CONTENTS. xiii

Alexander, 3238.0.—The Voyage of Nearchus—Alexandri Portus (Kara-
chi)—Harmozia (Ormuz) — Pearl Fishery—Encounter with whales—
Arrival at Susa.........122—143

CHAPTER VIII.

GEOGRAPHY UNDER THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER.
THE VOYAGE OF PYTHEAS.

Intellectual Influence of this Period—Egypt under the Ptolemies—Position of
Alexandria—Canal from the Red Sea to the Nile—Stations on the Red
Sea—The Cinnamon Country (Somaliland)—The Upper Nile—Mega-
sthenes in India, circ. 2908.0.—Envoy to Chandragupta at Pataliputra—
His Work—Verified from Native Sources—His Knowledge of India-
Its Boundaries—The Indus and Ganges—The Royal Road—The Rainy
Season—Administration of the Country—The Caste-system—Life of the
Indians—The Brahmans—The Voyage of Pytheas, fire. 330 B.C.—Varying
Estimates of him—His Work—Twofold Object of his Voyage—His
Scientific Attainments—His Route to Britain—The Armorican Promon-
tory (Brittany)—The British Tin Mines—Island of Ictis (St Michael's
Mount)—His Account of Britain—Customs of the Inhabitants—Evidence
in Favour of his Northern Voyage—Did Pytheas enter the Baltic?—The
Northern Sea—Thule (probably Mainland in the Shetlands)—The Arctic
Circle—" Sleeping place of the Sun "—Pytheas' Parallels of Latitude-
Wonders of the Arctic Regions—Comparison to the Pulmo Marinus—
The Amber Coast—Testimony of Pliny and Diodorus—The Word
'glaesum'..........144—164

CHAPTER IX.
MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Slow Development of Mathematical Geography—Impulse given to it by
Aristotle, by Subsequent Expeditions, and by the Museum of Alexandria
—Spherical Form of the Earth—Aristotle's Arguments for it—Argument
from Objects seen on the Sea Horizon—Strabo's Statement of it—Measure-
ment of the Earth—Method employed before Eratosthenes—Method of
Eratosthenes—Criticism of it—Eratosthenes' Measurement of the Habit-
able World—Its Breadth—Its Length—Parallels of Latitude—First
Parallel of Eratosthenes—Other Parallels—The Climata of Hipparchus
fire. 140 B.C.—Meridians of Longitude—Theory of Zones—Aristotle's
View—Virgil's Description—Eratosthenes' Map of the World—Shape of
the Inhabited World—His Sphragides or * Seals '—His Geographical
Treatise—Its Contents—Its Chief Errors .... 165—183