THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE 403

available for the purpose. Before the United States became
independent America had been used as the ' Andamans' of
Great Britain. Australia soon received such a large popula-
tion of criminals that crime offered no means of livelihood to
the immigrants there. Hence the deportation of undesirables
from England proved a double blessing : it blessed them
that went, and them that sent. The well-known words of
St. Bernard of Clairvaux with reference to the recruits for
the Second Crusada may very well be applied to the founders
of the Australian colony : ' In the countless multitude you
will find few except the utterly wicked and impious, the
sacrilegious, homicides, and perjurers, whose departure is
a double gain. Europe rejoices to lose them and Palestine
to gain them ; they are useful in both ways, in their absence
from here and their presence there/

There was also a great shifting of populations within
the country. People began to crowd into the industrial
cities. The evils of the' Factory System manifested them-
selves before its benefits were appreciated by the people at
large. The New Industry like the New Agriculture seemed
to profit only the rich at the expense of the poor. The
tyranny of William Pitt1 s war-regime made the transition
less bearable. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 had trans-
ferred power from the King to an Oligarchy of landlords.
Now a new nobility arose among the industrial and com-
mercial magnates to compete with them. The great discon-
tent was allayed to a certain extent only in the era of
reform that followed in the wake of Napoleon's defeat.

The nineteenth century was eminently an Age of Liberal-
ism, though the Liberals were not always and everywhere
in power. The Conservatives withstood as much as they
dared, and the Radicals exacted as much as they could.
Though gradualism held the balance, on the whole, free-