THE .WORLD TO-DAY 421

of the Orient." But since the Orient to-day, as we saw in
the preceding chapter, has been the creation of the Occi-
dent, we have to trace here the entire^&gd of World History
in both the hemispheres. ^

Of the five Empires referred to above—Germany, Austria,
Russia, Turkey, and Japan—the most formidable were Ger-
many in Europe, and Japan in Asia. Though Austria was
the oldest imperial power in Europe, her power had been
successively curtailed since her loss of Silesia. Russia had
steadily grown at her expense. Italy successfully revolted
against her in 1861: Austria retired from Germany** and
formed the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy^! 1867. She
never recovered from the blow of Sadowa. Ever since then
she has always been tied to the apron-strings of Prussia.
Her Dual Alliance with that country, effected in 1879, was
to culminate in her sacrifices sustained during 1914-18, and
finally in the Nazi coup of 1938. The Russian Empire
crashed in 1917 after having sustained a series of internal
and external shocks. The "sick man of Europe," despite
the crutches supplied to him, from time to time by England
and France, had been too frequently amputated to survive
for long. He could live only in his new republican avatar
under the Ata Turk, Kemal Pasha, in the post-war world.
More about Austria, Russia, and Turkey later; first we
must follow the progress of Prussia since 1871.

Despite Bismarck's great triumphs over Austria and
France, Germany was far from being a "satisfied nation."
She had been the last in the race for colonies, and such
places as she got * in the sun' (her African colonies) were
too scorching for her surplus population. Elsewhere she
found herself anticipated by her Anglo-Saxon cousins. The
Industrial Revolution created for Prussia all the insistent
demands—for raw-materials and markets—that England had