282 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

dom of Jerusalem with Godfrey of Bouillon as its king.
This king died in 1101 and the kingdom relapsed into feu-
dal anarchy. The Holy Places had to be consequently de-
fended by bodies of volunteers such as the Orders of the
Templars, the Hospitalers, and the Teutonic Knights.

The Second Crusade was provoked by the massacre of
30,000 Christians at Edessa by the Turks in 1147. It was
led by Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France,
and yet it ended in a fiasco. Jerusalem was again captured
by the brilliant Saladin in 1187. This called forth "the most
famous of the long series of Crusades," for it was led by the
Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, Philip II of France, and
Richard Coeur-de-Lion of England. Frederick was
drowned, Philip and Richard quarrelled on the road to
Palestine, and only the last remained till the final stage.
Though minor conquests, like the taking of Cyprus and
Acre, were effected, even Cceur-de-Lion fdl far short of the
cultured and brilliant Saladin in leadership.

The Fourth Crusade started in response to the appeal of
Pope Innocent II (1202-4). Instead of directly concentrat-
ing on their main objective the misguided Crusaders attack-
ed Christian places like Zara and Constantinople on their
way. For the time being the so-called Latin Empire was
established in the East. But Constantinople was again cap-
tured by the Greeks with the assistance of the Genoese, about
sixty years later. They held it till 1453.

The remaining Crusades were even more inglorious than
those we have already described. The most memorable .
.among them was the Children's Crusade (1212). The fail-
ure of many a Crusade was attributed to the sinfulness of
the Crusaders. So it was believed that an army of inno^
cents would be certainly invincible : "Out of the mouths,
of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength." No less