep the entrance partly closed, so as to prevent any other
bees from getting in. Then as soon as fruit blossoms come out so the bees
can obtain honey, I treat them. I procure an empty box of any kind, so it
is clean, then find the queen, put her in a screen wire cage, which is easily
made. Take a small piece of screen roll it up and tie a string around either
end; cork up one end, then place the queen and a few workers, for company,
in the cage, and place in the other end cork. Put same in this box, and
shake all the bees out of their hive into this box. This must be done in the
evening, when no bees are flying. Keep the queen in this box for 24 to 48
hours, allowing the bees to fly in and out as they please. Next take a clean hive,
with good, healthy combs or foundation, and shake bees into it, letting the
queen go, and they will be free from disease. The old combs are melted into
wax, bringing same to a good boil. Often washing with boiling water any
hives or implements that might contain disease. Whenever strictly followed,
this has affected a cure." C. Wilcox, Emery Co., Utah.

PICKLED BROOD.

Some seasons pickled brood is quite bad among bees, and in a few cases
I have known it to reduce large colonies, even large apiaries, to doubtful
hopes, but those same colonies, after I gave them treatment, were in a month
free from disease. Sometimes it takes as careful handling as if foul brood.
I do not believe it is contagious, for all I have seen 60 colonies in one apiary
badly reduced by it. As an experiment, one of my out-apiaries had 50
colonies at one time with pickled brood. I treated them, and all were soon
free from dead brood. At the same time I took ten of the worst brood-
combs, where at least two-thirds of the brood were dead, and placed these
combs in other strong, healthy colonies. They at once cleaned out the dead

brood, and reared as nice brood as one could ask for.

1-1

SYMPTOMS.

The larval bees (in last of May and through June show light brown
spots; a little, later the cappings have small holes in — the cappings are not
shrunken or dark colored, as in foul brood. The dead bee will be first
swollen, with a black head dried to a hard bunch, and often turned up —
Chinaman-shoe-like. The skin of the dead bee is quite tough, and, if punc-
tured, the thin, watery fluid of the body will flow as freely as water, often
a little yellow or brownish colored from the dissolved pollen from the abdo-
men of the bee. It has very little or no smell; does not at any time stick to
the walls of the comb; is easily pulled out of the cell; is never ropy or
sticky, and, if the colony is properly cared for, the bees will take care of
themselves. Plenty of liquid, unsealed honey and pollen near the brood, and
hives so protected as to keep the bees and brood comfortable on cold days
arid nights.

t
202 NINETEENTH ANNUAL KEPOET OF THE

Never put bees on old black brood-combs, or those with dead broods in;
better make wax of the combs, and give the bees full sheets of brood-comb
foundation. |

TREATMENT.

Keep all colonies strong, with plenty of unsealed honey near the brood,
and if hives are properly sheltered, so as to be warm on cold days and
nights, there will be little or no pickled brood. If the queen is old, shows
signs of weakness by putting several eggs in one brood cell and nursing
several others, so that the brood is patchy, I would kill such a queen, feed
the bees a little, and, when queen cells are started, remove them all and
give them a queen and bees, between two of her own brood-combs from a hive
where she has lived. I do not luink pickled brood is often the fault of the
queen, but rather a lack of proper food and heat in the hive. In most cases,
a shortage of liquid honey, or moldy pollen, even in hives with plenty of
sealed honey in the outer combs. T^ere is a time in spring in Wisconsin,
between dandelions and white clover abloom, when there is no honey coming*
in from flowers, and often cold days "and nights, so that the live bees con-
sume the liquid, unsealed honey first, and cluster in a compact body to keep
warm; the result often is the larval bee, just changed from the egg to a
tender little grub, is either starved, half-fed or chilled, so that it grows
slowly, and too often it dies, and then it is we first notice this about the time
white clover honey begins to come in. In other parts of the state, where
pickled brood appeared, it was from the same cause, and at other dates,
which was due to a difference of time of honey bloom.

Wherever I fed daily some honey, or even sugar syrup, and kept the hive
warm, all dead brood soon disappeared while in the same apiaries other
colonies affected and not so treated, continued for some time, but got rid
of it as soon as treated.

Strong colonies of bees in the fall, with a young laying queen, and an
abundance of good honey, sealed ^r capped by the bees, if properly cared for
during winter, whether in the cellar or in chaff hives, wintered out of doors
in sheltered -location, seldom haV^.pickled brood, chilled or other dead brood,
or dysentery, and are the colonies that give thsir owner profit.

BLACK BROOD.

Black brood is another fatal and contagious disease among bees, affect-
ing the old bees as well as the brood. In 1898, 1899 and 1900, it destroyed
several apiaries in New York. Last year I found one case of it in Wisconsin
which was quickly disposed of. Dr. Howard made more than a thousand
microscopic examinations, and founii it to be a distinct form of bacteria. It
is most active in sealed brood. The bees affected continue to grow until
they reach the pupa stage, then *urn black and die. At this stage there is a
sour smell. No decomposition from putrefaction germs in pickled brood. In
black brood the dark and rotten mass in time breaks down and settles to
lower side walls of the cell; is of a watery, granulated, syrupy fluid, jelly-
like; is not ropy or sticky, as in foul brood, and has a peculiar smell, re-
sembling sour, rotten apples. Not even a house fly will set a foot upon it.

TREATMENT.

Best time is during honey flow, and the modified McEvoy plan, much as
I have treated foul brood, by caging the queen five days, remove the founda-
tion starters and giving full sheets, keeping queen caged five days longer.
As great care should be taken of diseased hives, combs, honey, etc., as in
foul brood.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEr's ASSOCIATION. ^03

DYSENTERY.

Dysentery among bees in Wisconsin in the spring of the year is often
quite serious. Many colonies die with it. Dysentery is the excrements of
the old bees; it is of brownish color, quite sticky, and very disagreeable
smelling, and is sometimes mistaken for foul brood.

CAUSES.

1. Bees confined too long in the hives, so that they can no longer with-
hold their excrements, and are compelled to void the same on the other bees
and combs.

2. Poor winter stores, gathered in the fall from honey-dew, cider mills,
sorghum mills, rotten fruit; also some kinds of fall flowers.

3. Old and especially moldy pollen or bee-bread.

4. Hives too cold or damp. If moisture from the breath of the bees is
not carried out of the hive by some means such as through a deep cushion
of some kind over the bees that will absorb moisture and at the same time
retain the heat, or by some means of ventilation, so that all is dry and
comfortable. If mold forms on the combs or cellar is so damp as to form
mold, there is great danger the bees will have dysentery and die.

TREATMENT.

1. First of all, have an abundance of combs of sealed clover or bass-
wood honey in brood frames carefully saved, and see that each colony is
wintered on such food. Three or four such combs will winter a fair colony
safely, if confined on those combs late in the fall, and the hive contracted
to fit the same. This is one of the most important conditions for success in
wintering.

2. If in the fall the bees have gathered this unwholesome honey from
the above named sources, it should all be extracted and either exchanged for
those honey combs, or feed the bees good honey or sugar syrup until winter
stores are secured. This should- be done before cold weather in the fall.

3. Hives contracted and made comfortable, whether in cellar or out-
doors.

4. If wintered in chaff hives outdoors, with feed as above directed, and
there come one or two warm spells during winter, so that the bees can have
a cleansing flight, they will not have dysentery or dead brood, and will be
much stronger when clover opens.

If wintered in the cellar, the bees will not need so much honey, and if
the winters are generally long, with doubtful warm spells, the cellar will
be best. But to keep the bees from dysentery, so often fatal to cellar-
wintered bees, they should have such winter stores as above spoken of, then
the cellar kept at a medium temperature, about 32 deg. F., ventilated so the
air is fresh, and no mold will form in the cellar. Fresh air-slaked lime on
the bottom of the cellar may help, if it is damp or has poor air.

5. Dysentery will not appear if bees are kept on sugar syrup, or best
grade white clover or basswood honey, and are in a dry place, either sheltered
by cellar or chaff hive.

204

NINETEEXTl^ ANNUAL KErOET OF THE

ETEEX'

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

A.ikman, H. L., R. 1, Farmerville, 111.
Ambrose, Valentine, Wenona, 111.
Arnold, F. X., Deer Plain, 111.
Arrowsmith. Mrs. H. P., Gibson City,

111.
Anderson, H. J., Chandlerville, 111.
Augestine, A. A., R. 1, 'Dakota, 111.
Baxter, Dr. A. C, 1418 Holmes Av.,

Springfield, 111.
Baldwin, H. L., 210 Indiana Av.,

Danville, 111.
Banta, R. R., Oquawka, 111.
Barr, Geo. P., R. 4, Springfield, 111.
Barrick, C. M., Box 110, Robinson,

111.
Bartlett, Ira D., East Jordan, Mich.
Bast, Henry, Virginia, 111.
Bellatti, Fred P., Mt. Pulaski, 111.

Brelsfoard, W. H., Box 123, Kenney,

111.
Brennemann, A. I., R. 1, Hopedale,

111.
Brock, J. P., Bethany, 111.
Bunch, J. P., Box 41, Naples, 111.
Bullington, John, R. 2, Vandalia, 111.
Carey, G. W., Box 564, Winchester,

111.
Carlson, P. A., 503 SE. 4th, Galva, 111.
Campbell, Ernest J., Maroa. 111.
Carrico, John G., Barnett, 111.
Campbell & Co., John F,, 326 W.

Madison, Chicago, 111.
Carver Bros., R. 5, Canton, 111.
Claypool, Geo., R. 8, Marshall, 111.
Chewing, A. J., Canton, 111.
Chamberlain, T. J., 104 Nicholas Av.,

Danville, 111.

Berg, B., R. 5, Danville, 111. , — .

Bennett, C. S., 830 S. 7th St., Charles-] Chapman, M., Valley, 111

ton. 111. ^ Chapman, Geo., Green Valley, 111.

Benson, August, R. 2, Box 96*,^ Cloyd, T. C, Morrisonville, 111.

ProphetstoM^n, 111. J Clower, H. L., R. 1, Morrisonville,

Bender, F. C, Newman, 111. , HI.

Bear, Wm. L., Buena Vista, 111. Corson, Mrs. Nathan, Pleasant Plains,
Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoln, 111. 111.

Berry, Eugene F., R. 4, Taylorville. Costello, Mrs. Robert, Buffalo Hart,

111. 7 111.

Bigel, Wm., N. Hawthorn FarnV, Coate, Eber., R. 2, Georgetown, 111.

Barrington, 111. \ Coates, R. E., R. 3, Prijiceville, 111

Bishop, Elmer, Virden, 111.

Bishop, Frank, Box 186, Taylorville,

111. '
Boothby, Chas. M., Box C, Griggs-

ville. 111.
Bowers, Ira, R. 1, Mt. Zion, 111. : '
Bolinger, John, R. 3, Mason City, 111.
Bockman, Val. H., 512 W. Bridge St.,

Streator, 111.
Bowen, J. W., Jacksonville, 111. ^
Bryant, E. J., 676 Walnut Av., Elgin,

111.
Bradford, W. F., Biggsville, 111.
Brigham, Wm., 1108 E. Oakland,

Bloomington, 111.
Braun, Wm., R. 2, Red Bud, 111.
Brown, H. F., Newark, 111. I

Brown, Geo. E., Franklin, 111. i

Cobb, J. Ira, 1905 S. College St.,
Springfield, 111.

Coen, Clara May, Woodside Farm,
Washburn, 111.

Collins, Ralph C, R. 4. Waterloo, 111.

Cameron, T. J., Lincoln, 111.

Coppin, Aaron, Wenona, 111.

Coy, De F., 3228 Aurora Av., Berwyn,
111.

Current, Harold, 446 W. Mian, Dun-
kirk, Ind.

Cunningham, J. C, 906 Maple, Strea-
tor, 111.

Crum, F. 0., Box 187, Palmyra, 111.

Dadant, C. P., Hamilton, 111.

Davis, Chas. W., Curran, 111.

Davis, T. J., Pawnee, 111.

DeSort, Frank, 1308 Ottawa, Lincoln,
111.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPER S ASSOCIATIOX.

305

DeJarnett, F. J., Beason, 111.

Deem, B. L., Moline, 111.

Dixon, M. J., 1601 5th, Lincoln, 111.

Diebold, A. J., Seneca, 111.

Downey, Jas. C, Jerseyville, 111.

Downing, Frank, Clayton, 111.

Drake, John, Box 181, Warsaw, 111.

Eickemeyer, C. A., R. 2, Crete, 111.

Eidmann, Fred, R. 2, Fults, 111.

Eisenbise, Ira B., Lanark, 111.

Elges, William H., Heyworth, 111.

Ewing, Clifford B., R. 2, Neoga, 111.

Farmer, Truman, Rohrer, 111.

Faucett, J. W., 665 Grover, Glencoe,
III.

Fawcett, Jacob, Princeton, 111.

Finger, C. A., R. 1, Marissa, 111.

Fischer, Benj. H., Roanoke, 111.

Fischer, Henry F., R. 1, Bensonville,
111.

Fisher, Floyd F., Shirland, 111.

Fosse, E. P., Box 248, Marion, 111.

Frey, Jake, Mechanicsburg, 111.

Fussner, Joe C, Brimfield, 111.

Funk, H. W., 710 N. School, Normal,
111.

Galushka, Joseph, 926 Pekin, Lin-
coln, 111.

Geddes, J.. F., 204 Dale Bldg., Dan-
ville, 111.

Gheen, Jas. T., Auburn, 111.

Gleich, Jacob, Nokomis, 111;

Good, James E., R, 2, Ashland, 111.

Goemplar, A. W., Oquawka, 111.

Gatfredson, Chas., Box 109, Sheffield.

111.
Greer, M. W., Rushville, 111.
Grommet, Wm., R. 2, Red Bud, 111.
Grover, James H., Versailles, 111.
Haan, J. Frank, DesPlaines, 111.
"Hansel, Charlie, R. 3, Minooka, 111.
Hart, William, 222 S. 5th St., Spring-

iield. 111.
Hayes, G. M., Curran, 111.
Hallock, W. H., 309 W. Walnut, Fair-
bury, 111.
Harris, Jas. D., Alhambra, 111.
Heilman, Geo. A., 209 Sabella, Pekin,

111,
Helmig, Frank, Oquawka, 111.
Hendricks, F. E., Star Route, Fred-
erick, 111.
Hettle, Henry, Marine, 111.
Heinzel, A. O., Camden, Tex.
Hington, J. A., New Berlin, 111.
Hoes, T. Scott, Butler, 111.
H'oover, B. Frank, R. 1, Dixon, 111.
Hoerr, Louis, Pekin, 111.
Hollowell, J. J., Farmer City, 111.
Hopkins, N. Liggett, Metropolis, 111.
Horack, Charles, Streator, 111.

-Holmes, W. J., 417 W. Division,
Galva, 111.

Holmes, H. G., Nokomis, III.

Hollard, Fred E., Box 285, Highland,
111.

Hopps, A. D., Box 71, LaMoille, 111.

Horning, Lee, R. 4, Morrison, 111.

Hyde, C. H., Saverton, Mo.

Hyde, Fred E., New Canton, 111.

Jensen, C, Stewardson, 111.

Jeffries, A. E., R. 5, Springfield, 111.

Johnson, E. F., 201 S. Walnut St.,
Springfield, 111.

Keagy, A. S., R. 3, Litchfield, 111.

Kellogg, AVill M., New Boston, 111.

Kenyon, Harold, Red Oak, 111.

Kildow, A. L., Putnam, 111.

King, Harry L., R. 5, Springfield, 111.

Kirk, William S., Box 58, Farmers-
ville. 111.

Kirlin, Elva, Warsaw, 111.

Kness, I. F., R. 4, Morrison, 111.

Kommer, Elmer, Woodhull, 111.

Kommer, Edwin,. R. 4, Cambridge,
111.

Kruse, Chas., Paris, 111.

Krontz, John H., Stewardson, IlL

krotz, Joseph V., 1221 N. Logan,
Lincoln, 111.

Kuczynski, John F., R. 4, Amboy, III

Lake, E. S., Arminton, 111.

Lanham, C. R., Cornland, 111. ;

LaFond, John, Oquawka, 111.

Laube, August, Atlanta, 111.

Laurie, T. E., 525 E. College, Jack-
sonville, 111.

Lawson, B. P., Lyoua, 111.

Lefever, F. O., Milmine, 111.

Leib, E. L., Winchester, 111.

Leib, Dr. J. R., Springfield, 111.

Lesser, F. W., R. 3, East Syracuse,
N. Y.

Lewis, G. B. Co., Watertown, 111.

Lind, M. H., Box 74, Bader, 111.

Lobdell, E. L., R. 1, Rockton, 111.

Logan, Alton L., care Am. Car &
Foundry Co., Madison, 111.

Macklin, Chas. G., 505 W. Wall, Mor-
rison, 111.

Marcosky, Jacob, 1202 N. Hamilton,
Lincoln, 111.

Martin, C. E., Hopedale, 111.

Matthew, O. R., R. 3, Beardstown, 111.

May, Fred H., Meredosia, 111.

McClure, J. H., Roodhouse, 111.

McConnell, Herman R., R. 3, Robin-
son, 111.

McDaniels, J. E., Girard., 111.

Meyers, Jesse, Roodhouse, 111.

Miner, A. B., Table Grove, 111.

Mitchell, Thomas, Oquawka, 111.

Molasch, Adam, R. 6, Springfield, 111.

206

NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Moomey, J. F., Mechanicsburg, 111.
Morgan, Moses C, Blue Mound. 111.
Moye, Kelley E., Omaha, 111.
Mrovka, Edmund, R. 2, Box 114, Col-

linsville, 111.
Mueller, W. G. & Co., Bluffs. 111.
Neff, Geo., Hecker, 111.
Nrwlln, S. L., Chrisman, 111.
Nolting, Jesse, Auburn, 111.
Norberg, Arthur J., 408 E. 4th, Spring

Valley, 111.
North, Omer, El Paso, 111.
Nussbaum, Benj., Onarga, 111.
O'Brien, John, R. 2, Newark, 111.
Orr, Wilson A., Broadwell Bldg.,

Springfield, 111.
Ostemier, John, Mechanicsburg, 111.
Ott, Melby, Middletown, 111.
Pearman, Wm., R. 1, Farmersville,

111.
Penningsdorf, F. C., Wayne. 111. ,
Perisho, Sylvan L., R. 6, Martinsville,

111.
Pitner, Tom W., 130 E. Wood, De-
catur, 111.
Plattner, Theodore R., Pekin, 111.
Poindexter, Jas., R. 4, Bloomington,

111.
Pooley, John H., Scales Mound, 111.
Racine, G. W., Bartonville, 111.

Seastream, Geo., Pawnee, 111.

Shearer, Hallock, R. 2, Mt. Carmel,
111.

Shoaff, W. Main, Shelby ville. 111.

Shorten, G., Utica, 111.

Sodenberg, Alfred, R. 1, Manlines, 111

Smith, B. Z., Tuscola, 111.

Smith, W. H., 1813 E. Main, Dan-
ville, 111.

Snell, F. A., Milledgeville, 111.

Snyder, George, R., Pinckneyville, 111.

Statts, J. L., Aurora, 111.

Strickler, B. H., Loraine, 111.

Stone, Jas. A., R. 2, Farmingdale, 111.

Stuber, Fred, R. 4, Princeton, 111.

Stumm, W. H., R. 3, Edinburg, 111.

Sturm, G. J., Macomb, 111.

Swartz, Mary E., R., Wenona, 111.

Stutt, Alfred, Lincoln, 111.

Swamson, A. E., R. 1, Hoopole. 111.

Swezey, Mrs. J. W., R. 2, Garden
Prairie, 111.

Sweasy, O. P., Colmar, 111.

Taylor, J. H., Virginia, 111.

Thomas, Arthur, Seymore, 111.

Tobin, John F., Rochester, 111.

Tolburg, F. J., 732 N. Academy,
Galesburg, 111.

Turner, W. P., Peoria Heights, 111.

Tyler, S. A., Emden, 111.

Rasmussen, Peter, R. 2, Monroe Cen- Valerines, Chas., Elkville, 111.

ter. 111. ; Van Butscle, Louis, 720 N. Center,

Reed, J. L., R. 2, San Jose, 111. Collinsville, 111.

Richards, J. C, Scales Mound, 111. Vaughn, M. M., Latham, 111.

Richardson, Dr. G. R., Princeton, 111. Vaught, Walter, 45 Bismark, Dan-

Ritter, W. C, Genoa, 111. ville. 111.

Robbins, Daniel E., R. 2, Payson, 111. Vauple, John, R. 4, Pekin, 111.

Robertson, J. H., 5324 Ferdinand, Wachter, Martin, R. 3, Hinsdale, 111.

Chicago, 111. Warber, Rev. C, Alhambra, 111.

Robinson, E. W., Jr., 1454 23d Av., Watts, C. S., 506 S. Park, Monticello,

Rock Island, 111. 111.

Robinson, M. A., 600 W. Adams, Wear, J. A., Hillview, 111.

Abingdon, 111. ^ Whitmore, H., 551, Momence, 111.

Roetker, Herman, R. 2, New Holland, whiting, J. H., Canton, 111.

111.

Root, A. I. Co., 230 W. Huron, Chi-
cago, 111.

Rutter, A. D., Gen. Del., Mt. Carmel,
111.

Sampson, Roy, Petersburg, 111.

Sager, P. B., 1109 Harman Av., Dan-
ville, 111.

Sauer, G. L., Polo, 111.

Schilling, Ben, R. 4, Waterloo, 111.

Wiley, C. H., R. 1, Harrisburg, 111.

Williams, W. H., 1015 Bacon, Pekin,
111.

Williams, H. L., 302 W. Winter, Dan-
ville, 111.

Wilom, John, Cornland, 111.

Withrow, G. M., Mechanicsburg, 111.

Wuetig, Christian J., 118 Vermount,

^T TT T^ ^ Aj Til ^Blue Island, 111.

Schoonover, H. V., R. 1, Adams, 111. ^ ,^^ „ m iH^rtinhiirff 111

Schwinn, George, 917 Carolina, Pe- ^ foder, H. ^-'^ ^'^'^^^J^' ";, ,. „,

l^ijj^ 111 , , Zimmerman, Henry ^., Bethalto, 111.

■a/..

\

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPER S ASSOCIATION.

207

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS.

E. R. Root, Ed. Gleanings, Medina,

Ohio.
C. P. Dadant, Ed. Am. Bee Journal,

Hamilton, 111.
Jas. A. Stone, Farmingdale, 111.

(Mr. Stone was Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
for 29 years.)

Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo, 111.
E. D. Townsend, Ed. Domestic Bee-
keeper, Almont, Mich.
Dr. E. F. Phillips, Washington, D. C.

MEMBERSHIP LIST OF THE CHICAGO NORTHWESTERN BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION, 1920.

G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis.
Miss Addie Sly, Birmingham, Mich.
Frank Sopher, 8048 Muskegon Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Wm. Michaelsen, Arkansaw, Wis.
Otto & Procknow, Reedsville, Wis.
Wm. Marshall, Carpentersville, 111.

F. A. North, Edgerton, Wis.
E. M. Hayes, Pittsville, Wis.
Oscar Amburn, Mindoro, Wis.
M. R. Fakes, Carbondale, 111.

Chas. F. Kohr, 3323 W. 83d PI., Chi-
cago, 111.
August J. Hintz, R. 2, Lemont, 111.
H. Lappley, Mazomanie, Wis.

G. N. Zilligen, 15030 Wood St.,
Harvey, 111.

Carl H. Tudor, 137 Evans Av., De-

Kalb, 111.
H. H. Moe, Woodford, Wis.
Otto Kerl, Black Earth, Wis.
R. A. Burnett, 173 W. South Water

St., Chicago, 111.
Van Wyngarden Bros., Hebron, Ind.
Martin Wachter, Hinsdale, 111.
Pauline Baeseman, 1218 Grand Av.,

Wausau, Wis.
Edward Hassinger, Jr., Greenville,

Wis.
J. L. Archambault, Peshtigo, Wis.
J. Kleinhesselink, Sr., Oostburg, Wis.
O. H. Schmidt, R. 5, Bay City, Mich.
F: J. Wells, Milton, Wis.
John Walker, Port Austin, Mich.
Leonhard W. Fischer, R. 3, Box 60,

Brillion, Wis.
Daniel E. Robbins, R. 2, Box 4, Pay-
son, 111.
Wm. Habermann, Garden Lodge,

Lodi, Wis.
E. C. Rothe, Kennan, Wis.
J. P. Bunch, Naples, 111.
J. C. Cunningham, 906 Maple St.,

Streator, 111.
A. Mottaz, Utica, 111.
J. R. Simmons, 15544 Turlington Av.,

Harvey, 111.

(The Northwestern members are

E. J. Bryant, 676 Walnut Av., Elgin,
111.

Mrs. M. J. Hammett, 4000 Belle
Plaine Av., Chicago, 111.

Wm. Russow, 3458 Nagle Av., Chi-
cago, 111.

Arthur Krause, 3237 Natchez Av.,
Chicago, 111.

J. C. Wheeler, 622 S. Austin Blvd.,
Oak Park, 111.

C. O. Smith, 5446 Cornell Av., Chi-
cago, 111.

Arthur Flood, 3618 S. 54th Ct.,
Cicero, 111.

F. W. Sievert, Porter, Ind.
Herman Teutemacher, Dyer, Ind.

C. F. Kannenberg, 1114 Augusta St.,
Oak Park 111.

Howard W. 'Fisher, 1313 N. State St.,
Chicago, 111.

W. C. Lyman, Downers Grove, 111.

J. R. Wooldridge, 2021 W. 70th St.,
Chicago, 111.

F. J. Rettig, Wabash, Ind.

E. H. Bruner, 3836 N. Kostner Av.,
Chicago, 111.

R. J. Dietmeyer, 8521 S. Sangamon
St., Chicago, 111.

A. C. Spatch, 2333 N. Tripp Av., Chi-
cago, 111.

John G. Reichert, 3227 Aurora Av.,
Berwyn, 111.

W. B. Blume, Norwood Park, 111.

H. Roehrs, Hinsdale, 111.

L. C. Dadant, Hamilton, 111.

W. H. H. Stewart, Emerson, 111.

John C. Bull, 1013 Calumet Av., Val-
paraiso, Ind.

E. S. Miller, 508 College Av., Val-
paraiso, Ind.

E. A. Anderson, R. 2, Hobart. Ind.

Fred W. Nitsche, 646 W. 103d St.,

Chicago, 111.
Koko Head Apiaries, Box 623, Hono-
lula, T. H.
also members of the State Association.)

208

XIXETEENTH ANNUAL REPOBT OF THE

INDEX.

PAGE.

Address by President Baxter... 11
Ad.ioiirnment of the Illinois State 99
Afternoon Sessions. Illinois State 29

Afternoon Session C. N. W 170

Appropriation Bill 192

Bees and Grapes, by F. C. Pel-

lett 35

Bees Remember Summer Stands 64
Beekeeping, by B. P. Kindig.... 150
Bender, C. F., Inspectors Part in

Control of Bee Diseases 46

Big Hives, by C. P. Dadant 81

Black Brood 202

Black Brood, Treatment of 203

By-Laws 187

Candy for Feeding 122

Cellar Wintering 58

Charter Members 184

Charter of State Associations. . . 185

Dadant, C. P., Big Hives 81

Discussion of Large Hives 132

Dysentery, Causes of 203

Dysentery, Treatment 203

Election — Delegate to Kansas

City Convention 98

Election of OfBcers 93

Eradication of Foul Brood, by F.

Eric Miller. 40

Father Langstroth Picture 4

Formation of State Association. 183
Foul Brood and Other Diseases

of Bees 196

Foul Brood, Causes of 197

Foul Brood, Symptoms of 198

Foul Brood, Treatment of 199

Fowls, Miss lona. Selling Honey 177

Honorary Members 207

Honey Prices 107

Honey, Judging and Apiarian Ex- ^

hibits at Fair 193

Invocation, by Rev. J. M. Morphis 9
Inspectors Part in Control of

Bee Diseases, by C. F. Bender 46

Kindig, B. P., Beekeeping 15a

McEvoy, Treatment 199

Miller. E. S. — Modern Methods —

Comb Honey Productions 50

PAGE.

Morning Spssion— Second Day —

Illinois State Association 67

Morphis, Rev. J. M. — Invocation 9
Need of More Research in Api-
culture, by P. B. Paddock 69

Odor Not Foul Brood 95

Offlcers for 1920 5

Officers of C. N. W. for 1920 182

Paddock, P. B., Need of Research

in Apiculture 69

Pellett, Frank C, Bees and

Grapes 35

Pickled Brood 201

Pickled Brood Symptoms 201

Pickled Brood Treatment 202

Picture, A. L. Kildow 30

Picture. C. P. Dadant 82

Picture, President, Dr. Baxter. . . 6
Picture, President Miller, C. N.

W 102

Picture, Secretary Bull, C. N. W. 104
Picture, Secretary Withrow, 111.

S. Ass'n 10

Picture, Treasurer Seastream... 8

Picture, Prof. Miller 42

Picture, Charles Dadant 100

Picture, Moses Quinby 101

President's Address H

Proceedings — C h i c a g o North-
western Association 103

Question Box. .24-28, 58, 115, 141, 142

Remarks, by Aaron Coppin 54

Remarks, by Mrs. Kildow 80

Remarks, by S. A. Tyler 56

Second Day Session 67

Selling Honey, by Miss lona

Fowls 177

State Foul Brood Law 190

State Inspector's Annual Report 29
Wednesday Morning Session, 111.

S. Ass'n 67

Wednesday Morning Session, C.

N. W 150

Wednesday Afternoon Session, C.

N. W 170

Utah, Treatment 201

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