356 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

whose dynasty continued to rule France until it was replaced
by the House of Valois in the first quarter of the fourteenth'
century. Even during that period the Capetians shared their
dominion with the English, as the Angevin Empire in
France lasted from 1154-1204. Besides, the country was rent
by feudal strife until the accession of Louis VI (1108-37), the
fifth monarch of the line, who at least partially got the situa-
tion in hand. Henry II of England had possessed more of
French territory than the French monarch, but under John
(of England) and Philippe II (of France) the position was
completely changed. England lost all except Guienne and
the Channel Islands ; and, in 1216, Louis, the son of Philippe,
landed on English soil by invitation of the English barons,
to displace Joihn. Philippe (1180-1223) was the main founder
of the French monarchy.

In keeping with the trend of the times, Louis IX (Saint
Louis) of France (1226-70) sounded the first signal of revolt
against the Papacy, though he himself, after a vigorous reign,
died at Carthage while on a Crusade (the 7th). He left the
French monarchy on a new and independent basis. The ten-
dency reached its climax under Philippe IV who, in 1301,
refused to admit the Pope's claim to temporal authority. He
went to the extent of burning the Papal Bull and even
seizing the person of the Pope himself. Then commenced
the famous "Babylonish Captivity " (1378-1417) already re-
ferred to in the previous chapter.

The Hundred Years' War with England began under the
House of Valois. Its results have already been commented
upon. France gradually recovered while England was plung-
ed in the Wars of the Roses. " The strong and subtle reign
of Louis XI (1461-1488) settled much of the internal diffi-
culty with the unruly dukes, especially the proud Duke of
Burgundy, and France was presently able to look towards