SPECIALISM AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
"acidosis," a word now so widely used. Naunyn wrote an
attractive autobiography which appeared in the year he died.1
CARL VON NOORDEN (1858-1945), who succeeded Nothnagel
at Vienna, devoted much attention to the study of diabetes and
to the influence of diet on the condition.
In England the leading authority in the field was FREDERICK
WILLIAM PAVY (1829-1911)5 of Guy's Hospital, who had been
a pupil of Claude Bernard (p. 279). Following the researches .of
his teacher, he sought to show that the excess of sugar obtained by
Bernard from the liver was a post-mortem change, and that the
part played by the liver in producing sugar from glycogen might
be questioned. Pavy devoted his life to the study of this problem*
Recently the entire outlook in diabetes has been altered by
the discovery of insulin in 1922 by Sir FREDERICK BANTING oi
Toronto (1891-1941), in conjunction with CHARLES HERBERT BEST
(1899- ) and JOHN JAMES RIGKARD MACLEOD (1876-1935).
Endocrines and Vitamins
The discovery of " internal secretions," later known as
hormones, by Claude Bernard (p. 280) was one of the first steps
in the development of the new science of endocrinology, which
received a strong stimulus from the work of Sir EDWARD SHARPEY-
SCHAFER (1850-1933) of Edinburgh. A further important ad-
vance, this time in the science of nutrition, was made in 1906 by
Sir FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS (1861- ), when he showed
that nutrition was not merely a question of foods and calories in
correct proportions. It was necessary for health that food should
contain small quantities of the ** necessary food factors," which
later came to be known as vitamins.
Diseases of the Heart
Our modern knowledge of cardiology was largely the outcome
of various researches in physiology and in pharmacology. Among
the physiologists may be mentioned WILHELM His (1863-1934),
the distinguished embryologist of Basel, who became professor at
Leipzig, and who noted the myogenic nature of the heart beat;
AUGUSTUS WALLER (1816-70), a general practitioner of Kensing-
ton, London, who recorded the electrical impulses of the heart,
an observation which led to the introduction of the electro-
1 Bernard Naunyn, Erinnentngen, Gedanken, tmd Meinung&i, Munich, 1925
365