THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE	401
Professor Hammond, " That revolution was marked by the
dissolution of the old village, by the transformation of the
textile industries, by changes of a different kind in the pottery
industries, and by a great concentration of capital and
power in the industries connected with iron, steel, and coal."1
In short, that revolution converted England from being the
"granary of the North" (as the Romans had found her)
into the Workshop of the World,
It was under these circumstances that a series of mecha-
mcal inventions appeared : Hargreave's "spinning jenny" in
1764, Arkwright's "water frame" in 1769, Crompton's "mule"
in 1779, Cartwright's "power loom" in 1785, Whitney's "gin"
in 1792, etc. And more than anything else, the application
of steam power to all departments of industry, including
manufacture as well as transport,—rendered possible by the
genius of Watt (1769) and Stephenson (1814)—ushered in
the era of large-scale production and distribution with all
their inevitable consequences. It is impossible even to sum-
marise the salient features of this Revolution within the
space at our disposal. It has made the Modern World what
it is. A more adequate idea of its complexities will be gain-
ed from a later chapter. Suffice it here to observe that we
owe all our comforts, conflicts, dangers, and outlooks to
what was happening in the Western World during the past
two hundred years or so.
One important aspect of these changes, however, may be
particularly noted. English policy in India was largely
affected by the growing demand in England for raw-materials
and markets for her finished goods. "England was now
producing," says Professor Hammond, "something that
India could buy. A British government was not likely to
1.   J. L. Hammond, The Rise of Modern Industry, p. 2.