THE MAKING OF MODERN EUROPE 391

second wave of 1848, Louis Philippe was overthrown in
France and the Second Republic was established under the
presidency of Louis Napoleon who rapidly grew into (Napo-
leon III) the image of his greater namesake; in Prussia,
there -were riots demanding freedom of the press, trial by
jury, religious toleration, etc. ; in the Austrian dominions,
the Slavs of Bohemia, the Magyars of Hungary, and the
Latins of Italy, broke into rebellion and Mettemich was
obliged to seek safety in England (the last refuge of all
exiles) ; in Germany, the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
tried to overthrow the Danish yoke with the assistance of
Prussia. Italy (with the exception of Venetia and the
Papal States), through the inspiration of Mazzini, the diplo-
macy of Cavour, and the martial vigour of Garribaldi,
became a united and independent Kingdom under the patrio-
tic monarch Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia, in 1861. With-
in ten years of this (1871) Germany under her Prussian King
William (Wilhdm) I realised her dream of union with the
help of her " iron Chancellor " Bismarck. This was achieved
at the expense of Denmark, Austria, and France, with all
of whom Prussia waged war. "The German problem,"
Bismarck had bluntly declared, " cannot be solved by Parlia-
mentary decrees, but only by blood and iron." But this
policy, according to

The good old plan

That he should take who has the power,
And he should keep who can,

only resulted in a situation well described by the
German general von, Moltke in the Reichstag shortly
after the conclusion of peace: " We have earned
in the late war respect, but hardly love. What we have
gained by arms in six months we shall have to defend by