ADDITIONAL NOTES.

assumed that the original colony was merely a small trading station
(like many other Milesian foundations), and that Sinope did not
come into existence as a town until c. 630 B.C.
On the importance of Sinope as a collecting centre for the local
coasting trade, and for the high-grade iron of the hinterland, see
the instructive article by W. Leaf in foitrn. Hell. Stud., 1916,
pp. 1-15.
P. 50,1. 25. Cumae
The claim of Cumae to date back to the eleventh century B,C,
was clearly untenable. But the remains of the earliest Greek
settlement date back to 750 B.C., if not earlier.
Pp- 54, 55* Massilia
On the foundation of Massilia, see M. Clerc, Massalia, vol. i,
bks. i, ch. 4; 2, ch. i. The earliest Greek remains on the site go
back at least half a century beyond the traditional foundation-date,
It is shown by Clerc that there is no good evidence of a previous
Phoenician settlement on the site.
P- 55» 1-17- Greek colonies in Spain
On the Greek settlements in Spain, see Schulten, op. cit^ ch. 4,
and R. Carpenter, The Greeks in Spain. The first Greek voyagers
to Spain presumably set out from Cumae to Sardinia and the
Baleares, where a number of place-names with the typical Ionic
ending of -owo-a betokens a chain of Greek naval stations. Their
first 4anding-point in Spain was probably the Puenta de Ifach,
a high promontory near Cape Nao, where the settlement of
Hemeroscopeium should be located. Greek outposts were also
established at Dianium (mod. Denia), and perhaps at Lucentum
(Alicante); but these were probably Massilian foundations of the
sixth or fifth century.
A short-lived Greek colony was also planted (probably by
Phocaeans c. 600 B.C.) at Maenace, to the east of the Phoenician
station of Malaca (Strabo, 3. 4. i, p, 156).
Pp-55>56. Cyrene
The story of the foundation of Cyrene is told in considerable
detail by Herodotus, 4. 150-159. The colonists made two unsuc-
cessful settlements at unsuitable points of the Libyan coast before
they found the favoured site of Cyrene.