382 A BRIEF SURVEY 'OF HUMAN HISTORY

and France). An unofficial struggle had continued in the
meanwhile in India and America between the two latter
powers. The official war was brought to a close by the
Treaty of Paris which declared once for all the supremacy
of the British, both in India and America, over their French
rivals. Clive had already frustrated the designs of Dupleix
at Arcot in India in 1751 ; in 1760 again Colonel Coote de-
feated the French at Wandewash; and in the fateful year
of the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) the crowning glory
of the English triumph was marked by the capture of Pon-
dicherry. In America the English won Canada on the
"Heights of-Abraham," when the heroic Wolfe laid down
his life while capturing Quebec (1759). The Peace of Paris
which clinched the duel between England and France was
the first great triumph of the Anglo-Saxons., Its next phase
was revealed in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic struggle.

France sought to avenge the humiliation of the Seven
Years' War by helping the American Colonies at a critical
stage of their revolt (1775-83) against the tyranny of
George Ill's government. But this only reacted upon her-
self in a double manner : it increased her national debt on
the one hand, and on the other, precipitated her Revolutior
by the inspiration of U. S. A.'s successful example. Ir
the course of that Revolution itself she further tried tc
take revenge on both Austria and Prussia for being abettors
of the ancient regime. Though immediately successful, France
had to pay for it heavily after her defeat at Waterloo (1815)

The French Revolution in the beginning had evoked sym
pathy and even enthusiasm in some quarters, such as Words
worth felt when he wrote :

Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive
But to be young was very heaven.
.But the excesses of the extremists, culminating in the Reign