XVi CONTENTS.

—Possible Explanation of the Fable—Pliny's Information about Tapro-
bane—Ambassadors sent thence to Rome—Their Account of the In-
habitants—The Periplus Maris Erythraei—Mnvan. Coast—Aromata
Prom. (Cape Guardafui)—Menuthias (Zanzibar)—Arabian Coast—Arabia
Eudaemon (Aden)—Syagrus Prom. (Cape Fartak)—Island of Dioscoricles
(Socotra)—Indian Coast—Baraces and Eirinon Inlets (Gulf and Runn of
Cutch)—Barygaza (Baroche)—Bore of the Nerbudda—Nelcynda—The
Direct Route to India—Voyage of Hippalus—Notices of Eastern Asia—
This (China)—Dionysius Periegetes—His Dale-—His Geographical Poem
—Its General Geography—Description of Africa—Of Europe—Of the
Islands—Of Asia—General Remarks upon it—Progressive Knowledge of
Britain—Conquests of Claudius, Suetonius Paullinus, Agricola, and
Antoninus Pius—Germany and Scandinavia—Dacia conquered by Trajan
—Suetonius Paullinus crosses the Atlas—Nero's Expedition to the Nile—
The Marshy Region........261—292

CHAPTER XIV.

ROMAN FRONTIER DEFENCES AND ROADS.

Natural Limits of the Roman Empire—Frontier Defences—Chiefly organised
by Hadrian—The Periplus of Arrian — Dio's Account of Hadrian's
System—The German Limes—Chains of Military Posts—Defences of
the Upper Euphrates—The Roman Roads—The Via Aurelia—Via
Aemilia Scauri—Via Julia—Road through Southern Gaul and Spain—
The Via Flaminia—Via Aemilia—Passes of the Alpes CoUiae, Graiac,
and Penninae—Roman Roads in Gaul, and in Britain—Watling Street-
Fosse Way—Ermine Street—Icknield Street — Passes of the Alpes
Rhaeticae and Juliae—Road through Pannonia to Byzantium—The Via
Appia—The Via Egnatia—Main Roads through Asia and Africa—Roman
Itineraries—The Antonine Itinerary—Its Probable Date—Not a com-
pletely Homogeneous Document—Its Contents—The Itinerarium Man-
timuni—1\& Jerusalem Itinerary—The Peutinger Table—Its Transcrip-
tion, and probable Date of Composition .... 293—312

CHAPTER XV.
ESTIMATES OF MOUNTAINS IN ANTIQUITY.
Hadrian's Mountain Ascents—Indistinct Conception of Mountain Summits—
Strabo on Alpine Features—Use of Crampons and Tobogganing—Moun-
tains differently viewed by the Ancients and the Moderns—Relieious