XVlii ADDITIONAL NOTES.
Pp. 112-118. The retreat of the Ten Thousand
This is a subject on which the author was peculiarly well
qualified to write, by reason of his extensive travels in Armenia.
But in the absence of precise indications in Xenophon, the line
of the Greek march from the head waters of the Tigris to the
mountains above Trapezus cannot be traced with certainty.
Pp. 118-120. The 'Periplus' of Scylax
From internal evidence this work can confidently be dated at
c. 350 B.C. There is no need to assume that its author was
masquerading under the borrowed name of Scylax of Caryanda
(p. 101). In all probability he really bore the name of Scylax,
which was not particularly rare. His information was largely
derived from the historian Ephorus, who summed up the geo-
graphical knowledge of the Greeks previous to the campaigns of
Alexander the Great. The reconstruction of Ephorus' geography
is a task that still awaits modern scholars.
Pp. 120, 121. The bifurcation of the Ister
Fictitious river-forkings provided the later Greek writers with a
convenient key to numerous geographical puzzles. Apollonius
Rhodius (on the authority of Ephorus, or of the third-century
historian Timaeus) sent the returning Argonauts up the Ister as
far as Scylax's fork ing-point; thence by an arm of the Padus into
the0 Rh6ne; thence to a Rhone-fork which they would have
followed into the western Ocean, but for a divine intervention;
and so back into the Mediterranean. (Argonautica, bk. 4.) On
Aristotle's manipulation of river-forks, see the following note.
Pp. 135, 136. Mistakes concerning the Jaxartes
Aristotle's belief that the 'Araxes' flowed into the Tanais was
derived from Hecataeus (editor's note to p. 73,1. 28). His splitting
of the Tanais enabled him to reconcile the theory of Hecataeus
with the rival opinion of Herodotus that the Araxes fell into the
Caspian Sea (p. 82).
P. 136,1. 19. Patrocles on the Caspian Sea
Whether Patrocles really believed that the Caspian Sea com-
municated with India by way of the northern Ocean is not certain.
During an exploratory cruise in the Caspian, which he made by