CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE

Vigour—physical and intellectual* Trade,
or material profit of some kind Religion,
Science. Here are the elements contributing
to the Expansion of the West.—F. S. MARVIN

If in the above enumeration of the elements contributing
to the Expansion of Europe the reader discovers the signi-
ficant omission of * polities', it may at once be pointed
out that the political expansion of the West has itself been
the almost inevitable product of the elements of Mr. Mar-
vin's analysis. In describing the making of modern Europe
we had necessarily to concentrate, in the last chapter, on
political reconstruction—both external and internal—in that
continent. The National and Democratic movements dealt
with therein were wider and deeper than it has been possible
for us to indicate in our brief survey. The forces underlying
those upheavals and the far-reaching consequences on
humanity must be studied more carefully here We shall
find it convenient to consider the Expansion of Europe first
in the material sense, and then in the intellectual.

The history of the World traced by us so far has revealed
to us several movements of populations from country to
country and continent to continent. These movements were
due to several causes, such as the excessive growth of popu-
lation beyond the means of subsistence, the nomadic instinct
that drove barbarian hordes from place to place out of sheer