xii ADDITIONAL NOTES.

Khartum. The main volume of water is brought down from
Abyssinia by the Blue Nile and the Atbara.
P. 64,1. 15. Map-making
Much information on ancient maps will be found in Berger's
Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der Griechen^ and in
the article by Kubitschek, in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, s.v. Karten.
On the maps of Herodotus, see Myres, Geographical Journal,
1896, pp. 605 ff.
P. 66,1. 17. The influence of Delphi on colonisation
In a few instances (as in the case of Cyrene) the oracle of
Delphi actually suggested a site for settlement. But its main
function was to give a moral sanction to the settlers to hold their
new land against the previous occupants or against later Greek
comers. See A. S. Pease, Classical Philology', 1917, pp. 1-20,
P. 69. Europe and Asia
The derivation of the names of Europe and Asia from Semitic
words has now been generally abandoned. The name of Europe
is plainly of Greek origin, and the division of the earth's surface
into separate continents was essentially a Greek idea. Its nucleus
lay in the contrast between the opposite shores of the Aegean Sea,
which is already implicit in the Iliad. In Hesiod (Theogony^
11. 357, 359) the two coasts and their hinterlands (symbolically
represented as daughters of Oceanus) carry the names of Europe
and "Asia. As a geographical expression, 'Europe' originally stood
for Central Greece, as opposed to the Aegean islands and the
Peloponnesus (Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 1. 251); subsequently it
comprised the whole Greek mainland and the lands of the north
Aegean. As the colonial movement increased the range of geo-
graphical knowledge, Europe came to include all the land this
side of the Dardanelles, and the northern coast of the Black Sea.
'Asia' originally designated the immediate hinterland of Ionia
(Iliad, 2. 461). It was progressively extended to all Ask Minor,
and eventually to all the land east and south of Europe. But by
the time of Hecataeus Libya had been detached from Asia and
made into a third continent. This new division was no doubt the
result of Greek travel in Egypt, which revealed the importance of
'*лл fUa land-masses.