360 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

combinations like the Triple and Quadruple Alliances, Louis
was not deterred. He seized Franche Comt£, Strassburg, and
Luxemburg. His religious policy raised against him the
League of Augsburg, and the War for the Palatinate ended
in the Peace of Ryswick (1697) by which he was obliged to
acknowledge the Protestant succession (1688) in England,
and to restore Spain and Austria many of his recent gains,
His last war was the War of the Spanish Succession (1701*
13) in which he had to fight the Grand Alliance formed by
Austria, Prussia, England, Holland, Portugal, and Savoy. It
ended with the Peace of Utrecht, which though it left a
Bourbon candidate (Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV) on
the throne of Spain, marked also the humiliation of France
on every other side. "The Peace of Utrecht, like that of
Westphalia, marks a phase not merely in the imperial rivalry
of Austria and France, but in the history of Europe as a
whole."

The histories of Spain, Austria and Germany are linked
up together on account of their rulers. As yet nations as
we know them to-day had not appeared, and the fortunes of
countries were determined by their ruling dynasties. Dynas-
tic wars, dynastic alliances, and dynastic marriages settled
the fates of peoples before the rise of national states and de-
mocracies. Hence the importance of the Bourbons, Haps-
burgs, Hohenzollerns, etc. We must, therefore, now speak
of the Hapsburg and Hohenzollern families, having written
something already about the Bourbons.

The real founder of Hapsburg greatness was the Emperor
Maximilian I (1493-1514) of Austria. By inheritance, mar-
riage, and conquest, he extended his dominions so much that
his grandson Charles V (1519-56) owned territories in
Austria, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, and the Nether-
lands, besides the overseas possessions of Spain. Charles V