374 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

memorable document clearly laying down the principles of
the French Revolution. According to it—

'All persons shall be equally eligible to all dignities, public
positions, and occupations, according to their abilities. No person
shall be arrested or imprisoned except according to law. Anyone
accused of wrongdoing shall be presumed innocent until he is ad-
judged guilty. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and print
his opinions, including his religious views, subject only to respon-
sibility for the abuse of this freedom. No one shall be deprived
of his property, except for public purposes, and then only after
indemnification/

But, as in all countries, the Radicals were not satisfied.
The monarch also miserably blundered in dealing with awk-
ward situations which were bound to arise under such cir-
cumstances. The Queen, Marie Antoinette (imperious
daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria), by her
feminine foibles and utter lack of imagination, alienated the
sympathies of her subjects. An appeal to the other
monarchs of Europe (Austria and Prussia) to save the Bour-
bon monarchy only exasperated the French people by wound-
ing their national susceptibilities. • The September
Massacres, the execution of the King and Queen (1792),
the Reign of Terror (1793-94) the Committee of Public
Safety which made everybody's life unsafe, the Directory,
and finally Napoleon, all followed as a matter of course.
Meanwhile, the intoxicated French people, by challenging all
established powers and princes in Europe had raised a1
hornet's nest about their ears. In order to meet this em-
barrassing situation they submitted to the yoke of Napoleon
Bonaparte (1797-1815) who led them to ultimate disaster
through a series of brilliant triumphs. But the Napoleonic
Wars and the Vienna Settlement belong to another phase
of human history, viz. the making of Modern Europe.
Though Napoleon rose to his Imperial throne on the votes