THE MAKING OF MODERN EUROPE 383

of Terror, brought about a complete revulsion of feeling.
The Emperor Leopold of Austria had issued a manifesto as
early as 1790 inviting all civilised nations to unite against
the common danger. Two years later Austria and Prussia
formed an alliance which was before long to develop into
the biggest coalition ever formed in Europe against a single
nation. Yet the revolutionary fervour was so great that the
French won striking victories (Valmy and Jemappes) which
brought the southern part of the Netherlands under their
sway. In 1793 was formed the First Coalition between
Austria, Prussia, England, Holland, Spain, Portugal, and
the Papal States ; though by 1796 Austria and England were
left alone to carry on the war.

Napoleon made his mark at Toulon in 1795 ; he was
one of the Consuls in 1799 ; Consul for life in 1802; and
Emperor in 1804. From 1796-1807 was the period of
Napoleon's rise, when his energies were concentrated against
Austria. During the next five years (1807-12) he was
apparently at the height of his power, when his main objec-
tive was to fight Britain; for this were passed the Berlin
Decrees and the Continental System organised.1 The
remaining years before he was sent to St. Helena (1812-15)
formed the period of his fall. We have no space here for
even a rapid sketch of his meteoric career. Moreover, since
his entire reordering of the map of Europe was to be wash-
ed off. by the Vienna Settlement in 1815, we might content
ourselves with noting the reactions that followed his over-
throw.

Napoleon, " the child of the Revolution," had also made
himself the father of an Imperial system wherein ' republics'

1. The purpose of these was to exclude Britain from all in-
tercourse with the continent of Europe.