A PLAN OF OPERATIONS 7

predecessors on the comparatively intimate terms required for making
the feat of evocation a possibility.

While the resuscitation of a dead culture in the heart and mind of a
living society may result in the necromancer's recollecting aspects of the
resuscitated culture that he has forgotten, or even in his discovering
aspects of which he has never before been aware, he could never have
performed the initial act of materializing the nucleus of the wraith
which he has thus afterwards gradually brought into focus if, before
ever he set out to raise this ghost, he had not possessed some hold over
the dead society. This indispensable preliminary hold consists, as we
have seen,1 in the possession of a stock of practices and ideas derived
from the dead civilization's cultural heritage; and this key is not in the
hands of any civilization of a younger generation that is not affiliated to
the dead society in virtue of being the issue of a chrysalis church that
has been constructed by the dead society's internal proletariat. This link
of Apparentation-and-Affiliation, as we have called it, duly subsists be-
tween tertiary civilizations and their secondary predecessors; but we
have found no more than abortive rudiments of it in the relation between
secondary civilizations and the primary predecessors of these;2 and, ex
hypothesi, there can have been no relation of this kind between those
primary civilizations themselves and the primitive societies out of which
they must have arisen by some process of mutation.3 On this showing,
we may take it that we shall have covered the ground of our present in-
quiry when we have taken an inventory of the tertiary civilizations* per-
formances in their resuscitations of facets of the lives of their secondary
predecessors in the divers fields of activity that we have been able to
distinguish for our present purpose,

(II) OPERATIONS ACCORDING TO PLAN

(a) UKNAIS8ANCBS OK POLITICAL IDEAS, IDEALS, AND
INSTITUTIONS

We have already noticed that the Lute Medieval Italian renaissance of
Hellenism exerted a more enduring influence on Western life on the
political plane than on either the literary or the artistic.4 We may now go
on to observe that the political manifestations of this renaissance not
only outlived the aesthetic manifestations but had forestalled them, A
renaissance which did not declare itself on the aesthetic plane earlier
than the generations of Dante (viwbat A.D. 1265-13:**) and Petrarch
(wiveb&t A.n. i3O4~74) had begun to take eifoct on the political plane as
early as the eleventh century, when the government of the cities of Lorn-
hardy had passed out of the control of their bishops into the hands of
communes administered by boards of magistrates who were appointed
by, and responsible to, the citizens. The resuscitated Hellenic political
ideal which made this impact on eleventh-century Western Christian
urban communities in Northern Italy5 proceeded, after the radiation

* In IX, viii. «j«, 3 Bee VII, vH, 4»i-a.

•i 8t*e H, i, jjo'a- 30. * See p. 3, «. *, above.

* See 111. iii. 344, n. a; IV. iv, 353, n. a; and pp, 645-81 below,