29f> A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

which the Church schools could not be expected to impart.
These needs were met by institutions that soon developed
into the famous universities of medieval Europe. The
most ancient of these were the University of Salerno, noted
for its teachers in medicine; the University of Bologna,
distinguished for its instruction in law ; and the University
of Paris, revered for its doctors in theology. The last sup-
plied the model of constitutions and was hence known in
the Middle Ages as "the Mother of Universities." Oxford
and Cambridge were also founded in these early times.
The principal faculties that were cultivated were the faculty
of Theology, the faculty of Medicine, the faculty of Law,
and the faculty of Arts (or Philosophy). Grammar, rhe-
toric, and logic were specially emphasised for their value
in scholastic disputations. Besides the Church and the or-
dinary lay schools, there were also ' Chivalric schools' where
sons of noblemen especially were trained in the exercises and
code of medieval chivalry.

Peter Abdard (1079—1142), Albertus Magnus (d. 1280),
Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), and Roger Bacon (d. 1294),
were among the outstanding figures of this age. The first
was so popular that he attracted over 5000 pupils to his
lecture rooms, but possessed a notorious moral character.
The second was so admired for his versatile genius that he
was called " Albert the Great" and " the Second Aristotle."
The third was known as "the Angelic Doctor", and his
great work the Summa Theologia or " Sum of Theology " to
this day provides the foundation for the orthodox Church,
The last, called "the Wonderful Doctor", though persecuted
for being in league with the devil, was wonderfully ahead of
his times in scientific knowledge. He seemed to possess mar-
vellous understanding of mechanics, optics, and chemistry.
He knew the composition of gunpowder or some such ex-