XIV CONTENTS.

CHAPTER X.

PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Physical Features of Greece—Impression produced by them on Aristotle-
Physical Geographers—Agatharchides—His Account of the Aethiopian
Gold-mines—Similar Description in the Book of Job—Eudoxus of Cyzicus
—Artemidorus—Posidonius—His Travels—His Varied Interests—Error
about the Circumference of the Earth—Tides—Observations of Aristotle,
of Pytheas, and of Posidonius—Winds—Aristotle's Scheme—Timosthenes*
Scheme—Popular Scheme—* Temple of the Winds' at Athens—Period-
ical Winds—Rivers—Their Sources, Underground Courses, Power of
Erosion, Deposit of Alluvium, Tidal Waves—Earthquakes and Volcanic
Action—Views of Anaxiinenes, Anaxagoras, and Aristotle—Earthquakes
relieved by Volcanoes—Observations of Posidonius—Flora—Thcophras-
tus' History of Plants—The Descriptio Montis Pelii— Fauna—Anthropo-
logical Notices—Agatharchides on the Ichthyophagi and Acthiopians—
Posidonius on the Iberians and Gauls—Historical Geography as found in
Aristotle—His Restricted Views—Ephorus the Forerunner of Polybius—
Geographical Section of his History—His Advanced Criticisms—Polybius
arc. 210-128 B.C.—How affected by the Circumstances of his Age—His
Travels in Western Europe —His Opinion of the Importance of Travel-
Interest in Physical Geography—His Application of Geography to History
—Descriptions of Countries—Cisalpine Gaul—Media—Descriptions of
Cities—Sinope—Agrigentum—New Carthage—General Remarks

184-215

CHAPTER XL
GEOGRAPHY AS PROMOTED BY THE ROMAN CONQUESTS.
Exploration of Unknown Lands by the Greeks and by the Romans—Oppor-
tunity afforded by the Mithridatic War—Campaigns of Lwcullus in
Armenia and Mesopotamia—Pompey in Iberia and Albania—Narrative
of Theophanes—His Description of the Caucasus, of, the Cyrus and
Araxes, and of the Tribes—The Iberi—The Albani—The Tribes
bordering on the Euxine—Expedition of Balbus against the Garamantes,
of Petronins in Aethiopia—The 'Atlantic Islands' (Madeira)—Fortunatac
Insulae (The Canaries)-Progressive Conquest of Spain by the Romans-
Southern and Eastern Provinces-Lusitania- Central Districts—Tribes
of the North-West—Formation of the Roman Province in Gaul—