ADDITIONAL NOTES. Hi
with the irruption of another group of Aryan invaders, the Dorians
(c. 1100 B.C.), it came to an end. By the beginning of the first
millennium the Greeks (as the inhabitants of Greece may hence-
forth be called) had abandoned the maritime enterprise of the
Minoans and had left the Mediterranean to be re-discovered by
the Phoenicians. Details of Minoan seafaring will be found in
Sir Arthur Evans, The Palace of Minos at Knossos> vol. i, § 14;
vol. 2, §§ 35, 39, 42; in G. Glotz, The Aegean Civilisation, bk. 2,
chs. 4 and 5 \ and in A. R. Burn, Minoans^ Philistines and Greeks.
B&ard, Les Phtnicienset fOdyssee^ vol. 2, ch. 5, still maintains the
priority of the Phoenicians and denies a Cretan lordship over the
seas; but in this opinion he now stands almost alone.
At the end of the second millennium the Phoenicians entered
upon the heritage of the Minoans (from whom they had probably
received an admixture of population). Their penetration of the
Aegean area was less complete than the delusive derivations of
Greek place-names from Semitic roots, and the now generally
discredited equation, Heracles = Melkarth, suggested to scholars
of an earlier generation. Yet their presence in Greek waters at the
beginnings of Greek history is repeatedly attested by Homer and
Herodotus, and it is confirmed by the diffusion among the Greeks
of an alphabet of Phoenician origin, which they adopted not later
than 800 B.C,
In the western Mediterranean the Phoenicians reached the
Straits of Gibraltar at an early stage. In the opinion of the Greeks
the Tyrian colony of Gades had been planted soon after the Trojan
War, i.e. in the twelfth century B.C. (Strabo, i. 3. 2, p. 48).
Phoenician remains in Spain give no support to this tradition, for
none of them are anterior to the eighth century. Yet the passage
from the Book of Kings, referred to on p. 7 of the text, is good
evidence that the way to the Straits was familiar to the Phoenicians
by 1000 B.C. This way was probably discovered in the first instance
by coasting along the shore of Africa, where the Tyrian colony of
Utica was believed to have been founded in 1101 (Pliny, Nat.
Hist.) 16, §216). A second base for the exploration of the West
was established in Sicily, where the Phoenicians made settlements
on ail three coasts, previous to the coming of the Greeks
(Thucydides, 6. 2). On the other hand the Phoenicians did not