2013 Survey Assessments and Analysis of Fish, Macroinvertebrates and Herpetofauna in the Otter Creek Coal Tracts Area of Powder River County Prepared for: Pat Farmer, Project Manager/Director Westech Environmental Services Helena Field Office Prepared by: David Stagliano, Aquatic Ecologist Montana Natural Heritage Program January 2014 a cooperative program of the Montana State Library and the University of Montana rtjr MONTANA 29 Natural Heritage Executive Summary We summarize the third year of baseline surveys for aquatic communities and herpetofauna in the Otter Creek coal tracts area. Project goals remain the same: 1) to continue standardized surveys and collecting baseline information on the aquatic communities prior to coal development, 2) to seasonally assess aquatic community integrity and condition with key indicators recorded on-site and comparing these against biotic thresholds of reference condition standards and testing treatment differences. These 2013 aquatic community data represent the third year of pre-coal development (i.e. pre-impact BACI, Before After Control Impact design) conditions at the local reach scale. Habitat assessments, herpetofauna, macroinvertebrate and fish surveys were performed during seasonally similar dates at the same sites visited in 2011 and 2012: four main-stem Otter Creek reaches (Control, Impact {2} and Downstream) and three tributary streams. In total, we performed 15 fish surveys during 2013. Thirteen macroinvertebrate samples were collected during the visits; neither survey was conducted at Threemile Creek during any season due to lack of surface water present. All stream reaches were visually and aurally surveyed for amphibians and reptiles during all visits. Biological community integrity was calculated for 15 fish surveys using Fish Integrated Biotic Indices (IBI's) and Observed/Expected Models (O/E), while the 13 macroinvertebrate samples were assessed with Montana DEQ's multi-metric indices (MT MMI). Habitat Evaluations. Of the seven reaches evaluated in the study area, we found three in Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) with a stable trend; three were Functional at Risk (FAR) and one non- functional (NF). Sites ranked FAR or NF due to stream habitat structurally degraded by cattle (Home {Otter_lA}, Tenmile {Otter_23} and Threemile {Otter_3m} Creeks) or stream manipulation (Otter Creek #2). Highest site integrity scores using both the BLM Habitat and PFC Assessment methods were recorded at Otter Creek sites #22 and JT, Denson Control and Trusler reaches, respectively. Sites with lower habitat scores are inversely correlated with high livestock use indices (CPI values). Specific Conductivity measurements recorded at all Otter Creek mainstem sites across all seasons were above the impairment threshold levels (>500ps, MDEQ 2006b). Macroinvertebrate Communities: Overall, 78 unique macroinvertebrate taxa were reported in 2013 from 13 macroinvertebrate assessment samples. One mayfly species of concern (MTSOC), Caenis youngi was collected at the Otter Creek sites #16 and #22. Highest taxa richness (37 spp.) was reported at Otter JT during the fall visit, while overall macroinvertebrate richness per site was 29.1 taxa, slightly less than 2012 or 2011. Using the MTDEQ multimetric index (MMI), four of the five sites (11 of 13 samples) were ranked non-impaired (good biological integrity), while two samples from Tenmile (Otter_23) and Home Creek (Otter_lA) were ranked impaired. MMI scores in 2013 were not significantly different than 2012 scores (p > 0.4). Sites that maintained flowing water connectivity scored higher with the MMI than sites with interrupted pool areas. Overall, mainstem sites evaluated in the Otter Creek study had significantly different MMI scores than those in the tributaries (ANOVA, p <0.01). MMIs did not significantly differ between Otter Creek mainstem Pre-lmpact Control, Impact or Downstream Sites (T-test, p >0.05), despite fish communities reflecting a downstream decrease in biotic integrity. Fish Communities. Overall, ten fish species (five native/five introduced) were identified from 16,215 individuals collected during 15 surveys. The brassy minnow, a potential species of concern (PSOC), 2 was collected at five sites during all 15 surveys. Average total fish species per Otter Creek mainstem site across all seasons was 6.7 (± 0.5 SE), a slight decrease from 2012 (7.0). Brassy minnows had the highest site occupancy rate of 100% (15 of 15 visits) followed by lake chubs, fathead minnows, and white suckers at 80% and 67% (12 and 10 out of 15 visits), respectively. Lake chubs edged out fathead minnows in 2013 to account for the highest proportion of total individuals collected at 28%. The most diverse fish site in the study area was Otter Creek #16 with nine species, while sites with the highest % of native species were Otter Creek JT (five spp.) and Home Creek (two native spp.). Using Montana's Prairie Fish Integrity Biotic Index (IBI), nine of the 15 fish visits ranked non-impaired (good integrity), five were slightly-moderately impaired and one was ranked poor. As seen in 2012, fish IBI's decreased going downstream in the Otter Creek mainstem and seasonally with lowest scores recorded during the fall. In 2013, fish IBI scores of the Control Site were not significantly different than either the Impact (p= 0.089) or the Downstream site (p=0.24) using Student T-tests, but the O/E scores of the Control were significantly different than Impact sites (p=0.02) and the Downstream site (p=0.04). The O/E scores agreed with the IBI in most cases, except Otter_2 summer, where the O/E showed non-impairment (0.91), but the IBI score (54) indicated impaired fish integrity. Further evaluations into the relationship of the O/E to the IBI are needed for non-natives. A fish anomaly index recorded the highest scores at the Impact sites, especially increasing at Otter #2 in 2013 Amphibian and Reptile Incidentals. Nine herpetofauna species were observed or collected in conjunction with the assessment surveys. Of the four amphibian species; the Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) had the highest site occupancy, occurring at four of seven sites, followed by the Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyurus woodhousii) and Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata) both recorded at three sites. The Boreal Chorus Frog was detected vocally calling at two sites during the spring visits. Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) continue to use Home Creek (Otter_lA) as a breeding area, as evidenced by larvae captured while seining during summer visits. We also recorded five reptile species (in order of site occurrence): Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) (a MTSOC), Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), Gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer) and Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis eiegons). Conclusions. Otter Creek mainstem reaches within the area proposed for the future mine site (i.e. Impact Zone sites) continue to show higher impairment levels in biological integrity than the Control or Downstream reaches. Spatial and temporal patterns of aquatic community composition and biotic integrity were similar between the 2013 and 2012 surveys, with a notable increase in the percentage of non-native fish occurring across most sites, especially in the fall. Biotic integrity of the Otter Creek upstream control reach remains higher than impact or downstream reaches (based on fish), but has decreased since 2011. Macroinvertebrates show no discernible pattern of integrity spatially, but temporally are reporting higher integrity scores during the spring samples. Fish communities have reassembled themselves since the high water of 2011 with the addition of the golden shiner to three sites in 2012, but they were only reported at one site in 2013. The high density and biomass of fish captured below Truslers Ranch road crossing, 20,000 fish per 300 m in fall 2011, has dispersed to other sections and now averages 1,900 fish per 300 m, but still has a high percentage of fish anomalies (lesions and parasites- yellow grub and anchorworm). Fish anomaly scores are significantly higher at the Impact Zone sites than reported at the other reaches. 3 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 6 METHODS Study Area 6 Habitat Assessments 8 Macroinvertebrate Community Surveys 9 Fish and Amphibian Surveys 10 RESULTS Habitat Assessments 12 Macroinvertebrate Communities 13 Fish Communities 15 Hepetofauna Communities 23 CONCLUSIONS 25 SITE PHOTOS 27 LITERATURE CITED 30 APPENDIX A. Fish data and IBI metric calculations collected from Otter Creek Project Sites APPENDIX B. Macroinvertebate taxa list, abundance and metrics for the 13 collection sites APPENDIX C. Stream Habitat and Water Quality Parameters measured for Otter Creek sites. List of Figures Figure 1. USGS gage data for Otter Creek at Ashland 2012 and 2013 8 Figure 2. Macroinvertebrate D-net Sampling procedure 9 Figure 3. Block seine set in Otter Creek JT Reach 10 Figure 4. Photo of a structurally cattle-damaged, functional-at-risk (FAR) stream reach 11 Figure 5. MTDEQ MMI scores by site and season 13 Figure 6. Average macroinvertebrate MMI scores by site type 14 Figure 7. Average macroinvertebrate MMI scores by year 14 Figure 8. Fish IBI seasonality recorded during 2013 surveys 16 Figure 9. Average fish IBI scores by BACI design site type 18 Figure 10. Average fish O/E scores by BACI design site type 18 Figure 11. Average fish IBI scores by treatment type and year 19 Figure 12. Comparison of the Fish IBI and O/E scores between sites and season 19 Figure 13. Comparison of 2013 and 2012 Fish IBI scores 20 Figure 14. Comparison of 2013 and 2012 Native Fish Percentage (%) 21 Figure 15. Fish anomaly scores in 2013, 2012 and 2011 by sites and seasons 21 Figure 16. Average fish anomaly scores by year and site 23 Figure 17. Snapping Turtle and Terrestrial Garter Snake from Otter Creek #22 and JT 24 4 List of Tables Table 1. Otter Creek Study site GPS locations of reach 7 Table 2. Impairment determinations from the MMI and O/E (RIVPACS) models 9 Table 3. Fish metrics and classification offish species captured in the study area 11 Table 4. Macroinvertebrate sample characteristics and metrics used for the DEQ MMI 13 Table 5. Fish abundance, IBI and O/E scores for the 12 surveys reporting fish 16 Table 6. Species of vertebrates collected during the aquatic surveys in 2013 24 Acknowledgements We would like to thank Pat Farmer of Westech Environmental Services of Helena for funding this project under agreement # L13-534. Editorial review and comments that improved this report were provided by Linda Vance, Pat Farmer and Gary Carnefix. Field work coordination, landowner contacts and logistics were greatly expedited by Carl Lenz and Heidi Kaiser (Hydrometrics, Inc.). Field survey assistance provided by Phil Sawatzski, Kyla Zaret and Sara Owen (MTNHP) was invaluable. All photos in the report were taken by MTNHP personnel, unless otherwise noted 5 Introduction The Otter Creek basin southeast of Ashland, Montana is currently undergoing exploration for a large, open-pit coal mine. Baseline data on the condition of the watershed prior to coal mine development (pre-impact) is essential to determine what effects the coal extraction might have on the fish and wildlife in, and downstream of, the effected extraction area (post-impact). Initial evaluations of the aquatic communities determined that no Federally Listed species under the Endangered Species Act would be affected in the coal tracts area (BLM 2002), but this Environmental Assessment did not take into account the presence of Montana Species of Concern (MTSOC) or other ecologically sensitive native species assemblages. Despite numerous projects undertaken to document and monitor biological communities in CBNG areas of the Powder and Tongue River watersheds (Confluence Consulting Inc. 2004; Stagliano 2006; Davis et al. 2009; Maxell 2009; Petersen et al. 2009, 2010; Farag et al. 2010; Stagliano 2011), large gaps still exist in basic baseline surveys for macroinvertebrates, fish, and herpetofauna in the Otter Creek basin. Fish communities have been documented to be seasonally variable in prairie streams (Bramblett and Fausch 1991, Lohr and Fausch 1997, Matthews 1998), thus sampling across all seasons in multiple years is a good strategy to document baseline community differences. Over three years of stream monitoring, Otter Creek's annual discharge statistics reported a historically "wet" year in 2011 (14.6 cfs), a "normal" water year in 2012 (8.6 cfs), though this was still almost two times higher than the 35 year average (4.7 cfs), and a slightly more normal discharge year in 2013 (7.7 cfs) (USGS 2013). Highly variable seasonal discharge patterns are common for Otter Creek and other perennial prairie streams in Montana. Water availability in many small prairie streams that constitute the Intermittent Prairie Stream ecological system (Stagliano 2005) is highly variable, and these streams may have downstream connectivity early in the season for potential fish spawning and nursery areas (Matthews et al. 1988, Bramblett et al. 2005) or no fish colonization at all in dry years and become isolated pools important areas for amphibian breeding and rearing (Stagliano 2011). Identifying spatial and temporal baseline communities and conditions in streams of the coal tracts area (i.e., presence offish, macroinvertebrate, and herpetofauna) prior to coal development is essential to understanding and potentially mitigating impacts to habitats and species during and after coal extraction. Methods Study Area Pre-impact baseline sampling sites visited in 2013 were the same reaches designated in 2011 (Stagliano 2012). These sites are representative of the range of stream types found in the Otter Creek Coal Tracts project area: Ephemeral, Intermittent and Perennial Prairie Streams. Four mainstem Otter Creek reaches (control, impact {2} and downstream) and three tributaries 6 coinciding with established surface water quality stations were visited seasonally (May, July, October) (Table 1). Threemile Creek remained dry during all visits and no fish or macroinvertebrate surveys were conducted (see Site Photos). Seasonal site visits were timed with 2011 and 2012 dates, and we coordinated sampling with baseflow discharge levels, which was easily accomplished in the spring of 2013 compared to 2012, because there was largely no spring, high discharge pulse (Figure 1). Table 1. Otter Creek Coal Study Site Characteristics. GPS Locations at the top (T) and bottom (B) of the assessment reach. Aquatic Ecological System (AES) code defined in text followed Stagliano (2005). Site Code Site Name Type AES code Latitude Longitude Elev (m) Comment Otter_23 Tenmile Creek (T) Otter_23 Tenmile Creek (B) Control Control D005/E005 D005/E005 45.43409 -106.13403 45.43465 -106.13253 961 958 Dry during May and July, small pool during Oct. visit Otter_22 Otter Creek 22 (T) Otter_22 Otter Creek 22 (B) Control Control D005/C005 D005/C005 45.43035 -106.14428 45.43274 -106.14366 951 948 Top of reach ~60m below Tenmile Creek road, proceeded 300m downstream Otter_16 Otter Creek 16 (T) Otter_16 Otter Creek 16 (B) Impact Impact C005 C005 45.48514 -106.16487 45.48365 -106.16725 938 937 Top of reach ~60m above uit; bu fcjdni crossing anu 240m below Otter_3m Threemile Creek (T) Otter_3m Threemile Creek (B) Impact Impact E005 E005 45.51054 -106.16288 45.50955 -106.16960 933 928 Dry during all visits Otter_2 Otter Creek 2 (T) Otter_2 Otter Creek 2 (B) Impact Impact C005 C005 45.50475 -106.17493 45.50561 -106.17561 929 928 Site surveyed for fish during all visits, downstream of road crossing OtterJT Otter Creek JT (T) OtterJT Otter Creek JT (B) Down Down C005 C005 45.55675 -106.21798 45.55782 -106.21770 910 909 Top of reach ~80m below ranch road culvert to 300m downstream Otter_lA Home Creek (B) Otter_lA Home Creek (T) Down Down D005/E005 D005/E005 45.54483 -106.18717 45.54422 -106.18947 952 950 Bottom of reach ~500m above road crossing, then 300m upstream Average yearly discharge for 2013 was 7.7 cfs versus 14.6 cfs in 2011 and 3.9 cfs in 2010, which is still substantially higher than the 35 year average of 4.7 cfs (USGS 2012, 2013). Discharge during the 2013 May sampling visit (7 cfs) was similar to 2012, but only one third that of 2011 (19 cfs), while the summer and fall visits were closer to average baseflows at 2.5 and 5 cfs, respectively. Discharge patterns of the 2013 hydrograph were very different than in 2012, with virtually no early spring pulse and a very high rainfall-related pulse in late-May (Figure 1). During this fall's survey, we sampled during a day-long, wet snow/sleet storm that caused Otter Creek to increase by ~2 cfs overnight. Habitat assessments, herpetofauna, macroinvertebrate and fish surveys were 7 performed during seasonally similar dates at the same sites visited in 2011 and 2012. All stream reaches were visually and aurally surveyed for amphibians and reptiles during all visits. Figure 1. Discharge reported at the USGS gage in Ashland, MTfor 2012 (top) and 2013 (bottom). Arrows indicate date of sampling visit. Jan Feb Mar Apr Hay Jun Jul Hug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 Daily nean discharge • Flou at station affected by ice Estinated daily nean discharge Period of provisional data Period of approved data Habitat Assessments The stream assessment reach was divided into 10 equally spaced transects according to BLM and EMAP protocols (BLM 2008a; Lazorchak et al. 1998). The downstream transect was marked (GPS, flagging and photo point) as the bottom of the reach and all ecological assessment protocols started from this point and continued upstream for 300m (designated the assessment area or "AA") to the marked top of the reach. Parameters recorded at each transect were: wetted-width 8 (WW), three channel depth measurements (%, Vi, % ww distance), % large woody debris, substrate and riparian shading. On-site habitat assessments were conducted using the rapid assessment protocol developed for the BLM by the National Aquatic Assessment Team (scores 0-24) (BLM 2008a). The process for determining Proper Functioning Condition followed Pritchard et al. (1993). Basic water parameters (temperature, TDS, pH, conductivity) were recorded prior to biological sampling using a Horiba H-10 water monitor, calibrated for the higher conductivity range. The Livestock Use Index ("Cowpie" CPI) was assessed by walking a randomly chosen 75m transect on both sides of the stream channel in the riparian area within the assessment area and counting all the old and new cowpies (higher CPI equals high cow usage). The goal of these evaluations is to characterize local reach geomorphology, riparian and in-stream habitat, and characteristics that influence aquatic community integrity. Sites ranking higher using these protocols are determined to have higher quality local reach-scale habitat. Macroinvertebrate Communities Macroinvertebrate communities were sampled semi-quantitatively from each of the 10 transects within the 300m assessment reach using the EMAP Reach-Wide protocol (Lazorchak et al. 1998). Sampling started at the downstream transect (A) or #10 in the BLM protocol, and proceeded upstream alternating sampling with the 500-micron D-frame net to the left, right or center of the stream channel, so a systematic sampling of all habitats is achieved (Figure 2). The ten multi-habitat kicks/jabs were composited into a 20 liter bucket and processed according to BLM protocols (2008b). The organic portion on the sieve was transferred to one or two 1 liter Nalgene bottles, labeled and preserved in 95% ethanol and brought to the MTNHP lab in Helena for processing (sorting, identification and data analysis) following protocols outlined by the BLM (2008b) and MTDEQ (2006). Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest taxonomic level (MTDEQ 2006), counted, imported into EDAS (Jessup 2006), and biological metrics were calculated from the data using the Montana Department of Environmental Quality's newest multimetric macroinvertebrate (MMI) protocols (Jessup et al. 2005, Feldman 2006). Metric results were scored using the MTDEQ bioassessment criteria and each sample categorized as Figure 2. Macroinvertebrate sampling procedure at Otter 1A. Table 2. Impairment determination thresholds from the MTDEO MMI and O/E (RIVPACS) models. Ecoregion RIVPACS MMI Impairment Determination Mountain >0.8 or < 1.2 >63 Not impaired <0.8 or > 1.2 <63 Impaired Low Valley >0.8 or < 1.2 >48 Not impaired <0.8 or > 1.2 <48 Impaired Eastern Plains >0.8 or < 1.2 >37 Not impaired <0.8 or > 1.2 <37 Impaired 9 nonimpaired or impaired according to threshold values (37 for Eastern Plains Streams, Table 2). The macroinvertebrate MMI score is based upon a series of metrics that measure attributes of benthic macroinvertebrate communities that are sensitive to condition changes in the stream (in the form of pollution or pollutants) including the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) (MTDEQ 2006). The index score represents the condition of the macroinvertebrate community at the time the sample was collected within that past year. If the index score is below the impairment threshold, the individual metrics can be used to provide insight as to why the communities are different from the reference condition (Barbour et. al 1999, Jessup et. al. 2005). Spring and fall macroinvertebrate samples were collected outside the range of the MTDEQ recommended sampling time frame (June l st -September 15 th ) (MTDEQ 2006), but this time frame was largely derived for mountain streams. Fish and Amphibian Surveys Fish sampling within the 300 meter stream assessment reach was conducted with 6 and 9 meter straight seines in 25-30 m increments, seining in a downstream direction toward a block seine (Figure 3, protocols in Bramblett et al. 2005). Fish captured in a blocked section were transferred to holding buckets until the reach was completed, unless the reach was broken up by riffles, fish are more likely to develop anomalies including deformities, tumors, and parasites in areas with degraded water quality (USGS 2000). At least 10% of the individuals of a species were measured for total length in millimeters (TL mm) to obtain size structure data. Young-of-the-year fish less than 20 mm (TL) were noted on the field sheet (not included in the totals) and released. Voucher specimens were only taken in the case of uncertain field identifications, and were preserved in 10% buffered formalin. These will be deposited with the Montana State University Collections. Adult amphibians or reptiles encountered while seining or walking the designated stream reach were counted and recorded even if they were not captured in the seine. All stream reaches were visually and aurally surveyed for amphibians or reptiles during all visits. Analysis of the sampled fish communities used Integrated Biotic Indices (IBI) designed for wadable prairie streams (Bramblett et. al 2005) and derived Observed/Expected (O/E) Fish Models (Stagliano 2011) to detect impairment in the biological integrity of the sites. Proper classification is impassable or dry sections; in this case, fish were processed and released within the section of capture. Fish holding in the buckets were identified to species (Holton and Johnson 2003), enumerated, examined for external anomalies (e.g. deformities, eroded fins, lesions, and tumors; DELT), and then released. A fish anomaly score based on the number of individuals with anomalies divided by the total number of individuals collected (%) was calculated for each survey. In general 10 important when determining biological integrity (Hawkins and Norris 2000) and expected species richness. Stream reaches of Otter Creek have become dry in previous years (Stagliano, pers. observation. 2005-2008), thus placing certain stream sections within the D005 classification. We have characterized reference condition indicator assemblages for these ecosystem types previously (Stagliano 2005), which are used here to compare to our site-specific observed species. The expected number of native fish species for a D005 classified reference stream is 2.5-3.75, while the expected number of fish for a C005 stream is 5.5-8.5 depending on watershed area; dividing the observed number of native fish species at a site by the expected number derives a percentage compared to reference condition (>0.8 or 80% = unimpaired) (Table 1). The IBI originally proposed by Karr (1981) involved the calculation of a series of 12 metrics evaluating different attributes of the fish community (i.e. species richness, tolerance to pollutants, trophic status) (Table 3). The 10 metrics used for the prairie streams were adjusted for watershed area to calculate an overall score between 0 and 100. Bramblett et al. (2005) did not propose threshold criteria for good, fair, and poor biological integrity for these scores. Therefore, we applied percentiles above the null criteria (no fish present score) at >30% indicates good to excellent biological integrity, 10-30% fair/good biological integrity, 0-10% indicated poor to fair biological integrity and scores below the null are indicative of poor biological integrity or severely impaired (Appendix A). Table 3. Fish metrics and classification of fishes captured during the Otter Creek Study (2013). Species Scientific Name Trophic * Feeding Habitatt Repro Guildt General Tolerance ** Origin tt Total Length 3 years Catostomidae White sucker Catostomus commersoni OM BE LO TOL N 229 Cyprinidae Common Carp Cyprinus carpio OM BE TOL 1 381 Brassy minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni HB BE MOD N 81 Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas OM GE TOL§ TOL N 76 Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas OM WC MOD 1 102 Lake Chub Couesius plumbeus OM GE MOD N 140 Sand Shiner Notropis stramineus OM GE LO MOD N 61 Centrarchidae Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus IC GE TOL§ TOL 1 102 Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus IC GE TOL§ MOD 1 89 Ictaluridae Black Bullhead Ameiums melas IC BE TOL§ TOL 1 152 *HB = herbivore (> 90% plants or detritus); IC = invertivore/carnivore (>25% both invertebrates and vertebrates); IN = invertivore; OM = omnivore(25-90% plants or detritus) t BE = benthic; GE = generalist; WC = water column: Brown (1971); Scott and Crossman (1973); Becker (1983) % LO=Litho-obligate Reproductive Guild; Scott and Crossman (1973); Pflieger (1997); Barbour et al. (1999) § Tolerant reproductive strategists are not litho-obligates, use parental care at spawning site: Scott and Crossman (1973); Pflieger (1997) ** INT = intolerant; MOD = moderately tolerant: TOL = tolerant; Barbour et al. (1999); tt N = native; I - introduced; Brown (1971); Holton and Johnson (2003) 11 Results We classified seven stream reaches in the study area: four Otter Creek mainstem sites are Perennial Prairie Streams (C005), and three tributaries are classified as Great Plains Intermittent Prairie Streams (D005-Home Creek, E005-Tenmile Creek and Threemile Creek) (Table 1). The Intermittent Prairie Stream (E005) in Montana is naturally fishless 80% of the time; therefore, absence of fish, in itself, should not be viewed as a biological impairment (e.g. Threemile and Tenmile Creek). Amphibian populations, especially the northern leopard frog were highest at Home Creek (Otter_lA) (Table 6), which had a mix of permanent pools and fishless sections. Habitat Evaluations. Of the seven sampling reaches evaluated within the study area, we found three in Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) with a stable trend and four ranked Functional at Risk (FAR) (Appendix C). Reasons that sites ranked FAR were due to structural habitat alteration by cattle with associated high livestock use indices (CPI values) (Home Creek {Otter_lA}, Threemile Creek {Otter_3m} and Otter #16-fall) (Figure 4) or anthropogenic stream manipulation (Otter Creek JT and Otter Creek #16). Highest site integrity scores using both the BLM Habitat and PFC Assessment methods were recorded at the Otter Creek #22 and JT, Denson and Trusler reaches (Table 7). Point conductivity measurements Figure 4. Structurally cattle damaged reach, Home Creek. *5F~ recorded at all Otter Creek mainstem sites and tributaries across all seasons were above the threshold for impairment levels (>500ps, DEQ 2006b, Appendix C), and Home Creek site had visible signs of natural gas seepage from the sediments. Percentage of silt in the benthic substrates has not significantly changed for any monitored reach during the three years of the study (Appendix C). Macroinvertebrate Communities: Overall, 78 unique macroinvertebrate taxa were reported from the 13 macroinvertebrate assessment samples (Appendix B). One MT species of concern (SOC), the mayfly, Caenis youngi was collected at sites Otter Creek #16 and #22 (Appendix B). Stoneflies (P) 12 were not present at any sites, so the EPT taxa reported per site usually consisted of two species of tolerant mayflies (E), and one or two species of caddisfly (T); the highest EPT richness at any site was six species at the Otter_16 summer (Table 4, Appendix B). Average macroinvertebrate taxa richness per site was 29.1 and the highest taxa richness was 37 taxa reported at the Otter JT site during the fall survey (Table 4). There were no significant differences in total taxa richness, EPT taxa, or the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) between mainstem treatments (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Using the MTDEQ multimetric index (MMI), four of the five sites (11 of 13 samples) were ranked non- impaired (good to excellent biological integrity), while two samples, one from Tenmile (Otter_23) and Home Creek (Otter_lA) were ranked impaired (Table 4, Figure 5). Table 4. Macroinvertebrate sample characteristics and selected metrics used in the MTDEQ MMI (see Methods). Underlined MMI values are considered impaired. Ind.= Individuals Site ID Collection Date #of Ind. ID'ed Total Per Sample Total Taxa Plains MMI Index EPT Taxa % EPT HBI % Non Insect Otter_23t2f 10/14/2013 484 484 12 32.6 0 0.0 7.0 6.8 OTTER. _22t2 5/17/2013 516 2064 24 58.5 2 3.9 7.2 40.3 OTTER. _22t2s 7/16/2013 899 7,192 35 51.9 4 33.6 7.9 40.8 OTTER. _22t2f 10/14/2013 506 2,024 35 54.7 4 9.6 7.8 56.2 OTTER. _16t2 5/16/2013 612 1224 27 61.2 5 12.4 7.2 32.7 OTTER. _16t2s 7/16/2013 534 1,068 32 53.7 6 27.3 7.3 14.2 OTTER. _16t2f 10/14/2013 528 1,056 32 53.4 5 22.7 7.1 22.9 OTTER. _JTt2 5/17/2013 750 1,500 30 47.5 5 4.3 6.9 25.1 OTTER. _JTt2s 7/17/2013 503 2012 35 55.1 4 6.2 7.7 10.7 OTTER. _JTt2f 10/15/2013 503 2012 37 46.7 5 11.5 7.3 11.3 OTTER. _lAt2 5/16/2013 542 3,252 26 38.4 0 0.0 7.7 66.1 OTTER. _lAt2s 7/16/2013 560 4478 25 29.6 1 0.01 7.7 55.7 OTTER. _lAt2f 10/15/2013 538 2150 28 43.7 1 0.01 7.6 38.9 No site had consistently high MMI scores across all seasons, though spring visits trended toward higher scores in 2013 (Figure 5). Stream sites that maintained flowing, connected water scored higher with the MMI than sites with interrupted pools. Otter Creek mainstem MMI scores were significantly higher than those in the tributaries (F-Test, p <0.01) (Figure 5). Macroinvertebrate MMI's did not significantly differ between Otter Creek mainstem site classes (Control, Impact or 13 Downstream) or years (F-test, p>0.05) (Figures 6 and 7); this is despite the fish communities reflecting an overall decrease in biotic integrity as you proceed downstream (Figure 11). Figure 5. DEQ MMI scores across sites and seasons. Line is the MMI impairment threshold at 37. ■ Spring E)5gmmer □ Fall Figure 6. Average MMI scores by site type, (a) = no significant differences between treatments. 70 45 c o 40 U Ma 35 30 ■ Otter Creek mainstem 2011- 2013 Control (b) Impact Downstream Fish Communities. In total, we performed 15 fish surveys during 2013; 12 at the four mainstem Otter Creek reaches and three surveys in one tributary stream during spring, summer and fall. Overall, ten fish species (five native/five introduced) were identified from 16,215 individuals collected during 15 surveys (Table 5). No additional species were added in 2013 to those we reported in 2012, and in fact, that new introduced species, the golden shiner which was widespread in 2012, was reported from only one site (Otter_16) during spring and summer surveys and then at no sites in the fall of 2013. Average total fish species per Otter Creek mainstem site across all seasons was 6.7 (± 0.5 SE), a slight decrease from 2012 (7.0), while the tributary sites surveyed averaged 1.5 species (Table 5). Brassy minnows, a potential species of concern (PSOC), had the highest site occupancy rate of 100% (15 of 15 visits) followed by lake chubs, fathead minnows, and white suckers at 80% and 67% (12 and 10 out of 15 visits), respectively (Table 5 and 6). Lake chubs edged out fathead minnows in 2013 to account for the highest proportion of total individuals collected at 28% (Table 6). The most diverse fish site in the study area was Otter Creek #16 with nine species, while sites with the highest % of native species were Otter Creek JT (five spp.) and Home Creek (two native spp.) (Table 5). Otter Creek #16 had the highest number of 15 introduced species of any site (5 spp.) and the highest percentage of them in the fish community (93%) (Figure 14). Using Montana's Prairie Fish IBI, 9 of the 15 fish visits ranked non-impaired (good biological integrity), five were slightly impaired and Otter #16 fall was moderately impaired (poor integrity) (Table 5, Figure 8). As we observed in 2012, fish biotic integrity decreased going downstream in the Otter Creek mainstem (Figure 9) and seasonally with lower scores recorded during the fall (Figure 8). In 2013, Student T-tests of fish IBI scores of the Control Site were not significantly different than either the Impact (p= 0.089) or the Downstream site (p=0.24), but the O/E scores of the Control were significantly different than Impact sites (p=0.018) and the Downstream site (p=0.036) (Figures 9, 10). Despite no significance in 2013, combining the three monitoring years for analysis showed fish IBI scores are significantly higher at the control site than the Impact (p=0.006) or Downstream sites (p=0.05) (Figure 11). The O/E scores tracked the IBI in most cases, except at Otter Impact site #2 summer, where the O/E showed non-impairment (0.91), but the IBI score (54) indicated impaired fish integrity. 16 Table 5. Fish abundance, IBI's and O/E results for the 6 sites that have reported fish, ns = not seined during visit (dry). Underlined bolded values are fish communities that ranked biologically unimpaired. OTTER_23 OTTER_22 OTTER_16 OTTER_ .2 OTTERJT OTTER1A May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct Total Black Bullhead* 1 Vlv IV VI 1 1 1 1 V«r vl VI ns ns ns 18 351 0 149 595 18 18 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1157 Brassy Minnow ns ns ns 513 670 88 109 434 6 11 53 60 13 15 2 39 44 32 2086 Common Cam* \j 1 1 1 1 1 1 vy i i wui vj ns ns ns 0 0 0 62 248 189 0 11 8 10 23 14 0 0 0 564 FathpaH Minnow 1 Cl 11 1 CTClvl IVI 1 1 II IUVV ns ns ns 28 0 15 22 87 6 42 35 o 1318 1085 774 2 12 0 3425 Lake Chub ns ns ns 2825 945 79 74 298 0 210 14 26 43 75 4 0 0 8 4601 Green Sunfish* ns ns ns 3 35 29 6 25 0 25 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 133 Golden Shiner* VI Vr 1 Vl V7 1 1 \Jt III 1 V7I ns ns ns 0 0 0 rj" r\ 59 236 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 295 Pumpkinseed* ns ns ns 3 32 20 53 211 90 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 418 Sand Shiner ns ns ns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1060 900 234 0 0 0 2198 White Sucker ns ns ns 265 159 15 133 533 0 25 4 0 53 98 54 0 0 0 1339 Total # species 0 0 0 7 6 6 9 9 5 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 10 Native Species 0 0 0 4 3 4 4 4 2 4 5 2 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 Total Individuals 0 0 0 3653 2192 246 667 2666 309 329 130 101 2495 2196 1094 41 56 40 16,215 IBI 56.1 56.1 56.1 71.1 60.5 57.8 55.0 51.9 44.7 64.1 54.5 60.9 62.8 63.3 56.1 69.0 64.3 72.8 O/E 0 0 0 1.07 0.80 1.07 0.73 0.73 0.36 0.73 0.91 0.36 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.82 0.82 0.82 O/E % 0 0 0 106.7 80.0 106.7 72.7 72.7 36.4 72.7 90.9 36.4 66.7 66.7 66.7 81.6 81.6 81.6 Denotes introduced species not native to Montana. In 2013, fish IBI scores decreased going downstream to the Impact sites and then rebounded further downstream, but IBI scores of the Control Site were not significantly different than either the Impact (p= 0.089) or the Downstream site (p=0.24) using Student T-tests (Figure 9). The O/E scores of the Control were significantly different than Impact sites (p=0.018) and the Downstream site (p=0.036) (Figure 10). The O/E scores agreed with the IBI for indicating impairment in most cases (13 of 16), except at Otter Impact site #2 Summer, where the O/E showed non-impairment (0.91), while the IBI score (54) indicates impaired fish integrity (Figure 12). Likewise with the fall survey at Otter #22 where the O/E indicates an intact fish community, but the IBI indicates slight impairment. Figure 8. Fish IBI scores across sites and seasons. Line is the null IBI threshold (fish absent). ■ Spring □ Summer □ Fall Tenmile Otter 22 Otter 16 Otter 2 Otter JT Home Cr. Downstream ^ Further evaluations into the relationship of the O/E to the IBI need to be addressed for stream sites with increasing numbers of non-native fish individuals, because the O/E only scores native fish that are expected to occur at a frequency > 0% within a reference condition reach. Figure 9. Average fish IBI scores by site type, (a) = no significant differences between treatments. o o u 70 65 60 e 55 V) '"- 50 45 40 Otter Creek mainstem sites 2013 (a) T (a) 63.1 (a) T 1 60.7 55.2 Control Impact Downstream Figure 10. Average O/E scores by site type, (a) = no significant differences between treatments. 0} o u O V) Otter Creek mainstem sites 2013 (a) 0.98 m 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 (a) T (b) (b) t □ 2011 ■ 2012 ■ 2013 Control Impact Downstream Figure 12. 2013 Fish IBI scores compared to O/E model (%) scores across sites and seasons. 100 80 UJ o" c3 60 o i_ o S 40 — 20 •IBI Scores -O/E % A i A i A May| Jul | Oct Tenmile May| Jul | Oct OTTER 22 May| Jul | Oct OTTER 16 May| Jul | Oct OTTER 2 May| Jul | Oct OTTER JT May| Jul | Oct HomeCr Fish IBI scores in 2013 showed similar seasonal patterns as in 2012, except with much higher IBI scores recorded during the Otter_JT spring survey and significantly lower IBI scores at Otter_2 during all visits (T-Test, p<0.05) (Figure 13). Otter Creek #16 exhibited decreasing seasonal fish 20 IBI scores during both years, while Otter Creek #22 began to show this trend in 2013 (Figure 13). This lower integrity is significantly correlated with the decrease in the percentage of native fish individuals collected during visits (Figure 14). Figure 13. Comparison of 2013 and 2012 Fish IBI scores across sites and seasons. o o CO m (A SO 70 60 50 40 30 S — B — 0 -♦-2012 -■-2013 May | Jul | Oct Tenmile May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct OTTER .22 OTTER. .16 OTTER. .2 OTTER. May | Jul | Oct Home Creek Otter Creek site 16 was heavily infested with introduced species during all 2013 seasonal visits representing 50%, 51% and 96% of the fish sampled, respectively. Percent native fish captured per survey continued to decline for 3 of the 4 mainstem Otter Creek Sites between 2012 and 2013 (Figure 14). All mainstem Otter Creek sites reported introduced species present during all surveys in 2013 (Table 5), but native fish species still dominated the percentage of total individuals of reaches except at Otter Creek #16 (Figure 14). The highest percentage of native fish has been consistently reported at Otter JT for 2012 and 2013, while in the first year of the study it was Otter Creek #22 (Stagliano 2011). It is likely that the "higher" water years since 2011 have favored the intrusion of non-native fish further upstream into Otter Creek mainstem reaches. Home Creek (Otter_lA) still maintains its fully native fish assemblage (Figure 14), likely due to an impassable barrier between Otter Creek and the monitoring reach. 21 Figure 14. Comparison of 2013 and 2012 Native Fish Percentage (%) across sites and seasons. 100 90 1/1 (B 3 80 |0 '> 70 T3 £ 60 (/) 50 LL 01 _> 40 Nat 30 20 10 0 o 2013 2012 May Jul | Oct Tenmile May Jul I Oct OTTER 22 May Jul | Oct OTTER 16 May Jul | Oct OTTER 2 May Jul Oct OTTER JT May | Jul Oct Home Creek We report on the fish anomalies detected during the three sampling years (Figure 15). The overall highest percent offish with anomalies occurred in spring at Otter_16 (31%), while consistently high anomaly scores were reported at Otter_2 during all seasons in 2013, increasing each year since 2011, especially in the fall (Figure 15). We reported large numbers offish with lesions and yellow grub in the fall of 2011 at the OtterJT site (Stagliano 2012), but because the Figure 15. Fish anomaly scores in 2013, 2012 and 2011 by sites and seasons. I— O o CO > RJ E o LL 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 •2013 2011 2012 May | Jul | Oct OTTER 22 May | Jul | Oct OTTER 16 May | Jul | Oct OTTER 2 May | Jul | Oct OTTER JT O O O May | Jul | Oct Home Creek 22 total fish catch was so abundant (~20,000 fish per 300m), the actual % anomalies was low. Home Creek communities have very low fish densities and never reported an anomaly during any survey; neither did the Tenmile Creek spring 2011 fish survey. Student T-Test analysis showed that fish anomaly scores were significantly higher in the Impact Reaches (Otter #16 and #2) than either the Control (p=0.026) or Downstream reaches (p=0.018) (Figure 16). Otter Creek site #2 continues to report significantly higher numbers offish with anomalies since 2011 (Figure 16). Figure 16. Average fish anomaly scores by year and site, (a) = no significant differences between treatments. 25 OTTER_22 OTTER_16 OTTER_2 OTTER. Amphibian and Reptile Observations. Overall, nine herpetofauna species were visually observed, collected in dipnets/seines or aurally recorded in conjunction with the 2013 surveys (Table 6). Otter Creek sites #22 and #16 were the most species rich in 2013 reporting five herpetofuana species cumulatively across all seasons. Of the four amphibian species detected, the Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) had the highest site occupancy, occurring at four of seven sites (seven detections), followed by the Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) and Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris macuiata) recorded at three sites, five and four visit detections, respectively (Table 6). Boreal Chorus Frog adults were detected vocally calling during the spring visits at two sites (Home Creek and Otter_16) and as juveniles (n=15) at Tenmile Creek 23 (Otter_23), despite the Stream channel being dry Table 6. Vertebrates (Species Code) recorded during the 2013 Otter Creek Surveys. Frequency of Occurrence during the spring and summer visits. (F0 ) calculated from the # of visits detected /# of total Woodhouse's toad juveniles (n=3) were also visits. Herps (n=21) and Fish (n=15). % of Total Herp Individuals. *= Introduced Species reported at Tenmile Creek during the summer visit. Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) continue to use Home Creek (Otter_lA) as a breeding area, as evidenced by larvae (n=8) captured while seining for fish during the summer visits. We also recorded five reptile species (in order of site occurrence): Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) (MTSOC), Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), Gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer) and Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans) (Table 6, Figure 17). Visits % of Herpetofauna Detect F of 0 total Northern Leopard Frog (RAPI) 7 0.33 0.41 Woodhouse's Toad (BUWO) 5 0.24 0.09 Boreal Chorus Frog (PSMA) 4 0.19 0.28 Painted Turtle (CHPI) 4 0.19 0.05 Snapping Turtle (CHSE) 2 0. 10 0.03 Tiger Salamander ( AMTI) 2 0. 10 0.11 Western Rattlesnake (CRVI) 2 0. 10 0.03 Terrestrial Gartersnake (THEL) 1 0.05 0.01 Gopher Snake (PICA) 1 0.05 0.01 nsn Brassy Minnow (BRMI) 15 1.00 0.13 Lake Chub (LACH) 12 0.80 0.28 Fathead Minnow (FAMI) 12 0.80 0.21 White Sucker (WHSU) 10 0.67 0.08 Black Bullhead (BLBU)* 8 0.53 0.07 Common Carp (CARP)* 8 0.53 0.03 Green Sunfish (GRSU)* 8 0.53 0.01 Pumpkinseed (PUMP)* 7 0.47 0.03 Sand Shiner (SASH) 4 0.27 0.14 Golden Shiner (GOSH)* 2 0.13 0.02 Figure 17. Snapping Turtle (adult) and Terrestrial Garter Snake (right) from Otter Creek #22 and JT. 1 Ml 24 Conclusions Otter Creek mainstem reaches within the area proposed for the mine site (i.e. Impact zone) continue to show higher impairment levels in biological integrity than the Control or Downstream reaches. Spatial and temporal patterns of aquatic community composition and biotic integrity were similar between the 2013 and 2012 surveys, with a notable increase in the percentage of non-native fish occurring across most sites, especially at the Impact sites in the fall. This pattern may be related to the unusual discharge pattern in 2013 with a high flow event in early summer during warmer water temperatures potentially increasing the colonization of large numbers of introduced fish upstream. This increase in non-native fish led to the subsequent decrease in community integrity seen in summer and fall surveys. While 2013 sampling data showed similarities in macroinvertebrate integrity patterns, there were some significant deviations in fish integrity results from 2012. Fish biological integrity of the upstream control reach of Otter Creek (Otter #22) remains significantly higher and more stable than the lower Otter Creek reaches over the three years of monitoring, but even this site has suffered from the effects of increasing numbers of introduced species. Sites surveyed within the Impact Zone (Otter #2 and #16) exhibit some measure of impairment for all indicators of fish integrity (IBI's, O/E, % Native and % Fish Anomalies). Otter Creek #16 continues to exhibit decreasing seasonal trends in the fish IBI during all years and reports increasingly higher numbers of introduced fish in the surveys. A potential reason for this accumulation of introduced fish at Otter #16 may be related to the graveled road crossing or another putative barrier upstream of the reach acting as a barrier to fish movement during low water periods, but this is unconfirmed. The fish anomaly score may somehow be related to the increasing numbers of introduced fish at the Impact Sites because the % of anomalies is also significantly higher at these sites. Oddly enough, fish anomalies largely affect native species with white suckers, fathead minnows and lake chubs showing the highest infection rates. This may indicate that native species are more sensitive to infections when stressed by high densities of introduced fish, especially potential predators, such as black bullhead. Despite the large discharge pulse of approximately 100 cfs in the early summer, stream flows this year were lower overall than in 2012, but still were above the 35 year average. The spring and summer 2013 visits to Tenmile Creek revealed a dry stream channel while in previous years small isolated pools were reported, but surprisingly Tenmile Creek still reported two species of juvenile 25 amphibians (PSMA and BUWO). Spring visits had the highest detection rate for herpetofauna as reptiles were coming out of hibernation and amphibians were in breeding mode. This indicates that there are breeding pools adjacent to the survey reach, either in the stream or in off channel wetlands. Outside of coal extraction, manageable threats to this watershed include grazing and livestock use around the riparian areas. Moderate use of the riparian zone by cattle in the basin can have strong local effects resulting in sedimentation, stream widening where cattle access the stream and loss of functional channel hydrology. Introductions of game fish (green sunfish, bullheads or pumpkinseeds) or forage fish (golden shiners) in stock ponds anywhere in the watershed can pose potential problems for native fish, as these introduced fish become permanent residents, outcompete or prey upon the native fish and contribute to overall community degradation. Diverse aquatic communities with high biological integrity are usually correlated with good riparian condition and habitat quality (Allen et al. 1997). Thus, effective riparian zone management (e.g. fencing, pasture rotation) while grazing cattle would contribute to intact vegetation buffers and less sediment in the aquatic environment (George et al. 2002). During all years of the study, macroinvertebrate communities assessed by the MTMMI ranked few sites as impaired, even those with an obviously impaired riparian condition and in-stream habitat degradation. The effectiveness of macroinvertebrate communities in assessing prairie stream impairment, especially for sediment, is still under debate in Montana. Thus, placing more emphasis on the fish communities or habitat assessment scores in fishless streams may be necessary in monitoring intermittent prairie streams. Assessment results from the habitat, fish and macroinvertebrate surveys combined to rank the following sites from highest biological integrity to lowest within their aquatic ecological classification codes: Northwestern Great Plains Perennial Prairie Stream (AES code C005)-l) Otter Creek #22, 2) Otter Creek J Trusler, 3) Otter Creek #2, 4) Otter Creek #16 Northwestern Great Plains Intermittent Stream-(AES D005)-l) Home Creek (Otter_lA) Great Plains Intermittent Fishless Stream (AES code E005)-l) Tenmile Creek, 2) Threemile Creek 26 Site Photos Otter Creek #22 (control) during spring (left) and summer 2013 visits (right) Otter Creek JT (downstream): summer (left) and fall (right) 2013 visits looking downstream Otter Creek #2 (impact): spring (left) and fall (right) visit 2013 looking downstream. Site Photos Otter Creek #16 (Impact) spring (left) and fall (right) looking downstream from road crossing. Northwestern Great Plains Intermittent Stream-(AES D005)-l) Home Creek 1A, 2) Tenmile Creek Home Creek (Otter 1A) during the spring (left) and fall (right) visits. 28 Site Photos Home Creek (Otter 1A) during the summer (left) and fall (right) 2013 visits with a duckweed bloom Great Plains Intermittent Fishless Prairie Stream (AES code E005)-l) Tenmile Creek, 2) Threemile Creek Tenmile Creek (Otter_23) in the spring (left) and summer (right) 2013 visits. Site Photos: Threemile Creek (Otter 3m) during the spring (left) and summer (right) 2013 visits Literature Cited Allan, J. D., D. L. Erickson and J. Fay. 1997. The Influence of Catchment Land Use on Stream Integrity Across Multiple Spatial Scales. Freshwater Biology 37:149-162. Barbour, M., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. United States Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water: Washington, D.C. BLM 2002. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Assessment. http://dnrc.mt.gov/Trust/MMB/OtterCreek/2General/TransferDocuments/BLMTransferEA.pdf BLM 2008a. Standard Methods for Field Surveys of Macroinvertebrate Samples. http://www.usu.edu/buglab/Monitoring/fieldForms.cfm Bureau of Land Management/USU National Aquatic Monitoring Center, Logan, Utah. BLM 2008b. Standard Methods for Laboratory Sample Sorting Procedures of Macroinvertebrate Samples. http://usu.edu/buglab/SampleProcessing/labProcedures.cfm Bureau of Land Management/USU National Aquatic Monitoring Center, Logan, Utah. Bramblett, R. G., T. R. Johnson, A. V. Zale, A. V., and D. Heggem. 2005. Development and Evaluation of a Fish Assemblage Index of Biotic Integrity for Northwestern Great Plains. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134:624-640, 2005. Bramblett, R. G., and K. D. Fausch. 1991. 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Potential effects of coalbed natural gas development on fish and aquatic resources, in Reddy, K.J., ed., Coalbed Natural Gas- Energy and Environment: New York, Nova Science Publishers, p. 227-242. Feldman, D. 2006. Interpretation of New Macroinvertebrate Models by WQPB. Draft Report. Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Planning Prevention and 30 Assistance Division, Water Quality Planning Bureau, Water Quality Standards Section. 1520 E. 6 th Avenue, Helena, MT 59620. 14 pp. George, M.R., R.E. Larsen, N.K. McDougald, K.W. Tate, J.D. Gerlach, Jr., and K.O. Fulgham. 2002. Influence of grazing on channel morphology of intermittent streams. J. Range Management. 55:551-557. Hawkins, C. P. and R. H. Norris. 2000. Performance of different landscape classifications for aquatic bioassessments: introduction to the series. Journal of the North American Benthological Society.l9:3 (367-369). Holton, G. D., and H. E. Johnson. 2003. A field guide to Montana fishes, 3rd edition. Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Helena. Jessup, B., J. Stribling; and C. Hawkins. 2005. Biological Indicators of Stream Condition in Montana Using Macroinvertebrates. Tetra Tech, Inc. November 2005 (draft). Jessup, B. 2006. Ecological Data Application System (EDAS) Version MT 3.3.2k A User's Guide. Tetra Tech, Inc. Karr, J. R. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6(6):21-27. Lazorchak, J.M., D.J. Klemm and D.V. Peck (editors). 1998. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program - Surface Waters: Field Operations and Methods for Measuring the Ecological Condition of Wadeable Streams. EPA/620/R-94/004F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Lohr S.C. and K.D. Fausch 1997. Multiscale analysis of natural variability in stream fish assemblages of a western Great Plains watershed. Copeia 1997: 706-724. Matthews, W.J., R.C. Cashner and F.P. Gelwick. 1988. Stability and persistence of fish faunas and assemblages in three Midwestern streams. Copeia 1988: 945-955. Matthews, W.J. 1998. Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. Chapman and Hall: New York. Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). 2006. Sample Collection, Sorting, and Taxonomic Identification of Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Water Quality Planning Bureau. Standard Operation Procedure (WQPBWQM-009). Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). 2006b. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES OF MONTANA 17.30.670. Chapter 30 Surface Water Quality Standards and Procedures. www.deq.mt.gov/dir/Legal/Chapters/Ch30-06.pdf Maxell, B.A., 2009. Monitoring of amphibians and reptiles in the Powder and Tongue River Basins of Montana. Prepared for the Montana State Office of the Bureau of Land Management by the Montana Natural Heritage Program, University of Montana, Helena, MT. 31 Peterson, D.A., Wright, P.R., Edwards, G.P., Jr., Hargett, E.G., Feldman, D.L., Zumberge, J.R., and Dey, P. 2009, Ecological assessment of streams in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana, 2005-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5023, 139 p. Peterson, D.A., M.L. Clark, K. Foster, P.R. Wright, and G.K. Boughton 2010. Assessment of ecological conditions and potential effects of water produced from coalbed natural gas development on biological communities in streams of the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana, 2005-08: USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5124, 84 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5124/pdf/SIR10-5124.pdf Pflieger, W. L. 1997. The fishes of Missouri, revised edition. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City. Pritchard, D., F. Barret, H. Berg, W. Hagenbuck, R. Krapf, R. Leinard, S. Leonard, M. Manning, C. Noble, D. Tippy. 1993. Riparian Area Management: A User Guide to Assessing Proper Functioning Condition. Technical Reference 1737-9. USDI Bureau of Land Management Service Center. Denver, Colorado. USA. 109 pp. Scott, W. B., and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 184, Ottawa. Stagliano, D. M. 2012. Baseline Assessments and Analysis of Fish, Macroinvertebrates and Herpetofauna in the Otter Creek Coal Tracts Area of Powder River County. Prepared for Westech Environmental Services, Helena Field Office. 30 pp. Stagliano, David, M. 2011. Baseline Assessments for Fish, Macroinvertebrates, and Herpetofauna in the Headwaters of Otter and Hanging Woman Creeks within the Tongue Powder CBNG Area. Report to the Bureau of Land Management. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 17 pp. http://mtnhp.org/reports/CBNG TonguePowder.pdf Stagliano, David, M. 2005. Aquatic Community Classification and Ecosystem Diversity in Montana's Missouri River Watershed. Report to the Bureau of Land Management. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 65 pp. plus appendices. http://www.mtnhp.Org/reports.asp#Ecology USGS 2013. Annual Streamflow Station 06307740 Information for Otter Creek near Ashland, MT http://waterdata.usgs.gov/mt/nwis/uv7site no=06307740 USGS 2012. Annual Streamflow Station 06307740 Information for Otter Creek near Ashland, MT http://waterdata.usgs.gov/mt/nwis/uv7site no=06307740 USGS 2000. Fish Status Index and IBI Information for the NAWQA program. http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sumr/bioind/fish.pdf 32 Appendix A. Rawdata and IBI metric calculation from fish data collected from Otter Creek Coal Tract Sites Spring 2013 Otter23 Otter22 Otter16 Otter2 Otter JT OtterIA Black Bullhead 0.0 17.5 148.8 17.5 0.0 0.0 Brassy Minnow 0.0 512.5 108.5 10.5 12.5 39.0 Common Carp 0.0 0.0 62.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 Fathead Minnow 0.0 27.5 21.7 42.0 1317.5 2.0 Lake Chub 0.0 2825.0 74.4 210.0 42.5 0.0 Green Sunfish 0.0 2.5 6.2 24.5 0.0 0.0 Golden Shiner 0.0 0.0 58.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 0.0 2.5 52.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sand Shiner 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1060.0 0.0 White Sucker 0.0 265.0 133.3 24.5 52.5 0.0 Total # species 0.0 7.0 9.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 Native Species 0.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 Native Families 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Total Individuals 0.0 3652.5 666.5 329.0 2495.0 41.0 # Minnow Species Thrive 0.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 Proportion of tolerant individuals 0.00 8.56 64.65 32.98 55.31 4.88 # Sucker + Catfish Species 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 % Insectivorous Minnows 0.0 77.3 11.2 63.8 44.2 0.0 # Benthic Invertivore Specie; 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 % Litholphilic Spawners 0.0 7.3 20.0 7.4 44.6 0.0 % Parental Care 0.00 1.23 25.58 18.09 52.81 4.88 % Native to Montana 0.0 99.4 50.7 87.2 99.6 100.0 # Long Lived Species 0.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 Otter23 Otter22 Otter16 Otter2 Otter JT OtterIA Adj ust Adj ust Adj ust Adj ust Adj ust Adj ust l\/|p+ri f c IVIfcr L[ I Lb Val I ip Score Val I IP VdlUc Score Vail IP Score Val I ip V dl Uc Vail IP V d 1 Utr Score Val I IP V dl Uc Score Number of Native Fish 11.6 64.7 10.3 57.4 10.1 56.0 10.0 55.3 10.8 59.9 13.3 73.7 Species to Montana Number of Native Fish 2.1 39.5 3.2 58.7 3.1 57.8 3.1 57.4 3.1 56.8 3.1 56.7 Families to Montana Proportion of tolerant 0.0 100.0 8.6 90.9 64.7 31.6 33.0 65.1 55.3 41.5 4.9 94.8 individuals Number of Sucker and 7.1 77.1 5.9 64.2 5.8 62.6 5.7 61.8 4.6 49.8 6.9 74.7 Catfish Species Proportion out of the Total 0.0 0.0 77.3 106.2 11.2 15.3 63.8 87.7 44.2 60.7 0.0 0.0 Number of Fish That Were Insect eating Minnows 5.5 93.1 4.0 68.3 4.9 83.3 4.8 82.4 4.8 81.0 5.3 90.2 Total Number of Species That Preferto Eat Insects That Live on the Stream Bottom Proportion of the Total 0.0 0.0 7.3 8.7 20.0 24.1 7.4 9.0 44.6 53.8 0.0 0.0 Number of Fish That Require Rocks to Lay Eggs Proportion of the Total 0.0 100.0 1.2 98.6 25.6 70.9 18.1 79.4 52.8 39.9 4.9 94.5 Number of Individuals That Do Not Require Rocks, But Have Parental Care of Eggs Proportion of the Total 0.0 0.0 99.4 99.4 50.7 50.7 87.2 87.3 99.6 99.6 100.0 100.0 Number of Fish Sampled That Were Native to Montana Number of Long-Lived Native 8.5 86.9 5.7 58.1 9.5 97.3 5.4 55.4 8.3 84.9 10.2 104.7 Species 561.4 710.6 549.6 640.9 628.0 689.5 IBI Score 56.14 71.06 54.96 64.09 62.80 68.95 33 Appendix A. (cont.) Rawdata and IBI metric calculation from fish data collected from Otter Creek Coal Tract Sites Summer 2013 Otter23 Otter22 Otter16 Otter2 Otter JT OtteMA Black Bullhead 0.0 351.0 595.2 7.0 0.0 0.0 Brassy Minnow 0.0 669.6 434.0 52.5 15.0 44.0 Cnmmfin Oprn UUI 1 II 1 Ul 1 \S Cll VJ 0.0 0.0 248.0 10.5 23.0 0.0 Fathead Minnow 0.0 0.0 86.8 35.0 1085.0 12.0 Lake Chub 0.0 945.0 297.6 14.0 75.0 0.0 Green Sunfish 0.0 35.1 24.8 3.5 0.0 0.0 Golden Shiner 0.0 0.0 235.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 0.0 32.4 210.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sand Shiner 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 900.0 0.0 White Sucker 0.0 159.3 533.2 3.5 98.0 0.0 Total # species 0.0 6.0 9.0 8.0 6.0 2.0 Native Species 0.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 Native Families 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Total Individuals 0.0 2192.4 2666.0 129.5 2196.0 56.0 # Minnow Species Thrive 0.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 Proportion of tolerant individuals 0.00 24.88 64.65 45.95 54.92 21.43 # Sucker + Catfish Species 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 % Insectivorous Minnows 0.0 43.1 11.2 13.5 44.4 0.0 # Benthic Invertivore Species 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 % Litholphihc Spawners 0.0 7.3 20.0 5.4 45.4 0.0 % Parental Care 0.00 16.01 25.58 32.43 49.41 21.43 % Native to Montana 0.0 80.9 50.7 83.8 99.0 100.0 # Long Lived Species 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 Otter23 Otter22 Otter16 Otter2 Otter JT OtteMA Adjust Adjust Adjust Adjust Adjust Adjust Metrics Value Value Value Value Value Value Score Numberof Native Fish Species 11.6 64.7 9.3 51.8 10.1 56.0 11.1 61.5 10.8 59.9 13.3 73.7 to Montana Numberof Native Fish Families 2.1 39.5 3.2 58.7 3.1 57.8 3.1 57.8 3.1 56.8 3.1 56.7 to Montana Proportion of tolerant 0.0 100.0 24.9 73.7 64.7 31.6 45.9 51.4 54.9 41.9 21.4 77.3 individuals Numberof Sucker and Catfish 7.1 77.1 5.9 64.2 5.8 62.6 5.8 62.6 4.6 49.8 6.9 74.7 Species Proportion out of the Total 0.0 0.0 43.1 59.2 11.2 15.3 13.5 18.6 44.4 61.0 0.0 0.0 Number of Fish That Were Insect eating Minnows 5.5 93.1 4.0 68.3 4.9 83.3 4.9 83.3 4.8 81.0 5.3 90.2 Total Number of Species That Prefer to Eat Insects That Live on the Stream Bottom Proportion of the Total 0.0 0.0 7.3 8.8 20.0 24.1 5.4 6.5 45.4 54.8 0.0 0.0 Numberof Fish That Require Rocks to Lay Eggs Proportion of the Total 0.0 100.0 16.0 81.8 25.6 70.9 32.4 63.1 49.4 43.8 21.4 75.6 Numberof Individuals That Do Not Require Rocks, But Have Parental Care of Eggs 0.0 0.0 80.9 80.9 50.7 50.7 83.8 83.8 99.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 Proportion of the Total Numberof Fish Sampled That Were Native to Montana Numberof Long- Lived Native 8.5 86.9 5.7 58.1 6.5 66.5 5.5 56.3 8.3 84.9 9.2 94.5 Species 561.4 605.5 518.9 544.9 632.9 642.9 IBI Score 56.14 60.55 51.89 54.49 63.29 64.29 34 Appendix A. (cont.) Rawdata and IBI metric calculation from fish data collected from Otter Creek Coal Tract Sites Fall 2013 All- vOO utter^z 0tter16 0tter2 Otte rJT utten a nu.i, r~) . . 1 1 1 i Black Bullhead 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Brassy Minnow 0.0 88.0 6.0 60.0 2.0 32.0 Common Carp 0.0 0.0 189.0 7.5 14.0 0.0 Fathead Minnow 0.0 15.4 6.0 0.0 774.0 0.0 Lake Chub 0.0 79.2 0.0 26.3 4.0 8.0 Green Sunfish 0.0 28.6 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 Golden Shiner 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 0.0 19.8 90.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 Octl IU Ol ill Icl n n U.U n n U.U 0.0 n n U.U n 0 0 U.U \A/hito Qi iolfor Willie OUUWI n n U.U 1 ^ A 0.0 n n U.U ■^a n Or Or U.U 1 OLdl it bpcOlcb U.U c n u.U 5.0 4.U o.u 9 n Z.U Native Species 0.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 2.0 INdllVc rdlTIIMco n n U.U 9 n Z.U 2.0 Z.U T o. Z.U l.U "T - /-\+ *-\ 1 In/Hi* /i/H i i *i 1 i oiai inuiviuuais U.U Z4o.4 309.0 ±U1.3 1 no./i o ±uy4.u /in o 4U.U # Minnow Species Thrive 0.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 Prnnnrtion nf tnlorant i I UUUI UUI 1 Ul IUICI dl 11 inrlividi ipI°. 0 00 24 11 68.93 14 81 77 15 0 00 tt OUuftol + Od.il loll OUoOloo n n U.U 1 n 1.0 n n U.U Z.U Or Or U.U % Insectivorous Minnows 0.0 32.1 0.0 25.9 21.8 20.0 # Benthic Invertivore Species 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 % Litholphilic Spawners 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 26.3 0.0 % Parental Care 0.00 6.25 7.77 0.00 70.93 0.00 % Native to Montana 0.0 80.4 3.9 85.2 97.6 100.0 # Long Lived Species 0.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 6.0 2.0 Otter23 Otte r22 Otter16 Otter2 OtterJT Otterl A Adjust Adjust Adjust Adjust Adjust Adjust Metri cs Value Value Value Value Value Value Score N 1 1 m hp r of Mati\/P Fich ^np ri p c InUIIIUCI Ul IMdLI VC llbll J|JcLICj 11.6 64.7 10.3 57.4 8.1 44.9 8.1 44.9 10.8 59.9 13.3 73.7 LU IVIUN Ldlld M 1 1 m hor of M^1"i\/o Fich F^ m i 1 i p c INUIIIULM Ul INdllVc rlbll rdlllllltrb 2 1 39 5 3 2 58.7 3.1 57 8 3 1 57 8 3 1 56 8 3 1 56 7 to Montana DrnnA r1"i An Af+Al^rr^nl" rlUpUlLUJll Ul LUItrldML n n U.U 1 nn n -LUU. U ZM-. J. 74.5 68.9 77 1 £.1.1. 77 1 / /. ± 1 R A 0 0 U.U inn n 1UU.U i nrl H 1 i d 1 c 1 1 IU 1 V 1 U Ud 1 b N 1 1 m hp r of ^iirk'pranH C Ptf i c h IN Ul MUCI Ul JUL.IVL 1 d 1 I U v Cl L 1 1 -> 1 1 7.1 77.1 4.9 53.3 4.8 51.7 3.8 40.8 5.6 60.7 6.9 74.7 Qnorioc jUcUC3 DrnnnrtiAn ni it of tho Xo+":al riUpUf LIUII UUL Ul LI 1c lULdl 0 0 0 0 32 1 44.1 0.0 0 0 25 9 35 6 21 8 29 9 20 0 27 5 M 1 1 m hp r of Fich Xh ^if \Mo ro INUIIIULM Ul rlbll llldl Wclc Incort o^Hna l\/li n n oia» c lllbcLL CdLlllg IVII 1 1 1 1 U W b zJo. J. n O.U 51.3 4.9 OD.D R3 3 OD.D A R R1 n O.L.U D. 3 Qn 9 Xot^ 1 Mil m hor of Qnorioc Xh o+ 1 U Id 1 InUItIUcI Ul jpcLlcb llldL p rpf p r tn F^it 1 n cp rtc Xh at 1 i\/p rlCICI LU Ld L 1 1 1 JC LLJ llldL LIVC nn thp ^trpam Rottom Ull LIIC Jll Cdl II UULLUI 1 1 Drnnnrtinn of tho Xirt":al rlUpUILIUIIUI LI lc lULdl 0 0 0 0 6 3 7.5 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 3 31 7 0 0 0 0 M i i m hp r of Fich Xh af Rom li ro 1 N U 1 1 1 U c 1 Ul rlbll llldL r\cL|Ulle r\ULI\b LU Ldy Cggb Prnnnrtion of thp Xntpl rlUUUILIUIIUI LIIC 1 ULol 0.0 100.0 6.3 92.9 7.8 91.2 0.0 100.0 70.9 19.3 0.0 100.0 IN U ITIUc 1 Ul IllUlVIUUdlb llldL UU Not Rpniiirp Rorkc. Riit Ha\/p INUL nLUUM L l\ULI\J^ UUI 1 IGIVC rdlcNLdl i_dlc Ul C^gb n n U.U n n U.U s?n a OU.*4 80.4 3.9 oj.Z Oj, Z Q7 & Q7 7 1 nn n .LUU. u mn n J.UU.U Prnnnrtinn of thp Xotal riuuuiLiuiiui LIIC lULdl Number of Fish Sampled That Were Native to Montana Number of Long-Lived Native 8.5 86.9 5.7 58.1 8.5 87.0 7.5 76.8 10.3 105.3 10.2 104.7 Species 561.4 578.2 446.9 608.8 560.8 727.7 IBI Score 56.14 57.82 44.69 60.88 56.08 72.77 35 Appendix B Macroinvertebate taxa lists, abundance and metrics for the Otter Creek collection sites Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site 1 6 for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18127 Station ID: OTTER_16t2 Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTTR1 6M-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 05/19/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 1224 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 160 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Lymnaeidae Stagnicola caperata 40 6 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 120 8 CG CN Basommatop Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus 40 6 CG CN Coleoptera Dubiraphia Dubiraphia vittata 96 6 SC/CG "CN/50%, BU/50%' Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 80 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Dicrotendipes 8 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Polypedilum 40 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Pseudochironomus 8 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 80 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus 16 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 40 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 8 6 CF CN Diptera Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia 16 PR SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 80 PR SP/BU Ephemeropte Caenis Caenis latipennis 56 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%' Ephemeropte Callibaetis Callibaetis 16 9 CG "SW/10%, CN/90% Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 40 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 40 9 PH/PR SW Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 40 7 PR CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Ischnura 32 7 PR CM Odonata Lestes Lestes dryas 32 9 PR SW Odonata Libellulidae Libellula forensis 48 9 PR SP Odonata Libellulidae Sympetrum 8 9 PR SP Trichoptera Cheumatopsyche Cheumatopsyche 40 5 CF CN Trichoptera Chimarra Chimarra 8 4 CF CN Trichoptera Limnephilus Limnephilus 32 3 SH CM/SP Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site 1 6 for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18128 Station ID: OTTER1 6t2f Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTR1 6fM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 10/14/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 528 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Gyraulus circumstriatus 12 Leucorrhinia intacta 2 Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 54 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Lymnaeidae Stagnicola caperata 10 6 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 43 8 CG CN Basommatop Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus 6 6 CG CN Coleoptera Dubiraphia Dubiraphia vittata 55 6 SC/CG "CN/50%, BU/50%' Diptera Ceratopogoninae Culicoides 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Probezzia 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 40 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Dicrotendipes 15 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Polypedilum 14 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Pseudochironomus 10 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 21 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea 4 CG BU/SW Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus 20 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 10 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 4 6 CF CN Diptera Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia 2 PR SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 20 PR SP/BU Ephemeropte Caenis Caenis latipennis 75 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%' Ephemeropte Callibaetis Callibaetis 2 9 CG "SW/10%, CN/90% Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 6 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 20 9 PH/PR SW Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 14 7 PR CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Ischnura 10 7 PR CM Odonata Lestes Lestes dryas 4 9 PR SW Odonata Libellulidae Sympetrum 2 9 PR SP Trichoptera Cheumatopsyche Cheumatopsyche 35 5 CF CN Trichoptera Chimarra Chimarra 4 4 CF CN Trichoptera Limnephilus Limnephilus 4 3 SH CM/SP Trombidiform Acarina Hydrodroma 2 5 PR "SW/10%, CN/90% Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site 1 6 for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18129 Station ID: OTTER_16t2s Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTR1 6sM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 07/16/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 534 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Gyraulus circumstriatus 4 Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 22 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Lymnaeidae Pseudosuccinea columella 2 6 CG CN Basommatop Lymnaeidae Stagnicola caperata 10 6 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 26 8 CG CN Basommatop Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus 4 6 CG CN Coleoptera Dubiraphia Dubiraphia vittata 4 6 SC/CG "CN/50%, BU/50%" Diptera Ceratopogoninae Probezzia 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 70 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Cryptochironomus 4 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Dicrotendipes 6 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Glyptotendipes 24 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Phaenopsectra 16 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Polypedilum 6 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Pseudochironomus 4 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 24 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea 8 CG BU/SW Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus 40 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 20 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 8 6 CF CN Diptera Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia 4 PR SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 30 PR SP/BU Ephemeropte Caenis Caenis latipennis 104 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%" Ephemeropte Caenis Caenis youngi 4 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%" Ephemeropte Callibaetis Callibaetis 2 9 CG "SW/10%, CN/90%' Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 12 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 20 9 PH/PR SW Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 12 7 PR CM Odonata Libellulidae Sympetrum 4 9 PR SP Trichoptera Cheumatopsyche Cheumatopsyche 4 5 CF CN Trichoptera Hydroptila Hydroptila 30 6 PH CN Trichoptera Limnephilus Limnephilus 2 3 SH CM/SP Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Home Creek Site 1 A for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18130 Station ID: OTTER1 At2 Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTTR1 AM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 05/16/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 542 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Ishnura 4 Tropisternis 24 Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 220 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Lymnaeidae Stagnicola caperata 20 6 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 100 8 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella gyrina 6 8 CG CN Coleoptera Coptotomus Coptotomus longulus 4 5 PR "CM (la), Dl, SW (ad)" COLEOPTE ILYBIUS ILYBIUS 4 5 PR Diptera Ceratopogoninae Bezzia 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 16 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Glyptotendipes 8 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 20 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea 4 CG BU/SW Diptera Ephydridae Ephydra 8 6 CG BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Corynoneura 8 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 28 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Sciomyzidae Sepedon 8 PR BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 4 PR SP/BU Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 4 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 4 9 PH/PR SW Non-Insect ta Ostracoda Ostracoda 8 unk SW Odonata Aeshna Aeshna palmata 16 PR CM Odonata Amphiagrion Amphiagrion abbreviatum 4 7 PR CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 16 7 PR CM Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Home Creek Site 1 A for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18131 Station ID: OTTER1 At2f Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTR1 Af M-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 10/15/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 2150 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Callibaetis fluctuans 4 Proezzia 11 Tropisternis 32 Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 600 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Lymnaeidae Stagnicola caperata 32 6 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 188 8 CG CN Coleoptera Berosus Berosus 4 5 PH "CM(la), DI,SW(ad)" Coleoptera Coptotomus Coptotomus longulus 4 5 PR "CM (la), Dl, SW (ad)" Coleoptera Haliplus Haliplus 28 8 PH ;N,CM (la), SW.CM (ad Diptera Ceratopogoninae Bezzia 8 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Culicoides 16 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Probezzia 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 184 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Glyptotendipes 24 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 216 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea 24 CG BU/SW Diptera Ephydridae Ephydra 8 6 CG BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Corynoneura 24 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 473 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Thienemanniella 8 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 22 PR SP/BU Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 16 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 112 9 PH/PR SW Odonata Aeshna Aeshna palmata 8 PR CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 88 7 PR CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Ischnura 12 7 PR CM Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Home Creek Site 1 A for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18132 Station ID: OTTER1 At2s Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTR1 AsM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 07/16/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 2239 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Callibaetis fluctuans Tropisternis Individuals 32 48 Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 640 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Lymnaeidae Stagnicola caperata 80 6 CG CN Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 512 8 CG CN Coleoptera Berosus Berosus 16 5 PH "CM(la), Dl.SW(ad)" Coleoptera Coptotomus Coptotomus longulus 16 5 PR "CM (la), Dl, SW (ad)" Coleoptera Haliplus Haliplus 128 8 PH ;N,CM (la), SW.CM (ad Coleoptera Rhantus Rhantus binotatus 16 PR "CM (la), Dl, SW (ad)" Diptera Ceratopogoninae Bezzia 16 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Culicoides 32 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 224 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Glyptotendipes 16 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 64 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Ephydridae Ephydra 32 6 CG BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Corynoneura 80 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 80 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Sciomyzidae Sciomyzidae 16 PR BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 64 PR SP/BU Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 16 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 96 9 PH/PR SW Odonata Aeshna Aeshna palmata 4 PR CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 10 7 PR CM Odonata Libellulidae Sympetrum 1 9 PR SP Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site 22 for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18133 Station ID: OTTER_22t2 Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTTR22M-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 05/17/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 2064 Sample Taxa List 1 J l 1 / 11 SI 111 0 • FinallD: Individuals 77,7 Vnl- I I K J . Amnhinnrla ■ i y cuo i ci Hyalella azteca 144 8 CG SW/SP Ra^nmmatnn LfQOUl 1 1 1 1 IQIU^ Phv^a Phv^plla i iiyoa i i lyociia Physella acuta 320 8 CG CN DaoUl 1 1 1 1 IdLUp rial \ kj\ uiuau Gyraulus parvus 160 g CG CN Pr\lpnntpr:a nil iKiranhiQ U'UUI 1 afJI lid Dubiraphia vittata 16 c D \J>/ vl / I 11 BU/ON/SP Dintpra 1— ' 1 YJ 1 CI ChironominaG Microtondipos podollus Gr. 20 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptora ChironominaG Polypodilum 4 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptora ChironominaG Tanytarsus 28 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP DiptGra Ephydhdao Ephydra 4 6 CG BU DiptGra Orthocladiinao Cricotopus 10 CG/SC SP/BU DiptGra Orthocladiinao PsGctrocladius 24 CG/SC SP/BU DiptGra Simuliidao Simulium 68 6 CF CN DiptGra Tanypodinao AblabGsmyia 8 PR SP/BU DiptGra Tanypodinao Procladius 8 PR SP/BU DiptGra Tanypodinao ThiGnomannimyia Gr. 4 PR SP/BU EphGiriGroptG Caonis Caenis latipennis 4 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%" EphGiriGroptG Callibaetis Callibaetis 4 9 CG "SW/10%, CN/90%" Haplotaxida Oligochaota Tubificidae 36 8 CG BU HGmiptGra Corixidao Corixidao 12 9 PH/PR SW Non-lnsGCt ta Ostracoda Ostracoda 12 unk SW Odonata Aoshna Aoshna palmata 4 PR CM Odonata CoonaghonidaG Enallagma 8 7 PR CM TrichoptGra ChoumatopsychG Cheumatopsyche 16 5 CF CN TrichoptGra Hydroptila Hydroptila 4 6 PH CN TrichoptGra Limnophilus Limnophilus 4 3 SH CM/SP Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site ASJT for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18138 Station ID: OTTER_JTt2f Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTRJTfM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 10/15/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 2012 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: callibaetus 16 Gyraulus circumstriatus 12 Pisidium castertanium 8 Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 60 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 80 8 CG CN Basommatop Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus 36 6 CG CN BASOMMAT Planorbidae HELISOMA ANCEPS 4 6 CG CN Coleoptera Berosus Berosus 4 5 PH "CM(la), Dl.SW(ad)" COLEOPTE DINEUTUS DINEUTUS 4 4 PR Coleoptera Dubiraphia Dubiraphia vittata 192 6 SC/CG "CN/50%, BU/50%" Coleoptera Haliplus Haliplus 8 8 PH IN.CM (la), SW,CM (ad Diptera Ceratopogoninae Bezzia 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Culicoides 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Probezzia 8 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 184 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Cryptochironomus 20 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Dicrotendipes 24 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Glyptotendipes 152 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Microtendipes pedellus Gr. 8 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Polypedilum 16 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 104 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea 4 CG BU/SW Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus 132 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus bicinctus 32 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 100 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 80 6 CF CN Diptera Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia 8 PR SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 56 PR SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Radotanypus 8 PR SP/BU Ephemeropte Caenis Caenis latipennis 208 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%" Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 48 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 312 9 PH/PR SW Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis velata 36 4 unk "CN,CM,BU" Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 16 7 PR CM Trichoptera Hydroptila Hydroptila 8 6 PH CN Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site ASJT for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18138 Station ID: OTTER_JTt2f Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTRJTfM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 1 0/1 5/201 3 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 2012 Trichoptera Limnephilus Limnephilus 8 3 SH CM/SP Trichoptera Polycentropus Polycentropus 8 6 PR CN Montana Bioassessment Report Waterbody Name: Otter Creek Site ASJT for the Coal Tracts Study Benthic Sample ID: 18139 Station ID: OTTER_JTt2s Rep. Num 0 Reference Status: STORET Activity ID: OTRJTsM-MAC-R Site Classification: Collection Date: 07/17/2013 Latitude: Collection Method: MAC-R-500 Longitude: Total Number of Individuals in Sample: 2012 Sample Taxa List Order: OTU name: FinallD: Individuals Tol Val: FFG: Habit: Gyraulus circumstriatus 8 Pisidium castertanium 4 Amphipoda Hyalella Hyalella azteca 84 8 CG SW/SP Basommatop Physa_Physella Physella acuta 88 8 CG CN Basommatop Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus 8 6 CG CN Coleoptera Berosus Berosus 4 5 PH "CM(la), Dl.SW(ad)" Coleoptera Dubiraphia Dubiraphia vittata 76 6 SC/CG "CN/50%, BU/50%" Coleoptera Haliplus Haliplus 4 8 PH ;N,CM (la), SW.CM (ad Coleoptera Microcylloepus Microcylloepus pusillus 8 5 CG "CN/50%, BU/50%" Diptera Ceratopogoninae Bezzia 20 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Culicoides 4 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Ceratopogoninae Probezzia 8 6 PR/CG SP/BU/SW Diptera Chironominae Chironomus 360 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Cryptochironomus 68 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Dicrotendipes 88 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Glyptotendipes 152 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Microtendipes pedellus Gr. 8 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Polypedilum 60 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Pseudochironomus 4 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Chironominae Tanytarsus 48 7 CG/CF/PR BU/CN/SP Diptera Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea 4 CG BU/SW Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus 20 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Cricotopus bicinctus 40 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius 20 CG/SC SP/BU Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 16 6 CF CN Diptera Tanypodinae Procladius 84 PR SP/BU Diptera Tanypodinae Thienemannimyia Gr. 20 PR SP/BU Ephemeropte Caenis Caenis latipennis 80 8 CG "SP/75%, CM/90%" Ephemeropte Callibaetis Callibaetis 20 9 CG "SW/10%, CN/90%" Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Tubificidae 32 8 CG BU Hemiptera Corixidae Corixidae 528 9 PH/PR SW Heterostroph Valvata Valvata humeralis 4 3 SC CM Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 16 7 PR CM Trichoptera Hydroptila Hydroptila 20 6 PH CN Trichoptera Limnephilus Limnephilus 4 3 SH CM/SP Appendix C . Stream Habitat and Water Quality Parameters measured for the Otter Creek sites visited in 2013. na = not visited or sampled during this visit, dry. 2013 OTTER 23 OTTER_ .22 OTTER_16 OTTER 3 m OTTER2 OTTER_ JT OTTER 1A May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct May Jul Oct Water Temp © na na 11.3 25.6 29.3 9.4 19.2 21.5 7.8 na na na 22.6 20.3 8.7 21.7 17.1 6.5 11.8 26.3 7 TDS (ppm) na na >2,000 1840 1865 1155 1701 >2,000 1085 na na na 1842 >2,000 1099 1563 1469 1000 >2,000 >2,000 1278 Conductivity (us/cm) na na >4,000 3671 3733 2312 3410 >4,000 2173 na na na 3668 >4,000 2199 3126 2935 2000 >4,000 >4,000 2664 pH na na 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.3 8.5 8.6 na na na 8.35 8.6 8.7 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.05 8.5 8.03 PFC FAR FAR FAR PFC PFC PFC PFC PFC PFC NF NF NF FAR FAR FAR PFC PFC PFC FARd FARd FARi BLM HBI 16 16 16 19 21 20 19 23 21 12 12 12 17 17 18 20 22 20 15 12 17 Avg wetted width (m) 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.7 6.5 5.9 10.8 10.7 11.4 na na na 1.6 1.5 1.2 4.5 4.3 4.8 2.7 2.4 2.1 Avg Left CHD (cm) 0 0 2 34 42 39 77 70 78 na na na 25 30 25 32 27 55 30 29 32 Avg Center CHD (cm) 0 0 2 43 46 46 91 85 90 na na na 40 42 32 34 35 59 36 37 40 Avg Right CHD (cm) 0 0 2 30 35 32 78 65 75 na na na 25 25 20 26 26 48 24 30 27 % Fines in Reach 90 100 95 83 88 88 84 88 91 100 100 100 45 50 45 60 65 54 100 98 97 % Gravel Reach 5 0 3 7 8 6 6 7 7 0 0 0 40 35 40 36 28 34 0 1 2 % Cobble Reach 5 0 2 10 4 6 10 5 5 0 0 0 15 15 15 4 7 12 0 1 1 Livestock Use (CPI) 28 15 56 20 18 10 35 0 8 42 50 30 5 12 5 22 0 12 64 35 25 Avg. Riparian Shade 0 5 0 0 10 0 10 20 10 10 40 20 10 40 20 10 30 10 10 40 20