TECHNOLOGY, CLASS-CONFLICT, EMPLOYMENT 585
triumph ('Thou shalt bruise them with a rod of iron and break them
in pieces like a potter's vessel'1). Marx's Russian Khallfah's proclamation
to the capitalists was an echo of Muhammad's legendary message to
Heraclius and Khusru Parwiz: 'Be wise now therefore, O ye Kings;
be learned, ye that are judges of the Earth.2 ... Kiss the Son lest He be
angry, and so ye perish from the right way.'3 Russian Communism's
simultaneous proclamation to the Proletariat was: 'Blessed are all they
that put their trust in Him..'4

A third strong point, in the short run, in the Communist Russian
approach was the replacement of a traditional Eastern Orthodox Chris-
tianity by a Marxian post-Christian Western ideology as the current
expression of Russia's perennial orthodoxy; for the Marxian ideology
was a heresy in orthodox post-Christian Western eyes, and the anathe-
matization of Marxism by a Western dominant minority was a testimony
to its truth and righteousness in the sight of a now world-wide Western
proletariat in which the peasant majority of Mankind had been brigaded
together with the Western industrial workers.

Marxism interpreted by Lenin and Stalin and preached from the
Kremlin made, in this exotic Russian dress, a potent appeal to the
World's peasantry from China to Peru and from Mexico to Tropical
Africa; for Russia herself had been, till yesterday, one of these poor
and powerless peasant countries. In her social and economic situation
Russia had a much closer affinity than the United States had with the
depressed three-quarters of the Human Race for -whose allegiance the
two Powers were competing; and Russia could claim, with a specious
appearance of veracity, that she had saved herself by her exertions and
the rest of the Proletariat by her example. The heretical Western
ideology which the Russians had made their own had enabled them to
increase one great peasant country's collective power, and in the same
act to raise its inhabitants' personal standards of living,5 by acclima-
tizing a current Western technology through an industrial revolution—
which, in Russia, had been made by the State in the Community's
interest (as the Bolsheviks conceived of it) and not by private entre-
preneurs in theirs. Soviet Communism's achievements, as presented in
Soviet Communist propaganda, sounded impressive in the ears of non-
Russian peasants and industrial workers who had no opportunity of
checking the story that they were being told by the evidence of their
own eyes; and even in the United States there were elements that might
prove to be not altogether impervious to the Communist gospel.

In North America an oecumenical proletariat had been reproduced
in miniature; for, in spite of tardy measures for the restriction of im-
migration from Europe and Africa and for the exclusion of immigration
from a 'Barred Zone* of Asian countries,6 the peasantry of the Old

1 Ps. ii. 9. * Ps. ii. 10. * Ps. ii. 12.

4 Ps. ii. ia. s See IX. viii. 684-9.

6 SeeT oynbee, A. J., and Boulter, V. M.: Survey of International Affairs, 1924
(London 1926, Milford), pp. 86-114 and 127-60. On the ayth June, 1952, -when the
•writer was revising the present passage in his present work at Princeton, New Jersey, the
McCarran-Walter Immigration Bill was enacted through being repassed by the Congress
at Washington by more than the two-thirds majority of votes that was required in order
to override President Truman's veto. This Act, which, on the whole, consolidated and