432 A BRIEF SURVEY OF HUMAN HISTORY

a series of Five-Year Plans), so as ' to catch up and surpass
the capitalist countries' in industrial progress.

The sudden transformation of an Old World people, a
transformation even more radical and surprising than that
of the Japanese, as a result of the new forces released by
the Great War, is best illustrated by the birth of New
Turkey. Like Russia, old Turkey had collapsed during the
War. The price she had to pay for her defeat was the
Treaty of Sevres (1920) which threatened to virtually wipe
out ' the sick man' with only the ghost of the Sultan kept
alive. The challenge of this disaster was taken up by Mustafa
Kemal Pasha, leader of the Young Turk movement (which
had started before the War), who organised a National Pact
'to win or be wiped out', and, at the end of one of the
most sanguinary yet heroic struggles recorded in human
history, created a New Turkey out of ,the ashes of the old.
The Treaty of Lausanne (July 1923) but gave international
validity to an established fact when it recognised the Tur-
kish Republic with Kemal Pasha as its President.

Kemal had begun as a rebel on whose head the nominal
Sultan had placed a price; he has lived to become the
Dictator and abolished root and branch the entire old order
represented by the Sultan (who was also the Caliph). The
Caliphate was extinguished in March 1924 by the Turkish
National Assembly, and since then Turkey has completely
cut herself from her Oriental moorings. The substitution of
the hat for the fez, and the Roman script for the Arabic
are but outward marks of an inward change which the Ata
Turk has brought about under his Dictatorship. In short,
Turkey has been converted in the course of a decade, from
being an atrophied Asiatic people, into a progressive and
dynamic modern state.

The next momentous change in the post-War world,has