398 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

in which the rights and interests of the United States are in-
volved, that the American continents, by the free and independ-
ent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are hence-
forth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by
any European Powers.'

For the next great European advance we must turn to
the continents of Africa and Asia during the nineteenth
century. We must necessarily skip over the thrilling stories
of exploration, discovery, and adventure, and concentrate
only on the bare enumeration of results. David Livingstone
(1849-73), a Scotch missionary who crossed the entire Dark
Continent from sea to sea, is one of the best known of
Africa's explorers. Mission work went hand in hand in
Africa with geographical discovery. While Islam made its
home in North Africa from Morocco to Egypt, in Abyssinia,
Siberia, and South Africa Christianity succeeded in establish-
ing itself; the rest of Africa remained heathen.

Almost all the European nations participated in the
exploitation of Africa. Particularly in the last quarter of
the nineteenth century, there was a regular scramble for
its tempting profits. In the past, Africa had provided the
richest quarry for slaves; in more recent times it has been
valued for rubber, ivory, diamonds, gold, and other rich
natural products of a tropical continent. The Spaniards
now hold the northern coast of Morocco; Portugal holds
Angola and Portuguese East Africa ; Belgium holds Congo;
France owms Algeria, Tunis, most of Morocco, the valleys
of 'the Senegal and Upper Niger, part of the Guinea coast,
French Somaliland, and Madagascar. Germany and Italy
were late in entering the arena. Frederick the Great had
declared : " All distant possessions are a burden to the
State. A village on the frontier is worth a principality
two hundred and fifty miles away." Even Bismarck con-