mAwC^d "-"^S Amphibian and Reptile Survey of the Kootenai National Forest: 1994 A Report to: USDA Forest Service Kootenai National Forest 506 U.S. Highway 2 West Libby,MT 59923 Submitted by J. KIRWIN WERNER and JAMES D. REICHEL December 1994 Montana Natural Heritage Program 1515 East Sixth Avenue P.O. Box 201800 Helena, MT 59620-1800- © 1994 Montana Natural Heritage Program This document should be cited as follows: Werner, J. K. and Reichel, J. D. 1994. Amphibian and reptile survey of the Kootenai National Forest: 1994. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 104 pp. 11 ABSTRACT A total of 149 surveys and/or sightings were made in the Kootenai National Forest between May, 1993 and September, 1994. Of this total, 134 were surveys of ponds, lakes, seeps, streams or other wetlands by 1 or 2 individuals. Each survey took 30 minutes - 2 hours and consisted of a thorough search of the wetland perimeter and netting of near shore aquatic habitats for larvae and tadpoles. Stream sampling was done either by hand and dipnet or electrofishing. Seeps were checked by rolling over rocks and logs in and near wet areas. In addition to surveys, sightings were made from road kills, vocal identifications or fortuitous sightings by other reliable individuals. The entire forest was covered in the survey with a minimum of 8 person days (1 person for 8 days) spent in each district. Efforts were made to sample all types of wetland habitats at different elevations albeit given time restraints and the large area, the majority of surveys were within 2-3 miles of established roads and between 2800-5000 feet elevation. Among amphibians, the Long-toed salamander and the Spotted frog were found throughout the forest. The Tailed frog was found in most streams where habitat appeared suitable. The Pacific chorus frog and the Western toad showed a patchy distribution and their populations may be in decline. The Leopard frog appears to have been extirpated from the Kootenai National Forest (and a large section of western Montana). The Coeur D'Alene salamander, a Sensitive Species, was found in four districts at limited sites. Populations seemed to be stable. The two species of Garter snakes were the only reptiles found commonly in all districts, although Painted turtles were seen infrequently in lakes and slower moving waters at lower elevations. The Rubber boa, Western skink, and Alligator lizard were all seen on at least one occasion. in TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi INTRODUCTION • • • • 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 Species Present on the Kootenai National Forest 7 Long-toed Salamander 7 Coeur d'Alene Salamander 9 Tailed Frog • • 1 1 Western Toad • ■ 13 Pacific Chorus Frog 15 Spotted Frog 17 Leopard Frog 19 Bullfrog • 21 Painted Turtle 23 Northern Alligator Lizard . • • 25 Western Skink 27 Rubber Boa ' 29 Racer 31 Gopher Snake 33 Western Terrestrial Garter Snake 35 Common Garter Snake 37 Species Potentially Present on the Kootenai National Forest 39 Tiger Salamander 39 Idaho Giant Salamander 41 Rough-skinned Newt 43 Wood Frog 45 Western Rattlesnake 47 Ranger District Information 48 Cabinet District 48 Three Rivers District 48 Libby District . . ..... • • • 48 Rexford District .... 48 Fortine District • . 49 Fisher River District 49 RECOMMENDATIONS 50 iv BIBLIOGRAPHY • 52 APPENDIX 1. Sites surveyed during 1993-94 amphibian and reptile surveys .......... 59 APPENDIX 2. Amphibians and reptiles observed during surveys of the Kootenai National Forest in 1993-94 • • • • • 68 APPENDIX 3. Amphibians and reptiles reported from in and around the Kootenai National Forest .... • • • • • • • • • ....... 75- APPENDIX 4. Data Sheets used for Reptiles and Amphibian Surveys and Observations .... 94 APPENDIX 5 New Element Occurrences of Coeur d'Alene Salamanders found during 1992-4 100 FIGURES Figure 1. Map of amphibian and reptile survey sites on the Kootenai National Forest 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Doug Perkinson for his help throughout the study. Surveys of many sites were done in conjunction with S. G. Beckstrom and Erik Werner. Additional help, location of possible survey sites, information on herp observations, and other support was provided by A. Bratkovich, J. Davies, D. Dorman, A. M. Dueker, R. Galloway, C. E. Barbat-Hidy, T. Hidy, J. Holyfield, L. Johnson, W. J. Johnson, M. Moeller, M. Natale, E. Pfalzer, L. Young, M. Zweifel, and other Forest Service personnel. A special note of thanks to Kay and Joe Burk for their assistance and to Don Jones for information on species locations. D. D. Dover, C. Jones, and S. Thweatt assisted with element occurrence and map preparation. Financial support for the project came from the Kootenai National Forest (U.S. Forest Service, Northern Region) and the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Montana State Library, Natural Resources Information System and The Nature Conservancy). Museum records were received from: American Museum of Natural History, Academy of Natural Science, Brigham Young University, California Academy of Science, Carnegie Museum, University of Puget Sound Museum, Field Museum of Natural History, Glacier National park Museum, Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Kansas, Los Angeles County Museum, Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology - Harvard, Milwaukee Public Museum, Montana State University Museum, Michigan State University Museum, North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Northern Louisiana University Museum, University of Colorado Museum, University of Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Idaho Museum, University of Michigan Museum, University of South Dakota, United States National Museum of Natural History, University of Texas - Arlington, University of Texas - El Paso, and Peabody Museum - Yale. VI INTRODUCTION Many amphibians are apparently declining in the western U.S. and world-wide (Com and Fogelman 1984, Phillips 1990). Acid rain, ozone depletion, pollution by toxic chemicals and heavy metals, predation and/or competition by exotic species, habitat alteration, disease, immune system deficiency, and climate change have all been suggested as possible causes. Bullfrogs and bass have been introduced into waters on or near the Kootenai National Forest (KNF); both have been implicated in declines of native amphibian populations. Past forestry practices and large scale logging continue to be detrimental to resident herpetofauna (Bury et al. 1991). The Tailed frog (Ascaphus truei), present on the KNF, is thought to be one of the most sensitive indicators of stream-side and aquatic community health in forested landscapes (R. B. Bury, pers. comm.). Preliminary data indicate the Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) has disappeared over much of its former range in western Montana. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists one Montana amphibian as a candidate species: the Spotted frog (C2) {Rana pretiosa). The Western toad (Bufo horeas) has recently been petitioned for listing (L. Nordstrom, USFWS, Helena, pers. comm.). The U.S. Forest Service Region 1 lists the Coeur d'Alene salamander as "Sensitive" and is considering adding the northern Leopard frog and Spotted frog. The Montana Natural Heritage Program and the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks list 4 amphibians [Coeur d'Alene salamander (Plethodon idahoensis), Idaho giant salamander (Dicamptodon aterrimus), Canadian toad (Bufo hemiophrys), Wood frog (Rana sylvatica)] and 5 reptiles [Snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), Spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera), Western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus), Smooth green snake (Opheodrys vernalis), Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum)} as species of special concern in the state; the Leopard frog is being considered for addition. The Tailed frog was recently removed as a species of special concern due to its apparently wide-spread and stable populations in western Montana. Of these, the Spotted frog, Leopard frog, Wood frog, Western toad, Idaho giant salamander, and Coeur d'Alene salamander occur, or potentially occur, on the KNF. METHODS AND MATERIALS Historic locations of amphibians and reptiles were found in the literature (see Bibliography) and museum specimen records. Records were received from over 20 major museums in North America. We have entered locations from these sources into a database and digitized them. Records from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (University of California - Berkeley) have not yet been received. Survey sites were chosen based on 4 criteria: 1) Location of streams, seeps and wetlands on topographic maps; 2) past survey sites as given in the literature and personal communications; 3) accessibility of the wetlands by roads or biking trails; 4) conversations with district biologists on stream-seep-wetland locations and past Forest Service surveys. Based on the above, 2-6 sites were chosen daily for surveys. Thirty minutes - 2 hours were spent at each site depending upon the size of the area and what was found. Initially, the entire shoreline or a major part thereof, was searched by walking slowly along the edge and up into the surrounding vegetation, including rolling over rocks and logs. At regular intervals, the aquatic habitat was sampled for tadpoles or larvae using dipnets. If the initial sampling showed amphibian/reptile species present, further effort was expended in order to get some idea of abundance and distribution. Minnow traps were occasionally used overnight to sample aquatic stages. Night sampling was common in seep areas. Due to the short breeding season of many amphibians, each district was sampled sequentially for one-three day intervals. After all districts were sampled, the cycle was repeated. The drought and fires of 1994 reduced sampling efforts in some areas. In My- August 1994, a significant amount of time was involved electrofishing streams for the Tailed frog. Normal procedure involved sampling 10-100 m of stream using a frequency of 120 cps and 200-250 volt output. As soon as 1 or 2 of the tadpoles/adults were found, electrofishing stopped (this often occurred in the first 10 m of stream). If no individuals were found, sampling continued for about 100 m at which point either the stream was sampled at some other point or not sampled again. The majority of streams were sampled at only one or two sites but in several streams (Libby Creek, Grave Creek, Deep Creek), efforts were made to sample the stream at numerous places (up to 8 sites) from lower to higher elevations in order to determine distribution along the stream. Given the short segments of stream sampled and the low voltage, rarely was fish mortality observed. At the request of district biologists, some areas were not electrofished due to the presence of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) or interior redband trout {Oncorhynchus mykiss gibbsi) populations in the streams. In those situations, efforts to capture Tailed frogs were made by rolling over rocks with a net on the downstream side; this method is not as effective as electrofishing. An attempt was made to collect the first few individuals of a species in any area, which were identified, the development stage observed and/or measured for body length, sexed if possible and released. Representative samples of the more common species in each latilong were preserved for permanent museum records and will be deposited at the Idaho State University Museum. Water temperature, air temperature, pH and a general description of the area were recorded. Standard data sheets used during this project are given in Appendix 4; the amphibian survey data sheet was developed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is used extensively by a variety of researcher in the western U.S. Please note that much site specific data was gather during these surveys and not all data are analyzed or presented in this report. It is available from the Montana Natural Heritage Program. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 1 34 sites were surveyed of which 1 04 had one or more amphibian or reptile species present (Figure 1, Appendices 1 and 2). Although no species were found at 28 sites, their absence may have been due to the time of day, weather conditions, or other factors at the time of sampling. Among the 28 sites were a number of seep areas which were being searched specifically for the Coeur d' Alene salamander which can be very difficult to find. The number of sites varied from 17-29 per district (Fortine - 22, Three Rivers - 23, Rexford - 21, Libby - 22, Cabinet - 29, Fisher River - 17). The lower number of sites in the Fisher River district was due in part to the extensive private land holdings within the district. With three exceptions, all of the sites were on KNF land. In addition to the 134 surveys, there were a number of sightings (i.e. road kills, chance observations) for which that data are available and the sightings considered reliable. Location data from surveys, sightings, and historic records (from the literature and museum specimens) are listed in Appendix C; these records were used in constructing the enclosed distribution maps. There had been no systematic survey of amphibians and reptiles in the KNF. Based on approximately a half-dozen publications which have recorded species in or near the Forest and from personal accounts, a list of 12 amphibians and 9 reptiles are considered possible inhabitants. Of these, 6 amphibians and 5 reptiles were actually observed during the study. The following results are presented as a species summary for the Forest as a whole, followed by specific information on each district. Herp Survey Locations On or near the Kootenai National Forest,, Montana Syrwey locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko_sur¥.cmp I I I I I I I I I I I € Ambystoma macrodactylum — Long-toed Salamander Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana I r I'- f- b - J,..,-'*;.. L-.r \ \ \ r. ! r -v-" s -\ n ^ "> ^K Museum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/to 1 .cmp Species Present on the Kootenai National Forest Long-toed Salamander (Amhystoma macrodactylum) Description: Adults are dark gray to black with an irregular (and sometimes broken) green to yellow stripe down the middle of the back. Adult snout-vent lengths vary from 2 to 3.25". All salamanders have smooth moist skin without scales. Adult long-toed salamanders can be told from other Montana species by a combination of: 1) the longest toe on the hind foot which is longer than the sole of the hind foot; 2) lack of a nasolabial groove running vertically from nostril to mouth; and 3) 12-13 costal grooves on side of body. Egg masses are typically laid in small clusters of 5-100 eggs but may be laid singly (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Within the clear gelatinous eggs, the embryos are light colored, while frog and toad embryos are dark. Larval long-toed salamanders are typically brown colored, found in ponds, have three external gills, and are relatively small (<1.75" snout-vent) and slender. They are distinguished from tiger salamander larvae by the 9-13 gill rakers on the inside of the 3rd gill arch (17-22 rakers on the tiger salamander). Habitat and Habits: Long-toed salamanders are found in a wide variety of habitats from sagebrush to alpine. They breed in ponds or lakes, often in those without fish present. Adults migrate to the breeding ponds immediately after snow-melt and are usually the earliest breeding amphibians in western Montana. The earliest observation of egg masses in the KNF in 1994 was 28 April in ponds near Bull Lake, although the eggs were at least 10 days old by that date; eggs were seen as late as 25 May 93 at Frog Lake. Newly hatched larvae were observed 28 April 94 in ponds at Bull Lake, and as late as 8 September 94 at Cody Lakes. Very small larvae seen in Grouse Lake on 1 August 1993 indicate at least some populations of Long-toed salamanders on the KNF may take over a year to transform. In the Pacific Northwest eggs hatch in 3-6 weeks and metamorphosis takes 2-14 months (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Leonard et al. 1993). Individuals were found in all of the Forest districts from 2350 - 5350 ft. elevation. They occurred commonly with the Spotted frog in ponds, lakes, or backwaters of streams, although sometimes they were the only amphibian inhabiting a pond. Surveying: Larvae can be seen in ponds during the day and sampled with a dipnet. During the breeding season adults may also be seen in the water. During the rest of the spring, summer and fall adults may occasionally be found in and under logs on the forest floor. Metamorphosed individuals are active at night, particularly when it is warm and rainy; they may be captured at this time by either night searches or pitfall traps. Status: The most common salamander in western Montana. Appears common and wide-spread in suitable habitat on the KNF and elsewhere in western Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G5 S5. Plethodon idahoertsis - Coeur d'Alene Salamander Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana ?. .ST. ■o ,*:■■.■ o O O ■■ ■'■ : ! O" W 1992-S' ■'- O Pre-19f-- ■*,*. ^K Myseum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, ' 1 2/05/34 attas/maps/to3.cmp Coeur d'AIene Salamander (Plethodon idahoensis) Description: The Coeur d'AIene salamander is a member of the Plethodontidae, the only group of lungless salamanders in North America and the only amphibians which lay their eggs out of water. They respire through the skin having an especially rich vascular area in the throat region. Adults are usually dark gray to black with a green, red, yellow, or orange stripe down the middle of the back. The stripe typically has irregular edges, but some individuals may have even edges. Coeur d'AIene salamanders have relatively long legs and short, stubby toes. The adult has a snout- vent length of 2-2.4". Adult Coeur d'AIene salamanders can be distinguished from other Montana species by a combination of: 1) the longest toe on the hind foot which is shorter than the sole of the hind foot; 2) a nasolabial groove running vertically from nostril to mouth (may require magnification to see); and 3) 14-15 costal grooves on side of body. The egg cluster contains between 7-12 small yolked eggs. There is no larval stage and the newly hatched young resemble the adults in coloration. Habitat and Habits: Coeur d'AIene salamanders are very habitat restricted (Cassirer et al. 1994). They are found in springs or seeps, waterfall spray zones, and at the edges of streams. Nearly all sites have fractured rock formations present and nearby habitat is typically forested. Coeur d'AIene salamanders move far down into the interstitial spaces between rocks for protection from desiccation during dry summer months and freezing during the winter (Wilson and Larsen 1988). Mating takes place in both late summer and spring (Lynch 1984). Eggs presumably are laid far down in the rocks, and juveniles are terrestrial. Unlike all other salamanders in Montana, no aquatic-larval stage is present. Surveying: During the spring, early summer and fall, adults may be seen in springs or seeps, waterfall spray zones, and at the edges of streams. They are most easily found on rainy nights when the air temperature exceeds 7° C. During the day they may be found by turning over rocks and other litter in and along wet areas; it may take 30 minutes or more to find a single individual during the day. Surveys may disturb or destroy habitat if not done carefully. During dry or cold periods adults move down into the rocks and may not be found (Cassirer et al. 1994). Status: Coeur d'AIene salamanders are rare and locally distributed in suitable habitat on the KNF and elsewhere in northwestern Montana (Cassirer et al. 1994). They have been found in four of the six districts of the KNF (Cabinet, Three Rivers, Libby and Rexford) with 4 new localities being reported during this survey. The new localities were in seep-type habitats along Quartz Creek, Marten Creek, Little North Fork of Big Creek, and on the west side of Lake Koocanusa several miles north of Big Creek (Appendix 5). They are a Forest Service Sensitive Species and listed as a Species of Special Concern by the Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G3Q S2. I Ascaphus truei — Tailed Frog Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana & |vw£i Ts-^j*..*--.- ' ■ ■ ■■ : '■ s-s.*-^*-'- -"* =; fc,"'- T> r - ■■■?■ r ■ ■ *- *"**■ ■ ... > t S- -■-, / "S I- \ t \ "T' ± "^ ^*^J '? ,- \/ * 11 Pr Museum spec * imens \ ^ A # Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/koB. cmp Tailed Frog (Ascaphus truei) Description: Adults are gray or brown with gray, brown, or occasionally yellow blotches. The adult has a snout-vent length of 1 .5-2". The outer toe of the hind foot is broader than the other toes, unlike other frogs and toads. Tailed frogs have no tympanum, while other frogs and toads have a tympanum. The male has a bulbous "tail" which acts as an external copulatory organ. Approximately 50 eggs are laid in rosary-like strings attached to the underside of rocks. The tadpole (up to 2" snout-vent length) is unique in that it has a large mouth modified into a sucker. Habitat and Habits: Tailed frogs are found in and along small, swift, cold mountain streams. In the KNF, they were found in all districts and usually found with trout and sculpin species in fast-moving, clear water with temperatures rarely exceeding 54* F. The distribution of frogs within a stream was spotty and unpredictable. In a 20 mile stretch of Libby Creek, from 2850-4200 ft. elevation, frogs were found in 2 of 8 places when at least 100 meters of stream was checked. In Grave Creek in the Whitefish Range, they were found in 2 tributary streams of Grave Creek, both above 4000 ft. elevation, but were not found in Grave Creek itself. In Deep Creek, also in the Whitefish Range, the species was not found in seemingly ideal habitat, despite 6 checks along 1000 ft. of stream elevation . The highest elevations at which the Tailed frog were found included Divide Creek at 5400 ft. and the outlet of Big Therriault Lake at 5500 ft., both in the Whitefish Range. The lower limit was 2800 ft. along Libby Creek. Both the upper and lower limits are probably dictated more by the nature of the stream than by elevation itself. In the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, the Tailed frog appears to be very sensitive to siltation and frequently disappears in and downstream from clearcuts and water diversions (Bury, pers. comm.). Eggs are laid during the early summer and take approximately 4 weeks to hatch. Tadpoles take 1-4 years to metamorphose, depending on water temperature (Nussbaum et al. 1983; Metter 1967). Sexual maturity in Montana is attained at ages 6-7 (Daugherty and Sheldon 1982) which is the latest age for sexual maturity of any North American amphibian. Surveying: Tadpoles are frequently found while fish shocking. They may also be found by turning over rocks in rapid water with a net held just downstream. Adults are best found by walking up streams starting shortly after dark. Status: Apparently common in suitable habitat on the KNF and elsewhere in western Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G5 S4 11 Bufo boreas — Western Toad Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana f '-0-- ■m '■■■X-.h.-'.^S'" - .-,. ... < _».,.* . .«r?.. , .-:J„ *_«* ~i TfflMffl • ; '»■.- !,..■ .... . -V^y V I!-* P-^sJSRt"! I*? t,» V* $ ■ . - ■■■■■■. * *■ . *■_■ ** *yj^^ t . ™ ■ * w 1992-S - •■--- O Pre-19^V :a-* Museum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko7. cmp Western Toad (Bufo boreas) Description: Adults have dry skin with small warts, and are gray, brown, or olive-green with a prominent white or yellowish line down the center of the back; very young transformed toads typically lack the dorsal line, and the warts are often red-brown in color. The adult has a snout-vent length of 2.5-5". This is the only toad in northwestern Montana but can be distinguished from toads in other areas of Montana by: 1) a cranial crest faint or absent; 2) oval parotoid glands; 3) two tubercles on the sole of the hind feet; and 3) a horizontal pupil. Tadpoles are typically jet black, while all the Montana frog species tadpoles are green or bronze. Eggs are laid in long, clear, double strings, and each has a black embryo. Habitat and Habits: Adults are largely terrestrial and found in a variety of habitats from valley bottoms to high elevations; they breed in lakes, ponds, and slow streams with a preference for shallow areas with mud bottoms. Breeding and egg laying in northwestern Montana usually takes place a month after snow-melt, from April at lower elevations to July at higher sites. We found eggs as early as 30 May 93 in a backwater of the Yaak River and as late as 20 June 94 at Blue Lake. Tadpoles were seen 30 May 93 at Horse lake ponds and as late as 10 September 94 with emerging toadlets at Vinal Lake. The earliest emerging toadlets were seen on 14 July 94 at Flower Lake. Tadpoles typically take 2-3 months to metamorphose in Montana, depending on water temperature (Black 1970b). At metamorphosis, hundreds of small toads, many with the tails still present, can be found on the shores of breeding ponds. Surveying: Tadpoles are seen in ponds during the day and can be sampled with a dipnet. During the breeding season, adults may be seen in the water but otherwise they are found in more terrestrial habitats. Status: Tadpoles and eggs of the Western toad were observed at only 10 sites during the 1993-94 survey in the KNF. No toad reproductive effort was seen in either the Cabinet or Fortine districts although some probably existed. Adults were encountered occasionally away from the breeding sites, but the paucity of reproductive effort is of concern. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has received a petition to list this species range-wide. Declines have recently been recorded in Yellowstone National Park (Peterson et al. 1992), Wyoming, and Colorado (Carey 1 993). We would recommend that a monitoring program be set up for this species. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G4 S4. 13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Pseudacris regiiia -- Pacific Chorus Frog Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana ,'*'-W«r i ". ■ ■■■;-» ; -^ t-"-'i'- -" '7* V N^ ■■'- 4 :Hii v * ■* '■>* EiW»» ■*i» i4 *r*'4f. •»■■■*■■ ■;■.'»!■■ i-.r'v.T ■'■■w-v'sB -- ! H^^^: u ^-:j-' ■■■■■■-■. ■-" * J 5 :. ' :■ ; ■■ .i.j C^ *«*-'■■■ - :^r. '■-■.-.,■ i 4 ; ;.-.■.■■*>- ■.~«-i , j- ■ if ■..,.-. .■■■ . .■■<-_ £ .■■■£■■■: ■ £^*£- V- ■ \?t*V:f f;-':.;:--^ .V.-::.:'- TfrK-.—. - .*■■■-! J'--: '■ " -■■■=-. ■'■" "*>■ -■■« *■■■■„■ ■ ' t_ ' - . . .■ ■■ vi— :«■--. :' t ■'•" '..-■■7T ■■ ■ '■■ ■■>.■" .,.-$'- i- '-si' t #3 7T ■■*■ -■ . — ^. ■ ■■."■ 5., /•.^S 1 \. I \ W 1992-S O Pre-191-' -•r^ Myseum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko 1 4.cmp Pacific Chorus Frog (Pseudacris regilla) Description: Adults have a dark conspicuous eye line extending from the nostrils to the shoulder. Basic coloration is quite variable with the background color being green, brown, gray, reddish or bronze. Dark spots and stripes often occur on the head, back, and legs. Most have a dark Y or triangular shaped spot on the head between the eyes. The adult has a snout- vent length of 0.75-2". Males have a darker throat color and additional folds of skin in the throat region. This is the only frog in Montana with a combination of obvious toe pads and an eye stripe ending at the shoulder. The webbing on the hind feet is very reduced, covering only about 1/2 the length of the toes. Eggs are laid in small clusters of 10-70. The tadpoles are brown/bronze; the eyes are located near the margin of the head when viewed from above, unlike other frog tadpoles in western Montana which have the eyes are on top of the head (except northern chorus frogs, Pseudacris triseriata, which also have the eyes at the margin of the head). Habitat and Habits: Pacific chorus frogs are regularly found in the water only during the breeding period in spring. Their presence is obvious during this time due to their call which is given frequently at night and sporadically throughout the day. Following breeding they move into adjacent uplands and are rarely seen. In western Montana they breed in temporary ponds in lower elevation forests and in intermountain valleys shortly after snow-melt. During the 1993-94 survey, individuals of this species were observed or heard calling at 8 sites throughout the Forest. Tadpoles were found at 3 sites on 20 Aug 94 at a pond near Blue Lake, 30 July 93 at a pond near Trout Creek, and with froglets just emerging on 3 Aug 93 at Tuscor Hill Pond. In the Pacific Northwest, eggs hatch in 2-3 weeks and tadpoles take 2-2 1/2 months to metamorphose, depending on water temperature (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Transformed froglets grow quickly following emergence and in Oregon some were sexually mature at 1 year (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Surveying: Adults may be found during the breeding season in and around ponds and lakes where they breed. Adults are usually heard before they are seen. Adults may call sporadically throughout the summer and fall, especially during wet, warm weather. Tadpoles are seen in the water during the day. Status: Little is known about this species in Montana. Our surveys indicate very localized 'distribution over a large area. Whether this has always been the case, or whether the Pacific chorus frog is another declining Montana amphibian is currently unclear. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G4 S4. 15 Rana pretlosa — Spotted Frog Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana *.■■.•. /■'■,■!■■ .■ ■ ■ .■ . ■i. . . j * "a p i : »' /■:■:.- : ■ %■■■ J ■r. - -. 7^- '■ *. ■ : . : i : a b" • V .' "V r "" "^V , :> O "s »■ \ ■I 1 w'M'fc™"*^ " o Pre-19f * Museum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natyrai Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko20.cmp Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) Description: Adults are dark to light brown, gray, or olive green with dark spots (frequently with lighter centers) found on the back, sides and legs. The number and pattern of spotting is quite variable. The back and sides are often covered with small bumps. The underside of the legs is bright red, salmon, or orange; this bright color may extend up to the chin or be replaced by a light, mottled gray on the chin, chest, and/or belly. In younger subadults, bright leg color is often lacking and instead a light, lemon-colored wash is present. In these subadults there is often a dark mask present, with a light jaw stripe extending to the shoulder; both the mask and jaw stripe may be less obvious in larger, older animals. The adult has a snout-vent length of 2-4". The bright colored pigment on the undersides of the legs of adults distinguish this species from all other frogs in Montana. Younger individuals, without bright legs, may be distinguished by a combination of: 1) dorsal spots usually present but not surrounded by light-colored halos; 2) dorsolateral folds present; 3) toes without pads at the tips; 4) light, lemon-colored wash on the undersides of the legs; and 5) pale gray, not white belly. Eggs are laid in large, globular masses of 150-500 at the surface of the water. The tadpoles are dark green on top with some gold flecking whereas the underside has an iridescent bronze color. Total length of tadpoles may reach 3"; the eyes are located on top of the head. Habitat and Habits: Spotted frogs are regularly found at the water's edge in forest habitats. Wetlands in or near treeline, are also used, but populations are uncommon in the large, open, inter-mountain valleys. The Spotted frog was commonly found on all districts of the KNF from the valley floor at 2350 ft. to over 6180 ft elevations in the Cabinet, Three Rivers and Fortine districts. Individuals were found in every type of wetland habitat although numbers varied widely from 1-35 or more at a site. Breeding takes place in lakes, ponds (temporary and permanent), springs, and occasionally backwaters or beaver ponds in streams. All the egg masses in a particular pond are often found in the same location and at the margin of the pond. Because of their location, the eggs are susceptible to drying up if pond levels recede substantially before tadpoles hatch out. Such was the case in the summer of 1994 in the KNF where extensive egg mortality was observed in at least five instances. Eggs were found as early as 28 April 94 at a pond near Bull Lake and as late as 29 May 93 at Frog Lake; however, since tadpoles were also present on 28 April 94, some eggs must have been laid as early as 15 April 94. Tadpoles were seen from 28 April 94 through 12 August 94. Recently transformed froglets were found in numbers along Freezout Creek on 1 Aug 93. Eggs hatch in 2-3 weeks and tadpoles take 2-14 months to metamorphose, depending on water temperature (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Turner 1958). Young and adult frogs often disperse into marsh and forest habitats, but are not usually found far from open water. Surveying: Both tadpoles and adults can be seen in and along the water during the day and can be sampled with a dipnet; adults may also be captured by hand. Status: The most common frog on the KNF and elsewhere in western Montana. The Spotted frog in Montana is currently a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Category 2 Candidate species; elsewhere in its range it is listed as a C-l, with Threatened/Endangered status warranted but precluded by work on higher priority species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993). Significant declines are known from the southern end of the range (Nevada, southern Idaho, 17 I I I I I I I I I I I I Rarta piplens - Northern Leopard Frog Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana rrr. t ■ ■ $:■■. # ■. .— j ' \j? \ — V. C ^ ^ t Prs r ai-ft Y. i f * Museum specimens I r-J o Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/06/94 atlas/maps/ko 1 9 .cmp Utah). While significant declines are also apparent in coastal Washington, Oregon, and California, recent (as yet unpublished) research indicates that those populations are actually a different species. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G4 S4. Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) Description: Adults are brown or green with large, dark spots surrounded by light-colored halos on the sides and back. The dorso-lateral folds are usually lighter in color that the surrounding background. The under-side is typically white, but may be cream-colored or yellowish. The adult has a snout-vent length of 2-5". Newly transformed froglets may lack spots. Habitat and Habits: Leopard frogs are found in or near water in non-forest habitats. Typically the vegetation is dense, e.g., a dense, sedge wet-meadow or cattail marsh. Breeding takes place in lakes, ponds (temporary and permanent), springs, and occasionally backwaters or beaver ponds in streams. Eggs are laid in 2-5" globular masses composed of hundreds to thousands of eggs (Hammerson 1982a, Nussbaum et al. 1983). In Colorado, eggs hatch in 4- 15 days and tadpoles take 8-15 weeks to metamorphose, depending on water temperature (Hammerson 1982a). Surveying: Both tadpoles and adults are seen in and along the water during the day and can be sampled with a dipnet; adults may also be captured by hand- Status: Historically, the Leopard frog was widespread in Montana but it now appears to have been extirpated throughout much of the western part of the state. Re-surveys of 12 known historical sites west of the Continental Divide during the past two summers have failed to reveal a single individual. It is still common and wide-spread in the southeast corner of the state, but its status is uncertain in central and northeast Montana. It appears that only localized populations are present on the western edge of the plains. There are two historical records within the KNF, one north of Rexford and one north of Noxon. Although it was impossible to pinpoint the exact localities for these records, wetlands in the immediate area were surveyed this past summer and Leopard frogs were not found. There are a number of large open marsh areas at lower elevations, such as in the Lost Prairie-Pleasant Valley area or along the Bull River and Clark Fork which appear to be ideal habitat and may have contained, or currently do contain, Leopard frog populations. In many other areas in North America where the Leopard frog was common a few decades ago, it is now gone. Widespread extirpations are known from Alberta (Koonz 1993), Wyoming, Colorado (Hammerson 1982b, Corn and Fogelman 1984), Idaho (Groves and Peterson 1992), Washington, and Oregon (Leonard et al. 1993). Bullfrog and fish introductions, acid rain, ozone depletion, immune system suppression, and "Postmetamorphic Death Syndrome" have all been suggested as causes for frog extirpations in other areas (Corn and Fogelman 1984, Hammerson 1982b, Carey 1993, Leonard et al. 1993). Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G4 S4. 19 Rana catesbeiana - Bullfrog Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest,, Montana Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/08/94 atlas/maps/to 1 I.crmp Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Description: The largest of North American frogs, adult Bullfrogs may reach 8 inches in snout- vent length. The skin is smooth. Adults are usually pale to dark green or brownish green with darker spots or blotches. There are a series of black bands across the legs. The underside is cream to yellowish with gray mottling. No dorso-lateral folds are present, however there is a prominent ridge running from the eye over the tympanum to the shoulder. Males have extensive yellow pigment on the underside, especially in the throat region, and swollen thumbs. The diameter of the tympanum is larger than the diameter of the eye in males but about the same size in females. Egg masses consist of thousands of eggs and may reach several feet across. Tadpoles may reach 4.5" in total length and are olive green with numerous black spots dorsally. The belly is white to creamy with varying amounts of dark mottling. Tadpoles usually take two or more years to metamorphose. Habitat and Habits: Bullfrogs are the most aquatic of Montana's amphibians, rarely being seen far from the water's edge and usually in the water. They are associated with larger bodies of quiet water such as ponds, lakes or backwaters of streams, usually with extensive emergent vegetation such as cattails or reeds. They emerge in the spring only after air and water temperatures have warmed considerably and insect populations are beginning to proliferate. Breeding takes place in June when males attract females to their territory by a series of loud brr-umps. The large mass of eggs tend to float on the surface when first laid, but sink into the water prior to hatching (Hammerson 1982a, Nussbaum et al. 1983). Tadpoles over- winter in the Pacific Northwest, transforming during their second summer (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Leonard et al. 1993). The bullfrog is a voracious feeder, eating anything smaller than itself, including ducklings, fish, mice, frogs, and small turtles. Bullfrogs have been implicated in extirpations of native frogs and turtles, and declines in waterfowl production (Hammerson 1982b, Leonard et al. 1993). Surveying: Both tadpoles and adults can be sampled by using a dipnet. Capture success of adults is enhanced by night sampling using a headlamp, as they are very wary and do not allow close approach during the day. Status: Bullfrogs are native to the eastern and central U.S., and have been introduced to the western states. They were introduced into western Montana prior to the 1960's. Viable populations are scattered along the Flathead and Clark Fork Rivers as well as in the Bitterroot Valley and possibly other localities. There is one known population on private land in the Cabinet district of the KNF. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G5 SE4 21 Chrysemys picta ~ Painted Turtle Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana jS!".- X HHt ■'H*' -■ j^-' ■-■■ ■■ .-■•■ - ■. ..j ■ *:■$ fUf. f ,, ■,■'■'fv*'■; i 5'™ , ■ »■■:;,»■<»■..■■ ', '. J*'?.'"- -fy'** ■'■■"■ ■*■•> ■'■"■ F 1 -'*^''.''' ■■■■'^■■' '■■■■' " '■ ' •■ cjf , :-:j{ i .^T*-i»: T '- ■«.. -...■■■■ «#■•'■':: *:;■'■■*■ ■:-, ::■■'■■.■ ■ ?„:■ ■■.■■». . : ^!"'.:...\ -'"-." , .. ■. ■■. !■;*.— ** :;■■■■"■■:■■!■■■;■■ ■■■■ !i:.'*:.s.:-,:;.' ''...?..* v - ■ ^ -!:»■■■ '. >+}*■',■. ■'?■■/..■ £ (if .'-■/»" ■■■■' " t Tl "■■"" fi! i ■ -"i" i. -*. ^ .. ,.-?7 < ■«; -v.* V .." ■ ■ |g-:.:!>'...i-i; ^■■-■■i «-.■.*.':» £ i'.T ■ ..' '*£:*£ i- ■.'■■"■.'■''; ? v". : ' v C*^-^ 1> V ... ... i..w; »-. - .' .... . ■■■■.=* ■*'!'■ -v. ■'>* /■ ■■■ '■■.-.■" -J-"" ■■"' V-:-v-- t4*/-.VW fefc;:" "" " t* ""■•.■ .\\.-. ■■ ■"■"■*■'■*■ ,*&■ ;.. -«...*■-- r Hi ■*" ." '-» ji^r ■ i»*i.: >'■. ,BB -ft '■ ?« V 1 ..■'' * "^"i 1 -"^ '.Hi 0: ■■I ■fe : /'■■/ ,':i ■ ■ ~. t ■■■ ■ ..■.-.™ ■ t._J^~ p ■■■■:-■■ * ,;^rt -^IP 1*:- '■-■.'■■■ J'-srfc ■■>■'■ : ::< m ■■.**■.. .. -.-r ...«ia.: i «■."■ |:*' ■ r~ s J r\ r o o * Prr -.MS '?=".=. Museum specimens I Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 stlas/maps/ko23,cmp Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta). Description: Adult Painted turtles have a relatively flat dorsal shell, or carapace, the length of which varies from 5-8". The background color of the shell ranges from dark brown to green, with a narrow yellow line extending down the center. A series of short, irregular yellow lines are often scattered across the shell, and a red and black border forms the outer edge. The ventral shell, or plastron, is red with a centrally-located yellow and black blotch whose edges flare out along the border of the scutes. The edge of the plastron also has a series of black and yellow blotches. Two yellow stripes run along the sides of the head and neck. Sexes are distinguished by the longer tail and longer front claws of the male. The white, soft-shelled eggs are about 1" in diameter and number 12-20 per clutch. Coloration on young Painted turtles is more vibrant and the shell is not quite as flattened. Habitat and Habits: Painted turtles are rarely seen far from ponds, lakes, or the slow-moving water of streams. They are primarily herbivorous, feeding on a variety of aquatic plants, but will also scavenge on animal remains. Eggs are usually laid within 10-20 feet of the water's edge, although some individuals will travel greater distances seeking a suitable site. During egg-laying, the female excavates a hole with her hind feet and deposits the eggs, which are then covered by several inches of dirt. Predation on turtle eggs by raccoons, skunks, etc. is common, and shell fragments are evidence of such activity. Female Painted turtles may lay more than one clutch of eggs each summer. It is suspected that the young borne of late egg depositions overwinter in the shell and do not emerge until the following spring. Once females lay their eggs, they return to the pond, where they can often be seen basking on logs or rocks along with juveniles and males. Painted turtles sexually mature at 3-4 years of age and may live to be 10 years or older (Stebbins 1985). Surveying: Although various turtle traps can be used for surveys, visual identification is suitable since there are no other turtle species in Western Montana to confuse it with. A pair of binoculars is helpful and surveys should be done on warm sunny days. During cold or cloudy weather, turtles tend to remain underwater for long periods and can be missed on just a walk-through survey. Status: Painted turtles are quite common throughout western Montana at lower elevations. They are thought to be present in all districts of the KNF, but were seen in only four districts during the 1993-94 survey. Thirty-three turtles werre counted at one time in Turtle Lake near Eureka but in most instances only one or two individuals were seen at a site. Since Painted turtles occupy a different food chain than amphibians and lay their eggs on land rather than in the water, they face a different set of environmental factors in regulating their populations. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S5. 23 J Elgaria coerulea - Northern Alligator Lizard Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana \ ■ PI. ■■" ■ 1 .'.' i ■■■■■:.■ ■ t ■ ■ ■ i *'■■' ' ■' ■ .r It • i . „■:■,. ■: . .. .■ .,- :■'■ -■ ^ r 3: ■'■ *—*-. 1 ;■■"■■/ '\m ■ i i A > ^w-A: \. 'V" J •^ > W 1992-94 O Pre- 1992 ■«:*£ V ^K Museum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atias/maps/ko2i.cmp Northern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria coerulea). Description: One of two lizard species in western Montana, the Northern alligator lizard is a member of the Anguidae family. The family is characterized by having elongate bodies, relatively short limbs and a lateral skin fold on each side of the body. Adult Northern alligator lizards range from 3.5 - 5.5" in snout-vent length. The head is broader and more triangular in males than females. The eyes have considerable black pigment. Although most species of Elgaria have distinct black and brown bands running across the dorsal surface, the bands are broken and indistinct in the Montana specimens. The ventral surface has a series of longitudinal dark lines located at the scale junctions. Females give birth to 2-15 living young (Stebbins 1985), which have a more distinct banding pattern on the dorsal surface than the adults. Habitat and Habits: The Alligator lizard is found in a variety of habitats, including under logs in dry open forests, near streams in moist, cool forests, and around buildings. They have been seen in rocky, open Ponderosa forests in the Three Rivers and Cabinet Districts, and in the riparian zone of Big Creek on the Rexford District. Little is known about reproduction in this part of their range; it is assumed that they mate in spring and that the young are born in late summer. They are primarily carnivorous, feeding on a variety of small insects and other invertebrates. Surveying: Although various lizard traps and mark/recapture techniques have been designed, probably the best approach is to visit known sites, especially on warm, sunny days, and allow considerable time just to sit and watch the area for activity. Status: Sight records exist for the Cabinet, Three Rivers, and Rexford districts of the KNF. Given the paucity of sightings, it is recommended that all sight records be kept on file. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S3. 25 I I I I I I I I I m I I I I I I I I Eumeces skiltonianus — Western Skink Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana r-- ■ i--. ■• H i V y ■ r. _ V.- } ■ V-. ") w 1992-94 riate Pre-1992 data C ^K Museum specimens ■'T J. ■ A* - , -vJIT ■ i. I ■■'■■■ -. '■": .v.:.-ff «."£ t" 'fcv ■-.v. ■&>. . ^ V IV ' ■ ■« f ■ tJ-".ii i J" Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko29 .cmp 1 I I I Western Skink (Eumeces skiltonianus). ™ Description: The second of western Montana's two lizard species, the Western skink is smaller (2 - 3.5" snout- vent length) than the Alligator lizard and is characterized by round, shinny ■ scales and an elongate head. The color pattern in adults consists of a broad, brown stripe edged with black, running lengthwise down the back. The brown band is paralleled by a light ^ and then dark band on each side of the body. The stripes extend onto the head but fade on | the tail. The Western skink is thought to lay 2-6 eggs (Stebbins 1985), but the exact number and dates of oviposition are not known in this area. In young animals, the tail is bight blue but the color fades with age. The Western skink is in the Scincidae family. Habitat and Habits: Western skinks are found in habitats similar to those of the Alligator lizard, i.e. cool, moist forests, often along streams. They may also be seen sunning themselves in open areas. Although diurnal in habits, skinks are secretive and not often seen. Where they have been studied, females guard the eggs until hatching. Surveying: Large drop cans or lizard traps can be used for sampling but like the Alligator lizard, ft the best opportunity for seeing skinks is probably to visit known sites during warm sunny ™ days and allow considerable observation time. Status: Distribution in the KNF is unknown. Only two sightings of skinks have been reported in ■ the Forest including one during this survey at the Kootenai River on the Idaho border. It is ~ recommended that all sightings be kept on record. ^ Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S3. B I 1 I I | I I I Charina bottae - Rubber Boa Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko30.cmp Rubber Boa {Charina bottae). Description: The Rubber boa looks and feels like rubber, hence its name. It is a small snake (12- 28" snout- vent length), stout, and uniformly-colored from brown to green on the dorsal side. The ventral surface is cream to tan in color. The scales are small and smooth, except for those on the head which are enlarged. The tail is short and blunt. Two to eight young are bom alive. Young Rubber boas are more tan (or even pinkish) than the adults on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Habitat and Habits: The Rubber boa is a secretive snake, usually found under logs and rocks in either moist or dry forest habitats. Occasionally they are seen sunning themselves on roads, trails or in open areas. Rarely are they seen in marsh or bog situations. They will constrict small prey (i.e. shrews, small mice, salamanders, etc.) but also feed on various insects and invertebrates. The young are born in late summer or early fall. Surveying: There are no practical methods for surveying other than systematic searches of a given area rolling over rocks, logs, etc. Previous sightings are of value in locating general areas of activity. Status: Sightings of Rubber boas are infrequent but they were seen in the Libby and Three Rivers districts during this survey. They probably occur throughout the KNF at low to mid- elevations. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S4. 29 Coluber constrictor - Racer Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana 'A H ! I ! . r." »■■■ ..■■o O Pre-19fc-.< sate ^K Museum specimens :o ^_ 7 _ — . — _^_ — „_ — . — „ 1 . ." V' i t-/-. ..-. ! • . 1 ■ ■ L,, ■"■..■■ ^: ■:■■■■., wVV-.-. . ■" -. -■ •**-.■ :.- *.'. fe. ■ - ■.!!."■ r ■ ■ ■ ■ : ■ ■ ' i - ■ (. '■ ■■! ■V. '-»■ ■■ : ■ ■ .1 ■■ .jj,v ■ * ■•:JL <&■- .T? I », ■*..T. j-': --.^v o ' fe ... Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/34 atias/roaps/ko31 ,cmp Racer {Coluber constrictor). Description: A slender, but moderately long snake, the Racer ranges from 20-65 inches in total length. Adult coloration is uniform across the dorsal side but it can vary from a greenish- gray to brown or blue. The ventral side is whitish to pale yellow, the latter color extending onto the upper labials and nasal region of the head. The eyes are relatively large. The scales are smooth and the anal plate is divided. A clutch of 3-7 eggs is laid in the summer (Stebbins 1985). Young snakes (up to about 20") have a much different coloration than the adults consisting of a series of dorsal brown blotches edged with black which run the length of the animal. A row of blotches is also found on each side of the animal extending onto the ventral side. Habitat and Habits: The Racer is associated with more open habitats either in shortgrass or forested areas. It preys on mice, frogs, insects, and the like. Surveying: Walk-through surveys coupled with mark-recapture methods offer the best opportunity for determining population status. Rolling over rocks and logs and timing surveys for warm sunny days enhances sampling success. Status: The Racer was not seen in this survey, however several records are given in Davis (1963). Given its likely habitat in northwestern Montana of dry, open, low elevation sites, and our concentration of surveys in wet areas, little can be said about its current status. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S5. 31 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Pituophis melanoleucus - Gopher Snake Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana W 1992-9- O Pre- 198* ■-*■& \ ^K Museum specimens > Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atias/maps/ko38.crap Gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus). Description: Montana's largest snake, adult Gopher snakes (also called Bullsnakes or Pine snakes) can reach a total length of 7 feet, but most specimens we have seen in western Montana ranged between 3-5 feet. They are readily recognized by a series of large black to brown blotches which run down the back, and another series along the sides. The blotches, which are set on a yellow background, become more spaced out towards the tail. The dorsal scales are keeled. There is usually a black band on the head located in front of and extending below the eyes. The ventral coloration is yellow to white, often spotted with black, and the anal plate is undivided. Young Gopher snakes can be confused with young Racers which also have the alternating black blotches, however the Racers have a black border on the dark blotches, the scales are not keeled, and the anal plate is divided. Gopher snakes lay between 2-24 eggs during the summer months (Hammerson 1982a), and the young resemble the adults in coloration. Habitat and Habits: Gopher snakes are associated with more dry, arid habitats including open pine forests. They feed on rodents, rabbits and ground dwelling birds, and to a lesser extent on frogs, toads, etc., found around stock ponds and other wetlands. They have a habit of hissing and vibrating the tail when alarmed, often sounding like rattlesnakes. They occasionally climb trees, hence the common name "Pine snake." Surveying: Walk-through surveys, done on a regular basis in warm, sunny weather probably give the best results. Rocks and logs should be overturned (and replaced) when surveying. Data can be enhanced by mark-recapture techniques. Status: Gopher snakes are known only from a single record within the KNF boundaries, on the south side of Eureka; this record may represent an introduction. However, the more dry and arid portions of the Fisher River and Fortine districts are capable of having Gopher snakes. They are quite common in the western half of the Flathead Reservation. It is recommended that any valid sighting be kept on file. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S5. 33 Thamnophls elegans - Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana JV *' w 1992-94 data O Pre-1992 data ^r- Museum specimens Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/34 atlas/maps/ko36,cmp Western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans). Description: Adult Western terrestrial (or Wandering) garter snakes are smaller in body size than the Common garter snake, their snout-vent length varying from 16-28". Three yellow longitudinal stripes are present (one dorsal, two lateral), but the dorsal stripe is much narrower than that of the Common garter snake. A distinctive feature of the Western terrestrial garter is a series of alternating black spots which run the length of the body between, and somewhat on, the yellow stripes. The background color between the stripes tends to be more gray compared to the dark brown found in the Common garter snake. The ventral surface has a series of dark black/brown blotches which may cover most of the surface. The dorsal scales are keeled and there are normally 8 upper labial scales. Females give birth to 4-19 young during the summer (Stebbins 1985). The coloration of young snakes is similar to that of the adults. Habitat and Habits: The habitat and habits of the Western terrestrial garter snake are similar to the Common garter snake, i.e., they are found in most habitats but are particularly common around wetlands. Distribution records during this survey showed only a slightly greater occurrence at higher elevations than the Common garter snake, but the numbers are too small for a valid comparison. The highest elevation noted was 4340 ft., but they probably occur much higher. Surveying: Surveys using mark-recapture techniques or sight surveys can be conducted in areas of higher concentrations around marshes and bogs. Status: Western terrestrial garter snakes were found in all districts of the KNF. Their populations appear to be stable. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S5. 35 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Thamnophis sirtalis - Common Garter Snake Occurrences on or near the Kootenai National Forest, Montana ft. . ..;-.■■ '■■ •• p. ■. , .:V i -" : ' ■ '.*-.: ~.<^j i . ^1 '^^-'"■■'■'■■'Vh* .- ■ . ■ ^ : - Ir-'- %■*:■*: :-.--..*jJ-r. • ., *, I. - ■■■'■■. ■ V'. " '."""■■ :- j?*' - j- ■"" £■■■: ..l- :?/r.V'..' , -!*W'Wivr- l :-Wii , ^-'^--. : ^r > - ■' v . ' ■ . ■' >. ' '■■■.'V * r L & -■■■■■■■?■* jfe^J . ■ .. ^» v :-. ■ -,.■, *;% /-".^ vi'^^v^'V^"-'-. ^^i.:-"/-.': ■ ■■■vTliA:. ■' ■■.■.!.■■■£» ^..''^■D^v^ *■ -■:■■'■?*- ■■.-',. ■'■'" .■ j--. .*■"-- -*'•■■ > . ;: "' -*■'. '■»■ /, '•:'"'■ ■"■■"^■.'■"C -■.', ■ ■■;■.-. .-.. : ';V^/tf*x$^^fiir:i&&** '■■■ •:.■,■ ■;■.■ ■-. r- : ".-■- .■'.■ .<*■■ ■■ ;.-:';-v. V/^-^*'..s'a.T*: -i'^ijffi-ri.--. ■/;..: * ■ r\- ■■ ■■ ■ ,';■-. .:.;.■■■.;■- j-.- ■ ;v-;i-.-.v -^-.fcsf. £.■.■■.* -j.-: - ■■.■■■.. ■"■■ r ii^^u^^y^l':^!.^ yiiw.* i.'-'-v^.-.'- ,, > ^'■'■'■/^-■ai"** ■■■■•■■■■ ' ' ?» t;'"-; ?.'.fl?^\^^«fc- Tr*'- ■-"■■"-■ ■* r .'■■■ '-- ; -•':■■.■ .'-'.v' ' ■'- ■ >; :'' .'■■'.:?,■ !■■■ :'■'/. "-.■'■ , ''«. :v .'-' ;'■'* t>'-:- ■ ■'■'-.-►ir ?.- .""'■■ •■ : - ~:«:.i ■*'' jiiJ b^3si >:■-■■■=■■ ■* I 1 . ■■■;.;■— .''.. \,i-.X~ » " ■ ■ ■ i '/. -U-- ■■■■... Ji"*""^ t *""Jl l< ^' ■. ■.."*£ -.- ■■■-■v. . ;. rf - _■;.-: i'l-^i-,.. ■ ^ ■ \ . ....—***■ -■■ r *■ ??«. ! -<&- -. ■■■■ ■- ty \»-:-— ■**?"-&* B+-T. ~a ~ /*■ ,-■..■-,- **%? ft" " .j 1 Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko38.cmp Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). Description: The Common garter snake consists of two subspecies in western Montana, both ranging from 16-42" in snout- vent length. Both subspecies have three yellow longitudinal stripes: one located dorsally and one on each side. Between the yellow stripes is a black stripe, broken with red spots in T. s. parietalis but not in T. s. fitchii. Ventral coloration varies from yellow to bluish, and some individuals of the red-sided subspecies have small black spots on the edge of the ventral scales. The dorsal scales are keeled, and normally there are 7 upper labial scales. The Common garter snake is a live-bearer giving birth to 12-18 young during the summer (Hammerson 1982a). Young garter snakes have approximately the same coloration as the adults. Habitat and Habits: Garter snakes are found in all forest habitats but more so at lower elevations around marsh-bog-pond situations where they prey on young fish, frogs, toads, mice and invertebrates. They are sometimes confused with water snakes because of their frequent aquatic exploits, but there are no water snakes in Montana. Typical of most garter snakes, they emit a noxious secretion when handled and can be aggressive when disturbed. Garter snakes are capable of biting, but their teeth are rarely long enough to break the skin. The Common garter was found between 2350-4800 ft. elevation in this survey. In Wyoming, the Common garter snake is replaced at higher elevations by the Western terrestrial garter snake (Baxter and Stone 1985). Garter snakes eat a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates, with the Common garter snake concentrating more on amphibians than the Western terrestrial garter snake. Surveying: Approximate numbers around marsh-bog habitats can be estimated based on a mark- recapture approach, or sight surveys, if done on a regular basis and under warm, sunny conditions. Status: Both subspecies are probably present throughout the KNF, but the red-sided subspecies was much more common in the present survey. Garter snake populations appear to be stable based on casual observations and data from this survey. This species appears to be more common than the Western terrestrial garter snake. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S5. 37 m c m c o 2 "D c co E m CO m © OS E 3 C CO E o 4-* CO > XI E < CO : ;, 1- -...-.. >■ :: ■ ■ I ? w 1 992-5-' j**t >K yuseum specimens > (. Species locations from the Montana Natural Heritage Program, 12/05/94 atlas/maps/ko4.cmp Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) Description: Adults are dark brown dorsally and bright yellowish-orange ventrally. This color pattern distinguishes it from all other Montana salamanders. The skin is very grainy. The rough-skinned newt is a mid-sized salamander with a snout-vent length of 2.25 -3.5". Eggs are fertilized internally and laid singly on submerged vegetation (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Leonard et al. 1993). Larval newts, which live in lakes and ponds, are brown with a row of light spots along the sides. Habitat and Habits: Adults typically live in moist forested habitat. In the Pacific Northwest adults go to the breeding ponds during late winter and spring rains. Following breeding, adults may remain in the pond or move to upland areas. The rough-skinned newt is the only salamander in the northwest United States that commonly moves about on land during the day. When disturbed by a predator, the newt will arch its body up, exposing its brightly colored underside. This serves as a warning to potential predators. The newt has a poison skin secretion known as "tetrodotoxin," which is chemically the same as that found in puffer fish. Handling the newt is not a problem, but be sure to wash your hands afterwards. Ingesting the secretions could be fatal. Surveying: Both larvae and adults can be seen in ponds during the day and at night and can be captured with a dipnet. During the breeding season adults are commonly seen moving to or away from the water where they may be sampled with pitfall traps. Status: The rough-skinned newt is known from a single specimen taken near Thompson Falls in 1979. Other individuals could not be found at the same locality in later years (Nussbaum et al. 1983). It is most likely that the newt's presence in Montana is the result of an introduction from California, Washington, or Oregon. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G5 SE1 . 43 Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) Description: Adults have a prominent black facial mask that extends from the tip of the snout to behind the tympanum; the mask is bordered below by a white lip-line. The upper background color is quite variable, but most often brownish or gray. There may be dark spots on the back, and a light-colored line may run down the middle of the back. The belly is white to cream-colored, with often darker blotches on the chest and throat. Wood frogs never have bright red, orange or yellow ventrally, as do adult (but often not subadult) Spotted frogs. Wood frogs have relatively smooth skin, while similar sized Spotted frogs have skin with small warts and bumps. Habitat and Habits: Wood frogs are regularly found near water in forest habitats. Breeding takes place in lakes, ponds (temporary and permanent), springs, and occasionally backwaters or beaver ponds in streams. Wood frogs are explosive breeders, with all the breeding activity compressed into 1-2 weeks. They breed very early in the spring, often when ice is still being formed on the ponds at night. Eggs are laid in globular masses which range from 50-1600 in Alaska to 1000-3000 in Minnesota, and frequently all the masses in a particular pond are in the same location (Breckenridge 1944, Nussbaum et al. 1983). Some researchers have found Wood frogs to move into more terrestrial habitats following breeding (Heatwole 1961, Bellis 1962, Conant 1975), while others have found them near water for at least 6 weeks following breeding (Haynes and Aird 1981). Surveying: During the spring months, both tadpoles and adults can be seen in and along the water during the day and can be sampled with a dipnet. As the weather dries in the early summer, the adults become much less visible but can still be found. In Wyoming, adults were typically found in less than an hour of searching even during My surveys (Chris Garber, pers. comm.). Status: Several unconfirmed museum records exist for Montana with the localities being Bowman Lake (Glacier National Park, no date), Havre (no date), and Billings (1909); only Bowman lake is a potentially correct habitat. Several additional unconfirmed sight records exist but given the difficulty of distinguishing Wood frogs from young Spotted frogs, their validity is questionable. Good quality close-up photos or specimens should be used to verify the presence of this species in Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program rank: G5 SR. 45 m c IS c o 2 m c c© m cc c © +■» to H5 CO m +■» o Hm. o CO © o c CD &_ k. 3 O o O Western Rattlesnake {Crotalus viridis). Description: Rattlesnakes belong to the pit- viper family, Crotalidae, which have a heat-sensing pit located between the nostril and the eye. The fangs are hollow and hinged, allowing them to be folded back against the roof of the mouth. The head is triangular in shape, the front of which is blunt-nosed. The eyes are slightly elevated. There are several white lines which run along the side of the head. Adult Western rattlesnakes have a narrow neck but a stout body with total length ranging from 15-45 inches. The dorsal background color varies from pale green to brown with a series of brown or black blotches edged with a dark and then light line extending the length of the body. The blotches often merge into rings on the tail. There are also blotches on the sides of the body. The ventral side is pale yellow to white and without blotches. The scales are keeled. The tail ends in a rattle which helps to warn potential predators of the snake's presence. Females give birth to 4-21 young during the summer; the young have the same color pattern as the adults (Hammerson 1982a) Habitat and Habits: The Western rattlesnake is an inhabitant of more open and arid country but it is also found in Ponderosa pine stands or mixed grass-coniferous forests. It is more likely to be encountered on south-facing slopes and areas of rock outcrops. Rattlesnakes may den in large numbers, moving up to 10 miles out from the dens during the summer (Peterson, pers. comm.) In Wyoming, it is found at elevations of over 8500 feet (Baxter and Stone 1985). Rattlesnakes prey on a variety of animals including mice, ground squirrels, rabbits, amphibians, and other snakes. Surveying: Walk-through surveys on warm sunny days, including rolling over rocks and logs is probably the best method for determining relative numbers. Mark-recapture methods can be done to determine more precise numbers. Status: The Western rattlesnake has not been found in the KNF but it is known from areas to the east (Flathead Reservation) and south (Lolo NF). It would most likely be encountered in the arid regions of the Fisher River and Fortine districts if at all present on the KNF. It is feared and often needlessly killed due to its poisonous bite. The habit of denning at traditional sites in large numbers makes rattlesnakes vulnerable to commercial collecting or simply killing by fearful people. Montana Natural Heritage Program Rank: G5 S4. 47 Ranger District Information Cabinet District: The only species specific to the Cabinet District is the Bullfrog which is known from a single pond on private property. The Idaho giant salamander may be present due to its proximity to known localities in Idaho and unverified sight records in the Lolo National Forest near St. Regis. Substantial populations of the Tailed frog were found in higher mountain streams both in the Cabinet drainage and in the Kaniksu portion of the district (south of Hwy 200). The Coeur d'Alene salamander is similarly known from sites on both sides of Hwy 200, Including a new location on Pilgrim Creek. Re-confirmation of known populations of the Coeur d'Alene salamander were made on Beaver and White Pine Creek but not on the Vermillion River. No toad and only two Pacific chorus frog populations were found breeding in the district which may be a cause for concern. Several ideal marsh-pond habitats which might be considered for long-term monitoring include Rock Creek Meadows and the Willow Creek ponds. There is also good amphibian habitat on a number of private lands along the Clark Fork, the Bull River and their tributaries. Concerned citizens might be willing to participate in long-term surveys. Three Rivers District: No unique species are known within the District, but the Coeur d'Alene salamander, a Sensitive Species, was present. The Kootenai Falls West site should be monitored annually following the protocols In the Coeur d'Alene Salamander Conservation Assessment (Cassirer et al. 1994). Perhaps the best chance of finding the Wood frog occurs in the upper Yaak River drainage since this species is distributed primarily to the north in Canada and has also been found at one location in north Idaho. Pete Creek Meadows and several ponds south of Bull Lake Campground offer good pond/marsh habitat for long-term monitoring as do several ponds associated with the Yaak River near Baldy Creek. The owner (Burk family) of a pond along 17 Mile Creek would be interested in participating a possible long-term monitoring program there. A known population of Alligator lizards north of Troy could be monitored on a regular basis. Further investigations of the lakes and ponds in the Northwest Peak Scenic Area would be appropriate. Libby District: Streams which flow off of the north and northeast sides of the Cabinet Mountains offer some of the best and most extensive populations of Tailed frogs (In addition to Bull Trout), i.e. Lake Creek, Libby Creek, Ramsey Creek, Bear Creek, etc. There are also several Coeur d'Alene sites In this district along Quartz and Pike Creeks. Since both species have restricted populations, attention should be given to their continued existence. In particular, the Kootenai Falls East site should be monitored annually following the protocols In the Coeur d'Alene Salamander Conservation Assessment (Cassirer et al. 1994). Marsh areas associated with Blue Lake and LaFoe Lake offer long-term monitoring sites for Long-toed salamanders, Spotted frogs, Western toads, and Pacific chorus frogs. Rexford District: Potential long-term monitoring sites of marsh type habitats Include Arnold's Pond and the Horse Lakes. There were only two streams where the Tailed frog was found during this survey, the North and South Forks of Big Creek; these two site should probably be 48 monitored. Others searched included Boulder Creek, Dodge Creek, Sullivan Creek, Young Creek, Flat Creek. Other Tailed frog sites are known from previous records. The numerous seeps along the west side of Lake Koocanusa should be checked periodically for the Coeur d 1 Alene salamander. In particular, the Koocanusa North site should be monitored annually following the protocols in the Coeur d' Alene Salamander Conservation Assessment (Cassirer et al. 1994). Fortlne District: The tributaries of Grave Creek (Clarence Creek and Foundation Creek) had substantial populations of Tailed frogs. Why these frogs did not extend down to Grave Creek or whether they were just missed is unknown. Similarly, it was surprising not to have found them in Deep Creek, as it appeared to have ideal habitat. The Ten Lakes Scenic Area should probably be surveyed in more depth with an eye out for the Wood frog which is known north of the border in Alberta. Both Hagadore Lake and Turtle Lake offer long-term monitoring of marsh type habitats as does a small pond just south of Louis Lake which contained the most dense population of Long-toed salamander larvae encountered in the survey. Some of the more dry and open Ponderosa pine forests in the south part of the district could contain the Gopher snake, Racer, or Western Rattlesnake. Reliable sightings of any of these species as well as the Alligator lizard and Western skink should be kept on file. The absence of any toad breeding in this district was notable, but some breeding sites may yet be located. Fisher River District: Streams along the south edge of the Cabinet Mountains (Silver Bow Creek and Baree Creek) had substantial Tailed frog populations which could be monitored regularly. A previous fish survey in the district revealed a number of other streams with Tailed frogs: Five Mile Creek, Deer Creek, Cow Creek, East Fisher River and Himes Creek. Several marsh areas, such as along Sylvan Lake, the oxbow pond on the Silver Butte Fisher River and the marsh at the headwaters of Blue Creek are good potential monitoring sites. The latter site was one of the few areas observed where Pacific chorus frogs successfully bred in 1994. In the more arid regions south of McGregor Lake, the Gopher snake, Racer and Rattlesnake might occur; any reliable sightings should be kept on file. 49 RECOMMENDATIONS 1) Monitoring of the Coeur D'Alene salamander should be conducted following the specific protocols and sites in the Conservation Assessment (Cassirer et al. 1994). This includes monitoring all sites every 10 years and annually at three sites; these include the Koocanusa North site on the Rexford District, the Kootenai Falls East site on the Libby District, and the Kootenai Falls West site on the Three Rivers District (Cassirer et al. 1994). 2) Long-term monitoring of typical marsh-pond habitats should be set up at two or three sites in a district in order to evaluate relative numbers and breeding success of the more common species: Long-toed salamander, Spotted frog, Western toad, Pacific chorus frog, Western terrestrial garter snake, Common garter snake, and Painted turtle. Particular attention needs to be given to the Western toad and the Pacific chorus frog. 3) Due to the time restraints and the large area covered in this survey, it should not be regarded as a definitive index of all the herptiles or their distribution in the KNF. The secretive habits of many amphibians and reptiles, and our lack of knowledge regarding their reproductive behavior makes it difficult to assess their overall status. Long-term monitoring and/or frequent surveys are the only tools we have for assuring their existence into the future. We recommend that additional surveys be conducted, concentrating on: A) potential Western toads and Pacific chorus frogs breeding sites; B) low-elevation, xeric habitats for reptiles; and C) any historic amphibian sites not yet revisited. In particular, additional wetland surveys should be done on a small ponds and lakes which lack fish and dry up in at least some years; such areas at all altitudes need additional surveys. These areas are often missed because many do not appear on USGS maps, particularly those that are quite small and dry up every year. 4) Life history and ecology of the amphibians in Montana is poorly known for most species. Only perhaps for the Tailed frog and Coeur d' Alene salamander are information presently available to do habitat suitability models and perhaps population viability analyses. For the Spotted frog we are lacking information on which habitats successful reproduction is taking place, as opposed to breeding attempts. For the other species of amphibians and all reptiles we are far from having sufficient data for habitat suitability models or population viability analyses. Long-term monitoring will give us needed information on timing of and habitat requirements for successful breeding. 5) Sightings of the two lizard species (Alligator lizard, Western skink) and the Rubber boa, Racer, and Gopher snake are quite rare and usually fortuitous. It is recommended that reliable reports of these species be recorded; specific time, location, and observer should be kept on file. It is possible that any one of these species could disappear without us even realizing it. 6) Sightings of the Tiger salamander, Idaho giant salamander, Leopard frog, Wood frog, and Western rattlesnake would represent first-time occurrences and range extensions, thus it is 50 important to document and record such data. Either photos should be taken or, if appropriate, a specimen collected. 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, M. E. 1977. Aspects of the ecology of the two sympatric species of Thamnophis and heavy metal accumulation within the species. M.S. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula. 147 pp. Baxter, G. T. and M. D. Stone. 1985. Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 137 pp. Bellis, E. D. 1962. The influence of humidity on wood- frog activity. Amer. Midi. Nat. 68(1):130-148. Bergeron, D. No date. Terrestrial wildlife survey, Coal Creek Mine Area, Montana, 1977-1978. West. Tech. & Eng., Inc., Helena. Black, J. H. 1969. 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Temperature and energy characteristics of the sagebrush lizard {Sceloporus graciosus) in Yellowstone National Park. Copeia 1969:153-160. Nelson, D. J. 1948. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis in Montana. Herpetologica 4:170. 55 Nelson, D. J. 1950. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis in Montana. Herpetologica 6:41. Nussbaum, R. A., E. D. Brodie, Jr. and R. M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. Press of Idaho. 332 pp. Olson-Elliott and Associates. 1979. Environmental impact of the northern tier pipeline in Montana. Tech. Report prepared for Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. Olson-Elliott and Associates. 1980. Terrestrial wildlife inventory, Montco wildlife study area. Tech. Report for Montco, Billings, MT. Peterson, C. R., E. D. Koch and P. S. Corn. 1992. Monitoring amphibian populations in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Unpubl. Report to Univ. Wyo. Natl. Park Serv. Res. Center. 37 pp. Phillips, K. 1990. Where have all the frogs and toads gone? BioScience 40:422-424. Reel, S. 1989. Vest-pocket preserves. Montana Outdoors 20(2):27-29. Reel, S., L. A. Schassberger, and W. Ruediger. 1989. Caring for our natural communities: Region 1 - threatened, endangered and sensitive species program. USDA, USPS, Northern Region, Missoula, Montana. Reichel, J. D. in prep. Preliminary amphibian and reptile survey of the Lewis and Clark National Forest: 1994. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Rodgers, T. L., and W. L. Jellison. 1942. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from western Montana. Copeia 1 942 : 1 0- 1 3 . Scow, K. L. 1978. Terrestrial wildlife survey, Zortman and Landusky areas, Little Rocky Mountains, MT. Tech. Rpt. for Zortman and Landusky Mining Co., Inc., by Westech, Inc. Smith, H. M. 1978. A guide to field identification Amphibians of North America. Golden Press, New York. Smith, H. M. and E. D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America. Golden Press, NY. 240 PP- Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Zoology. 1993. Annual meeting: amphibians in the Northwest. Held in Astoria, Ore, 18-20 March 1993. Stebbins, R. C. 1985. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, xiv + 336 pp. Teberg, E. K. 1963. An extension into Montana of the known range of the salamander Plethodon vandykei idahoensis. Herpetologica 19:287. Teberg, E. K. 1965. Range extensions of the salamander Plethodon vandykei idahoensis. Copeia 1965:244. Thompson, L. S. 1982. Distribution of Montana amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Montana Audubon Council. 24 pp. Timken, R. No date. Amphibians and reptiles of Beaverhead National Forest. Unpubl. mimeo. 16 PP- Turner, F. B. 1958. Life history of the western spotted frog in Yellowstone National Park. Herpetologica 14:96-100. Turner, F. B. 1960. Population structure and dynamics of the western spotted frog, Ranap. pretiosa Baird and Girard, in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. Ecol. Monogr. 30(3):25 1-278. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Finding on 56 petition to list the spotted frog. Fed. Register 58(87):27260-27263. U.S. Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands. 1985. Jardine joint venture project. U.S. Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands. 1986. Jardine joint venture project, final EIS. U.S. Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands. No date. Draft EIS, proposed plan of mining and reclamation, Troy Project, Asarco, Inc., Lincoln County, MT, vol. I. U.S. Geological Survey and Montana Department of State Lands. 1979. Draft, proposed mining and reclamation plan, Pearl Mine, Big Horn County, MT. U.S. Geological Survey and Montana Department of State Lands. No date. Draft environmental statement, proposed mining and reclamation plan, Spring Creek Mine, Big Horn County, MT. VTN. No date. Second year's analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern Montana and northern Wyoming, March 1979 - February 1980. Tech. Rep. prepared by VTN Wyoming, Inc., for Shell Oil Co. Westech, Inc. [Western Technology and Engineering]. 1981. The effects of the Tongue River Railroad on terrestrial wildlife. Technical Report for Tongue River Railroad Co. Westech, Inc. [Western Technology and Engineering]. 1982. Results of Phase one, step one, Little Rockies Project. Tech. Rpt. for Meridan Land and Mineral Co. Westech, Inc. [Western Technology and Engineering]. 1982. Wildlife reconnaissance, Cypress International Yellowstone Mine. Prepared for Hydrometrics, Inc. Westech, Inc. [Western Technology and Engineering]. 1987. Valley View Hills: baseline easement report. The Nature Conservancy, Big Sky Field Office, Helena, MT. 44 pp. plus appendices. Westech, Inc. [Western Technology and Engineering]. No date. Preliminary wildlife reconnaissance, Ruby and Little Ben mine areas, Little Rocky Mountains, Montana. Technical Report for Zortman and Landusky Mining Companies. Western Ecological Services Co. 1983. Wildlife inventory of the Knowlton known recoverable coal resource area, MT. Prep, for USDI, BLM Cont. No. VA-553-RFP2-1027. Western Ecological Services Co. 1983. Wildlife Inventory of the Southwest Circle known recoverable coal resource area, MT. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, BLM. Contract YA-553-RFP2-1027. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler. 1966. The amphibians and reptiles of North Dakota. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. 103 pp. Wilson, A. G. and J. H. Larsen Jr. 1988. Activity and diet in seepage-dwelling Coeur d'Alene salamanders (Plethodon vandykei idahoensis). Northwest Science 62(5):21 1-217. 57 APPENDIX 1. 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Pi d 3 3 en ffl n g fti CO ; o 0) Cm CD X rd ffl 3 a) u d o 4J CD rH CD X OS CO CD CD U u o Eh i cu & 0-. * I > * "tf d- d d Q CO rH J CU ft Cm r-i 4J -H si 4-> H Jg ft * rH CM H H -X VO cm * t> cn H CM cm H ointnooinmoootnooo roH^fromiH^omrorO'^oo ro * in o o in m ^ CD o u CQ a o m cq OOOOOHOH O H O CM H O CM 4J O CD 4J ■H CQ H m ® u q> m x CD CD M U -H U U H Cn 0) fd X CO cu rH u >1 >1 tj tj >: o o X TJ 0) d a) o u Cm U in a) O ro ^4 CO in rd a u TJ CD Pi 4J > CQ CQ O -: h J c CQ Pi TJ sh a CD O 43 a m -H H Pn -U *H CD 4J U X 3 fd CQ U J -H M rd a 0) rH fd > o > rH G rH ■H -H >, CQ CQ CQ • X u u u u 44 CP CD 4H rH o IS ti) 44 rd CD • Sh u u u a) -H 0) u d rH rH rd CD CD > Cn cn mh rH -H -H rH >i 10 miles. 6/25/1954 No Museum Specimen W of Libby, Kootenai River Forest Sanders < .5 mile. 7/27/1994 No Museum Specimen Marten Creek at junction of the S. and N. Forks, ca. 0.5 mi. S. on FSRD 151 Sanders < .5 mile. 5/ 6/1994 No Observation On trail up Swamp Creek. Sanders < .5 mile. 7/28/1994 No Observation 0.1 mi. below USFS bridge, 1500 ft. Sanders < .5 mile. 6/3/1994 No Museum Specimen Rock Creek Meadows. Ca. 2 mi. from the trailhead at end of FS RD 150A. Sanders < .5 mile. 8/2/1993 No Observation 1 mi. above Vermilion Bay on Vermilion R. Road. COMMON GARTER SNAKE Flathead 5 to 10 mil / / No Specimen Reported See map. Flathead < .5 mile. 6/20/1974 No Observation Lake Rogers 92 Natural Heritage Program 01/18/1995 Montana Animal Atlas (Herpetile) Species Report County Precision Date Breed Data Type COMMON GARTER SNAKE (continued) Flathead < .5 mile. 6/20/1974 No Observation Lake Rogers Flathead < .5 mile. 7/ /1 949 No Specimen Reported Lake Rogers, also sec. 29, 3 1, and 32 Lincoln .5 to 5 mil 6/25/1954 No Museum Specimen 4milesSEofLibby Lincoln < .5 mile. 8/12/1994 No Observation Pond on E. side of Silver Butte Fisher River, ca.3.5 mi. S. of Hwy. 2 Lincoln < .5 mile. .6/20/1994 No Museum Specimen Blue Lake, along FS RD 615, ca. 7 mi. E. of Hwy 68. Lincoln < .5 mile. 6/28/1994 No Observation Fortine Creek Headwaters above Twin Meadows along FS RD 36. Lincoln .5 to 5 mil 5/ 9/1004 No Museum Specimen Loon Lake Lincoln < .5 mile. 5/7/1994 No Observation Beaver ponds 7 mi. along Pete Creek Meadows Road Lincoln < .5 mile. 5/30/1993 No Observation Horse Lake Lincoln < .5 mile. 5/7/1994 No Observation Pete Creek Meadows. FS RD 338 mi. 10 from HWY 508 (FS RD 92) Sanders < .5 mile. 8/12/1994 No Observation Beaver Pond at Headwaters of West Fork of Lyons Gulch Sanders < .5 mile. 8/13/1994 No Observation E. Fork of Bull River, Ca. 6 me. E. of Hwy. 56 on FS RD 410. Sanders < .5 mile. 6/3/1994 No Observation Rock Creek Meadows. Ca. 2 mi. from the trailhead at end of FS RD 150A. Sanders < .5 mile. 8/3/1993 No Observation Tuscar Hill Pond NE Sanders < .5 mile. 5/24/1993 No Observation lower White Pine Creek road T24N R3 1W Sect 15 93' APPENDIX 4. DATA SHEETS USED FOR AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SURVEYS AND OBSERVATIONS 94 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 ill! AMPHIBIAN SURVEY DATA SHEET - US fiSH«.WllDUFE SERWCE.4612 MeMURRYAVE.fr. C0UJNS.C0.eBS6.3400 (circto ehoics for »h«*«J vMiebtm; supply v«J« for othsrm) (vor. 2/7/92) DATE BEGIN TIME END TIME OBSERVERS LOCAUTY STATE COUNTY MAP NAME SECTION DESCRIPTION OWNER ELEVATION lards serin) M FT UTM ZONE NORTHING SorlATS EASTING (orLON) AMPHIBIAN AND/OR GARTER SNAKE SPECIES PRESENT J1NDICATE NUMBERS IN CATEGORIES JF POSSIBLE) OTCLE METHOD AND INDICATE IF VOUCHER SPECIMEN WAS COLLECTED SPECIES ADULTS/JUVENiLES CALIWG? TADPOLES/LARVAE EGG MASSES METHOD- FISH PRESENT? YES ??? NO N VISUAUAURAL ID DIP NET/SBNE HAND COLLECTED TRAPPED VOUCHER COLLECTED? YES NO VISUAUAURAL ID DIP NET/SEINE HAND COLLECTED TRAPPED VOUCHER COLLECTED? YES NO VISUAUAURAL ID DiP NET/SEINE HAND COLLECTED TRAPPED VOUCHER COLLECTED? YES NO ENTIRE SITE SEARCHED? YES NO FISH SPECIES: IF NO. INDICATE AREA VISUAUAURAL ID DIP NET/SEINE HAND COLLECTED TRAPPED VOUCHER COLLECTED? YES NO VISUAUAURAL ID DIP NET/SEINE HAND COLLECTED TRAPPED VOUCHER COLLECTED? YES NO METERS OF SHORELINE W OF HABITAT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT (CHEMISTRY VARIABLES OPTIONAL - USE EXTRA SPACES FOR ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS) WEATHER: CLEAR OVERCAST RAIN SNOW AIR TEMP {circle scale) pH WATER TEMP lord* seals) ANC WIND: CALM UGHT STRONG COLOR. CLEAR STAINED TURBIDITY: CLEAR CLOUDY SITE DESCRIPTION'S - (SKETCH SITE AND PUT ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON BACK OF SHEET) OMIT THIS SECTION IF DATA HAVE BEEN COLLECTED ON A PREVIOUS VISIT ORIGIN: NATURAL MAN-MADE DRAINAGE. PERMANENT OCCASIONAL NONE DESCRIPTION: PERMANENT LAKE/POND TEMPORARY LAKE/POND MARSH/BOG STREAM SPRING/SEEP ACTIVE BEAVER POND INACTIVE BEAVER POND SITE LENGTH jM! SITE . WIDTH (M) ^MAXIMUM ; 0£PTH::s < 1 M 1-2M > 2M : STREAM ORDER':;;; 5 + : p«mafSJsubstrate:|: SILT/MUD SAND/GRAVEL COBBLE BOULDER/BEDROCK OTHER ^ %l3F f^DLAKt r^RGIRWrm 1 - 25 25-50 > 50 EMERGENT VEGETATION SPECIES (UST IN ORDER OF ABUNDANCE) NORTH SHORELINE CHARACTERS: SHALLOWS PRESENT SHALLOWS ABSENT EMERGENT VEG PRESENT EMERGENT VEG ABSENT DISTANCE (M) TO FOREST EDGE FOREST TREE SPECIES: ROUGH SKETCH OF SITE GRID SPACING IS __ METERS BETWEEN UNES ADDITIONAL NOTES: Natural Heritage Rare Animal Species Reporting Form This form is used to report a personal field sighting of a rare species tracked by the Montana Natural Heritage Program. It may also be used to summarize locational information from a published or unpublished report. Animal species tracked include those on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Threatened, Endangered or Candidate Lists, the U.S. Forest Service Sensitive List, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Species of Special Interest or Concern List, and the Heritage Program Animal Species of Special Concern List. The Heritage Program can provide a copy of the list upon request. For most bird species, only reports of confirmed breeding are requested. In order for this form to be processed, the sections preceded by two asterisks (**) must be completed. Send completed form to: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1515 E 6th Ave., PO Box 201800, Helena MT 59620. Scientific Name **Common Name Location: Location Map: A mapped location of the occurrence should accompany this form. The ideal format is to locate the site on a photocopied section of a USGS 7.5 minute topo map; Forest Service, BLM, or other maps may be used. Be sure to provide the name of the map. County: Township: Range: Section: **Directions to Site: Describe in detail how to get to the site from a readily located permanent landmark such as a road intersection. _________ ; Biology/Habitat **Date and Approximate Time of the Observation: **Number of Individuals Observed: □ 1-5 □ 5-10 □ 11-50 □ 51-100 □ 101-1000 □ > 1000 If possible, provide the exact number of individuals: Life Stages Present: Check off the life stages observed or provide an estimate of the numbers of individuals for each life stage: larvae immature adult female adult male adult, sex unknown Comments: Additional Status Information: What else was observed? Provide information on the behavior of the species particularly that which could indicate or confirm breeding at the site. For birds this could include singing males, carrying nest material/food, dependant young observed, entry of adults into possible nesting cavity, etc. Associated Species: List any associated species such as predators, prey, food plants, host species, or additional rare species observed at the site. Required Field Habitat Data: Describe the general area where the occurrence is located. List community types, dominant vegetation, and information on the physical environment such as substrate type, hydrology, moisture regime, slope, elevation, and aspect. Also, if possible, provide information on the surrounding land use and extent of additional suitable habitat. Weather Conditions: □ clear D overcast Q calm □ windy Describe temperature, precipitation, and other significant weather factors: Conservations Are there any natural or human threats to this occurrence? Please describe. Ownership: If known, please provide landowner name, address and telephone number. Information Source; **Name, Address, and Telephone Number (of person filing report) **Does this information come from D a field visit, □ a 2nd party observation, or □ a published or unpublished report? Citation: For information taken from a published or unpublished report, please provide a copy of the cover page and pertinent portions of the report. If a copy cannot be provided, list below the author, date, title, publisher, and page numbers. Voucher: Was the observation vouchered with □ a photograph? □ a specimen? If possible, attach a copy of the photograph. If specimen voucher, please provide the collection # and name of the repository: Identification: How was the species identification made? Was it based on a sighting, track, call, scat, road kill, etc.? Name the identification manual(s) used or expert(s) consulted. Were there identification problems? Confirmation: Would you accompany a biologist to the site if needed? fj yes Q no Additional Comments: (use additional sheets if needed) Required Field APPENDIX 5. NEW ELEMENT OCCURRENCES OF COEUR D f ALENE SALAMANDERS FOUND IN 1992-4 99 MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM Element Occurrence Record Scientific Name: PLETHODON IDAHOENSIS Common Name: COEUR D'ALENE SALAMANDER Global rank: G3Q Forest Service status: SENSITIVE State rank: S2 Federal Status: Element occurrence code: AAAAD12270. 025 Element occurrence type: Survey site name: WEEKSVILLE EO rank: EO rank comments : County : SANDERS USGS quadrangle: BIG HOLE PEAK Township: Range: Section: TRS comments: 021N ' 027W 35 Precision: M Survey date: Elevation: 3320 First observation: 1991 Slope/aspect: Last observation: 1991-05-25 Size (acres) : Location: FROM STATE ROAD # 2 00, CA. 9 MILES WEST OF PLAINS, GO CA. 0.5 MILE NORTH UP SMALL SPRING CREEK. Element occurrence data: ONE NEARLY DEAD ADULT FOUND WITH HEAD SMASHED, IN BIGHORN SHEEP TRACK. General site description: SMALL SEEP ON ROCKY, SOUTH- FACING SLOPE. Land owner/manager: PRIVATELY OWNED LAND (INDIVIDUAL OR CORPORATE) Comments : Information source: MILLER, VERNON E. (GENE) . 850, HIGHWAY 200 WEST, PLAINS, MT 59859. Specimens : MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM Element Occurrence Record Scientific Name: PLETHODON IDAHOENSIS Common Name: COEUR D'ALENE SALAMANDER Global rank: G3Q Forest Service status: SENSITIVE State, rank: S2 Federal Status: Element occurrence code: AAAAD12270. 026 Element occurrence type : Survey site name: QUARTZ CREEK EO rank: EO rank comments : County: LINCOLN USGS quadrangle: TURNER MOUNTAIN Township : Range : Section : TRS comments : 032N 032W 11 CENTER Precision Survey date First observation Last observation Elevation: 3500 1993-07-15 Slope/aspect: 1993-07-15 Size (acres) : Location : CA. 4 MILES NORTHWEST OF LIBBY, TAKE FS RD 600 CA. 8 MILES UP QUARTZ CREEK TO SMALL STREAM CROSSING. Element occurrence data: 1 ADULT FOUND IN 5 -MINUTE SEARCH AND COLLECTED. General site description: STEEP CASCADING STREAM WITH MOSSY RUBBLE BANKS AND SLOPES, SHADED BY VEGETATION. Land owner/manager: KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, LIBBY RANGER DISTRICT Comments : REPORTED BY STAN BECKSTROM Information source: ZOOLOGIST, MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVENUE, P.O. BOX 210800, HELENA, MT 59620-1800. 406/444-3009. Specimens : MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM Element Occurrence Record Scientific Name: PLETHODON IDAHOENSIS Common Name: COEDR D'ALENE SALAMANDER Global rank: G3Q Forest Service status: SENSITIVE State rank: S2 Federal Status: Element occurrence code: AAAAD12270. 027 Element occurrence type : Survey site name: LITTLE NORTH FORK BIG CREEK EO rank: EO rank comments : County: LINCOLN USGS quadrangle: WEBB MOUNTAIN Township: Range: Section: TRS comments: 035N 029W 32 Precision: M Survey date: Elevation: 3000 First observation: 1993-05-30 Slope/aspect: Last observation: 1993-05-30 Size (acres) : Location: AT FOOTBRIDGE ACROSS LITTLE NORTH FORK BIG CREEK, CA. 700 METERS NORTH OF BIG CREEK, CA. 1 MILE WEST OF WEST- SIDE HIGHWAY ON LAKE KOOCANUSA. Element occurrence data: 1 SALAMANDER COLLECTED. General site description: MOUNTAIN STREAM WITH ASCAPHUS TRUEI AND TROUT ALSO PRESENT. Land owner/manager: KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, REXFORD RANGER DISTRICT Comments : REPORTED BY J. REICHEL AND S. BECKSTROM. Information source: ZOOLOGIST, MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVENUE, P.O. BOX 210800, HELENA, MT 59620-1800. 406/444-3009. Specimens: REICHEL, J. (3171). 1993. MTHP. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM Element Occurrence Record Scientific Name: PLETHODON IDAHOENSIS Common Name: COEUR D'ALENE SALAMANDER Global rank: G3Q Forest Service status: SENSITIVE State rank: S2 Federal Status: Element occurrence code: AAAAD12270. 028 Element occurrence type: Survey site name: DEVIL'S GAP EO rank: EO rank comments : County : SANDERS USGS quadrangle: NOXON Township: Range: Section: TRS comments: 025N 033W 26 SW4-CENTER Precision Survey date First observation Last observation S Elevation: 2600 1994-05-04 Slope/aspect: 1994-05-04 Size (acres) : Location: FROM MARTEN CREEK BAY ON NOXON RESERVOIR, NORTHWEST OF TROUT CREEK, GO CA. 3 MILES UP FS RD 151 TO DEVIL'S GAP AREA. SITE IS SOUTH OF CREEK ACROSS FROM CLEARING WITH OLD FOUNDATIONS. Element occurrence data: 1 JUVENILE COLLECTED IN A 1-HOUR SEARCH. General site description: PERMANENT, MOSS -COVERED COBBLED SEEP; WESTERN RED CEDAR, FIR PRESENT. Land owner /manager : KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT Comments : Information source: ZOOLOGIST, MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVENUE, P.O. BOX 210800, HELENA, MT 59620-1800. 406/444-3009. Specimens: WERNER, J. K. (MTHP-0005) . 1994. INMH. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM Element Occurrence Record Scientific Name: PLETHODON IDAHOENSIS Common Name: COEUR D'ALENE SALAMANDER Global rank: G3Q Forest Service status: SENSITIVE State rank: S2 Federal Status: Element occurrence code: AAAAD12270. 029 Element occurrence type : Survey site name: WEST BANK LAKE KOOCANUSA EO rank: EO rank comments : County: LINCOLN USGS quadrangle: WEBB MOUNTAIN Township: Range: Section: TRS comments: 03 5N 02 9W 35 SE4NE4 Precision Survey date First observation Last observation Elevation: 2600 1994-05-17 Slope/aspect: 1994-05-17 Size (acres) : Location: ABOVE FS RD 228 ON THE WEST SIDE OF LAKE KOOCANUSA, CA. 2.7 ROAD MILES NORTH OF THE BIG CREEK BRIDGE. Element occurrence data: ONE ADULT COLLECTED DURING A 1.2 5 -HOUR SEARCH. General site description: 10 -FOOT LONG SEEP AT ROADCUT, WITH MOSS -COVERED BOULDERS /BEDROCK PLUS SAND AND GRAVEL; PONDEROSA PINE COVER. Land owner/manager : KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, REXFORD RANGER DISTRICT Comments : Information source: ZOOLOGIST, MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVENUE, P.O. BOX 210800, HELENA, MT 59620-1800. 406/444-3009. Specimens: WERNER, J. K. (MTHP-0016) . 1994. INMH.