THE WORLD TO-DAY 431

Treaty of Berlin they had turned to ' fresh fields and pas-
tures new', across the tundras of Siberia, in the Far East.
There too they came into conflict, as we have seen, with
' the England of the East/ The defeat of the Russian Armada
in the Sea of Japan in 1905 drove the Russian bear growl-
ing into her own den. This had its own internal repercus
sions in the shape of portentous risings which were to culmi-
nate in the Red Revolution of 1917-18.

Russia had to pay a very heavy price for her participa-
tion in the Great War. She had, it will be remembered,
taken up the sword on behalf of Serbia in 1914. In spite
of her earlier victories against Germany and Austria, the
War entailed such sufferings and strain at home that, her
domestic malcontents created a revolution. The history of
the Bourbons now repeated itself with the Romanoffs,
Nicolas II and Alexandra playing the r61e of Louis XVI
and Marie Antoinette. The 'morning star* of this Revo-
lution was Carl Marx, as that of the French Revolution
had been Rousseau ; its Danton was Lenin, its Jacobins
the Bolsheviki. To cut a long story short, on 25 Octo-
ber 1917 the Socialist Soviet Republic was proclaimed by
the Communists under the leadership of Nicolai Lenin. Petro-
grad has become Leningrad.

With the death of Lenin in 1924 Russian Communism
entered a new phase. A terrible dud ensued between Trotsky
the Jew and Stalin the Georgian for the Dictatorship over
the Proletariat (workers, soldiers, and peasants). After five
years' struggle the Jewish journalist was ousted by Stalin
('the man of steel') in 1929. Trotsky, now an exile from
Russia, stands for a World Revolution; Stalin stands for
the preliminary consolidation of the Revolution within
Russia. While the idealist revolutionary is roaming abroad,
the practical revolutionary is transforming Russia (througji