CHAPTER VI.
EXPEDITIONS BEFORE THE TIME OF ALEXANDER,
Real and Fictitious Expeditions—Circumnavigation of Africa under Neclio—
The Story derived from the Egyptians or Phoenicians—Argument from the
Sun being seen on the Right Hand—Criticism of it—Improbability of the
Voyage—Expedition of Scylax of Caryanila-~Objections to its Authen-
ticity—Voyage of Sataspcs—Reasons for believing in it—Expedition of
Hanno—His Narrative of it—Island of Cerne (Henu')-—Promontory of
Soloeis (C. Cantin)—River Lixus (Wady Draa)-—River Hambotum (Sene-
gal River)—(Cape Verde and Gambia River)—The Western Horn (Bay of
Bissagos)—Flaming Mountain-sides—Explanation of the Phenomenon—
Mt. Theon Ochema (Mt. Sagres)—The Southern Worn (Sherboro Sound)—
Capture of Gorillas—Expedition of Himilco—The 'Ora Maritima' of
Avienus—Account of the Oestrymnkles—Of the Mid-Atlantic—Of the
Sargasso Sea—The Retreat of the Ten Thousand—Character of Xeno-
phon's * Anabasis'—Geographical Features of Annenia—Its Mountains
and Rivers—Sources of the Euphrates and Tigris—Lake of Van—The
March from Cunaxa to Armenia—The Zabatus (Greater Zab)—Land of
the Carduchi (Kurdistan)—The Centrites (River of Sort)—Source of the
Tigris—The Teleboas (Kara-su)—Eastern Euphrates (Murad-su)—-High-
lands of Armenia—Underground Dwellings—The Phasis (Aras)—The
Harpasus (Tchorufc)—Gymnias—Trapwus (Trebizond)—The first view of
the Sea—The Poisonous Honey—The 'Periplus* of Scylax—Its probable
Date—Its Contents—Doubts as to its Genuineness—-Interesting Notices
in it.
WE have now to consider a scries of expeditions into regions
Real and as yet unexplor^, .which professed to have been
Fictitious EX- made between the beginning of the sixth and the
Pe i cms. middle of the fourth century before Christ, and the
narratives of which, whether real or fictitious, have in one form or
another been transmitted to us. Of the reality of one of these—
the Retreat of the Ten Thousand under Xenophon—there never
has been any question; for, owing to the upright character of its
narrator, and the trustworthiness of his record, which bears on its
face the stamp of truth, it stands out as one of the best ascer-
tained facts of history. Indeed, an apology might seem to be
required for introducing it along with a number of less well-