AUSTRALIAN MUSHUM, SYDNEY. ° ‘Qe ae ne (- & \\ / Be WA S \h)S WS 5 \ a | RAG BY THE LATE A. W. SCOTT, AND REVISED EDITED BY A. SIDNEY OLLIFF, ayp HELENA FORDE. Sot s Wi AM) : Micick G Nose § Ws SY DN EY: Re r. W, WHITE, PRINTER, SYDNEY, PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE “RUSTIES, 4 1898. : AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY. AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, BY THE LATE ALEXANDER WALKER SCOTT; WHith Illustrations drat from the life by bis Daughters, HARRIET MORGAN AND HELENA FORDE. WO iE. EDITED AND REVISED BY HELENA FORDE ann ARTHUR SIDNEY OLLIFF. SYDNEY: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. E. P. Ramsay, succEEDED By R. Eruerince, Junr., CURATOR. 1890 - 1898. INTRODUCTION. Tue Manuscripts and Drawings of the late Mr. A. W. Scott relating to the life-histories of the Australian Lepidoptera, having passed into the possession of the Trustees of the Australian Museum, it was decided to continue the publication, and the work of editing and revising the Notes was entrusted to the late Mr. A. Sidney Olliff, then Entomologist to the Museum, and afterwards to the Department of Agriculture, and Mrs. H. Forde, a daughter of the late Mr. Scott. Four Parts have been issued, of which the dates of Publication are :— Part 1. 30 April, 1890. 2. 28 February, 1891. 3. 30 November, 1891. 4. 31 May, 1893. The death of Mr. Olliff, the imperfect state of the remainder of the Notes, and the retirement of Mrs. Forde, brought the work to a standstill, and the Trustees determined to discontinue it for the present. The four Parts above referred to, with the Title Page and Index issued herewith, will therefore form Vol. Il. of Mr. A. W. Scott’s Australian Lepidoptera.” Volume I. was published in London in 1864. R. ETHERIDGE, Junr., Sypyvery, 3lst October, 1898. Curator. ™ +? BIOGRAPHICAL; NO PITCH. ALEXANDER WALKER Scorr was born at Bombay on the 10th November, 1800, and was the second son of Helenus Scott, M.D., head of the Bombay Medical Staff, and a well-known contributor to medical and scientific literature. He was educated in England, graduating at Peterhouse, Cambridge, as B.A. in 1821, and M.A. in 1824. Shortly afterwards he left England for New South Wales, taking up his residence first in Sydney, but eventually settling upon Ash Island, on the Lower Hunter River, near Newcastle. He represented various local constituencies in the Legislative Assembly, from 1856 to 1861, when he was appointed a member of the first Legislative Council under the new constitution. He was a Trustee of the Australian Museum from 1862 to 1879, when he resigned in consequence of ill health; as one of the original members and sometime President of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, he contributed various papers on entomological subjects to its Transactions, and also to the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. In 1864 he published the first three parts of his Australian Lepidoptera ; and in 1873 a treatise on Mammalia, Recent and Extinct (Class Pinnata). He was engaged at the time of his death, which took place at Sydney on November Ist, 1883, upon a Catalogue of the Seals and Whales in the collection of the Australian Museum. VOLUME II, PART 1 | | ee > (APRIL 30, 1890.) AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY... | . My, ay py, oot! 4 NI ‘* 0) (Ty = ee inl Gore aS ee we ANS a er Moy (tary ! WAZ’ 2 iy 4 / . * \ : “ay “Bo 4 || rr eee : oA | apy, wor Wy ] a 4 > j Z 4 ee a ip} = i Ay \ oe —= —_ y SS \ & oF "i “si is a = = Ea , Fd ees Sy, "i See NY iM = & 4 a ; AC MN Ze VEN . BY THE LATE AoW: SCOFT, EDITED AND REVISED BY A. SIDNEY OLLIFF anp HELENA FORDE. palo \(ase @, Noro Ss RK ‘ SY DN EY A ¥. W. WHITE, PRINTER, SYDNEY PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES, 1890, f bia’ Ls » fam a PREFACE, Tux Trustees of the Australian Museum, in the year 1888, having determined that in the interests of entomological science, the important mass of information regarding the transformations of one of the most noticeable and beautiful orders of insects —the result of years of patient observation and labour—should be made known with as little delay as possible, decided that the valuable manuscripts and drawings relating to the life-histories of our native butterflies and moths, which they acquired by purchase in 1884 from the Executors of the late Alexander Walker Scott, should be made available to students of Entomology and the public. In pursuance of this decision they determined that the manuscripts and the drawings should be published ; and at a meeting held on the 4th December, 1888, they decided that the publication should take the form of a continuation of the work of which three parts were issued by Mr. Scott, in 1864, under the title Australian Lepidoptera and their Transformations. The task of editing and revising the manuscripts was entrusted to us as co-editors, and the entomological notes and descriptions left by Mr. Scott, comprised in six note-books, and a large collection of drawings, were placed in our hands. The manuscripts contain a series of observations, commencing in 1838 and ending in 1864, made principally in the neighbourhood of Sydney and in the Lower Hunter district, on many hundreds of Lepidoptera; and when it is borne in mind that nothing had been done towards elucidating the life-histories of the Australian Lepidoptera since 1805, when John William Lewin published his Natural History of Lepidopterous Insects of New South Wales, it is obvious that many of the insects described and named by Mr. Scott were new to science. The large additions made, during the last quarter of a century, to entomological literature, and the great amount of work accomplished during the same period by systematic naturalists, have necessarily brought about great changes in the nomenclature and classification of species ; and we have therefore found it necessary, in revising the manuscripts, to substitute the nomenclature employed by recent writers, and to omit all those passages which relate to questions of classification or the limits of genera as then constituted. Indeed it may be said once for all, that the editors are entirely responsible for the nomenclature adopted in this continuation of Mr. Scott's work, and also for the bibliographical references at the head of each description. Wherever it seemed to us desirable, in order to avoid confusion, we have endeavoured to bring the terminology into conformity with modern usage ; and wherever we are able to add anything to the life-histories of the species described in the work, from our own knowledge or from other sources, we have done so, distinguishing our remarks from those of the author by enclosing them within brackets [ J], or appending our respective initials. With these exceptions we have closely followed the text of the original manuscripts, making only such verbal alterations as appeared to us necessary. Plates X. to XXI., used in the present work, were lithographed and printed in Sydney, previous to 1864, with a view to the continuous issue of the work, which will account for discrepancies between names used on the plates and those adopted in the text. As the Trustees of the Australian Museum felt bound to utilize these plates, which had been executed at considerable expense and had the advantage of being the work of the original artists, this discrepancy could not be avoided ; but no inconvenience will arise on this account, as in every instance an explanation is given, not only in the text, but also on the explanation facing each plate. Finally it is hoped that readers will bear in mind the difficulties which always attend a posthumous publication, enhanced in this case, by the long interval of time which elapsed before the manuscripts became the property of the Australian Museum, an interval moreover (1864-1884) singularly barren in workers in this particular field. Those early workers who, like John Abbot in Georgia, Johann Christian Sepp in Surinam, General Hardwicke in India, and Thomas Horsfield in Java, turned their attention to the laborious pursuit of insect biology, deserve some gratitude from those who come after them, and we feel sure that in this connection the name of Alexander Walker Scott will be honourably remembered. A. SIDNEY OLLIFF. Sypney: January Ist, 1890. HELENA FORDE. a “ Ll og © Was Ee ot INDEX. Nore.—Species are distinguished by having the Generic name in capital and small capital letters, and the Specific name in italics, thus: Cauvosa triangularis; Synonyms are printed in full italics: Sphinw triangularis ; names of food plants and general terms, in Roman: Vitis antarctica, Papilio, etc. absimilis, HOLOCHILA * Polycyma ... Acacia decurrens Acherontia triangularis Acronychia baueri Fi leevis /®notheras Agarista a AGARISTA agricola a casuarine ... 4 Donovani ... Agarista frontinus AGARISTA glycine latina ag Lewini Agarista ostorius agricola, AGARISTA albo-fasciata, Catocala alsulus, LAMPIDES » Lycena amena, Eulophocampe anacardioides, Cupania anactus, PAPILIO angasti, Huplaa Anocala cabbalistica ... Anona... x 5, cheremolia antarctica, Vitis Antherea .... Ey ANTHERHA astrophela ‘ eucalypti... ‘ helena x janetta Antherea simplex Apple, Custard Asclepiadee ... Ash tree (native) » native oot astrophela, ANTHEREZA atkinsoni, Ophideres ... atrata, Spanocola... attenta, Boarmia aurantium, Citrus australasie, METAMIMAS australis, Indigofera ... 3 Livistona ... Balsam (common) Balsams Banksize AR? “Bangala Palm baueri, Acronychia ... Boarmia attenta aie is psychastis ... betica, LYCENA beticus, Papilio ” SAE = 95; 14, 15, 11, 12, cork wate | Brachyglossa triangularis Breynia oblongifolia ... brownii, Scolopia Cabbage tree ... Ba cabbalistica, Anocala ... cameli-pilo, Geometra... camphor laurel (the)... Camphor tree... 4 Camphora officinalis ... Catocala albo-fasciata 3) of SCO = Cassytha paniculata ... cassythe, Polycyma ... casuarine, AGARISTA Chanapa corinna CHARAGIA eximia “ lignivora ... a ramsayt cs sceripta a splendens ... CHARAXES sempronius Chelepteryx expolitus... cheremolia, Anona choredon, Papilio CHRYSOPHANUS erinus Cissus... ss Citron leaves ... Citrus aurantium Caquosa triangularis Colutea frutescens communis, Phragmites consequana, Wistaria Convolvulus ... coreeba, Hesperra corinna, Chanapa Danais 3 Eupia@a Cudrania javanensis ... Cupania anacardioides Custard Apple damoétes, Papilio Danaids Danais corinna Darata hamata decurrens, Acacia destinataria, G'nophos 7 SELIDOSEMA disperdita, Tephrosia... Dodonwa viscosa donovani, AGARISTA ... Dolichos elata, Podocarpus elegans, Ptychosperma Eleocarpus obovatus... Epilobium junceum ... ” tes 0 OOOO bo bt bo Epilobium tetragonum erectheus, PAPILio erinus, CHRYSOPHANUS » Papilio erithonius, Papilio Eucalypti... sae eucalypti, ANTHEREA Eucalyptus Eugenia a so Eulophocampe amena Luplea angasii EupPLia@a corinna eurypylus, Papilio eximia, CHARAGIA : » Phloiopsyche... expolitus, Chelepterya Fop1na ostorius frequens, Polyommatus frontinus, Agarista . . 43 Oputusa ?... + Papilio frutescens, Colutea fusca, Catocala fullonica, OPHIDERES... “Fustic” ae oAe galegifolia, Swainsona Geijera salicifolia Geometra cameli-pilo... * gilva é lentiginosa... Ai recte-fasciata ‘‘gibbung ” gilva, Geometra »» SELIDOSEMA glabrum, Menispermum glycine, AGARISTA » Phalenoides Gnaphalium luteoalbum Gnophos destinataria... Goniloba vulpecula graveolens, Ruta greyana, Swainsona ... Haloragis teucrioides hamata, DARALA we Hardenbergia monophylla “21, 22, 31, ets mT, harveyanum, Sarcopetalum ... helena, ANTHEREA heliaspis, OONERIA Hemerophila luxuria hernandiefolia, Stephania Hesperia coreeba Hi phineus hispida, Robinia Hotocuita absimilis... Ichneumon ‘Indigofera australis ... indirecta, Tephrosia ... janetta, ANTHEREA ... javanensis, Oudrania... junceum, Epilobium ... Junonia oe met levis, Acronychia... “INDEX—Continned. Dreaabix iilestitnie ’ Oputusa (1) frontinus Ms myops Be ‘ senex Orange (the) ... orange-fly ... ostorius, Agarista PAGE i Se a 23, 24 24 e096 19, 31, 32 - repanda, NerrocoryNE Robinia hispida ys Ruta graveolens on salaminia, Menas ... ce Noctua ... 4; Ophideres 19 6 6 yh 6 Phalena Noctua... salicifolia, Geijera ... 229, Si oe 5 Fopina Salvia... ar aot bes 31 Phalena Lampipes alsulus ... lanceolata, Persoonia... Palm, ‘Bangala” _... palmarum, Pamphila Palms (the) ... ors Pamphila palmarum... Paniculata, Cassytha... PAPILIO anactus ee Papilio beticus latina, AGARISTA... latinus, Phalena ... laurel, camphor =: leguminis, Lycena ... leiocarpum, Nephelium lentiginosa, Geometra Leptospermum scoparium lewini, AGARISTA... FAD; », choredon lignivora, CHARAGIA... rae » damoetes Livistona australis ... PaPiuio erectheus longifolia, Notolea ... Papilio erinus luteoalbum, Gnaphalium » erithonius luxaria, Hemerophila : » eurypylus ») SELIDOSEMA... = » frontinus Lycena alsulus Papitio lycaon Lycana betica LO; 5 macleayanue ... Lycena leguminis Papilio phineus lycaon, PaPILio ae Papiio sarpedon macleayanus, PAPILIO Papilio scottianus Marsdenia suaveolens Papiuio sthenelus Menispermum glabrum Pea, Poison ... Meramimas australasie Persoonia lanceolata... Menas salaminia ... : -Persoonie ... so monophylla, Hardenbergia ... Phalena latinus res myops, OPHIUSA fo i oa native ash... ea ¥ ANG as bs Phalenoides glycine... Nephelium leiocarpum Fe phineus, Papilio ak Nerium (the) ... ‘ib ‘ 5 Hesperia Nerrocoryne repanda Phloiopsyche eximia ... Noctua salaminia ... Phragmites communis » scapularis... pine, native ... Notoleea longifolia... Podocarpus elata oblorgifolia, Breynia... Polycyma absimilis ... obovatus, Eleocarpus ; if cassythe ... OcnertiA heliaspis... Polyommatus frequens officinalis, Camphora... Poison Pea... Ks Oleander trees ie psychastis, Boarmia ... Ophideres_... 3 Ptychosperma elegans Ophideres atkineoni. . Se ramsayi, CHARAGIA ... OpuipeErEs fullonica... recte-fasciata, Geometra ostorius ste Noctua islabtinias ee bist «Or APLATES: PLATE 10. CamQuosa TRIANGULARIS. PLATE 11. OPHIDERES ATKINSONI= 0. salaminia, in text. PHLOIOPSYCHE EXIMIA = Charagia eximia, in text PLATE 12. PotycyMA CAssYTHA = Chrysophanus erinus, in ext. 5 ABSIMILIS = Holochila absimilis, in text. PotyomMatTus FREQUENS= Lampides alsulus, in ext. Lycana LEGUMINIS = LZ. betica, in text. PLATE 13. : ANTHEREA SIMPLEX=A. astrophela, in text. pe PLATE 14, _ Hesperia COREEBA = Netrocoryne repanda, in text. _ PAMPHILA PALMARUM=P. phineus, in text. 05 Doren A Tis 15, AGARISTA LEWINI. .~ GLYCINE. _ DONOVANI. LATINA, Sarcopetalum harveyanum ass 6 sarpedon, PAPILIO... scapularis, Noctua ... Scolopia brownii —... scoparium, Leptospermum scottianus, Papilio ... scripta, CHARAGIA ... SELIDOSEMA destinataria ne giva ... 3 luaaria ... ef thermea... sempronius, CHARAXES senex, OPHIUSA be simplex, Antheraa ... Spanocala atrata ... Sphinx triangularis ... splendens, CHARAGIA... Stephania hernandizfolia sthenelus, PAPILIO suaveolens, Marsdenia Swainsone ... the Swainsona greyana ... 33 galegifolia Tephrosia disperdita... i indirecta ... vagaria ... tetragonum, Epilobium teucrioides, Haloragis triangularis, Acherontia ” Brachyglossa ” Canquosa is Sphine .. Trypeta oe ais thermea, SELIDOSEMA vagaria, Tephrosia ... viscosa, Dodona Vitis ... ae », antarctica te vulpecula, Goniloba ... Wistaria consequana... PLATE 16. PAPILIO ANACTUS. DANAIS CORINNA= HLuplea corinna, in text. PLATE 17. PAPILIO SARPEDON. fe EURYPYLUS = P. lycaon, in text. PLATE 18. SPANOCALA ATRATA = Ophiusa (?) frontinus, in text. CaTocaLA FUSCA=Ophiusa myops, in text. ANOCALA CABBALISTICA = Yodina ostorius, in text. CATOCALA ALBO-FASCIATA = Ophiusa senex, in text. PLATE 19. CHELEPTERYX EXPOLITUS =Ocneria heliaspis, in text. EULoPHOCAMPE AM@NA = Darala hamata, in text. PLATE 20. PAPILIO STHENELUS. i‘ MACLEAYANUS. PLATE 21. GEOMETRA CAMELI-PILO = Selidosema thermea, in text GILVA = LENTIGINOSA = ” g ila, in text » destinataria, intext RECTE-FASOIATA= ,, luwaria, in text. 21, 23, 32 23 12 34, 35 31 8 35 33 34 33 21 26 11 23 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA. TRANSFORMATIONS. CdEQUOSA TRIANGULARIS, Donovan.—(Plate X.) Sphinzx triangularis, Donovan, Ins. New Holl., pl. 33, fig. 2 (1805). Acherontia triangularis, Boisduval, Voy. de d’Astrolabe, Ent., p. 181 (183), Brachyglossa triangularis, Boisduval, Hist. Nat. Ins., Spéc. Gén., Lep., Vol. L., pl. 16, fig. 2 (1836) ; Spéce. Gén. Lép. Heét. (Sphing.), I., p. 9 (1874). Caquosa triangularis, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., viii., p. 257 (1856). Lire-Hisrory : Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. Hét.. L., p. 10 (1874); a brief allusion to a drawing by M. Jules Verreaux. The caterpillars of this species may be met with from October to December, not only along the line of coast extending on either side of Port Jackson, but also in the Newcastle district, wherever in fact the various species of Banksizw and Persoonix abound, yet in point of number they are by no means abundant, being, with the allied Metamimas australasiv, Don., typical insects in all collections of lepidoptera sent from Australia. They have been for many years the especial prey of the collector, the size 5 and showy appearance of the caterpillars, and their habit of taking up an exposed position on the branch on which they happen to be feeding, almost compelling observation. Their destruction may also be aided by a vulgar belief in the noxious qualities of the caterpillar, partly caused by its habit, when molested, of lashing its body violently from side to side, as if eager to attack its opponent, while the spiny, rough an; and the large shining black spots near the tail—commonly mistaken for eyes—add greatly to its vicious appearance. The full grown or mature larva measures, (*) according to sex, from 4} to 5 inches. The body is cylindrical and tapers. towards the head; the posterior portion being thick, rounded above, and entirely destitute of caudal horn or protuberance. Although they correspond exactly in general marking, they vary much in colour, and we therefore in our present plate figure two of the extremes, in order that those of intermediate shades may be easily recognised. One is of a rich bright green, the whole surface closely covered with small white granulations, disposed transversely, affording to the eye and touch a strong resemblance to shagreen. On each side are seven oblique, yellowish-white bands relieved anteriorly by dark blue, with a yellowish-white, ‘indistinct, oblique band on the thoracic segments, extending from below the middle of the third segment to behind the head, and a similar band on the penultimate segment. Immediately above the caudal feet there is a distinet bright raised black spot, bearing an exact resemblance to the pupil of an eye, so much so indeed, that the casual observer is invariably misled, and points to the posterior portion of the body as the head of the animal. Along the back are two longitudinal rows of yellowish-white spines, fourteen on each segment (seven on each side), and over the oblique bands of yellow, a row of similar spines, passing in a continuous line through two segments, from the ventral to the dorsal aspect of the caterpillar, and another row runs from head to tail just above the feet on each side. The head is green, conical, and slightly bifurcate in front, the terminal portion being of a rusty yellow. The other larva is of a pale straw-colour throughout, with seven short oblique bands on each side of white, edged broadly with bright purple, the first and last of which are indistinct. A clear bluish-green tint occupies the back. In other respects the insect agrees with the form already described. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is contained within a nest, on the surface of the ground, formed of dead leaves joined together by a strong but coarse web. It measures 2% inches in length, is of a deep shining black with reddish brown segmental divisions, and in form approximates more to the pupe of the larger Bombycidw than to those of the Sphingidw. The perfect insects take wing principally in January and February, although, like most other species, they may be found occasionally during the whole of the summer months. In expanse they attain to six inches. ; The Antenne ....long, somewhat setaccous, slightly thickest in the middle, and terminated by a few sete; of the male (fig. 2) covered posteriorly with scales, anteriorly with transverse rows of ciliations arranged in pairs, the upper row being longest and entire—the lower row disunited in the middle, both reeurving to each other at their tips; of the female covered with scales above and naked beneath. * (In this and the following descriptions the head is considered separately, and the segments are counted antero-posteriorly from one to twelve. The measurements are in terms ofan inch. It is almost unnecessary to add that—a line = .08333 of an inch; a millimetre = .03937 of an inch. —Eps.] Vou. IL, Parr I.—April 30th, 1890. 6 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA The Mazille — ....short. The Labial palpi (fig. 8, male) project forwards and upwards to about three-fourths of the eye; second joint robust, nearly four times the length of the basal; terminal minute, nearly obsolete ; the whole covered with hairs which become more bushy at the tip. Whe Legs” oc ecees strong, sparingly clothed with hair (anterior pair, fig. 4, male), second pair with two, and posterior pair (fig. 5, female) with four spurs, the upper pair of the latter exceedingly small and buried in the hair of the tibie. Wings deltoid when at rest, the moth being usually suspended by the anterior feet, a position, we observe, generally adopted by all the Sphingide ‘The ground colour of the fore wings is of a rich reddish brown, having on the centre of each, at the costa, a large triangular patch of deeper brown, strikingly relieved outwardly by a powdered mass of white. The abdominal margin is edged by white, and a white patch at the anal angle. The hind wings are likewise of a deep reddish brown, merging into bright orange yellow towards their base, with a whitish triangular patch at the anal angle, and a whitish marginal fringe. The head, thorax and abdomen are robust, and of an olive-brown colour; the patagia edged with a purplish band, which also proceeds along the scutellum and abdomen. The under surface is ochreous, the triangular patch on the upper side of the fore wings being partially defined, with the space between it and the base orange yellow. A faintly indicated bar of white passes transversely through the disc of each wing. The plant upon which the caterpillars are represented is the Persoonia lanceolata or “ gibbung” of the aborigines, to the ripe berries of which they are extremely partial, although to Europoans the fruit is insipid and worthless. The original of the slight sketch, introduced into this plate, is from the able pencil of the late Mr. Conrad Martens, whose finished drawings of Australian scenery are so well known. The view represents the entrance of Port Jackson, with the old Sydney Lighthouse, which formerly occupied the site of the Macquarie Light at South Head. (C. triangularis is rather widely distributed in Australia, but as far as we are aware it does not extend its range into New Guinea or the adjacent islands; nor has it, as far as we know, been observed in Tasmania. It is particularly abundant on the seaboard side of the great chain of mountains which borders the entire eastern coast-line of Australia, occurring from Cape York, at one extremity of the continent, to Wilson’s Promontory at the other. It may be of interest to add that Mr. Scott has the following note with regard to a batch of C. triangularis larvee which he found in December, 1840 :—* These caterpillars,” he says, “had the usual changes of skin, buat at the last one seemed generally to suffer much. Several remained six days previous to casting the skin, and six days after, without eating.’”’] OPHIDERES SALAMINIA, Cramer.—(Plate XI.) Phalena Noctua salaminia, Cramer, Pap. Exot., I1., p. 117, pl. clxxiv., fig. A (1779); Clerk, Icones, pl. xlviii., fig. 5, 6. Noctua salaminia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., III., p. 17 (1794). Meenas salaminia, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 264 ; Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc., London, XI,, p. 71, pl. xiv., fig. 2 (1881); Lep. Ceylon, IIL, p. 134, pl. 161, fig. 1 (1884). Ophideres salaminia, Guenée, Spec. Gen. Lep., Noct., VIL., p. 115; Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B.M., XIII., p. 1225 (1857). Ophideres atkinsoni, Scott, MS. Lirr-uistory : Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc., London, XI, pl. xii., fig. 3, 3a, 3b, larva and pupa (figures only) from Allipore (Grote), and Java (Horsfield) ; Lep. Ceylon, III., p. 134, pl. 161, fig. la, 1b (1884). In February we found on Ash Island, Lower Hunter River, feeding on the Sarcopetalum harveyanum, a brood of about twenty half-grown larve, which, from their similarity of markings and general contour, we at once referred to Ophideres fullonica. In course of time, however, one of the number exhibited such marked divergence in colouring from its companions, that we were led to suspect the presence of a second species, a surmise which ultimately proved correct. Three months later we fortunately secured another full grown larva of a reddish colour, and since then several fine specimens have been forwarded to us from Singleton, in the Upper Hunter district, where they were captured feeding on Stephania lernandivfolia, another Menispermaceous plant. The full grown larva is very handsome, although both in colour and markings it is inferior to Ophideres fullonica. * It is throughout of a deep rich velvety-black, minutely powdered with small spots of white, pale blue, and straw colour, the whole forming a rich combination to which the pencil cannot do justice. On each side of the fifth and sixth segments is a gaudy ocellus, possessing a black pupil with a blue centre, and an iris yellowish above and saturnine-red below. On the back between the ocelli are two oval white spots, one on each segment, and there is a similar white spot on the fourth segment. The penultimate segment bears a reddish prominence, from which proceeds along each side a delicate tracery of white, resembling the fine fibrous roots of a ay 4 AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, 7 plant ; and a similar but larger tracery rises obliquely upwards from the last of the abdominal feet and passes over the adjoining segment. Dull reddish indistinct spots are placed one on each segment, in the region of the stigmata, and are connected by a flexuous row of small pale straw coloured spots. The head of the caterpillar is black, and the terminal portions of the feet, both thoracic and abdominal, are dull brownish-red. Another caterpillar was of a dull reddish hue, and the white dorsal spots between the ocelli and on the fourth segment were almost obsolete; and a like diversity in colouring existed in those sent to us from Singleton. These larve are half-loopers, the first pair of abdominal feet being nearly obsolete : when at rest they assume fantastic attitudes, generally supporting themselves entirely by their abdominal feet, with the head and anterior segments curved towards the chest, and the posterior extremity elevated. When touched they instantly fall to the ground, where they remain as if feigning death, until danger is past. In length they are about 3} inches; in form cylindrical, not flat beneath, and very fleshy and soft to the touch. The cocoon is formed of leaves so loosely woven together as to afford but a frail protection to the chrysalis, so much so that, if handled, it is apt to fall through. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is 1,*: inch in length, and throughout of a shining black. The perfect insect measures nearly 3} inches in expanse of wings, and remains in the pupa state for about two months. The Antenne ........ are long, setaceous, basal half almost naked, thence with a row of fine sete on each side to the apex, which is terminated by a tuft of sete. The AMazwille ........ (fig. 2) short and thick, the basal portion naked, the remainder fringed externally with short cilia, and internally with a few sete, which are succeeded by serrations immediately behind the sharply pointed tip.* The Labial palpi (figs. 8 and 4) with the terminal joint’ conical, very small, basal and middle joints more robust, the latter about twice the length of the former; the whole closely covered with hair, and projecting upwards and forwards to about even with the top of the head. The Legs ........ ... powerful ; tibiee of anterior (fig. 5) and posterior (fig. 6) pairs pilose, the latter armed with four long spurs ; second pairs nearly naked, and with two apical spurs. These moths are nocturnal, but, like other members of the family, if disturbed during the heat of the day, they can fly not only with rapidity, but with great certainty as to direction. The fore wings of this conspicuous insect are trigonate and entire, with the abdominal margin undulating, concave at the inner angle, and towards the base, interrupted by an angular tuft of scales, from which, including the base, springs a very broad subcostal band ending in a point at the tip of the wing. This band is of brilliant silver, delicately striated transversely with lilac lines, and becoming dark green along the costa. A somewhat similar but narrower band, attenuated at the extremities, extends along the outer margin. The intermediate triangular space is dark satiny green, assuming a lustrous brown or golden hue in different lights. A reddish-brown line between the third median nervule and submedian nervure reaches from band to band. The posterior wings are bright orange, with a broad black apical fimbria which, although interrupted at the anal angle, recurves spirally to the middle of the wing. The outer margin alternately fringed with black and white. The palpi, head, and prothorax are pale lilac; the thorax, eyes, and antenne greenish, the former much crested ; abdomen bright yellow and tufted dorsally. The underside of the forewings is brownish, with the base and a transverse bar across the disc ochreous; the hind wings resemble the upper surface, but are very much paler and duller. Thorax, legs, and abdomen are pale yellowish brown. This description is taken from living specimens recently born and fresh in their plumage, as the brilliant colours fade rapidly after death. ([Ophideres salaminia extends to New Guinea, Java, Singapore, and throughout India, China and Japan. Its larva was reared in Java by Dr. Horsfield on Cissus, and Mr. A. Grote has recorded that it feeds on Menispermum glabrum at Allipore, near Calcutta ; whilst in Ceylon, Mr. I’. Moore informs us, it is found on the same food-plant. We have ourselves observed the young larve on the former plant at Sydney.| a _ * [Since this deseription was written, the structure of the proboscis in Ophideres has excited considerable interest on account of certain observations which were recorded by M. A. Thozet, of Rockhampton, concerning the capacity for piercing the epicarp of oranges, which he supposed these moths to possess. In a letter in the ‘‘ Rockhampton Bulletin” (May, 1875), he stated that O. fullonica did considerable damage to oranges in Queensland, by puncturing the rind, ex- tracting their juices, and thus causing the fruit to fall. From specimens of the moth forwarded by M. Thozet, detailed accounts of the structure of the proboscis were drawn up by M. J. Kunckel (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4, xvi., pp. 372-374, 1875) and Mr. Francis Darwin (Q. Journ. Micr. Sc., xv., pp, 384-389, 1875). In both articles reference is made to the manner in which the organ is brought into use. M. Kiinckel describes the proboscis as a “veritable auger,’ while Mr. Darwin says—“ It is clear that in using its proboscis the insect must employ a thrusting action, and not any kind of revolving movement; the proboscis must accordingly be considered as a saw, not as an auger or gimlet. It is, in fact, a bayonet-shaped saw, and must, therefore, have three cutting edges.” Mr G. L. Pilcher (Cistula Ent. ii., pp.237-240, 1887), who appears to have had opportunities of examining the living insects, states that the Ophideres attacks the guava, banana, and peach, as well as the orange. He doubts the capacity of the moth to perforate the skin of the fruit with its proboscis, the instrument appearing to him adapted for enlarging a hole already existing, rather than for boring ; and he contends that the Ophideres merely enlarges the punctures already made by other insects, especially by the larvie of the orange-fly (7rypeta). Excellent figures of the distal extremity of the proboscis of O. fullonica and O. salaminia will be found in a paper contributed by Mr. R. B. Read to the “ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales for 1878.”—A.S.0.] 8 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA CHARAGIA EXIMIA, Scorr.—(Plate XI, ¢) Oharagia eximia, Scott, Trans, Entom, Soc., New South Wales, IT., p. 35 (1867); description of male. Phloiopsyche exinia, Scott, MS. Lire-HIstory : Scott, loc. cit. We presented to our readers in Vol. I., Plate 2, two species of Charagia, and we now add another example of this beautiful genus, regretting, however, that we can only figure the male, as we were unfortunately unsuccessful in our attempts to rear most of the caterpillars we had collected, owing to the shrinking of the wood in which they lived. We purpose to continue the series of these peculiarly Australasian insects, and hope in time to furnish illustrations of the transformations of two of the largest and most conspicuous species, Charagia Ramsayi and C. scripta. We cannot add anything new in respect to the habits and metamorphoses of this insect, as these agree precisely with the characters we have previously given in detail of this group, and we must consequently refer the reader to our previous remarks for all particulars relating thereto. The larve were found at one time in considerable numbers at Ash Island, in the small stems or branches of the Dodonea viscosa, Linn.; but the destruction of these plants in the process of clearing the lands for cultivation in that particular locality, has since rendered the attainment of this species a matter of difficulty to us. This caterpillar is cylindrical and fleshy, except the head and adjoining segment, which are rough and corneous. The segments are muscular and well developed, and of a dull creamy white, tinged with purplish red at their divisions, and also around the various longitudinal wrinkles which are placed at the lower portion of each segment. ‘The caterpillar is also slightly setigerons. The females are about 44 inches in length, the males smaller. The chrysalis (fig. 1, male) measures rather more than 1 inch, stoutest at the anterior portion. The colour yellowish-white, becoming dark brown towards the head, where it is rough, corneous, and slightly setigerous: the abdomen encircled with hard ridges. The male of the perfect insect measures 3 inches in expanse. The Antenne ........ (fig. 2, male) very short, setaceous, slightly moniliform, delicately ciliated above, with a few fine sets beneath. The Labial palpi (figs. 3 and 4) very small, projecting forwards and slightly downwards, and thinly covered with hair; terminal joint minute and conical ; basal about one-third less than the second, and somewhat inflated. Phe Siege: ceccce with the anterior (fig. 5, male) and intermediate pairs long and powerful, densely and compactly clothed with hair; posterior (fig. 6, male) small, weak, covered sparingly with hair; tibiz furnished exteriorly with a long tuft of golden coloured hair. The moth, when at rest, suspends itself by its powerful anterior feet, the tips of the wings meeting beneath the abdomen, See is not recurved as in Charagia lignivora and C. splendens before described, The superior wings are falcate in a greater degree than in any of our other species, and the ground colour throughout is of a pale emerald green, chastely relieved by a series of numerous short slightly curved lines, exhibiting a chain-like pattern of bright silver disposed transversely, each link, however, being interrupted by the nervures. These lines become, towards the base, more irregular and labyrinthic. A dull golden band, also interrupted by the nervures, passes transversely through the disc, commencing close to the costal, and terminating near the inner margin. The hind wings are of pale bluish green, partially clothed towards the basal portion and abdominal margin with short silvery hairs. The cilia at the outer angle golden brown. The head, prothorax, and patagia, similar in colour to the fore wings ; the thorax and abdomen to that of the hind wings, and covered on the upper portion with silvery hairs. Eyes large, projecting, and dark purplish-brown. The underside is of a uniform pale whitish- green, glossed with a golden tinge towards the tips of the wings. We have represented the male insect and the caterpillar in a branch of the Dodonea viscosa, or Native Hop, so called from the winged seed capsules with which the plant is liberally covered. (During the past ten or twelve years Charagia eximia has been obtained by breeding in considerable numbers in the Lower Hunter district. Indeed, for the past two seasons—as I am in a position to state from personal observation—it has been the most abundant species of the genus, not only in that locality, but also in the immediate vicinity of Sydney. Mr. Scott suspected from the large size of some of his larve, that the male described above—the only example which he succeeded in rearing—was undersized; but this has not proved to be the case. The males vary from 62 to 66mm. in expanse, and the females from 100 to 112mm. The following is a brief description of the latter sex :— ? Antenne brownish red. Head, thorax, apex of abdomen, and the anterior and intermediate legs bright grass-green ; basal half of abdomen pinkish salmon colour; posterior legs pinkish yellow. Fore-wing bright grass-green, obscurely mottled with transverse irregular wavy lines between the veins; three moderately large silvery spots beyond the cell, indistinctly encircled with brown, arranged obliquely one behind the othor; two very obscure brownish spots above anal angle, sometimes centred with silver; costa marked with six or seven longitudinal brownish patches at intervals; outer margin narrowly, and inner margin conspicuously, margined with brown. Hind-wing pinkish salmon colour, pale golden yellow externally, veins on outer margin bright golden yellow; underside pale salmon colour, suffused with golden yellow; costa of forewing and hindwing obscurely barred with brown.—A.8.0. | AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 9 CHRYSOPHANUS ERINUS, Fasricius.—(Plate XII., 9, and Underside). Papilio erinus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 525 (1775) ; Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 31, fig. 3 (1805). = Chrysophanus erinus, Olliff, Proc. Linn. as N.S. Wales, x., p. 717 (1886). af tie deroudromy wy bel Polycyma cassythe, Scott, MS. During the summer months we have frequently found these caterpillars feeding on the Cassytha paniculata, to the long tendrils of which they adhere by means of their viscous and slug-like bodies. When full grown they measure about 11 lines in length, are limaciform, slightly pubescent, and laciniate, with the back elevated, and head and feet minute. In some the colour throughout is of a beautiful pale green, in others the back is yellowish, each side edged: by a row of small red spots, and with a conspicuous red patch at the anterior and posterior portions. The chrysalis, in length nearly.7 lines, is of a light pinkish fawn colour, with several longitudinal rows of small black spots; the anterior portion bifurcate, the abdomen much compressed laterally, and broader than the thorax; dorsal portion ridged, and terminating in a sharp point. Attached by the tail, and girt by a silken medial band, with the head upwards. The female perfect insect attains to 1} inches in expanse; the male is slightly smaller. The Antenne ........ (fig. 1, female) terminate in an elongated club, not grooved laterally. The Labial palpi (fig. 2, female) large, second joint more than double the length of terminal; male, three times the length of terminal; in both slender and acuminated at the apex, and almost naked; basal joint small; this and the second moderately scaly and hairy ; the whole projecting forwards and slightly upwards ALS (NR! BY & Reape pr? with the anterior pair perfect in both sexes; second and posterior pairs (fig. 3) with two small spurs on tibie ; tibie and tarsi, sparingly covered with scales, the latter also setigerous. Pulvilli large, claws minute. The upper surface of the male is throughout of a shining purplish brown, deepening slightly towards the margins, with the cilia whitish; the female shining purplish blue, broadly margined with black. In both sexes the thorax, head, and abdomen are purplish brown. With respect to the under surface, both sexes are alike, being throughout of a light silvery grey ; on the forewings two transverse rows of small indistinct brown patches, the two adjoining the anal angle large and black; two small marks on the exterior margin of the discoidal cell. The hindwings are occupied by numerous brownish patches. Figures of the upper and under surface of the female butterfly, and the larve and chrysalis on the Cassytha paniculata, are given in the present illustration. [C. erinus has been recorded from Bowen, Rockhampton, and Gayndah, in Queensland, and from various localities in Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania. | / we! HOLOCHILA ABSIMILIS, Ferprr.—(Plate XII, ¢, 9, and Underside). Holochila absimilis, Felder, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, xii., p. 490 (1862) ; Reise Novara, Lep., ii., p. 261, pl. 32, fig. 14, 15 g, 16 9 (1865). Polycyma absimilis, Scott, MS. This species is more common, and at the same time more beautiful, than the preceding one, the metallic lustre of the male showing to great advantage when the little creature darts with rapid wing around the tops of trees, ever and anon returning nearly to the same spot, and expanding its wings in the full enjoyment of the sunshine, very unlike the feeble and wavering movements of Lampides alsulus and Lycena betica. The larva is limaciform, the body laciniate, the back slightly elevated; a lateral ridge in the region of the stigmata, projecting angularly near the posterior extremity, which is flattened and truncated; the first segment bifurcated, protruding beyond and hiding the minute black head. Generally the body is throughout a beautiful pale green, but an occasional specimen is met with of a dull fleshy tint. When full grown it measures 11 lines in length, is viscous, and like the preceding species exudes some matter highly attractive to ants, numbers of which may be seen crawling over and caressing the larve with their antenne. We find these caterpillars most frequently on the tender shoots and leaves of the Cupania anacardioides, but they are also met with on Wistaria consequana and Robinia hispida, both imported plants. The chrysalis is found with the head upwards, and is supported by the tail and a medial band; is about 7 lines in length, and of a pale pinkish brown powdered over with black; on each side of the abdomen a longitudinal row of four crimson spots ; the head bifureate, abdomen compressed, and.a dorsal ridge which becomes tuberculated on the thorax. The expanse of wings in the perfect insect is slightly under 1} inches. The Antenne ........ are long, terminating in a somewhat fusiform club, not grooved laterally. (Fig. 1, male). AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA % oe The Labial palpi (fig. 2, female) long, projecting upwards and forwards higher than the head; basal joint small, second te ‘s joint twice as long as the terminal, which latter is somewhat obtuse at the apex ; basal and second joints thickly, and terminal thinly, clothed with scales and a few short hairs. In male much smaller, projecting to about three-fourths of the eye. te Sse The Legs ...........With the anterior pair perfect (fig. 8, female), second and posterior pairs (fig. 4) with two minute apical spurs ; tibiw and tarsi covered with scales, the latter being also setigerous ; pulvilli large, claws minute. The upper surface of the male is of a shining smalt blue, deepening very slightly towards the marginal borders, which are fringed alternately with black and white. In the female the dise of each wing is white, merging into a dark bluish slate colour - towards the base. The remaining portion of the forewings is silky black, of the hindwings bluish slate colour, darkening into neutral tint at the outer margin. ‘he cilia greyish white; the head, thorax, and abdomen slaty blue. The underside of both sexes is silvery white, with several transverse rows of wavy black lines, a discoidal marking, and a few black spots scattered near the base of the hindwings. : __‘The caterpillar and chrysalis are drawn on the Cupania anacardioides in flower, together with figures of both sexes in their perfect state. ; (i. absimilis ranges from Cape York, through New South Wales, into Gippsland. | LAMPIDES ALSULUS, Herricu-Scuxrrer.—(Plate XH, Upper and Underside). Lycana alsulus, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1869, p. 75 ; Semper, Journ. Mus. Godeflroy, TV, p. 160 (1879). Polyommatus frequens, Scott, MS. s ; This very common little butterfly is abundant nearly throughout the year, and in the neighbourhood of Sydney specimens may be seen even during the coldest months fluttering over the grass and weeds in gardens, or at the roadside. The larva feeds in the pods of the common pea and other leguminous plants, also on lucerne and various species of trefoil. It is onisciform, slightly pubescent, and of a pale green with a lateral stripe of darker colour, and slightly over 5 lines in length. The chrysalis is 4 lines in length, of a dark cream colour, with three abdominal rows of small spots, blunt in form, and is attached by the tail and a medial band. The perfect insect rarely exceeds 13 lines in expanse. The Antenna (fig. 1) are moderately long, clavate, and blunt at the tips, with a lateral greove. The Labial palpi (fig. 2) project forwards and upwards to about the top of the eye; second joint four times longer than the basal, and half as long again as the terminal, which latter is pointed and nearly naked ; basal and second joints covered with scales, and rather long hairs beneath. oy The Legs anterior pair, in the male the tarsus is composed of a single joint, terminating in one claw; in the : female, perfect; second and posterior pairs (fig. 3) with two small apical spurs on the tibie ; tibia and tarsi closely covered with scales, and with a few sete. : The upper surface is of a pale shining purplish blue, broadly bordered at the outer margins with brown. The underside is light silvery drab, with a brown crescent at the extremity of the discoidal cell; near the hind margin a transverse row of somewhat ocellated spots, and two wavy or scalloped bands; a few spots near the basal portion of the lower wings. The spots and markings are brown, faintly edged with white. The plant figured is the Indigofera australis, upon which the larva and chrysalis are placed. (L. alsulus is found throughout Australia and Tasmania, and extends to Fiji, Samoa, and the Philippines. ew as : LYCAINA BBTICA, Linnaus.—(Plate XII, 3, ¢, and Underside.) etree 7 sie = se Papilio beticus, Linnwus, Syst. Not., i, p. 789 (1767). ; eat ae ; oe Lycena betica, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., p. 80 (1828); Trimen, South African Butt., I, p, 58 (1887). - Papilio damoétes, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 526 (1775); Donovan, Ins. New Holl, pl. 31, fig. 2 (1805); Trimen, loc. cit. — Lycena: leguminis, Scott, MS. : : Lireausrory ; Godart, Enc. Meth,, ix, p. 653 (1819); Wollaston (Mrs. E.), Ann. Mag, Nat, Hist., 5 ser., iii, p. 224 (1879) ; Trimen, loc. cit. ‘The L. batica is very widely distributed, its range extending from the south of Europe into India, Java, and Australia.* —-. Here, as in the other countries mentioned, they are found in considerable abundance, disporting themselves in company with — Ser — Lampides alsulus, or other small blues, over meadows and cultivated lands. ee ah Rees a : es : . . : x : + [The species is how known to extend throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, and is even found in the most remote oceanic islands, including Lord Howe Island ‘< 3 re igfs and Norfolk Island ; but up to this time, curiously enough, it does not appear to have been observed in New Zealand.—A.$.0.) | Ye é Spi iz > mR Te & aru 7 coe : bs if taba cs = ION OF PLATE X, caquosa TRIANGULARIS, Doxovay. ; Larva and Variety.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna of male. Fig. 3, Head, side-view showing palpi. Fig. 4, Foreleg of male. Fig. 5, Hindleg of fomale. k as se Food-plant : Persoonia lanceolata. Australian Lepidoptera. | Plate 10. b= hee we egy, 2h ave ie Fvoni Nature & On Stone | C wquosa triangiularis ; : , e Allan & Wigley, Lith. Printers Sydney by Helena Seott r Stee EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLe : Be R A a r re & % Co . Fie cS Vy = ‘ Coa a OPHIDERES SALAMINIA, Cramer. ee be Gh OG, ve Tesh ‘ ¥ e (OPHIDERES A cIN plate). ee Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. ; et sree a ee Fig. 3, Head, side-view. Fig, 4,-Eabial -palpus. Fig. 5, Foreleg. She ee Fig. 6, Hindleg. PS i ; eos 2 2 2 ag Food-plant : Sarcopetalum harveyanum. 2: 3 em : fees é CHARAGIA EXIMIA, Scorr (Male). eae ge 2% ges (Puto1orsycue ExiMIA, on plate). ee: Larva and Burrow.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, os SoupAg © saopar AaLBry 4 wey MODY AowasyyT fq aanyey woxy s¥moy) sw 4q auayg ug 3d ‘Toe suTyyy Se dtaptye BlUrixe eqaX... anterior pair, in the male, consist of a single joint, terminating in one claw; in the female, perfect; second and posterior pairs (fig. 3) with two small apical spurs on tibiz; tibiae and tarsi covered with scales, the latter also provided with rows of sete. The upper surface of the female, from the base to about the middle of the wings, is of a shining bluish lavender, changing gradually from pale to dark brown towards the exterior margins. On the lower wings, adjoining the outer margin, is a row of faint ocelli, the two at the anal angle large, with black centres and white irides. Beneath these proceeds a thin and graceful tail-like appendage of a black colour, tipped with white. In the male the upper surface presents more of the lavender hue, continued nearly to the outer margins, which are of a dark brown. Beneath both sexes are alike, the ground colour being of a shining white, suffused with drab towards the base, and thickly banded transversely on the inner half with fawn colour. Towards the outer margins white, bordered by a chain of white circular markings like indistinct ocelli, the two at the anal angles large, distinct, with black centres, lunulated above with orange and beneath with silvery blue, resembling in miniature the eye on a peacock’s tail. Abdomen and legs white. The Swainsona galegifolia, formerly a very common plant on the Lower Hunter, is figured. A more showy species, S. greyana, is known as the Poison Pea of the River Darling, from its fatally injurious effect when eaten by sheep, horses, and other stock. Both these plants afford food for the larvie of Lycwna betica in certain localities. ANTHERAIA ASTROPHELA, Waxker.—(Plate XIIL, ¢ and 9). Antherwa astrophela, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V., p. 1255 (1855); 9. Antherwa simplex, Walker, loc. cit. p. 1256, ¢ ; Scott, MS. This pretty species of Antherea first came under our notice many years ago, at Ash Island on the Lower Hunter River, where the fine forest trees upon which the larve fed—the native ash (Hleocarpus obovatus) and native pine (Podocarpus elata) of the early settlers—existed in considerable numbers, and afforded much valuable timber. Indeed so common then was this insect that we have seen the cocoons attached in such numbers to the twigs of the ‘‘ Fustic’’—Cudrania javanensis—and other shrubs in the vicinity of their feeding grounds, that a good-sized bag or basket might have been quickly filled without entailing much labour on the part of the collector, each twig or stem carrying one or more of the odd-looking brown excrescences, in some cases built one on top of the other in a fashion embarrassing, to say the least, to the occupant of the undermost tenement. The mature caterpillars must occasionally wander far afield in search of a final resting place, as we have found the cocoons attached to orange, quince, pomegranate, and other orchard trees, at considerable distances from their proper food-plants. It has sometimes occurred to us that the plump chrysalids of this Antherwa may have afforded in times past a succulent and welcome addition to the not well supplied larder of the Australian savage, as on sundry occasions when we have availed ourselves in our entomological walks of the help of the few, and now, alas, degenerate descendants of the native tribes who still lingered around their old hunting grounds on the islands of the Lower Hunter, we were frequently presented by them with handfuls of the cocoons, accompanied by many significant signs that they were ‘‘ good to eat.” There are two broods of this Anthereea produced during the spring and summer months, the finest and brightest specimens being captured in January and February, when they may be scen any fine afternoon in company with a larger and more showy species, Antherwa janetta, for at least an hour before sunset, flying about in a rapid but uncertain fashion, blundering against obstacles in their path, then recovering themselves and resuming their flight in great haste—the males at such times, owing to their bright yellow colour, being much more conspicuous than their duller-hued consorts. ak ay wes a 12 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA They usually rest with the wings placed horizontally. The eggs are produced in large numbers and are greyish white, compressed oval in form, and are attached to the plant either singly or in clusters of two or three. The young larve at first are blackish, with segmental whorls of hair, which, after their first change of skin, develop into small tubercles. Occasionally the black colour is replaced by a dull greenish-yellow, but as a rule the full grown caterpillar, which is 24 inches long, is throughout velvety-black, with six well detined equidistant parallel bands of light green running from the third to the antepenultimate segment. Springing from the centre of these bands and on each segment (with the exception of the anterior and the last two) are six white tubercles, of a bright yellow ringed with scarlet at their bases, and surmounted with symmetrical clusters of white hair. On the two posterior segments the tubercles are only four in number, of slightly larger size, and tinged with yellow, while they are quite absent on the anterior segment where they are replaced by hair. A thin fringe of stiff white hair is placed between each seginent, and there is also a lateral bordering of short hair over the legs, which, with the head and extremity are dull red, Towards the end of October and again in March the cocoons are spun, being attached lengthways to the stem; they are coriaceous, oval, and dark brown in colour. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is shining blackish red, about 1 inch long, and half an inch wide. The moth, like the Antherwa eucalypti described in the first part of this work (Vol. L., p. 2), emerges from its cocoon by moistening one extremity with a fluid which is secreted for the purpose, rotating its body, and ripping open the envelope by means of the strong curved hooks placed on each shoulder. The Antenne ........ in both sexes four-pectinated on each joint; the pectinations in the male being very long, and much developed, each pectination finely ciliated at the sides; the antennve (figs. 2 and 3) are broadest in the middle, and from thence the pectinations gradually decrease in length towards both extremities. The Labial palpi (figs. 4, 5, and 6) three-jointed, small, but distinct, and bent downwards in front of the mouth; terminal joint round at tip, rather more than one-third the length of second, which is nearly double that of the basal. The whole are hairy and scaly, the hairs thickest on the outer portion. The Mazille ........ obsolete. THD Lge? ra dn the anterior pair (fig. 7) spurless and much more pilose than the others; second and posterior pairs (figs. 8 and 9) with two small spurs on the tibiw. In the male the tibize and tarsi very densely clothed with hairs; the tarsi five-jointed, barely as long as the tibie, the terminal joint elongated, and terminating in a pair of small claws. Femora densely pilose. Iemale much less pilose than male and joints therefore more distinct. In outline the male of the Antherea astrophela has not got the graceful curves of its congeners the Antherwa eucalypti, A, helena, or A. janetta, the upper wings being shorter and more rounded. Its colour is also more uniform, being as a rule throughout pale clear chrome yellow, slightly salmon at the tips, which are much crumpled between the veins. A distinct band of purplish black is placed transversely on both wings, and there are two short additional bars on the inner angle of the upper wing. An ocellus ringed with purplish black, lunulated with red and white, and with a small hyaline pupil, occupies the centre of each wing; costa and patagia dark grey; abdomen, head, and antenne yellow. The female is throughout pinkish brown, with the transverse bands, ocelli, costa, and patagia similar in colour to the male, but darker and richer in hue. The male measures 4 inches in expanse, the female 43 inches. The caterpillar is figured on the native pine, Podocarpus elata, and the cocoon attached to another characteristic indigenous tree, the Acronychia laevis, both plants bearing fruits much appreciated by the wild pigeons, opossums, etc., but otherwise valueless from an economic point of view. In a future number we hope to give the life-history of Antherwa janetta. NETROCORYNE REPANDA, Fenper.—(Plate X1V., ? ). Netrocoryue repanda, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., IL, p. 507, pl. Ixx., fig. 10 (1867); ef. Plotz, Berl. Ent. Zeit., XX VI., p. 76 (1882). Goniloba vulpecula, Prittwitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 187, pl. iv., fig. 2, a-b (1868). Hesperia coreeba, Scott, MS, Live-nisrory : Mathew, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 181. We originally discovered the habitations of this pretty species of Netrocoryne in considerable numbers at Ash Island, commonly on the Nephelium leiocarpum, and occasionally on the Scolopia Brownii, the Notolwa longifolia, and Podocarpus elata, but subsequently we have found them inhabiting similar trees and shrubs in the Botanic and many private gardens in or about Sydney, having probably accompanied their food plants (some of which are highly ornamental) to the new localities selected for AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 13 them. Like most of the Hesperiide, the larva of Netrocoryne shelters itself during life beneath a leafy covering, the form of which however, alters materially during the progress from infancy to maturity. and perfectly circular piece, about the size of a pea, from the leaf, and attaches it with silken threads to the upper surface of the same or another leaf, thus forming a secure habitation under which it dwells, and from whence it issues in search of food, by a small aperture at the upper end. As the increasing size of the larva demands more roomy accommodation, larger pieces of the leaf are cut out and similarly attached, the old dwellings being then deserted, and as they soon become brown and shrivelled they impart to the tree in time a somewhat diseased appearance. When almost mature the larva selects a larger leaf, and cutting out a sufficient portion to comfortably cover its body, secures this to a fresh le When but a few days old the infant larva cuts a small af, and, when the time for the change to the chrysalis approaches, further provides for its security and comfort by lining this habitation with finely spun web, which is also carried up the leaflet to the main stalk, thus preventing the nest from falling off or being blown from the tree by the wind. The full grown larva is 14 inch in leneth, cylindrical, and very plump in form. The head is black and rough ;_ the two first thoracic segments (which can be protruded at times until they apparently attenuate) are clear bright yellow, with a small lateral spot of rich black on the first, and two similar spots on the second, segment; the two posterior segments are also bright yellow with similar black spots. The whole of the intermediate segments are on the upper portion a clear bluish-slate colour, with five broad longitudinal rich black bands (slightly disconnected on the third thoracic segment) one occupying the centre of the back, and two on each side. A yellow line, in which are placed the black stigmata, passes immediately over the legs, which, with the abdominal portions, are pale greenish white ; feet black. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is nearly 3 inch in length with slightly projecting angles on the shoulders and beneath the head, and the trunk projecting; the abdomen sharply pointed and secured to the silken lining of the nest. The head and wing cases are rich deep purple, the abdomen lavender, thickly dusted with whitish bloom.* The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) are rather long and clavate, the club, gradually attenuating to the apex, and curving, forms a hook. The Labial palpi (fig. 3 and 4) project forwards ; are pilose underneath, scaly above ; the basal joint short, the second very long, slightly curved, the third or apical joint bent slightly downwards. §, sugntly I J ghuy NS EAMES i cscesccvre tibie of the anterior pair very pilose, spwrless; of the second pair with short hair and two spurs at each of the apices; of the posterior pair (fig. 5) with tufts of long hair at the base, the remaining portion hairy, with four spurs, two at the apices, and two at the middle. Tarsi of the whole five-jointed ; first joint equal in length to the remainder, hairy, and terminated by small claws. The expanse of the perfect insect is about 2 inches. The wings are horizontal in repose, and the insect is diurnal. The entire upper surface is rich golden brown, relieved on the anterior wings by an irregular broad transverse patch of pale yellowish white, interrupted by the nervures, and which in many instances extends over the costa and becomes shining yellow. Near the top of the wing are three small spots, somewhat triangular in form, and on the middle of the lower wing an oval spot, also yellowish white. All these patches and spots are diaphanous, and strongly relieved by an edging of black. A wavy line of small black spots passes across the centre of the lower wing, and a blackish brown fringe surrounds the whole external margin. The wings are rather triangular, with the outer margins broken by wide shallow denticulations, and so produced posteriorly as to be subcaudate. The under surface of the insect is similar in colour to the upper, but lighter in hue. The plate represents the larva, with its leafy dwelling; one of its food plants, the Nephelium leiocarpwm, in flower and fruit ; and the perfect insect. PAMPHILA PHINEUS, Cramer.—(Plate XIV., g and 9). Papilio phineus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., I1., p. 123, pl. clxxvi. E. (1779). Hesperia phineus, Latreille, Enc. Meth., [X., p. 765, No. 107 (1823). Pamphila palmarum, Scott, MS. Lire-nistory: Mathew, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 179. Previous to the acclimatization of the date and other foreign palms, we usually found the caterpillars of this showy Pamphila feeding, both at Syduey and the Hunter River, upon the fronds of the indigenous palms, Livistona australis or 7 5 ‘ al >. a7 2RAQAG ‘ > = - oz es “‘Cabbage Tree”’ of the early settlers, and Ptychosperma elegans ‘Bangala Palm,” although occasionally we have seen a stray : i i Jugent smarks the shrysalis is attache > anal extremity and encircled by a *[Mr. G. I. Mathew, who found this species feeding on Lugenia, Remarks: that the chrysalis is attached by the anal extremity and encircled by silken girdle. | Pe 14 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA specimen inhabiting the common reed, Phragmites communis. As the species now under consideration is of very sa as ee the graceful foliage of the Palms suffer greatly by its ravages, the folded leaflets being webbed together a every ee: ion to form the habitations of the caterpillars, who issue thence and devour all the leaflets in their immediate viemity, and gine in nai impart a ragged and dishevelled appearance to the previously symmetrical leat. The full grown caterpillar secs i about 1} inches, and is throughout of a very delicate transparent bluish green, with two conspicuous yellow spots on the ninth segment, and yellow stigmata. The body is attenuated ; the head large, horny, and fawn-coloured, with black markings, and during repose placed even with the body; the tail flat, and fringed with fine whitish hair. Previous to the transformation to the chrysalis, the caterpillar strengthens the silken webbing and closes the aperture of its dwelling. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is 1 inch in length, delicate greenish white in colour, dusted with a powdery substance,* and of slender form; two small black spots are placed obliquely on each side of each abdominal segment, and the abdomen and head are both furnished with reddish cilia. The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) long, clavate, and strongly hooked at the extrenuty. The Labial palpi (figs. 3, 4, and 5) robust, projecting upwards alittle beyond the tops of the eyes ; three-jointed, second jomt twice the length of the basal, and both densely clothed with thick hairs; terminal short, obtuse, and covered with hairs. BOO TAGE f dusisiessss anterior pair spurless; second pair with two spurs, and posterior pair (fig. 6) with spurs on middle and apex of tibix. Tarsi five jointed, with long scales and bristles beneath, terminated by two claws, each having a long hair above; pulvilli small. The perfect insect is diurnal, and like the other members of this group, rapid and erratic in its movements; it rests either with all the wings elevated, or with the upper pair elevated and the lower horizontal. The upper surface of the female is throughout rich bronze brown, and across the centre of both wings, commencing at the inner margin and running towards the tips, is a band of dull yellow, formed into spots or patches by the nervures; and also two subcostal dull yellow patches on the upper wings; the marginal fringe is dull yellow. Abdomen and head robust, dark brown, with yellowish hair. The upper surface of the male is also rich dark brown, but the dull yellow spots and markings of the female are here replaced by continuous but irregular transverse bands of golden yellow, and the marginal fringe is also golden yellow. Head, thorax, and abdomen shining golden brown. A small portion of the frond or leaf, the flower spathe and ripe seeds of Livistona australis are shown on the plate; also the caterpillar and both sexes of the perfect insect. AGARISTA LEWINI, Boispuvan.— (Plate XV.) Agarista Lewinti, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Ent., p. 176 (1832), Lire-uistory : McCoy, Prod. Zool. of Victoria, I., p. 27 (1878). As yet we have only found this Agarista in its larval state, at Ash Island, whe abundant on the Mpilobium junceum and the imported Ac‘notheras. proves that its range must be considerable. | re from September to March it was tolerably ui Wy a) 4 “a TAWV a " } 1 1+] The presence, however, of the lmago 1n many other localities, When mature the larva measures about 12 inches, and is throughout very pale yellow; the . . . oO . . 4 their anterior edges a series of short irregular black bands, and also some de are occupied with numerous irregular black transverse bands, terminating ring connected below with a comma-shaped black marking. first three segments have on licate pencillings of black; the remaining segments above the stigmata, which are each encircled by a black The whole pattern bears a resemblance to Chinese characters. On the penultimate segment is a connected row of slightly raised spots of bright orange red; the head and upper portion of the first segment is also orange slightly marked with black, and there is a patch of the same colour over the caudal fect: thoracic feet - eral + vA ye ; . r of »whitie ive . : ‘ black, legs pale yellow ; a whorl of fine whitish hairs proceeds from each segment. *[Mr. Mathew states that this powdery matter exudes from beneath the ninth, tenth H i ‘ atter e) nes : , tenth, and eleventh segments of the larva as it li i i I AR orn aie } Rear dey ert ‘ arva ¢ les quiescent before its change to the pupa state. He also observed that the eggs are globular, shining, and pale greenish yellow in soloar.} 5 t [In the summer of 1866, I found a healthy brood of the larvie at Menindie, Darling River, feeding on the common Balsam.—H.F,] AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 15 The cocoon is formed of i ticles : : of agglutinated particles of earth, and is placed near the surface of the ground. The chrysalis fig. 1) is } inch in length, : : ‘k brow i ( g. 1) i : eth, and throughout dark brown, of somewhat attenuated form, the extremity truncated. The perfect insect measures slightly over 2 inches, The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) thin and long, gradually and slightly thickening towards the middle, then tapering to a point. The Labial palpi (tigs. 3 and 4) three-jointed ; basal and middle joints nearly equal, covered with scales, and bunches of long hairs underneath ; terminal joint about half the length of preceding and nearly smooth; the whole projecting forwards. iy oP Se te anterior pair spurless; second with two spurs; posterior pair (fig. 5) with four spurs, two at apex and two on middle tibie. Tibiz and tarsi clothed with hair-like scales, the former with long tufts of hairs on the anterior portions. ‘arsi five-jointed, with rows of small setw internally, and terminated by small claws. The colour of the entire upper surface is velvety jet black with several transverse bands or patches of pale straw colour on the upper wings, the outer one being much the largest; close to, and parallel with, the outer margin, is a double row of short longitudinal straw-coloured lines. In most instances the lower wings have no markings, but in some specimens, as in the one depicted, there is a distinct transverse spot or patch in the centre. Marginal fringe of upper wings black, with white at tips and anal angles; of lower wings alternately black and white. Thorax and abdomen black; the former with longitudinal bands of straw colour, the latter with a lateral row of small yellowish spots, and tufted posteriorly with vermilion-coloured hairs. The larva, with its food plant Epilobiwm junceum, and the perfect insect, are figured in the plate. (Professor McCoy states that the Agarista Lewini is not uncommon near Melbourne, the larva feeding on the Epilobium tetragonum, which is an abundant weed. The figures given in his illustration, both of the larva and imago, are very much inferior in size to those bred by us in New South Wales}. AGARISTA™ GLYCINA, Lewiy.—(Plate XV.) Phalenoides glycine, Lewin, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. N.S. Wales, p. 2, pl. i. (1805). Agarista glycine, Boisduval, Voy. de VAstrolabe, Ent., 175; Spéc. Gén. Lép., I, pl. xiv., fig. 3; Guérin., Icon. Régn. Anim., Ins., pl. 1xxxiii., fig. 2. Lire-History; Lewin, loc. cit. ; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Victoria, I, p. 30 (1878). It is evident, from the observation cursorily made by Lewin in 1805, that the caterpillars of this Agarista ‘‘ feed sometimes on the grape vine,” that they had not then developed the destructive characters which they have since assumed, and ch fairly entitle them to a foremost place in the list of pests dangerous to the viticulturist. They enjoy immunity from birds, whi eject from their mouths when alarmed, or from some other protective either owing to the acrid greenish juice which they e ) influence, and thus small armies carry on their work of destruction in the vineyard until scarcely a whole leaf is left. Nor are 4 ’ Bk J * i > . see ees e oUT 4s pate reeks a f ; ’ : their ravages confined to the grape vine, as many of the introduced species of Vitis and Cissus, the Virginia Creeper, &c., are completely destroyed by them. When fall grown the female larva measures 2 inches; the ground colour is very pale creamy-white, relieved by pumorens irregular annular black lines and spots, forming an intricate but symmetrical pattern divided down ibe centre a the bees and bordered on each side by a narrow but distinct whitish horizontal band. On the penultimate fast pte a ie ee a slightly protuberant deep crimson spots of graduated size ; the stigmata, with the eaeepnion chee i = - ae a0 ( ey crimson; and beneath these, over the legs, are shining ochreous spots, connected ase each - Ve vv . ine ee ee of pale gamboge yellow. Head and upper part of fixst segment shining ochre, with aie ai ae Se ae peices legs large, shining ochre, with black tips ; whorls of fine whitish hair on each segment. In some specimens there is an ¢ row of small crimson spots over the stigmata, but this may be a sexual distinction. 16 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA The cocoon, like that of the preceding species, is found under the surface of the ground, and is composed of agglutinated earth. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is about % inch in length, dark brown throughout, of somewhat attenuated form, and slightly truncated at the extremity. The perfect female insect measures 2} inches ; the male is much smaller. The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) slightly thickened towards the middle and terminated in a point, neither arcuated nor hooked. The Labial palpi (figs. 8 and 4) are three-jointed; basal and second joints nearly equal in length, and covered with scales and hairs; terminal joint rather shorter than either, somewhat cylindrical, and covered with a few short hairs ; the whole projecting forwards. pro} 8 TAG L685 sisson anterior pair spurless; second pair (fig. 5) with two spurs at apex of tibia ; posterior pair with four spurs, two on middle and two on apex of tibie; tarsi five-jointed and terminating in two small claws. ‘Tibiw and tarsi covered with feathery scales, the former of which are furnished exteriorly with a tuft of long hairs. ; Wings decumbent in repose ; insect diumal. The upper surface of both sexes is throughout rich velvety black, with two broad wavy pale yellow transverse bands on the superior wings, the outer one extending nearly across the middle of each wing ; several narrow and rather indistinct bars occupy the base, and near the outer margins are several short whitish lines, indicating the nervures, and also a short subcostal bar. Marginal fringe of upper wings black, with white at tips and anal angles; of lower wings white, with deep black scallops, Thorax black, with longitudinal streaks of pale greenish white; abdomen tufted with vermilion coloured hairs. The under surface is similar to above, but presents additionally two wavy transverse whitish bands towards the middle of inferior wings, and a whitish costal streak. The abdomen is also ringed with vermilion hairs, and the legs tufted with the same colour, The circular spots on the lower wings, mentioned by Lewin as exclusively belonging to the males, are rarely met with, and then are merely a varietal difference, certainly not a sexual distinction. We have seen the larvee feeding indifferently on the various species of Cissus and Vitis, the Anotheras and Balsams, and on Hardenbergia monophylla, the plant figured in the illustration in conjunction with the larva and perfect insect.* The grape vine, however, seems to constitute its general and apparently most congenial food. AGARISTA DONOVANI, Botspuvau.—(Plate XV.) Agarista Donovani, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Ent., p. 176 (1832), This species is also not commonly met with in the larval state, although fairly abundant in the perfect form. We have as yet only found it on the Vitis antarctica, but it probably feeds, like its congeners, on many allied plants. It measures 13 inch; the ground colour is bistre brown, with a broadish annular band of white on each segment, bearing in the centre a row of raised black spots, each emitting a thin white hair. Head black; feet and legs blackish brown. The cocoon in form, material, and situation, exactly resembles those of the preceding species. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is slightly over % inch in length, reddish brown in colour, slim in form, and truncated posteriorly. yp ‘4 g . . The female perfect insect measures about 2 inches; male smaller. * (Professor McCoy states that before the introduction of the vine into Victoria, the larve of Agarista Lewini fed on G , ‘ g ed on Gnaphalium luteoalbum). AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 17 The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) gradually thickened towards the tip, which is somewhat obtuse. The Labial palpi (figs. 3 and 4) three-jointed, basal and second joints nearly equal in length, sealy, with long hairs beneath ; terminal joint shorter, obtuse at the tip, and clothed with scales. Phe Lrge ss icaies,.: anterior pair spurless; second pair with two spurs at apex of tibie; posterior pair (fig. 5) with four spurs, two at apex, two on middle of tibie. Tibia and tarsi scaly, the former with tufts of long hair anteriorly. Upper surface of perfect insect shining jet black, with numerous scattered pale yellowish patches on outer half of upper wings, and two longitudinal streaks of yellowish white near the base. Across the centre of lower wings is an irregular broad transverse bar of pale yellow, much indented at the borders. Marginal fringes alternately black and white. Thorax and abdomen, head and antenne, black, with a few faint ycllowish transverse lines on thorax, and annular rings of straw colour on abdomen, which is tufted with vermilion and black hairs. The Vitis anturctica in flower and fruit, the larva, and the perfect insect are figured on the plate. AGARISTA LATINA, Donovay.—(Plate XV.) Phalena latinus, Donovan, Nat. Hist. Ins. New Holl., pl. xxxii. (1805). Agarista latinus, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Ent., 174. This is by no means a common species, and although we have occasionally seen the perfect insect both near Sydney, and at Ash Island on the Hunter River, we have never obtained the larve except at the former place, where they were captured near the Botanic Gardens, feeding on the Haloragis teucrioides. At first sight they might easily be mistaken for the Agarista glycine, from which they differ very little in general appearance; but they are smaller, measuring when full grown about 1} inches. The ground colour is pale yellow, covered, down to the space over the stigmata, with numerous short fine annular black lines. On the penultimate segment are four conspicuous slightly raised patches or spots of dark crimson; and a lateral row of spots, one on each segment, extends from the head to the eleventh segment, the one on the tenth segment being crimson, the remainder orange yellow. A connected series of patches of gamboge yellow runs above the feet, and, on the last segment are a few annular yellow patches ; head and feet orange red ; fine whitish hairs encircle each segment. The cocoon resembles those made by the species already described. The chrysalis (fig. 7) measures % inch, and is throughout dark reddish brown. In expanse the perfect insect is slightly under 1} inches. The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) are filiform, and rather obtuse at the tips. The Labial palpi (figs. 3 and 4) are three-jointed; basal and middle joints nearly equal in length, and densely clothed with scales and long hairs; apical joint smaller, and nearly naked. The whole projecting forwards and slightly upwards. ac gi. (T eworeeire anterior pair (fig. 5) spurless; second pair with two spurs; posterior pair with four spurs, two on middle and two at apex of tibie, The tibie are tufted with long hairs externally. Tarsi five-jointed, hairy, and terminated by two small claws. Wings decumbent in repose; insect diurnal. The upper surface of both wings is shining jet black, with a broad irregular band of yellow, extending right across the centre, on the upper wings; this band becomes white on the costal portion. Between this and the outer margin is a row, marking the nervures, of short white lines, and a few transverse white bands near the base of 18 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA the wings. The lower wing has a deeply scalloped white border enclosing, near the anal angle, some black spots. Marginal fringe of upper wing black, with white at tip and anal angle; of lower wing, white. Thorax and head black, with numerous narrow white transverse bands across the shoulders ; abdomen black, tufted with orange yellow. It will be observed that the hairs on the bodies of the caterpillars of the four species of Agarista now given, are very unlike those of Agaristo agricola and A. casuarine ; they are not spatulate at the tips, nor do they possess a metallic lustre. The perfect insect, and the caterpillar on the Halorayis teucrioides, form the plate. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. ANTHERAA ASTROPHELA, Warker (Male and Female). (ANTHERHA SIMPLEX, on plate). Larva and Cocoon.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Antenna of female. Fig. 3, Portion of same, much enlarged. Fig. 4, Head, palpus and portion of antenna, side-view. Figs. 5 and 6, Labial palpus. Figs. 7, 8 and 9, Fore, intermediate and hindlegs. Food-plants : Podocarpus elata and Acronychia laevis. Australian L epidoptera ‘ Plate es Antherwa simplex Hon Natwe by Helena. Scott On Stone by E Thomas Allan & Wigley Printers Sydney EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. NETROCORYNE REPANDA, FeE.per (Female). ht (HesPERIA COREEBA, on plate). Larva and Shelter.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Antenna. Fig. 3, Head and palpus, side-view. Vig. 4, Labial palpus. Fig. 5, HWindleg. Food-plant : Vephelium leiocarpum. PAMPHILA PHINEUS, Cramer (Male and Female). er (PAMPHILA PALMARUM, on plate). a Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Antenna. Fig. 3, Head and palpus, side-view. Fig. 4, Head and palpi, viewed from the front. Fig. 5, Labial palpus. Fig. 6, Hindleg. Food-plant ; Livistona australis. 14 Plate . Australian Lep idoptera. Palmarum C4 = © = Sydney « Allan & Wigley Printers EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. AGARISTA LEWINI, Boispuvat. Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna. Fig. 3, Head and palpus, side-view, Fig. 4, Labial palpus. Fig. 5, Hindleg. Food-plant: Epilobium junceum. AGARISTA GLYCINA, Lewry. Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna. Fig. 3, Head and palpus, side-view. Fig. 4, Labial palpus. Fig. 5, Hindleg. s Food-plant : Hardenbergia monophylla. AGARISTA DONOVANI, Borspuvat. Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna. Fig. 3, Head and palpus, side-view. Fig. 4, Labial palpus. Fig. 5, Hindleg. Food-plant ; Vitis antarctica. AGARISTA LATINA, Donovan. Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna. Fis. 3, Head Ss and palpus, side-view. Fig. 4, Labial palpus. Fig. 5, Hindleg Pood-plant : Maloragis teucrioides. Australian Le pidoptera, Amen ts, Agarista Lewini Agarista Glycin w ‘ bs a x >. i? Agarista Latina Ag@arista Donovan From Nature and on Stone } by Harriet Scott f Allan & Wigley Printers. Sydney SHE ae ar il AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 19 PAPILIO ANACTUS, Macieay.—(Plate XVI, ?). Papilio anactus, W. 8. Macleay, King’s Surv. Austr., IT., App. p. 458 (1827) ; Boisduval, Spec. Gén., I., p. 219 (1836) ; Westwood, Arcana Ent., IL; pl. lii., fig. 3 (1843). Lirz-History: Mathew, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, p. 176, pl. vi., fig. 2. This well-known Papilio is tolerably common during the summer months about Sydney and its environs, and at the Hunter River, although not such a familiar object in our gardens as the showy Papilio erectheus, Don. There can be no doubt that, before the introduction of the orange and lemon into New South Wales, the caterpillars of Papilio anactus must have subsisted upon some indigenous tree, probably the native Lime or some allied plant, but personally, except on one occasion, we have always found them upon the Orange and Lemon trees—the exception alluded to being the capture of a fine full grown caterpillar feeding on the common Rue (Ruta graveolens), a plant, we may here mention, also favoured by Papilio erectheus. In its earliest stages the young larva of Papilio anactus closely resembles the young larva of Papilio erectheus, with which it may occasionally be seen in company, feeding on the Citron leaves ; but a marked divergence occurs as it increases in size, as the yellow patches on each segment which distinguish it from Papilio erectheus soon make their appearance. These yellow patches are retained to maturity, when the caterpillar measures from 14 to 2 inches in length, the female being decidedly larger than the male; both sexes are cylindrical and plump in form, very dark bistre-brown throughout, finely punctured with white and blue dots; with three rows of conspicuous yellow spots or patches, one dorsal and the others lateral, ramning down the body from head to tail; a row of small spines, each rising from a small blue tubercle, springs from each segment between the dorsal and lateral yellow spots; and a row of white spots—in some specimens almost appearing as an undulating white line—is placed over the feet, which are brown with yellowish white markings ; head shining brown with a white V-shaped mark. They are voracious feeders, and sluggish in habit, but if alarmed, like all the Papilio larve will protrude the retractile tentacula. The chrysalis is about 1} inch in length, attached by the tail and a median band, with the head upwards; much produced © 5 ’ y i ? i and bifurcate in front above the eyes, with numerous small tubercular projections on the back and near the wing-covers; the ground colour is greyish, tinted in places with pale pink and green, and finely speckled and striated with darker brown or black. In expanse the female perfect insect measures rather less than 3} inches; the male about 34 inches. The Antenne ........ (fig. 1) terminate in a gradual club, which is rounded at the apex and not compressed or grooved. The Labial palpi (figs. 2 and 3) very small, hairy, scarcely projecting beyond the head ; basal joint about twice the length of second ; terminal about half the length of second, and rather globular in shape. ite: Lodge 225,23 long, slender, and almost devoid of scales or hair, but with several rows of short sete on all the joints ; anterior pair spurless ; intermediate and posterior pairs (fig. 4) with two small spurs at their apices; tarsi terminating in strong claws. Wings erect in repose. The ground colour of both wings is jet black. In the discoidal cell, and between the nervules of the upper wing, are large oblong patches of an ashy or blackish-grey tint, and a row of oval white spots, close to the outer margin. The centre of the lower wing is white, with the discoidal cell and nervules distinctly outlined in black; five conspicuous crescentic patches of vermilion-red commence at the anal angle and run parallel with the outer margin, and above these are smaller patches of shining bluish scales, and two small white spots near the outer angle; margins of both wings alternately black and white; the lower wing with the denticulations somewhat produced, like a rudimentary tail. Head and thorax black, with yellowish hairs near base of antenna and in front, and a girdle of small white spots on the collar ;_ two yellowish spots on thorax, and on base of abdomen; abdomen black in centre, and partly ringed with yellow and black at sides and extremity. The under side is very similar to upper, but the patches are lighter in colour and larger. The sexes are alike in colouring. The female caterpillar, chrysalis, and female butterfly, are figured on the orange (Citrus aurantium). 20 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA EUPLG@A CORINNA, Mactzay.—(Plate XVI.) Danais corinna, W. 8. Macleay, King’s Survey Austr., II., App., p. 402 (1827). Chanapa corinna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, XTV., p. 299 (1878). Euplea angasii, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., p. 343 (1867); Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. Ent., Zeit., p. 69, pl. ii, fig. 7 (1869); Exot. Schmett, IT., fig. 108 (1869). Lire-History: H. Edwards, Victorian Naturalist, June, 1890, p. 4 (Pupa only). We discovered some nearly full grown specimens of this showy caterpillar in March, at Ash Island, Hunter River, feeding upon the Marsdenia suaveolens, a pretty climbing plant of the group Asclepiadew.* When mature the larva measures 2} inches in length. It is smooth, cylindrical, and very slightly attenuated at both extremities ; the ground colour as far as the stigmata is shining saturnine-yellow, closely covered with regular transverse black bands, and relieved occasionally with white on the middle of the segments; the abdominal portion beneath the stigmata is rich black, with a conspicuous white spot on each segment, the spots over the abdominal feet largest, and each having beneath a small band of saturnine-red. Springing from near the centre of the back, on the second, third, fifth, and eleventh segments, are pairs of long, thin, flexible black appendages, those on the second and third segment bending forwards, and measuring # inch in length; those on the fifth segment curving gracefully at the tips; and those on the eleventh segment projecting backwards, somewhat curved and a little shorter; head black, with two white divisional markings. The favourite position of the caterpillar when at rest is with the anterior segments elevated and curved, as shown in the plate; when alarmed it exudes from its mouth a clear greenish fluid. The chrysalis is suspended by the tail, is barely 1 inch in length, and is proportionately broad ; the abdominal portion somewhat swollen, and the back of the thorax indented. The entire suface is brilliantly metallic, and reflects external objects with the fidelity of a mirror, and in different lights it assumes lovely opaline tints, utterly impossible to represent with the brush. Our butterflies took wing in April, but as is the case with many of the Danaids, an occasional specimen may be seen flying about in the winter months. In expanse it measures 3} inches. The Antenne ........ (fig. 1) thicken very slightly towards the point, which is rather blunt. The Labial palpi (fig. 2), rather large, projecting almost as far as the top of the eyes, and thickly covered with elongated scales; middle joint at least three times as long as basal (fig. 3), terminal joint not quite as long as basal, and blunt at apex. MG 2 iOgh icdetse, the anterior pair (fig. 4) small and rudimentary, the tarsus being composed of one club-shaped articulation, with several pairs of small hooks at the extremity; the whole covered with scales. The intermediate and posterior pairs (fig. 5) long, slender, almost naked, with rows of small setse beneath, and with two small spurs at the apices of tibiee. The wings are erect in repose. The whole upper surface is silky brownish-black, with a row of large creamy-white irregular patches towards the outer margins of both wings, on the lower wing they are deeply denticulate and are arranged in an almost straight line to the anal angle ; a row of white spots follow the outline of the margins, and on the costa and discoidal cell of upper wing are a few scattered white spots, while a short silvery semi-diaphanous streak is placed not far from the base of the upper wing, near the disc; head blackish-brown, with rows of small white spots on front, between the eyes, and on the collar; abdomen blackish-brown ; margins whitish. The under surface is bronze-brown, darkest in the centre of upper wing, with markings disposed as above, but on the dise of the lower wing are several additional small white spots, and there are numerous white spots on the chest above the legs ; palpi and legs black aud white ; abdomen banded with creamy-white. The caterpillar, chrysalis, and upper and under views of the butterfly are given, with Warsdenia suaveolens in flower and seed. *[In February, 1890, I observed a female Huplaa corinna depositing her eggs on the young leaves of a vine of Vandevilla suaveolens, growing near Darling Point, Sydney. The eggs were rather conical, yellow, and placed singly on the leaf. The young larve when first hatched were greenish yellow and had rows of small dark spines, which disappeared after the first change of skin, and were replaced by the eight long filamentous appendages, which they kept until maturity. —H. F, ] AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 21 PAPILIO SARPEDON, Linnzvus.—(Plate XVII., ?). Papilio sarpedon, Linneus, Syst. Nat., I., (10th ed.), p. 461 (1758); Mus. Ulr., p. 196 (1764) ; Syst. Nat., I. (12th ed.), p. 747 (1767) ; Cramer, Pap: Exot., IT., pl. exxii., figs. D, E (1779) ; Esper. Ausl. Schmett., pl. viii., fig. 2 (1785); Godart, Enc. Méth., [X., p. 46 (1819). Papilio choredon, Felder, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien., XIV., pp. 306, 350 (1864); Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., I., p. 28, pl. iv., fig. 1 (1852). Many years have passed since the day when, on one of our entomological hunts over the rich brush lands of Ash Island, we were so fortunate as to find a fine female of Papilio sarpedon laying her eggs upon the tender leaves and shoots of Geijera salicifolia, The discovery was the more welcome inasmuch as, although the butterfly itself was very familiar to us, the larva had hitherto eluded our search. Since then the cultivation of the Camphor tree (Camphora officinalis )—a tree which has proved excessively congenial as a food plant to Papilio sarpedon, Papilio macleayanus, and Charaxes sempronius—has become common, and any amateur entomologist may now easily capture the larvee. The butterflies may be seen, during most of the fine summer days, darting to and fro about the Camphor trees, in the public parks and gardens near Sydney, in some instances so engrossed in the occupation of depositing their eggs that they may be captured with the hand. The eggs that we found at Ash Island were taken on the 14th March, and were hatched on the 19th of the same month; and evidently formed a part of the early brood of the succeeding summer, as the larvee produced therefrom changed into chrysalids towards the end of April, and the butterflies did not take wing until the following November. The eggs are globular in form, pale yellow in colour, and are deposited singly on the leaves or shoots of the plant. The infant larva is rich black in colour, robust at the shoulders, and armed with numerous spines, similar to those of the larve of the Vanesse ; the pair on the shoulders are much larger than the others and are armed with branching sete ; there are also two pure white spines at the tail; head large, and yellow. As the larva increases in size it loses the whole of the spines with the exception of a black and white pair, short and pointed, on the sides of each of the three thoracic segments (those on the second segment being very minute), and the pair on the tail. The colour of the insect is now dull sap-green above, merging into a bluish ashy hue on the sides; a broad bright yellow band passes over the back of the third segment and connects the two shoulder spines. This general colouring is retained to full maturity, but the green becomes more subdued, and is finely speckled with white raised points, while the tail is pale lavender, and an undulating band of yellowish-white, fringed with fine hair, passes from it, over the feet, to the third segment; abdomen, thoracic feet and prolegs, ashy-white ; head and caudal feet greenish ; in length it measures 1% inches, is cylindrical, and thickest at the shoulders, gradually tapering to the tail; is sluggish in habit, but if irritated will rapidly protrude the retractile tentacula.* The pupa, which was produced at the end of April, is attached by the tail and a median band, with the head upright—it measures 1} inch, is throughout light emerald green, finely speckled with darker, and with a row of dots above the spiracles ; the upper part of head projects into a keel shaped process of considerable length, from which emanate four raised yellowish-white lines, proceeding down each side of the body and uniting at the tail; a similar raised line passes in front of the horn to the centre of head, which the imago, in emerging, splits exactly in half. The butterfly measures from 8} to 4 inches, and may be met with all through the summer. The Antenne ........ (figs. 1 and 2) terminate in a hooked rather obtuse club, compressed near the apex, and slightly grooved. The Labial palpi (fig. 8) small, scarcely projecting beyond the eye; above scaly, and beneath with longish hairs; basal and second joints equal, terminal small and globular. ; iat age s: ucindiss slender, very thinly covered with scales or hair, but with rows of small sete on all the joints ; tibie of intermediate and posterior pairs (fig. 4) with two small spurs at their apices. Wings erect in repose. The whole upper surface is silky jet black, with a broad transverse cerulean-blue band across the middle of both wings, tapering at each end; at the tip of upper wing this band breaks into small patches, and becomes faintly tinged with green. An outer row of cerulean-blue crescentic spots runs parallel to the margin of lower wing, which is produced and semi-caudate near the anal angle, and margined with black and white. Head, thorax, and abdomen, black, densely covered with fine greyish hair ; living, from the egg to maturity, under artificial conditions ; and I am inclined to think that this must have t of the full grown specimens I have subsequently found living on the Camphor Trees under natural conditions, paling into bluish-grey on the sides and tail, with head and feet pale yellowish *(This description was taken from larvee caused considerable modifications of colour, as most | exposed to full sunlight, etc., have been very bright grass-green above, green.—H.F.] SERS AER EE FOP EL RRC " j a 22 : AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA antenne black. Beneath, dark bronze-brown replaces the black of upper surface, and the cerulean-blue of the band pales into a silvery pearly tint, divided by yellow nervules; the crescentic spots near the margin of lower wing are also silvery, and tinged with yellow at the anal angle; above these and near the discoidal cell are several wavy light crimson bars, and another short crimson bar with green above, near the base of the wing ;* abdomen banded longitudinally with dark brown and yellowish-grey ; legs and front of head pale greenish-grey. Illustrations are given of side and back of caterpillar, chrysalis, and upper and under surface of butterfly ; and its indigenous food plant Geijera salicifolia. PAPILIO LYCAON, Westwoop.—(Plate XVII., 9? ). Papilio lycaon, Westwood, Arcana Ent., IT., p. 15 (1843) ; Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., I., p. 68 (1865). Papilio eurypylus, Scott, MS. Lire-uistory: Mathew, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 177. We have invariably found the caterpillars of this Papilio feeding on the Custard Apple (Anona cheremolia), both in the suburbs of Sydney, and at the Hunter River; and from the trees of this fine tropical fruit growing in the Sydney Botanic Gardens, and at Elizabeth Bay—the residence of the late Mr. W. Sharpe Macleay—we have for many successive seasons procured broods of the larvee, and have carefully watched their development from the earliest stage, when the body is dark blackish-brown above, white beneath, and armed with many small spines, up through the various changes of skin to the final one, when the colour throughout is usually dark olive-green above, whitish beneath; the head shining pale yellow, and six small black and white spines placed in pairs on the first, third, and caudal segment. During the intermediate changes of skin the larve vary considerably in colour, some being rich black or dark chocolate-brown, some bright brick-red, others again green; they have also an additional pair of small spines on the second segment, which afterwards disappear. When quite mature the larva measures about 13 inch, is cylindrical and thickest at the shoulders, thence attenuating to the extremities; sluggish in habit, and possesses the retractile tentacula. The larve we collected near the end of January, changed to chrysalids early in March, and produced butterflies towards the end of the same month ; but those procured in March did not take wing until the following summer. The chrysalis is attached by the tail and a median band, with the head upwards; in length 1 inch; pale emerald green throughout, finely spotted with darker green; the thorax angular in front, with four slightly raised divergent lines proceeding down the sides of abdomen and uniting at the tail. The butterfly measures about 33 inches, but we have seen many specimens much smaller. The Antenne ........ (figs. 1 and 2) terminate gradually in a club, compressed and slightly grooved near the apex. The Labial palpi (fig. 3) small, projecting very little beyond the eye; thinly covered above with scales, and beneath with longish hairs ; basal and second joints nearly equal in length ; terminal small, globular. EhO-egsss "s..25505 sks slender, very sparingly clothed with scales, but with rows of small sete on all the joints (fig. 4, anterior leg) ; intermediate and posterior pairs with two small spurs at apices of tibie. Wings erect in repose. The upper surface is silky jet-black. A broad transverse band of very pale greenish-blue passes through the centre of both wings, and is disconnected by the nervules and broken up into patches towards the tip of upper wing, where also several short transverse bars of the same delicate bluish-green occupy the discoidal cell; a row of similarly coloured spots encircles the outer *[In some specimens these bars_are deep orange-yellow.—H.F -] AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 93 margins of both wings. The lower wing is fringed with black and white, and is not so much produced near the anal angle as in P. sarpedon. Head, antennw, and thorax, black, with numerous fine greyish-blue hairs; abdomen brownish-black in centre, creamy-yellow at sides. On the underside the markings are disposed exactly as above, but are larger and more confluent, and have a pearly, silvery hue. Rich bronze-brown replaces the black of the upper surface, and the lower wings are enlivened by four short, bright crimson bars, relieved by dark brown at the discoidal cell, from whence they proceed to the anal angle and there unite with a crimson band bordering the inner or abdominal margin; there is also a short crimson bar near the base of the wing. Legs and front of head very pale bluish-grey ; abdomen banded longitudinally with brown and creamy-yellow. Three stages of the larve are figured on some young foliage of the Anona, also the chrysalis, and upper and under surfaces of perfect insect. OPHIUSA (7?) FRONTINUS, Donovan.—(Plate XVIII.) Papilio frontinus, Nat. Hist, Ins. New Holl., pl. 32, fig. 2 (1805). _ Agarista frontinus, Boisduval, Voy. Coquille, Zool. II., p. 282 (1826); Voy. de l Astrolabe, Lep., pt. I., p. 173 (1832). Noctua scapularis, Guérin, Voy. Coquille, Atlas, Ins. pl. 19, fig. 2 (1826). Spanocala atrata, Scott, MS. These caterpillars were very abundant at. Ash Island in the beginning of March, feeding on the Breynia oblongifolia, several _ stages of growth being occasionally found on the same shrub. ‘They are half loopers, and possess only twelve feet, the pairs usually found on the sixth and seventh annulations being absent; they rest with the body placed close against the branch or stem, and if touched drop quickly to the ground and there remain in hiding: the same colouration prevails from youth to maturity, but becomes more subdued with increasing age, the full grown larva having the whole upper portion to a little above the spiracles, light, bright, lavender, covered with longitudinal rows of fine black dots, and, on the side of each segment—with the exception of the first—a large oval orange-yellow patch, with intermediate distinct black spots; the lower or abdominal half is creamy-white minutely speckled with black ; while a row of black dots divides the lavender and cream coloured portions; spiracles black; head and feet creamy-white, with numerous black dots and patches on the former ; body long, cylindrical, attenuating very slightly towards the extremities, and measuring about 2} inches. Towards the close of March the caterpillars prepared their cocoons by weaving together several leaves of the Breynia, and forming inside them an oval cocoon, close in texture and of greyish-white colour, in which they remained during the winter, taking wing in the ensuing September. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is about 1 inch long, moderately stout in form, of a dark plum colour, and thickly covered with whitish bloom. The perfect insect measures about 2 inches. The Antenne ........ setaceous; covered above with small scales; in male (fig. 2) with clusters of cilia beneath, continued to the apex which is terntinated by a few sete (fig. 3) ; in female pubescent beneath, and the apex terminating in a double seta. ~The Labial palpi project forwards and upwards to a level with the top of eye (fig. 4); second joint nearly twice as long as basal or terminal which are about equal in female, but in male the terminal is slightly longer and more acute (fig. 5); basal and second joints thickly covered with feathery scales, the terminal only moderately so. hie Pieg@ so, ccnissviak anterior pair (fig. 6) much smaller than the others; intermediate pair with two, and posterior pair (fig. 7) with four strong spurs on tibie ; tibiee and femora thickly clothed with hair; tarsi with close scales above and a few sete beneath. Wings deltoid in repose ; moth nocturnal, but if disturbed during the day flying with great rapidity to a fresh place of concealment. 24 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA The whole surface above is silky jet black—about the middle of the upper wing is a broad transverse pure white band, slightly dentate on the outer margin and having a small black ear-shaped mark at the end of the discoidal cell; there are also a few faint whitish subcostal streaks, and, towards the anal angle of lower wing, an indistinct whitish spot ; margins of both wings scalloped with white ; head and neck bright tawny-orange ; thorax black with tawny hairs; abdomen black, in male tufted with orange at the tail. Underside bronzy-brown, with white margins. Legs with the femora densely tufted with orange coloured hairs. The caterpillar on Breynia oblongifolia, and the moth, are figured in the illustration. OPHIUSA MYOPS, Guzniv.—(Plate XVIIL) Ophiusa myops, Guenée, Spec. Gen. Lep., Noct., III., p. 265 (1852) ; Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., Noct., XIV., p. 1428 (1858). Catocala fusca, Scott, MS. This is a rare species, as during many years spent in collecting Lepidoptera at Ash Island, we only found a couple of the larve, which were feeding in company with the preceding species, Ophiusa (?) frontinus, in March, on the Breynia oblongifolia. Like . the O, frontinus, the caterpillar rests with the body extended at full length, close to the branch; but it differs greatly from that species in appearance and conformation, being subdued in colouring and having all the feet present, although the pairs on the sixth segment are considerably smaller than the others; there are also two small pointed yellowish protuberances on the eleventh segment. When full grown it measures 2 inches, is elongated, rather flat beneath, and attenuates very slightly towards the head ; the colour throughout light pinkish-brown finely sprinkled with black, becoming rather darker on the back; on the side of the fourth segment is a yellowish spot, shaded with dark brown outside, and with a brown centre ; the spiracles and a few spots over the legs are also brown; head, thoracic and caudal feet, pale yellow with brown markings; prolegs pinkish-brown, spotted with black. About the middle of April the caterpillars connected together some leayes of their food plant, by coarse silken threads, and formed inside of these a strong silken cocoon, sufficiently large to hold the chrysalis, which measured 1 inch (fig. 1). The chrysalis is dark plum colour, thickly coated with whitish bloom, rather stout in form, and blunt at the head. In August the moths took wing; they measured about 2} inches in expanse, both being females. The Antenne ........ setaceous, covered above with scales, below slightly pubescent, and with a lateral row of minute sete (fig. 2). The Labial palpi second joint half as long again as either basal or terminal, which are nearly equal ; basal and second joints thickly covered with feathery scales, terminal only moderately covered, and rather obtuse at apex ; the whole project forwards and upwards not quite even with the top of the eyes (fig. 3). Lhe Leegs's yer... anterior pair rather small ; intermediate pair with two (fig. 4), and posterior pair with four, strong spurs on tibix ; tibie of all thickly clothed with feathery scales ; tarsi with small scales, and rows of small sete beneath. Wings decumbent in repose ; moth nocturnal. The entire upper surface of the moth is dusky brown, shaded and speckled with darker, having on the middle of upper wing a broad transverse chocolate-brown bar bordered by a narrow ochreous-yellow line: this bar is deeply sinuated on the outer margin, and here connects with a somewhat triangular patch of dark brown, also edged with ochreous-yellow, which “proceeds from the apex of the wing; near the base are two wavy transverse ochreous lines. The nervules across the disc of lower wing are ochreous, and close to the margin near anal angle is a dusky triangular patch shaded outwardly with dark brown ; de dusky: head, thorax, and abdomen dusky brown, the thorax crested with dark brown hairs. Underside uniform dusky rown. : The Breynia oblongifolia is again figured, with larva and female moth. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 25 FODINA OSTORIUS, Doyovay.—(Plate XVIII.) Phalana ostorius, Donovan, Nat. Hist. Ins. New Holl., pl. xxxii., fig. 3 (1805). Agarista ostorius, Boisduval, Voy. de V Astrolabe, Ent., p. 173 (1832); Walker, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., I, p. 41 (1854) Fodina ostorius, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. Noct., XIV., p. 1489 (1858). Anocala cabbalistica, Scott, MS. The caterpillars of this pretty moth exhibit great diversity in colour and markings, and we have figured two as examples of types frequently met with. . They were found by us in tolerable abundance at Ash Island in the months of January and March, sometimes feeding on the Nerium or Oleander trees, but more frequently on the indigenous Marsdenia suaveolens. For the purpose of illustrating the differences in colour and markings alluded to, we will describe three varieties: In No. 1 the colour is light yellowish-green, with the head, and a distinct lateral band close to the spiracles, light gamboge-yellow ; on each side near the back is a row of small black spots ringed with white, two on each segment; and there are rows of smaller black spots, one on each segment, both above and below the yellow lateral band. ‘he spiracles and tips of thoracic feet, rusty red. No. 2 is throughout pale bluish-emerald green, with head, lateral band, and two dorsal patches on the eleventh segment, bright gamboge-yellow. Along the back, arranged in pairs on each segment are short black annular bands edged with white, curving slightly inwards at their ends. Between these and the lateral band there is a row of distinct black spots, two on each segment, with the exception of the thoracic segments which have only one spot on each; a similar row of spots over the feet. No. 3 is dull pale bluish-green, with yellowish head, and wants the lateral band and dorsal yellow spots. The black annular bands are much enlarged, and almost unite with the black spots above the spiracles. The lower row of black spots are also enlarged into patches of irregular form which continue over the feet, and under the abdomen. When full grown the caterpillar measures a little over 1} inches, is cylindrical and plump, and attenuates very slightly at the extremities. Those found early in March changed to chrysalids at the end of the month, weaving a slight cocoon encrusted with earth on the surface of the ground, and in this they passed the winter, taking wing the ensuing November. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is shining reddish-black, { inch in length, rounded at the head, and slightly widest in middle. | The moth measures 2 inches in expanse. The Antenne ........ setaceous ; covered above with feathery scales, below pubescent; the female with a double row of sete commencing at some distance from the base, and continued to the apex ; in the male (fig. 2) the sete commence near the base and are longer than those of the other sex. The Labial palpi large and long (fig. 8) ; second joint three times, and terminal more than twice, as long as basal (fig. 4) ; terminal slender, and pointed at apex ; the whole moderately clothed with feathery scales, and a few long hairs near the base ; project forwards and outwards, not quite level with the top of eye. Rie 2 hges iia intermediate pair with two, and posterior pair (fig. 5) with four, strong spurs on tibia ; tibie of all thickly covered with long scales, tarsi moderately so, and with a few rows of fine sete beneath. Wings deltoid in repose ; moth nocturnal, but if disturbed can fly swiftly in daytime. ~The ground colour of superior wing is very dark blackish-brown, strikingly relieved by various quaint cream coloured markings, disposed as follows—one, bifid in form, proceeds from the base of the wing, passes in a nearly straight line below the costa, and unites at right angles with a broad diagonal band which takes its rise near the hinder angle, and strikes the costa a little beyond the end of discoidal cell ; a second band broken in the middle by blackish-brown runs along the outer margin, and passing round the hinder angle, proceeds in a narrow Ine to the base of the wing. The wing is slightly falcate at the tip, and lengthened © at the posterior margin. The inferior wing is also blackish-brown, but not so dark as the superior ; ow the disc is an oval cream coloured spot, and on the margin near anal angle, a cream coloured semi-circular marking somewhat/resembling a horse shoe with black centre ; the wing is rather small, and slightly irregular in outline. Head, thorax, and abdomen, blackish-brown, the thorax with two transverse creamy bands; the abdomen with annular rings of orange-yellow. The imago produced from No. 3 caterpillar showed some trifling varietal differences about the lower wings; the oval spot on dise, and the patch near anal angle being bright ochreous-yellow, and the latter having a distinct black spot in centre; the abdomen is also almost entirely yellow above, black beneath, and tufted with black at the extremity. ‘The underside dark brown ; fore wing with a broad central transverse cream coloured fascia, a spot at the apical and at the hinder angle. Hind wing with markings as above, but larger and more distinct. Two caterpillars are shown on some foliage of the Marsdenia suaveolens, and the perfect insect is also figured. 26 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA OPHIUSA SENEX, Watker.—(Plate XVIII). Ophiusa senew, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., Noct., XV., p. 1832 (1858). Catocala albo-fasciata, Scott, MS. This is by no means a common insect, and very few specimens have hitherto come into our possession, and these only from Ash Island, where we found the larve, in February, feeding on the native Ash tree (Elwocarpus obovatus). It usually lies extended close to the bark, to which it assimilates so exactly in colour as to render detection very difficult. Although the feet are all present, the pair on the sixth segment are slightly inferior in size to the others, and this, combined with the elongation of the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments, causes the caterpillar to loop slightly when in the act of walking. When fully extended it measures 2% inches, is attenuated in form and rather flat beneath, of a light fawn colour covered with longitudinal rows of minute black dots and striations, those above the stigmata forming two wavy bands; on the eleventh segment is a small double protuberance, tipped with yellow and outlined with black, and on each side near the back is a row of small black spots, one on each segment; head fawn colour mottled with brown dots and striations, arranged in bands ; thoracic feet yellowish. The cocoons were formed in March, and consisted of a coarse silken web, covered externally with fragments of earth and dried leaves. The chrysalis (fig. 1) is about 1 inch long, moderately stout, rounded at the head, and throughout dark shining reddish-black. The moth did not take wing until the following December; it measures a little over 2 inches in expanse. The Antenne ........ setaceous, stem covered with scales above, beneath pubescent, with a lateral row of small sete ; the tip (fig. 2) terminating in a horny seta emitting a few hairs. _ The Labial palpi basal and terminal joints equal in length, second joint nearly twice as long ; basal and second joints thickly covered with feathery scales, terminal only moderately scaly ; rounded at the apex : the whole projecting forwards and upwards until even with the top of the head (fig. 3). The Des: svat, anterior pair comparatively small ; intermediate pair with two, and posterior pair with four rather large spurs; tibie of the anterior and posterior pairs thickly covered with feathery scales, second pair only moderately so, but in the male this joint is provided at the base witha large fan-like tuft of long hairs (fig. 4), which can be concealed in a groove at the side of the joint ; tarsi all moderately hairy and with a few rows of seta. : Wings decumbent in repose ; insect nocturnal. The superior wing, with the exception of a portion of the outer margin which is inclosed within a convex line which passes from the tip to about one-third of posterior margin, is rich chocolate-brown, relieved by a broad white transverse bar, widest at the costal and posterior margins, and there finely speckled with purplish-brown ; a second short transverse bar of dark olive-brown edged with white intersects the chocolate-brown close to the tip, which is slightly falcate ; the remainder of wing between the outer margin and chocolate-brown is olive-brown, with an indistinct scalloped line, and a row of small brown spots following the outline of margin. The inferior wing is dark neutral-tint, with a wavy whitish band across the dise, and a large whitish patch clouded with : black, near the anal angle; marginal border whitish; head and thorax dark brown: abdomen olive-brown banded with darker ’ antenne white above, brown beneath. Underside fawn coloured, suffused with darker externally, and with numerous dark wavy transverse lines. The caterpillar and moth are represented, with the Eleocarpus obovatus in seed. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI1. PAPILIO ANACTUS, Macuray. Larva and Pupa.—Fig. 1, Antenna, Fig. 2, Head, palpus, and proboscis, side-view. Fig. 3, Labial palpus. Fig. 4, Hindleg. Food-plant : Citrus aurantium. EUPLGA CORINNA, Macuray. (Danais coriNNa, on plate.) Larva and Pupa.—Fig. 1, Antenna. Fig. 2, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 3, Labial palpus. Fig. 4, Foreleg. Fig. 5, Hindleg. Food-plant : Marsdenia suaveolens. feepig s2azurny So UA ye VeTLY f JIODOG yeraaeYQE Aq Leuojg wo pue amyen woay eVuurroy steue qv snqyoruy otyide gs Ores 91d ‘eaajdoptday ueneqsny EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. PAPILIO SARPEDON, Lixnavus (Female). Larva and Pupa.—Figs. 1 and 2, Antenna from above and below. Fig. 3, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 4, Hindleg. Food-plant ; Geivera salicifolia. PAPILIO LYCAON, Westwoop. (PaPILIO EURYPYLUS, on plate.) Larva and Pupa.—Figs. 1 and 2, Antenna from above and below. Fig. 3, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 4, Foreleg. Food-plant ; Anona cheremolia. av Kpuphég -saayarry Sat Sty 23 ETL yuoo eustay «q | exes uo Puy sanjyeryr wor snztsdéany orprdeg uopedieg orideg ee We ; \ ye ae wee oC \ : 5 . viaydopiday wereasny 7 Sg - lg od EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. OPHIUSA (?) FRONTINUS, Donovan. (SPANOCALA ATRATA, on plate.) Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Figs. 2 and 3, Portions of antenna of male Fig. 4, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. palpus, male. Fig. 5, Labial Fig. 6, Foreleg. Fig. 7, Hindleg. Food-plant : Breynia oblongifolia. # ; OPHIUSA MYOPS, Guenie. (CaTOcALA FUSCA, on plate.) Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna. Fig. 3, Head, palpus, ‘and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 4, Hindleg Food-plant : Breynia oblongifolia. 0) FODINA OSTORIUS, Donovan. (ANOCALA CABBALISTICA, on plate.) Larva and Variety.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna, male. Fig. 3, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 4, Labial palpus. Fig. 5, Hindleg. Food-plant : Marsdenia suaveolens. 0) OPHIUSA SENEX, Wa ker. (CaTOCALA ALBO-FASCIATA, on plate.) Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa, Fig. 2, Portion of antenna. Fig. 3, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 4, Intermediate leg, male. Food-plant : Llwocarpus obovatus. ————_— ~«=FhMshsh Australian Lepidoptera. Anocala From Nature by Helena Scott. Cabbalistica Allan & Wigley. Printers. Sydney, Catocala Catocala fusca albo-fasciata. Plate .18. On Stone by E Thomas, ve AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 27 OCNERIA HELIASPIS, Meyrick.—(Plate XIX., g¢ and Underside). Ocne? Va heliaspis, Meyrick, Trans. Roy Soe South Australia X I V p 192 (189 ) Chelepter ya expolitus, Scott, MS. We have found this species upon different occasions at Manly Beach, close to the entrance to Port Jackson; and also at other an 8 tuated within a radius of ten miles from Neweastle, on the Hunter River. In every instance the caterpillars were solitary, living in exposed positions upon the low bushes of young Eucalypti . Our Hunter River speci i January, February, and April; and those from Manly Beach in February. ee The female caterpillar measures nearly 3 inches, the male 2} inches, and there is very little difference in colouring between the sexes. The body is cylindrical, and of almost uniform thickness; the ground colour pale pinkish-drab, with a frin 2 of short stiff, yellowish hair between each segment, and another down the back. Each segment bears a whorl of six prs athens which emit clusters of stiff hair, about a quarter of an inch long, and either yellowish, rusty-red, or creamy-white in colour; and there are two additional reddish hairs, nearly one inch long, proceeding from the centre of ae cluster. Placed near the Fee line are two small tubercles—one on each side of each segment—also emitting clusters of hair, with the exception of the pair on the fourth segment which bear upright pencils of stiff rusty-red hairs about half an inch long. ‘There are a few additional tubercles on the neck, and on the caudal segment, causing the anterior and posterior extremities to be nearly hidden by the long stiff fringes of hair. The head is dark rusty-red, with a few pinkish-drab markings; the thoracic feet dark rusty-red, the arte and anal claspers pinkish-drab, with markings of dark rusty-red. One of our specimens, a full-grown female larva, was more ochreous in colour, and the short stiff fringe of hair down the back was creamy-white, and gave the appearance of a dorsal band. Some of the larvee formed their cocoons early in February, the others about the middle of March, or later on. Some fresh leaves of the Eucalyptus were drawn together and fastened securely with coarse yellowish silk, which for additional security was woven some distance up the foot stalks and stem of the twig; inside the leaves an elongated oval cocoon was then formed, of a dirty white colour and strong texture, lined inside with silk. Some of our moths took wing in March and April, but a few specimens remained in the cocoons for a period of ten months. The chrysalis (fig. 1, male) measures about 1 inch; the female about 1} inches. It is throughout a light pinkish-drab, with the wing cases, antenna, and segments outlined with purplish-brown. In expanse the female moth measures 34 inches; the male 2} inches. Ocneria heliaspis, Meyr., ? The Antenne ........ (fig. 2), male, rather strongly bipectinate, the pectinations ciliate, and each terminating in a seta. Female very slightly bipectinate, the pectinations exceedingly small near the base of the antenne. The Labial palpi (fig. 3), male, small; projecting forwards and slightly downwards. In male, the basal and second joints are nearly equal in length, the terminal small, and rather obtuse at the apex (fig. 4, denuded of hair). The whole covered above with longish hairs and scales. In female, the basal and terminal joints are nearly equal; the second joint is almost twice as long as either basal or terminal; the whole very sparingly covered with hairs and scales. The Mazille ........ obsolete. The Legs: anterior pair (fig. 5, male) spurless ; intermediate and posterior pairs (fig. 6, male) each with two small spurs at the apex of tibie. The tibie and tarsi moderately hairy, the hairs thickest on the tibize of anterior pair. A few rows of small setz on the tarsi, and some longish hairs beneath the femora. The wings are semi-deltoid in repose, the anterior angle of the lower wing projecting slightly beyond the costal margin of the upper wing. Moth nocturnal. ¥ ‘ 2 a 2 me; ti 28 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA In colouring the sexes are very dissimilar, the female presenting a very sober, quaker-like appearance beside her richly-hued mate. The upper wing ot female is elongated, and the costal and exterior margins slightly arched; the apical angle rather pointed. The whole upper surface is light olive-grey, suffused with dull purplish-brown near to the anterior angle of lower wing; two rather indistinct transverse bands of brownish-black, forming shallow scallops within the interspaces of the veins, cross the wings a little beyond the front of the discoidal cell, which bears, near its apex, a distinct brownish-black spot; there is also a small blackish spot on each vein, where the lower row of scallops intersect. The margins are entire and fringed with grey cilia. The abdomen is stout, and projects as far as the anal angle of the lower wing. Beneath, the colouring is light silvery olive-grey, suffused with purplish-brown on the dise of the upper wing. The discoidal spot is larger than on the upper surface, and the inner transverse band is distinct, but the outer line of scallops is very faint. The male* has the costal margin of the upper wing nearly straight, the apical angle rather pointed, and the exterior margin somewhat indented. The upper surface is a rich warm orange-brown ; the upper wing with many transverse zig-zag fascie of dark brownish-black colour, and a black discoidal spot. On the under wing the zig-zag fascie are very dark near the anal angle, but faint across the disc. The abdomen is rather short, and black at the extremity. Antenne blackish-brown. On the under side the upper wing is orange-brown near the base, very dark brown along the exterior margin, and dull olive-brown near the apical angle; the transverse fascie are very indistinct, but the blackish discoidal spot is present. The lower wing is reddish-orange near the abdominal margin, and olive-brown at the exterior portion. There are two indistinct transverse fascie below the disc, and a dark discoidal spot. Thorax and abdomen reddish-orange; head and legs olive-brown. The male is very active in its movements, and if alarmed dashes itself about with such violence that its plumage is quickly destroyed. Our illustration shows the caterpillar and its cocoon on a sprig of Eucalyptus, with the upper and under surfaces of the male moth. DARALA HAMATA, Watker.—(Plate XIX., 2). Darala hamata, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., pt. TV., p. 895 (1855). Lulophocampe amena, Scott, MS. This exceedingly showy caterpillar is by no means common at the Hunter River, where our specimens—in all about half a dozen—were obtained. Some of these were found in March, at Tomago, a settlement about ten miles from the Port of Newcastle; and others were taken in June near Kast Maitland, twenty miles from Newcastle. In every instance the caterpillars, like those of the Ocneria heliaspis, were solitary, feeding in exposed positions upon the young shoots springing from the stumps of the Eucalyptus trees which had been felled during the process of clearing the land for cultivation. The full-grown caterpillar attains to 33 inches, and is cylindrical, elongated, and densely pilose above; beneath smooth, and velvety-black, with a central longitudinal band between the legs, composed of bars and spots of straw colour. From the third to the eleventh segment the body is covered above with dense short hair, like velvet pile, bright chestnut-red in the centre of the segments, but almost black at the sides, near the segmental divisions. On the posterior edge of each segment are five plumes, or brushes, of fine hair nearly half an inch long and of extreme whiteness and purity, the centre or dorsal row being wedge-shaped, and, like the others, bending gracefully backwards towards the tail of the caterpillar. On each segment, immediately in front of these white plumes, is an annular row of round yellow tubercles, four in number, each emitting a bunch of stiff shortish hair, either chestnut-red or black in colour, and also a few white hairs nearly an inch in length. Below the stigmata, and in a line with the four yellow tubercles, are smaller round tubercles arranged in pairs, and below these again, close to the feet, is another small tubercle. All these tubercles emit bunches of shortish chestnut-red, black, or white hairs. There is also a tubercle near the centre of the segments, on each side of the dorsal line, and from these tubercles on the fourth segment proceed long pencils of white hair. The three anterior and two posterior segments are also tuberculated, but are so densely pilose that the tuberculations are not visible. Anteriorly the thick fringes of black or white hairs—some half, and others fully one inch long—bend forwards in an inverse direction to the silky-white plumes, and form a sort of double ruff which completely hides the head. The posterior *[Mr. Meyrick’s description of the male (Trans. Roy. Soc. S, Australia, XIV., p. 192) was drawn up from Mr. Scott’ 8 original specimens, now in the collection of the Australian Museum]. es : ‘ eer - AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 29 extremity is similarly concealed by long thick hair, and consequently unless the caterpillar is in movement, the proper identification of head or tail is nearly impossible. The head is dark blackish-brown; thoracic feet dark reddish-brown ; abdominal and anal claspers reddish-brown with straw coloured markings. ‘lhe male larva is similar, but rather darker in colour, and measures about three inches. Two of the caterpillars found in March, prepared for the chrysalis state early in April, exhibiting great restlessness and’a desire to escape from confinement; moving about incessantly for two days until they became almost exhausted. One finally spun its cocoon beneath a piece of dried bark, attaching to it sundry small twigs—the other selected the corner of the feeding cage. A loose web of yellowish silk was first spun in various directions, as an outer support, and then inside this several other layers of silk were woven, having the hairs of the caterpillar sticking through ; each of these layers was of distinct formation, and could be peeled off separately. Within these outer envelopes was the cocoon itself, rather oval in form, lightish brown in colour, and strongly coriaceous in texture; the interior beautifully smooth and satiny, and with a small slit at the upper end, apparently for the more easy exit of the moth. The chrysalis (fig. 1, female) measures 1} inches in length, and a little under half an inch in width; the male is about 1 inch, and more slender. It is throughout light bistre-brown, darker near the abdominal divisions, the wing-cases, head, etc. The moths took wing in the middle of the February of the following year. The female measures slightly over 83 inches ; the male 23 inches. The Antenne ........ (fig. 2) male, moderately bipectinate throughout; pectinations finely ciliate, and each terminating in a seta. Of the female, rather short, thin, and with very small bipectinations (fig. 3). The Labial palpi in male (fig. 4) project upwards, nearly even with the top of the eyes; in female very small, bending slightly downwards. In male the basal and second joints are twice the length of the terminal, which is rather obtuse at apex; in female the basal joint is slightly longer than the second, and rather acute at apex (fig. 5, denuded of hair). The whole moderately hairy in the male, but less so in the female. The Mazille ........ obsolete. TG EOS > sccécsecinare anterior pair spurless (fig. 6, female); intermediate and posterior pairs (fig. 7, male) with two short spurs at apices of tibiae. The whole moderately hairy, but with the hairs thickest on the tibiz of anterior pair ; a few rows of small set on the tarsi, and some long hairs beneath the femora of the male. The wings are semi-deltoid in repose, the anterior angle of the lower wing projecting slightly beyond the costal margin of the upper wing. Moth nocturnal. The upper wing of the female moth is elongated, the costal margin arched, with the apical angle produced and rather faleate, and the exterior margin much rounded. The lower wing is slightly produced at both the apical and anal angles, and has the exterior margin rounded. The general colour of the upper surface is drab, tinged with pale brown along the exterior margins, and with dark brown at the base of both wings. Two wavy bands or fascize of ochreous-yellow bordered with dark brown pass transversely across both wings, commencing near the middle of the interior margins, and terminating with a slight curve, on the costal margin in front of the discoidal cell. The outer of these bands is scalloped near the interior margin of the upper wing, and relieved behind with rich brown, but the scallops become very indistinct towards the apical angle. On the lower wing the scallops are very regular and are continued across the wing, the rich brown background bringing them into strong relief. A wavy brown border incloses the dull olive-brown basal portion of the wings, and inside this, ou the upper wing, is a second wavy dark band. There are also two brownish patches near the apical angle of upper wing, and a distinct dark discoidal spot. The antennse are yellowish above; the head very small, and like the thorax and abdomen, drab-coloured ; the latter being stout and projecting a little beyond the lower wings. Margins of all the wings fringed with short yellowish cilia. On the under side the female is uniformly silvery-drab, and the transverse fascive are very faint in colour. The legs all bear a conspicuous silvery-white spot near the junction of femora and tibie. In the male the upper wing is rather triangular, and not arched on the costa, or rounded at the exterior angle, as in the female. The general colour and markings are very similar to those described in the female, but are lighter. There are also two dark discoidal spots, one placed behind the other. The thorax and abdomen are very pilose ; the latter is rather short, not extending beyond the lower wings, and tufted with brown hairs at the extremity. The under side is silvery-drab, with two faint fascie, and two distinct brown discoidal spots on each wing. ‘The antenne, front ot head, thorax and abdomen, are yellowish ; legs brownish, with silvery-white spot on each femur. In both sexes the basal half of the wings is very pilose on both the upper and under surfaces. The illustration shows the female caterpillar and moth. ~~ ye sd 5 ape 30 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA PAPILIO STHENELUS, W. S. Mactray.—(Plate XX., ?). Papilio sthenelus, W. 8. Macleay, King’s Survey, Austr., IL., p. 457 (1827); Boisduval, Spéc. Gén., Lep., I., p. 239 (1836); Semper, Mus. Godf., XIV., p. 42 (1878). Lirr-uistory: Papilio erithonius (auct.), Mathew, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 169. Towards the end of October, we found at Ash Island, on the tender shoots of an orange tree, some eggs and a few very young larvee of the Papilio sthenelus. The eggs were globular, and pale greenish-yellow, and were placed singly on the leaves. The little larvee were at first very dark blackish-brown in colour, and armed with annular whorls of spines branching like those of the Pyrameis and Junonia. At the second change of skin these spines become smaller, and at the third change they disappear, and are replaced by two rows of small dark spines, one on each segment, placed near the back; there are also very small additional spines on the sides of the three anterior segments. At this stage the ground colour of the larva is shining dark brown, with a dorsal band of dull orange spots, and on each side of the body, near the head and tail, and also over the abdominal feet, are irregular clusters of spots of the same dull orange hue; the feet are dark brown, the head black, with a yellowish divisional marking. As the larva increases in size the ground colour gradually turns into dull green, with longitudinal spots or patches of yellow, and finally it becomes a rich velvety sap-green, very dark along the back, but paler and of a slightly bluish tint at the sides. The dorsal rows of spines have now disappeared, and in their place are small raised points; a pair of largish yellow tubercles project from the first segment over the head, and a similar pair from the caudal extremity. In the centre of segments four to eleven is an annular band of six conspicuous spots of saturnine-yellow, the lowest row strongly outlined with black; on the third segment the lowest spot of this annular band is absent, while the upper ones are almost confluent, and have in front, exactly in the centre of the segment, a pair of small black spots, ringed with white. On the second segment the saturnine-yellow spots are very faint, and they do not appear at all on the first segment. A second annular band, composed of alternate black and faint white patches, is placed on the front of each segment close to the divisions, and on the second and third segment this band forms an almost continuous black pattern over the back; beneath it, over the thoracic feet, are several black spots of irregular form. A whitish lateral band passes over the legs to the caudal extremity, which is also whitish, and has on it several small black spots. The abdominal feet are whitish, thickly speckled with brown; the thoracic feet and head shining yellowish-green. In length the full-grown caterpillar measures a little over 1} inches, is cylindrical and robust in form, especially at the shoulders, is sluggish in habit, but if irritated rapidly protrudes the retractile tentacula, A few of our specimens varied in some respects from those described above, the ground colour being yellowish, and the black spots between the segmental divisions and over the feet being more strongly defined. At the end of November the caterpillars changed into cbrysalids, previously attaching themselves to some convenient support by the tail and a silken median band. The chrysalis is slightly over 1} inches in length, is throughout of a light pinkish- brown colour, covered with minute dots of brown and black. The head is bifurcate and projecting; the thorax armed on the back with an angular projection ; and the abdomen ridged dorsally and laterally. The butterflies took wing in December, January, and February. The female measures 33, the male about 34 inches. The Antenne ........ terminate in an elongated club, pointed at the apex, and very slightly compressed laterally (fig. 1). The Labial palpi very small (fig. 2), project slightly in front of the head; basal and second joints about equal in length (fig. 3); terminal joint very small and globular; the whole covered with fine scales, and rather long hair in front. EPG lub QS ssetitoins:. Anterior pair (fig. 4) with a horny sac on the inner side of tibiw ; intermediate and posterior pairs (fig. 5) with two small spurs on tibie ; tibie and tarsi of all the legs nearly naked, but with several longitudinal rows of small black sete. Wings erect in repose. The ground colour of the upper surface of this butterfly is silky black, with many large patches of dark cream colour arranged transversely across the centre of both wings, and a row of kidney-shaped spots running parallel to the exterior borders. Across the discoidal cell, and also between it and the apex of the superior wing, are various cream-coloured patches of irregular form and size, the one placed between the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules having in its centre a circular black spot with faint bluish pupil* ; the base of the wing is thickly covered with clusters of minute cream-coloured scales arranged in parallel lines. A * (In some specimens this silvery-bluish pupil is absent.—H.F. } # se s ine Se AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 81 very conspicuous spot of light orange-red, with silvery-blue above, occupies the anal angle of the inferior wing, and a similar but rather smaller and darker spot is placed on the anterior angle, under the costal vein. Near the apex of the digaottlal cell, and on the disc below it, are delicate patches of silvery-blue scales, and the base of the wing is thickly covered with short silky wide. coloured hairs. The thorax and abdomen are dark in the centre, and cream-coloured on the sides, and there are several round creamy spots on the head and behind the eyes. The cream-coloured markings on the under side of the superior wings are disposed exactly as on the upper side, but are larger and more confluent, and the black background is duller and slightly bronzed. Near the anterior margin five of the spots or patches, extending from the third sub-costal to the first median vein, are dull ochreous-yellow, and the costa is also tinged with yellow. The under surface of the inferior wing is almost entirely rich cream-colour, suffused with pale yellow at the basal half. The spots and patches are similar to the upper surface in their arrangement, but the black background only shows as an outline to these, and on the denticulated margin. Placed across the disc, and beneath the discoidal cell, extending from the first subcostal to the third median nervule are dull orange-yellow patches, with bars of black and silvery-blue above; the large ocellular spot near the anterior angle is also encircled with black and silvery-blue; thorax, abdomen, and legs, cream-coloured, the former covered with dark hairs. This attractive Papilio is not very common in the neighbourhood of Sydney, but we have collected it in considerable numbers at the Hunter River, where its favourite feeding-grounds were the fields of blue lucerne and clover. It is, however, a species of wide distribution, being found in Queensland, South Australia, and Victoria, as well as in New Guinea.* The caterpillar and chrysalis are represented on the Orange (Citrus aurantium), with both the upper and under surfaces of the female butterfly. PAPILIO MACLEAYANUS, Lracu.—(Plate XX., ?). Papilio macleayanus, Leach, Zool. Misc., I, pl. v. (1814); Godart, Enc. Meth., IX., p. 47 (1819) ; Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett., f. 501, 562 (1825) ; Semper, Mus. Godf., XIV., p. 45 (1878). Papilio scottianus, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gess. Wien., XII., p. 489 (1862); Reise Novara, Lep., L., p. 73 (1865). Our first observations upon the life-history of this beautiful insect, the Papilio macleayanus, were carried out at Ash Island, when we observed the female butterfly depositing her eggs on the leaves of Gevjera salicifolia. The egg is somewhat globular in shape, light pearly-green in colour, and placed singly on the leaves and young shoots of the food-plant. When the young larva first emerges from the egg, its body is nearly black on the sides, with a broad whitish dorsal line, interrupted by two transverse black bands, one anteriorly, passing over the shoulders between the second and third segment, and one posteriorly, between the eleventh and twelfth segment. On the first and twelfth segment are pairs of large black tubercles with a tuft of hairs at the extremity, similar to those on the larve of Antherwa; and, on each of the remaining segments, is a whorl of six small black bifid bristles ; on the second and third segment, the bristle in the second row on each side is replaced by a large black tubercle like those near the head and tail, making in all eight tubercles on the body, four on each side. The head is black; the feet and under side of body whitish, with a fringe of fine black hair along the side. A marked difference accompanies the first change of skin: the body is then a very delicate green, slightly speckled with darker green; the head and first segment pale yellowish. The whole of the bifid bristles have disappeared, and in their place are rows of small white spots, while on the three anterior segments are short horny reddish-black projections in place of the large tubercles; a broad band of dark chocolate-brown passes over the shoulders between the second and third segments, and there is a narrow band of the same colour near the tail, which terminates in a white bifureate projection. At this stage the body is distinctly pyriform in outline, being robust anteriorly, and much attenuated posteriorly. When resting the caterpillar erects the anterior segments. At the third and fourth change of skin the colouring is more pronounced, being a bright yellowish-olive, rendering the white spots more conspicuous. ‘The anterior segments are yellow, tinged with reddish, and the shoulder bands and spines are deep reddish-brown. The pair of spines on the third segment are still conspicuous, but those on the first and second segments are very small; the bifurcations at the tail are yellow, tipped with black. The retractile tentacula are readily protrudible at this stage. During the succeeding changes of skin the * (Mr. G. F. Mathew, in describing this species under the name of Papilio erithonius, Cram., states that it was very common in the Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, in September, 1882; and at Port Moresby, New Guinea, in November and December, 1884, he found quantities of the larvee feeding upon a species of Salvia. His larve and chrysalids, however, do not exactly agree with ours in colouring, but we are inclined to think that the differences are merely varietal. ] ¢ ,r- 32 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA colour becomes a more decided green; the rows of white spots are fainter, and the dark shoulder band is scarcely seen ; the spines —with the exception of the pair on the third segment—have disappeared. Finally, the larva, which now measures nearly 14 inches, and is very plump and onisciform, is, on the upper side, intensely vivid grass-green, minutely punctured with darker green; and on the under-side delicate bluish-green. The pair of shoulder spines are dark brown, short, and sharp, and from the base of each a narrow yellowish-white line passes along the side of the body to the bifurcate tail; beneath this line is a row of small white spots —one on each segment—and a delicate fringe of white hair over the feet; the head is small, and shining grass-green. The bifurcations at the tail now lie parallel, and appear like a single projection, and the anterior segments are usually drawn together and bent down instead of being held erect as in the earlier stages. At the end of March our caterpillars underwent the change into chrysalids, attaching themselves in the usual way to some suitable support, by the tail and a silken median band. ‘he chrysalis measures 1 inch, is delicate emerald-green in colour, very finely speckled with darker green, and with two small oval reddish spots placed near the middle of the back, and a smaller reddish spot behind the eyes. The thorax bears a conspicuous keel-shaped projection, from which several yellowish ridged lines diverge, one passing straight in front of the head, the others on each side of the wing-cases and abdomen, and uniting at the tail. The butterflies took wing in May. Most of the specimens averaged 3 inches in expanse, but we have caught an occasional specimen about 4 inch larger. The Antenne ........ terminate in a short and slightly hooked club (fig. 1). The Labial palpi small, projecting forwards slightly in front of the head (fig. 2); second joint twice the length of basal (fig. 3, divested of hair) ; terminal joint very small and rather globose ; the whole covered above with fine scales and thickly fringed below with hair. BG LANES sscvcny cin anterior pair (fig. 4) with a horny sac on the inner side of tibie ; intermediate and posterior pairs each with two small spurs at the apex of the tibie (fig. 5); tibia and tarsi nearly smooth, and with several longitudinal rows of small black seta. Wings erect in repose. On the upper surface both wings are broadly margined with rich silky black; on thé inner or basal half they are light greenish-white, which deepens into a rich light apple-green on the discoidal cell and costa of upper wing. Adjoining the costa of the upper wing, placed transversely, are two large light green patches, one wedge-shaped, near the end of discoidal cell, the other of oblong form, nearer to the apex of wing; and two small spots between the nervules, just below the discoidal cell. A row of greenish-white spots, one between each neryule, runs parallel to the exterior margins of both wings—occasionally these spots are very faint on the lower wing, appearing only in a few scattered scales. The lower wing is prolonged near the anal angle into a graceful and slightly spatulate tail, and is fringed at the anal angle and on the abdominal margin with salmon-coloured hairs. The margin of the upper wing is entire, but the lower wing has alternate denticulations of black and white. Abdomen greenish-white ; thorax and head, brownish-green, the head being very hairy in front. On the under surface the markings are disposed as above, but the rich black of the border is replaced by bronzy-brown, delicately varied with a pearly sheen near the apex of the upper wing and near the undulating margin of the lower wing. The green colour is very vivid near the costa of the upper wing, and over the whole basal half of the lower wing, which has the anterior margin bordered with red at the base and near the apical angle. Three of the marginal rows of spots near the posterior angle of the upper wing are united at the veins, and the two small greenish- white spots below the discoidal cell are also united and form a single V-shaped marking. The abdomen is greenish-white ; the legs light apple-green ; the antenne tipped with orange. The sexes are alike in colouring. Like the larva of Papilio sarpedon, the larva of the Papilio macleayanus has of late shown a decided preference for the leaves of the camphor laurel, and in the neighbourhood of Sydney is usually found feeding upon that tree, although we have heard of its having been found on the orange tree. The butterfly is bold and rapid in its movements, and forms a beautiful and graceful object when sipping the sweets of the flower garden, or darting swiftly in mid-air. Its distribution is wide, extending to Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Tasmania, Victoria, and in Queensland as far north as the Johnstone River. Three stages of the larva, on the leaves of the Geijera salicifolia, the chrysalis, and upper and under views of the perfect insect are given in the plate. os amd a DF ee, ee ~ 4 Mi AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 33 SELIDOSEMA THERM/HA, Meyrick.—(Plate XXI., 2) Selidosema thermea, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. Wales, 1891, p. 600 (1892). Geometra cameli-pilo, Scott MS. Several larve of this species were found at Ash Island in January, feeding on the Cupania anacardioides, and we subsequently obtained a few others in Sydney on the foliage of the Acacia decurrens. In length the larva is about 1} inches, cylindrical and moderately slender ; the feet are ten in number, the ninth segment only being provided with abdominal claspers ; on the eleventh segment there are two short but distinct dorsal projections, and the head is slightly bifid and pointed. The general colour of the body is dark olive-brown, with numerous fine brown annular rings. A band of pale ochreous-yellow, spotted with white, passes along each side over the legs, but becomes very indistinct as it approaches the head and tail ; this band is edged with brown on both sides, and beneath it on each segment is a velvety-black oblong patch. The dorsal portion above the band is longitudinally striated with dark reddish-brown, and.there are a few whitish streaks, running parallel to the band, from the fifth to the ninth segments. The fifth segment is slightly enlarged, and has on each side a black spot placed diagonally near the centre of the band. Head olive- brown, striated with dark reddish-brown, and with a faint yellowish streak on each side; thoracic and anal feet brown, marked with reddish ; abdominal claspers brown, with an ochreous patch spotted with white adjacent to the lateral band. The cocoons were formed of coarse silk covered with fine particles of earth, and were placed a little below the surface of the ground. The chrysalis (fig. 1, male) measures about half an inch, is rather slender in outline, and throughout a shining reddish- brown. Some of the moths took wing in August, and others in the beginning of February. The perfect insect expands 1} inches. The Antenne.........male (fig. 2) deeply bipectinate throughout, the pectinations finely ciliated; female filiform. The Labial palpi moderately large (fig. 8 male, and 4 denuded of hair) ; middle joint nearly twice as long as basal, and four times as long as terminal joint; terminal very slender, and acute at the apex. The whole covered with hair and scales, and projecting forwards and upwards about level with the top of the eyes. Pe Lege? isc. male and female, long and slender ; intermediate pair with two, and posterior pair (fig. 5, male) with four, thin spurs on the tibia. The whole thinly covered with scales. The wings are horizontal in repose. The whole upper surface of the male is chestnut-brown, covered with many short transverse reddish-brown strie: these strie are more numerous near the margins and across the costa, making these portions appear darker than the dise of the wings. A few blackish-brown transverse fascie of very irregular outline occupy the centre of both wings, and there is a small blackish- brown spot on the disc of the upper wing. Margins slightly undulating, and outlined with blackish-brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen, chestnut-brown, striated longitudinally with reddish-brown ; antenne reddish-brown, with yellowish pectinations. The underside is silvery-brown, clouded with bronze-brown near the hind margins. A distinct brown spot on the dise of both wings, and a silvery-white patch at the apical angle of the upper wing. In the female moth the space between the transverse blackish- brown fasciz on the upper wing is of a steely neutral-tint, shaded with rich brown on the inner portion, and near the disc, and there are some additional dark brown patches near the apical angle. The basal half of the lower wing is steely neutral-tint, striated with dark brown; and there is an irregular band, formed of short transverse striw, near the anal angle. The illustration represents the leaf and ripe seed capsules of the Cupania anacardioides, with the caterpillar and male moth. SELIDOSEMA GILVA, Scorr, MS.—(Plate XXI., ¢). Geometra gilva, Scott, MS. Boarmia psychastis, Meyrick, MS. The caterpillars of this pretty species feed indiscriminately on the leaves of the 4 cronychia Bauert and the Olea paniculata. Some of our specimens, which were captured at Ash Island in February, exhibited great diversity in colour, some being light apple- green, and others pale pinkish-drab. The green larve were larger in size, and probably would have produced female moths, 34 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA but unfortunately a species of Ichneumon destroyed them before they underwent their second change. The male caterpillar is about 1 inch and 8 lines in length, is cylindrical, rather elongate, with two small projections near the tail, and with only one pair of abdominal claspers which are placed on the ninth segment, The ground colour is light pinkish-drab, covered with fine continuous longitudinal lines of dark brown ; a row of small brown spots on each side, above the stigmata; stigmata whitish, with yellow centres ; head with pale drab streak on each side, and striated in front with dark brown. The green variety had a conspicuous black spot on each side of the fifth segment, a dorsal row of faint white spots, and two small white spots on each side of the bifurcate tail. About the middle of February the caterpillars prepared their cocoons of silk, covered with agglutinated earth, just below the surface of the soil, and early in March the perfect insects took wing. The chrysalis (fig. 1, male) is 7 lines in length, and throughout light shining reddish-brown. The male moth measures a little over 1} inches. The Antenne@......... male, rather strongly bipectinated to about three-fourths of its length, each pectination finely ciliate and terminating in a rather incurved seta (fig. 2). The Labial palpi: male (fig. 8 and fig. 4, denuded of hair), moderately large ; basal joint twice as long as middle joint, terminal joint small, slender, and rather obtuse at apex. Basal portion very thickly covered with scales and hair, terminal very thinly covered. The whole projecting forwards, about level with the top of the eyes. | Sh FY: Saopenrorare rather long and slender. Intermediate pair with two, and posterior pair (fig. 5, male) with four longish spurs on the tibie ; tibize and tarsi closely covered with feathery scales, and with a long fan-shaped bunch of hair near the base of tibia of posterior leg. The wings are horizontal in repose. The upper surface of the male moth is creamy-white, delicately speckled with pinkish-brown. Five thin wavy blackish- brown fascie pass transversely across the upper wing, and between the first and second, and fourth and fifth, of these fascie, is a faint band of pale ochreous-yellow. The lower wing has three similar fasciz, the pale ochreous-yellow band being between the third and fourth. A row of small blackish spots runs parallel to the exterior margin, which is slightly undulating, and bordered with creamy-white cilia. Antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen, creamy-white, with blackish-brown bars on the patagia, and a double row of blackish-brown spots down the back of abdomen; base of thorax, and tail, pale ochreous-yellow. The under side is creamy-white with a silvery lustre. Near the apical angle of both wings is a bronze-brown patch, darkest on the upper wing ; and there is also a brownish discoidal spot. The flowers and fruit of the Acronychia Baueri are figured, with two larvee and the male moth. SELIDOSEMA LUXARIA, Guznfr.—(Plate XXI., 3). Hemerophila luwaria, Guenée, Spec. Gén. des Lépid., Vol. IX., p. 220 (1857). Tephrosia disperdita, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XXT., p. 416 (1860). Selidosema luwaria, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1891, p. 609 (1892). Geometra recte-fasciata, Scott, MS. This is rather a common species in the neighbourhood of Sydney, where it may be found in October and November feeding upon the pretty Leptospermum scoparium. The female caterpillar measures a little over 1} inches; the male slightly under. The body is cylindrical, and very little attenuated ; the prevailing colour a light pinkish-drab, shaded with grey, and with many thin, longitudinal black striz and spots, darkest on the sides of the seventh and eighth segments and near the head. About the middle of each segment, near the back, are two very small spines or projections, the pair on the fifth segment being rather the largest; the eleventh segment is slightly tuberculated. The head is pinkish-drab, striated and spotted with black; the apex is rather acute. The abdominal feet are absent, with the exception of the pair on the ninth segment. In November the cocoons were formed, and like the species previously described, were of silk covered externally with fine earth, and placed near the surface of the ground. The chrysalis (fig. 1) measures } inch, and is shining yellowish-red. The moths emerged in December and January. The female measures 1 inch and 8 lines, the male 1 inch and 6 lines. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 35 The Antenne ........ long; bipectinated to the tip in both sexes. In the female (fig. 2), the pectinations are very small; in the male (fig. 3), rather long ; in both finely ciliated. The Labial palpi small, particularly in the female (fig. 4, male). Basal joint long, being twice the length of the middle joint ; terminal joint very small, and rather pointed (fig. 5 denuded of hair). Basal and middle joints moderately covered with hair and scales. In the male, projecting forwards in front of the eyes; in the female, bending down. Toe fee =. slender ; anterior pair small (fig. 6, female) ; intermediate pair with two, and posterior pair (fig. 7, male) with four, thin and rather long spurs on the tibie. Tibiew and tarsi moderately covered with scales and fine hair; the male with a fan-shaped tuft of long hair beneath the base of the tibia of the posterior leg. The wings horizontal in repose. The upper surface of both sexes is whitish-grey, sprinkled with minute dots and lines of brown and black. A double fascia, black above and very dark brown beneath, proceeds from the inner margin of both wings, about one-third from the base, and running almost parallel to the costa, terminates on the hind-margin, just below the apical angle; a similar but fainter fascia is placed near the hind-margin, and the space between these fascie is darkly shaded with brown and black. Two thin, transverse fasciz, one brown, the other black, are near the base of the wings, which also bear a small brown discoidal spot; the outer margins are denticulated, and are outlined with black; marginal fringe grey and brown. Thorax and abdomen grey, shaded with black and brown ; a black band crosses the thorax, and is continued for some distance below the costa of upper wing. The male has a few annular bands of dark brown on the back of abdomen. The under side is light silvery-brown, shaded with dark bronze-brown near the hind margins. There are a few faint, transverse brownish fasciz, and a brownish discoidal spot on each wing. The caterpillar is shown on its food plant, the Leptospermum scoparium, together with the female moth. SELIDOSEMA DESTINATARIA, Gurnfs.—(Plate XXI., ¢). Gnophos destinataria, Guenée, Spec. Gén. des Lépid., Vol. 1X., p. 297. (1857). Boarmia attenta, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus, XXI., p. 390 (1860). Tephrosia indirecta, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit Mus., XXTI., 418 (1860). Tephrosia vagaria, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XXVI., p. 1542. (1862). Selidosema destinataria, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1891, p. 613 (1892). Geometra lentiginosa, Scott, MS. Of the few specimens of this caterpillar which have come into our possession, some were found in May in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, on the leaves of the common Convolvulus ; others were discovered at Ash Island in October, on a vine of the Stephania hernandiefolia. The caterpillar is in length 1} inches, is cylindrical and moderately slender ; the abdominal feet absent, with the exception of one pair on the ninth segment. The body is reddish clay-colour, with many short longitudinal strie and spots of purplish-brown ; near the stigmata is a faint lateral band, containing a small white spot on the fifth and sixth segments; beneath this band, on each segment, is a short streak of purplish-brown, and there is also a purplish-brown oblique marking on the terminal segment. The head is clay-colour, with a faint marking on each side, and striated in front with purplish-red. The cocoons were formed of coarse silk, covered externally with particles of earth, and were placed close to the surface of the soil. The chrysalis (fig. 1, male) is barely half an inch in length, and shining reddish-brown in colour. The moths took wing in July and December. The female measures 1 inch and 4 lines; the male slightly less. The Antennw......... male, rather long ; bipectinated to the apex, each pectination finely ciliated (fig. 2); female, filiform. The Labial palpi small, especially in female (fig. 3, male). Basal joint large, and twice as long as middle joint; terminal joint very small, thin, and acute at the apex (fig. 4, male); basal and middle joints rather thickly covered with feathery scales and hair. The whole projecting forwards and slightly upwards. PG LAGE: isctanan rote slender ; intermediate pair (fig. 5) with two, and posterior pair with four, rather long, thin spurs on the tibie. Tibi and tarsi thinly covered with feathery scales. 36 AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA Wings horizontal in repose. The upper surface of both sexes is of a silvery-cream colour, with many fine pinkish and yellowish-brown scales, and some minute blackish dots and short transverse black stris, scattered over the surface. Three irregular black fasciee pass transversely across the wings; on the upper wing the middle fascia, beyond the basal two-thirds, is strongly upturned ; the outer fascia is denticulated, the denticulations being shaded with black ; a black patch of irregular form is placed between the second and third fascie, considerably beyond the discoidal cell. The outer margins are strongly denticulated, and outlined with black. The head, thorax, and abdomen are cream-colour, with occasional scales of pink and yellowish-brown colour, and the abdominal divisions are clearly outlined with black. The under side is silvery cream-colour, brownish on the costa, and near the apical angle; three brownish fascie pass transversely across both wings, which are outlined with brown, and have a brown discoidal spot. The caterpillar and male moth are figured, with the Stephania hernandiefolia bearing clusters of parti-coloured seeds. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. OCNERIA HELIASPIS, Muyrick (Male). (CHELEPTERYX EXPOLITUS, on plate). Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna of male. Fig. 3, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 4, Labial palpus, denuded of hair. Fig. 5, Foreleg. Fig. 6, Hindleg. Food-plant : Hucalyptus, sp. DARALA HAMATA, WALKER. (EvLopHocaMPE AMazNa, on plate.) Larva.—Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna of male. Fig. 3, Portion of antenna of female. Fig. 4, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view (male). Fig. 5, Labial palpus, denuded of hair. Fig. 6, Foreleg (female). Fig. 7, Hindleg (male). Food-plant : Lucalyptus, sp. Kaupfcs - sXazyurxry Kat Sun % W2yLy euaue eaduresoydoma7 suytjodxe x oO. SELIDOSEMA LUXARIA, Guevéz. (GEOMETRA RECTE-FASCIATA, on plate). Larva.— Fig. 1, Pupa. Fig. 2, Portion of antenna (female). Fig. 3, Portion of antenna (male). Fig. 4, Head, palpus, and portion of antenna, side-view. Fig. 5, Labial palpus, denuded of hair. Fig. 6, Foreleg. Fig. 7, Hindleg. Food-plant : Leptospermum scoparium. on Aust alian Lepidoptera Plate aa | Geometra Cameli -pilo Geometra cgilyva « oo Geometra lentipinosa Geometra recte-fasciata From Nature and on Stone | by Harxaiet Scott if Allan & Wigley Frmters Sydney