Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

V.

CL5 *?-!

USDA

United States
Department of
Agriculture

Agricultural

Research

Service

ARS-155

May 2000

Annotated List of the Flora
of the Beltsville Agricultural
Research Center, Beltsville,
Maryland

United States
Department of
Agriculture

Agricultural

Research

Service

ARS-155

May 2000

Annotated List of the Flora
of the Beltsville Agricultural
Research Center, Beltsville,
Maryland

E.E. Terrell, J.L. Reveal, R.W. Spjut, R.F. Whitcomb,
J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., M.T. Cimino, and M.T. Strong

Abstract

Terrell, E.E., J.L. Reveal, R.W. Spjut, R.F. Whitcomb, J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., M.T. Cimino, and M.T. Strong. 2000.
Annotated list of the flora of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-155.

This annotated list of the flora of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Prince George’s County, Maryland,
provides scientific names and selected common names for 901 native and naturalized plant species. This total
includes 13 species of lichens, 71 mosses, 24 ferns and fern allies, 7 gymnosperms, and 786 angiosperm species
(526 dicots and 260 monocots). Also listed are 32 angiosperm species planted in experimental meadows. The center
is partitioned into five farms and four research forests. For each species data are provided concerning habitats and
frequency of occurrence. A special project dealing with experimental meadows is discussed in detail. Lists of
representative tree species are presented to highlight the common or dominant species. The occurrences of rare
species, as well as pernicious weeds, are noted. Up-to-date scientific nomenclature is based largely on the database
of the computerized Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) of the USDA, Agricultural Research
Service. Several taxonomic specialists have contributed their expertise concerning the more difficult angiosperm
species.

Keywords: angiosperms, Ascomycophyta, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Bryophyta, club-mosses,
dicotyledons, Equisetophyta, ferns, gymnosperms, horsetails, lichens, Liliopsida, Lycopodiophyta, Magnoliophyta,
Magnoliopsida, Maryland, meadows, monocotyledons, mosses, Pinophyta, plant communities, Polypodiophyta,
Prince George’s County, spike-mosses.

While supplies last, single copies of this publication can be obtained at no cost from USDA, Agricultural Research
Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Bldg. 011 A, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, or by
e-mail from <joe@nt.ars-grin.gov>.

Copies of this publication may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, VA 22161; telephone (703) 605-6000.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis
of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family
status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for
communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET
Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326BW, Whitten Building, 1400
Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an
equal opportunity provider and employer.

May 2000

Acknowledgments

We thank the following persons for identifications
of difficult genera or species (cited previously in
the Introduction): Michel Lelong, Stephen
Darbyshire, Charles Davis, Neil Harriman, Paul
Peterson, Robert Soreng, and John Wiersema. The
following persons have contributed collections or
data: Rose Broome, Mark Burchick, James Duke,
Jeff Lemer, Sandra Sauffurer, Rod Simmons, and
Hope Stanton. We thank John Wiersema for his
cooperation in accessing and checking GRIN
nomenclature, and Harold Robinson for checking
Asteraceae and lichen and moss nomenclature.
David Lellinger reviewed the ferns. Christopher
Frye, Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
reviewed Carex and supplied data on rare species.

James Plaskowitz prepared and printed the
electronic version of the maps. We are also
grateful to Kevin Thorpe, Chairman of the BARC
Ecology Committee, for his collections and
valuable support of this project. Tim Badger,
Chief of Farm Operations, guided our
arrangements for collecting in various sections of
BARC and provided important information. The
following Beltsville Area administrators, Daryl
Cole, Phyllis Johnson, and Darwin Murrell, have
supported our activities and arranged for funds for
herbarium work and publication. We thank
Charles Davis, Aaron Goldberg, Paul Peterson,
Stanwyn Shetler, and John Wiersema for very
helpful reviews of the manuscript.

Contents

Agricultural areas and plant communities 1

Experimental meadows 8

Methods 8

Noteworthy species 9

Summary of taxa 1 0

Definitions and Symbols 10

List of the flora 12

Division Ascomycophyta — Lichens 12
Division Bryophyta — Mosses 12
Division Lycopodiophyta — Club-mosses and
spike-mosses 15

Division Equisetophyta — Horsetails 1 5
Division Polypodiophyta — F ems 1 6
Division Pinophyta — Gymnosperms 1 7
Notes 19

Division Magnoliophyta — Angiosperms 20
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons 20
Notes 52

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons 53
Notes 67
Literature Cited 68
Name Index 69

v

Annotated list of the flora of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,
Beltsville, Maryland

by E.E. Terrell, J.L. Reveal, R.W. Spjut, R.F. Whitcomb,

J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., M.T. Cimino, and M.T. Strong

The Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
(BARC) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
(USD A) is located in Prince George's County,
Maryland, about six miles northeast of the District
of Columbia (Fig. 1). It comprises about 6,866
acres (2,780 hectares) of level or rolling terrain
just east of the Fall Line, a meeting place of the
floras of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont
Provinces. This annotated list of the BARC flora
includes mosses, lichens, and native and
naturalized vascular plant species. In addition, we
include 32 vascular species (denoted by asterisks)
planted in recent years in experimental meadows.

The coordinates of the Center are approximately
39° N latitude and 76° 50' W longitude. The
elevation ranges from approximately 40 to 260
feet (12-80 m) above sea level. Data from weather
stations on BARC, as collected by George Meyers
of the Farm Operations Branch, are as follows for
1995-1998: The annual maximum temperature
was 101° F. (38.3° C.) in August 1997; annual
minimum temperature 13° F. (-10.6° C.) in
February 1996; annual average temperature 55° F.

Terrell is a Collaborator, Department of Botany,

Smithsonian Institution, and retired taxonomic botanist,
USDA, ARS, Beltsville; presently at 14001 Wildwood
Drive, Silver Spring MD 20905. Reveal is a systematic
botanist and Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland,
College Park, Maryland; presently at 18625 Spring Canyon
Road, Montrose, CO 81401. Spjut is a retired USDA, ARS
botanist, and currently Director of World Botanical
Associates, P.O. Box 2829, Laurel, MD 20709. Whitcomb is
a retired ecologist and now Collaborator, USDA, ARS;
current address at Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen
Road, Tucson, A Z 85719. Kirkbride is a Research Botanist
with USDA, ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology
Laboratory, Rm. 304, Bldg. 01 1 A, BARC-West, Beltsville,
MD 20705-2350, E-mail: joe@nt.ars-grin.gov. Cimino is a
graduate student, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular
Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
Strong is a taxonomic botanist and Museum Specialist with
the Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC 20560. Address requests for reprints and
correspondence to Kirkbride.

(12.8° C.); average annual total precipitation 37.75
inches (958.9 mm); maximum annual total snow
depth 51.2 inches (1.3 m) in 1996; minimum
annual total snow depth 1 inch (0.03 m) in 1998;
and average annual total snow depth 28.5 inches
(0.7 m). Hotchkiss and Stewart (1979) presented
climatic data for the adjacent Patuxent Wildlife
Research Center (Department of the Interior).

Agricultural areas and plant
communities

Within the Center a variety of soil types, soil
acidities, moisture conditions, land uses, and
historical changes guarantee substantial habitat
diversity. The majority of the forested land (3,074
acres; 1 ,244 hectares) is riparian buffer between
streams and open land. The main activities of the
Center involve experimental work on many
aspects of agriculture, including the growing of
corn, wheat, soybeans, and other crops, as well as
the operation of an active animal sciences
program emphasizing dairy science, poultry
research, and swine production.

Certain adjacent areas were formerly part of the
Center, but have recently been transferred to other
government departments. The Beltsville Airport
was originally wholly a property of the USDA,
but was abandoned, and outlying sections of it
were transferred to the Department of the Interior
as part of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
(PWRC). Plants collected at the Airport were
sometimes difficult to designate as occurring on
the land of either department, and a few species
are included in the present list regardless of their
exact locations on the Airport property. One listed
species, Magnolia acuminata , that was formerly
on USDA land, is on adjacent State Department
property. The Treasury Department and NASA
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
also now hold substantial tracts that were once
USDA property.

1

2

Figure 1. Location of Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Prince George’s County, Maryland.

The Agricultural Research Center is divided into
five Farms. In 1985, and shortly thereafter, four
Research Forests were designated within two of
these Farms.

The North and South Farms (Fig. 2) have been
partly reserved for field plot experiments on
various horticultural and vegetable crops. The
North Farm (548 acres; 222 hectares) includes
administration and research buildings along the
west side of U. S. Route 1 (Baltimore- Washington
Boulevard), and extends west and north to include
cultivated fields and meadows adjoining Sellman
Road and Cherry Hill Road, as well as some
forest. The Little Paint Branch Creek provides
habitats for riparian plant species. Six
experimental meadows are located on the North
Farm.

The South Farm (367 acres; 149 hectares) is a
separate tract south of the Washington Beltway (I-
495) and Cherry Hill Road. It is a mosaic of
experimental fields, fallow fields, well drained
oak forest, and poorly drained lowland forest.
Riparian habitats occur along Paint Branch Creek.

The Linkage Farm (Fig. 2), a tract of 460 acres
(186 hectares), lies between Edmonston Road and
Rhode Island Avenue, connecting the North Farm
with the Central Farm. The National Agricultural
Library occupies an area on the east side of U. S.
Route 1 opposite the main buildings of the North
Farm, and its grounds include nineteen
experimental meadows. The Linkage Farm is
bisected into north and south segments by
Sunnyside Avenue. An extensive swamp forest
(271 acres; 110 hectares) along Indian Creek
parallels Edmonston Road. Several herbaceous
species absent or rare elsewhere (e.g., Panax
trifolius, Uvularia sessilifolia, and Veratrum
viride ) occur on the forest floor. In August 1998

in a slightly drier area of swamp forest adjacent to
Sunnyside Road the following representative tree
species were recorded: Acer rubrum, Fagus
grandifolia, Liquidambcir styraciflua,

Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus alba, Q.
palustris, and Q. phellos. In the understory
Lindera benzoin was prominent, and frequently
the pernicious weedy grass Microstegium
vimineum had invaded open places.

The Central Farm (Fig. 3) is a large tract of 3,010
acres (1,218 hectares) of which 1,408 acres (570
hectares) are forested. It lies east of Edmonston
Road and extends to the Baltimore-Washington
Parkway. The Log Lodge National Visitor Center
area includes a small pond established long ago by
an iron mining operation. This pond supports
much Nuphar advena and a dense cover of
duckweeds ( Lemna ). A smaller pond in the forest
to the south is entirely dominated by duckweeds.
To the southwest of the Log Lodge area, on both
sides of Research Road, an open swamp occupies
the bottomland along Beaver Dam Creek. The
swamp, formed by beaver activity, has much
Peltandra virginica and scattered plants of Iris
versicolor, Polygonum arifolium, and other
wetland species. Entomology Road in the north
part of the Central Farm parallels an extensive
wooded area and a large experimental meadow by
Building 465. A fairly large pond is located in the
forest at the end of Entomology Road and a
smaller pond is to the west of Entomology Road.
Another part of the Central Farm lies at the end of
Poultry Road, where there are several meadows
under active study, including an oak savanna with
scattered large oaks (see comments under
meadows).

The Central Farm also includes the extensive
Bottomland Research Forest intersected by Beaver
Dam Road. This forest lies along Beaver Dam
Creek just west of the Baltimore-Washington

3

to

Ui

_J

5

Z

Ui

-J

o

<n

4

Figure 2. South, North, and Linkage Farms of Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Prince George’s County, Maryland.
B&ORR, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Tracks; B-W BLVD, Baltimore- Washington Boulevard (U. S. Route 1). NAL, National
Agricultural Library; USDA, U. S. Department of Agriculture Office Complex; Other abbreviations explained in text. Meadows
numbered within squares: Building 01 1 A Upland Meadow [1]; Building 01 1 A Wet Meadow [2]; NAL South Meadows [3-5];
NAL North Meadows [15-22]; Sellman Road Meadows [24]; Cherry Hill Meadows [29,30].

SCALE IN MILES

Figure 3. Central Farm of Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Prince George’s County, Maryland.
API, Animal Parasitology Institute; FDA complex formerly leased to Food and Drug Administration;
VISITOR CENTER, "Log Lodge"; other abbrev. in text ; Meadows numbered within squares: Poultry
Road Meadow [6]; Poultry Road Savanna Meadows [7,8]; Beef Bam Meadow [9]; Statistics Lab Savanna
[10]; Oak Barren Meadows [11-13]; East Bidens Meadow [23]; Fescue Living Mulch Meadow [26];
Building 465 Meadow [27]; Poultry Road West Meadow [31]; Power Line Meadow [33].

5

Parkway. It is partly lowland with an understory
of Lindera benzoin and Clethra alnifolia. Several
years ago the western part of the forest supported
many plants of Cypripedium acaule, but these
were absent in 1997, 1998, and 1999, perhaps due
to deer depredations or other factors. A 14 mile
transect in this forest along a tributary of Beaver
Dam Creek included the following representative
tree species: Acer rubrum, Carpinus caroliniana,
Cornus florida, Liquidambar styraciflua,
Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus alba, and Q.
rubra. Another transect one mile east along the
lowland forest border had the same tree species
and also Nyssa sylvatica, Prunus serotina, and
Sassafras albidum. At this place the roadside was
covered with the grass Microstegium vimineum,
which had also invaded open areas in the lowland
forest. At the southwest corner of the Bottomland
Research Forest a Washington Metropolitan Area
Transit Authority (WMATA) mitigation project
has been established. Saplings of bald cypress
( Taxodium distichum ) have been planted there.
Thirteen experimental meadows are on the Central
Farm. The former Food and Drug Administration
complex (FDA) occupies the northcentral part of
the Central Farm, and includes a number of large
trees of Quercus montana and other oak species.

The East Farm (Fig. 4), a large tract (2,481 acres;
1,004 hectares) of which 1,267 acres (513
hectares) are forested, is located east of the
Baltimore-Washington Parkway. It includes the
abandoned Airport, with several kinds of habitats
not occurring elsewhere on BARC. A large pond
(Beck Lake) on the East Farm along Soil
Conservation Road is shallow and choked with
Nuphar and Nymphaea. South of the pond is a
large stand of predominantly coniferous forest, the
Coniferous Research Forest. Such forests are more
acidic and support populations of Pinus
virginiana, P. taeda, and various oak species with
an extensive understory of Gaylussacia and
Vaccinium species. A transect along the border of

this forest recorded the following tree species:
Diospyros virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua,
Pinus taeda, P. virginiana, Prunus serotina,
Quercus marilandica, and Q. phellos. A second
forest tract, the Deciduous Research Forest, lies
along the eastern part of Beaver Dam Road
opposite the NASA Antenna Range. An east-west
power line crosses part of the forest, and under it
are two open boggy areas about 1/4 mile apart (the
west bog is designated Powerline Bog 1, the east
bog is Powerline Bog 2) in the headwaters of
Beaver Dam Creek. These two bogs and adjacent
swamps support a number of species rare or not
found elsewhere on the Center (e.g., Utricularia
subulata, Sarracenia purpurea, Rhynchospora
gracilenta, R. microcephala, and Bartonia
paniculata ). Along a 14 mile transect of the forest
in a level area near the powerline the following
tree species were present in 1998: Acer rubrum,
Diospyros virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua,
Nyssa sylvatica, Pinus virginiana, Quercus alba,
Q.falcata, Q. palustris, Q. velutina, and Sassafras
albidum.

The Wetland Research Forest (East Farm) has two
parts. The east part is a Clethra shrub swamp that
once was much more open and marshy than it is
today. A large open area in the western part of the
forest was clear-cut and later became a
switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) field. In the
1980’s this land was established as a wetland
mitigation project of WMATA, and two ponds
occupy this site.

In addition to the Powerline Bogs cited
previously, the flora lists certain species collected
in former years in the "Beltsville Bog." The
application of this name has been uncertain, as
several bogs formerly existed in the Beltsville
area. Within the Center one application of the
name “Beltsville Bog” has been to wet areas in the
Wetland Research Forest on the East Farm;

6

Figure 4. East Farm of Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Prince George’s County, Maryland.
APHIS, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; HAYDEN FARM, University of Maryland Research
Farm; PMC, Plant Materials Center, NRCS ; other abbrev. in text; Meadows numbered within squares:
Springfield Road Meadow [28]; Airport Meadow [32],

7

however, these have undergone sedimentary
fdling in recent years. In addition, the name has
been applied to small sphagnous seepages among
the scrub pine forest in the Airport; however,
these areas (which formerly had Bartonia
virginica and Poly gal a lute a) have been nearly
destroyed by the effects of various agricultural
intrusions.

Experimental meadows

In 1 993 a study of natural and artificial meadows
was initiated as a cooperative program of the
BARC Ecology Committee and the Farm
Operations Branch. About 30 meadows were
selected for study. Some of these were created de
novo by killing existing vegetation with
herbicides and then tilling. Other horticultural
meadows were created by no-till technology.
Many of the meadows, both natural and artificial,
proved to be quite diverse, having as many as 200
species. In contrast to the horticultural meadows,
many of the units were created simply by
permitting existing areas to develop into
meadows. This proved to be especially effective
on acid, sandy soils, where planted lawn grasses
had failed. On such soils, many native species had
colonized and even become dominant. In the
meadows on the north grounds of the National
Agricultural Library, communities appeared in
which Schizachyrium scoparium, Tridens flavus ,
and Eragrostis spectabilis were complemented by
Euphorbia corollata and Solidago juncea. Weed
invasion of uncultivated fields occurred over long
time periods (30-50 years), permitting
development of relatively high species richness.
More than 500 species appeared in the meadows
without having been planted there.

On the Central Farm large fields with scattered
oaks were designated as savannas. These
meadows simulate the savanna aspect that may
have existed at the time of European colonization,
when central Maryland was, according to

historians (Marye 1950), burned by Native
Americans to form a “Great Barrens.” If this
historical analysis is accurate, the land now
covered by scattered large oaks (e.g., a 4-5'
diameter specimen of Quercus montana) may well
be a relict of the earlier barrens. This is one
explanation for the high plant species diversity in
the Poultry Road Oak Savanna. Other diverse
meadows include the meadow at Building 465
along Entomology Road and a roadside meadow
on the west side of Springfield Road immediately
south of Beaver Dam Road. These two meadows,
each poorly drained and situated on acid sandy
soils, had about 150 plant species. One meadow
(Poultry Road Meadow) was interseeded with
native species, and now resembles an old-field in
the degree of invasion of the pre-existing grass
cover. Other than this meadow, old-field
communities are scattered and very small at
BARC. In the 1970’s, a large field along Soil
Conservation Road harbored a diverse array of
native plants, including some planted by the Soil
Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources
Conservation Service). The field was a
sufficiently rich plant community to support three
undescribed insect (leafhopper) species.

Methods

Botanists have collected wild plants on the Center
for many years, as reflected in specimens housed
in the herbaria of the University of Maryland
(MARY) and the Smithsonian Institution (US).
More intensive study of the flora began in the
1970's, and was formally initiated in 1997 with
the cooperation of the University of Maryland and
deposit of collections in their herbarium.

No flora is ever complete, and the varied habitats
of BARC continually yield new species records.
This annotated flora includes mosses, lichens, and
vascular plants. Also included are 32 vascular

8

species planted in the experimental meadows;
these are denoted by asterisks. A few of these
meadow species appear to be spreading, while
others have died out since being planted. We
exclude planted ornamental trees and shrubs,
unless they appear to have escaped from
cultivation.

The families of vascular plants follow the
classification adopted by the USDA, officially
designated as follows: Agricultural Research
Service (ARS), National Genetic Resources
Program, Germplasm Resources Information
Network (GRIN), [Online Database] National
Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville,
Maryland, URL: www.ars-
grin.gov/npgs/tax/taxfam.html (4 December
1998).

Author abbreviations were checked for agreement
with Brummit and Powell (1992). Most of the
scientific names agree with those in the GRIN
database, except as suggested by specialists or
reviewers. We recognize that recent research, for
example on the Liliaceae, suggests that
reclassification is needed. Certain names were
also checked in Kartesz (1994) and in Wiersema
and Leon (1999). Latin words such as et al., ex,
nom. illeg. are not italicized in the list, following
rules suggested in the “CBE Style Manual” (1983)
and procedures followed in botanical taxonomic
journals such as Brittonia and Novon.

That U.S. Route 1, which bisects BARC, is
located a few miles southeast of the Fall Line was
noted by Brown and Brown ( 1984 : map page
xxii). We believe that the presence at BARC of
both Coastal Plain and Piedmont species has made
identification problems more difficult, a
circumstance that deserves further study. In
making identifications of vascular plants we relied
heavily on the floras by Brown and Brown (1972,
1984), Gleason and Cronquist (1991), Radford et
al. (1968), Voss (1972, 1985), the atlas by Harvill
et al. (1992), and other floras and monographic

studies. A study of the vegetation of the
neighboring Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
(Hotchkiss and Stewart 1979) was helpful as a
basis of comparison with the BARC flora.

Species in certain difficult groups were
determined as follows: Panicum (Michel Lelong);
Car ex (Neil Harriman, Richard Spjut); Poa (Rob
Soreng); Eragrostis (Paul Peterson); Nymphaea
and Nuphar (John Wiersema); Festuca
trachyphylla (Stephen Darbyshire); and other
problematical species (Charles Davis). Lemnaceae
were done by Reveal. Juncus and Cyperaceae
(except Carex) were reviewed or identified by
Strong. Poaceae were treated by Terrell, except as
cited above. Spjut collected and identified all
mosses and lichens, but these were not as
extensively surveyed as the vascular flora.
Specimens are deposited in the following
herbaria: MARY, US, or OSH (Carex).

Common names were included if a species had a
well-established common name, but we attempted
to avoid contrived names, whether part of
extensive lists or from other sources.

Noteworthy species

Certain weeds deserve special note because of
their intrusive and pernicious characteristics.
Microstegium vimineum, an Asian grass, has
become widely distributed in the eastern U. S.
(Redman 1995). On BARC it has blanketed
roadsides and invaded many areas of forest, e.g.,
in the Bottomland Research Forest south of
Beaver Dam Road. This annual grass produces
many individual plants that cover the ground,
hence the common name coined here, cover-all
grass; it has also been called stilt grass and
Nepalese browntop. Polygonum perforatum, mile-
a-minute weed, is also troublesome (Oliver 1996).
It climbs over other vegetation and forms a solid
blanket of prickly stems. It invades fairly rich
forests wherever it finds open disturbed areas,

9

such as canopy gaps created by gypsy moth
infestations. The long-familiar Lonicera japonica,
Japanese honeysuckle, persistently invades
forests, meadows, and fields.

Two shrubs or small trees of cultivated species are
unusually aggressive in producing seedlings:
Viburnum dilatatum, an attractive ornamental, has
become locally frequent on the Central Farm; and
Malus toringo has invaded meadows and fields.

We have noted the recent absence or reduction in
numbers of formerly more frequent species (e.g.,
Cypripedium acaule and Smilacina racemosa).

We believe that the over-abundance of deer on
BARC has been responsible for part of this
disappearance. Another factor affecting the
vegetation has been gypsy moth depredations,
especially in the late 1 980's and early 1990's. A
number of oaks and other kinds of trees were
damaged or killed in this infestation. Certain
mosses previously observed in the 1970’s by Spjut
were judged to be much less abundant in recent
years, a circumstance possibly attributable to acid
rain.

Certain species are listed as rare in the state in the
two Maryland floras (Brown and Brown 1972 ,
1984). Data on rare species were also provided by
the Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
and have enabled us to focus on the more
noteworthy species occurring on BARC, whether
or not they are rare regionally or statewide.

Several species occur in the sphagnum bogs
designated previously as Powerline Bogs 1 and 2,
located at a tributary of Beaver Dam Creek in the
Deciduous Research Forest. These species that
grow in this unusual habitat include the following:
Woodwardia virginica, Bartonia paniculata,
Eupatorium pilosum, Solidago latissimifolia,
Rhynchospora microcephala, Sarracenia

purpurea, Xyris difformis, and Utricularia
subulata..

Grass species not recorded from the state by
Brown and Brown (1984) include Echinochloa
colona (a pantropical weed extending its range
northward), and the European or Eurasian taxa,
Festuca trachyphylla and Boa pratensis subsp.
angustifolia. Species occurring naturally only in
the meadows around the National Agricultural
Library include Eragrostis hirsuta and Euphorbia
ipecacuanhae. Other species in BARC in various
habitats include Cyperus lancastriensis, C. iria,
Ophioglossum pycnostichum , Cruciata
pedemontana, Kalmia angustifolia, Krigia
dandelion, Juncus brachycarpus, J. diffusissimus,
Veratrum viride, Viola brittoniana, and
Chenopodium leptophyllum.

Summary of taxa

The total number of plant taxa, including species,
subspecies, and varieties, found on BARC is 901.
Of these, 13 are lichens, 71 mosses, 24 ferns and
fern allies, 7 gymnosperms, and 786 angiosperms
including 526 dicots and 260 monocots. The total
number of vascular plants is 817. In addition, 32
(29 dicots, 3 monocots) angiosperm species
(denoted by asterisks) were planted in the
meadows and did not occur elsewhere in BARC.
Excluding the 32 planted species, the number of
species of vascular plants designated as “rare” is
141 or 17% of the total (817). The number of
species designated as “rare or infrequent” is 1 2 or
1.5%. The total of these two categories is 18.5%.
Many of these species are Eurasian weeds. Others
are native species that may be scarce or rare in
Maryland.

Definitions and Symbols

The following terms designate the approximate
number of sites where a species occurs. A site is
defined here as usually a relatively small area with
one to many plants. Sometimes a species occupies

10

one large area. For example, Panax trifolius
occurs only in the Indian Creek swamp forest, but
it is scattered within that forest; this is described
as rare but locally frequent. Designations of
frequency are as follows: Rare — 1 site;

Infrequent — 2-4 sites; Occasional — 5-
approximately 7 sites; Common — generally
distributed in suitable habitats; and Abundant or
Locally Abundant — many individuals usually
occurring at each site. Common and Abundant

means that a species is widely distributed and also
locally abundant. For some adventive or escaped
naturalized species, for aquatic species, and for
some lichens and mosses we sometimes omit a
frequency estimate and merely list the locations.
The term meadows refers only to the experimental
meadows, whereas the term fields has a more
general meaning. For some species we refer to
both fields and meadows. An asterisk (*) denotes
a species planted in the experimental meadows.

11

List of the flora

Division Ascomycophyta — Lichens

Division Ascomycophyta — Lichens

Cladina subtenuis (Abbayes) Hale & Culb.
Locally abundant: edges of pine forests on sandy
soil, East Farm.

Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Florke
Rare: soil bank along Odell Road, Central Farm.
Cladonia chlorophaea (Florke ex Sommerf.)
Spreng.

Occasional: road banks, deciduous forests.
Cladonia cristatella Tuck.

Occasional: road banks, deciduous forests.
Cladonia incrassata Florke
Infrequent: decaying logs, bottomland forests.
Cladonia ochrochlora Florke
Occasional: bases of trees, decaying logs.
Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm.

Occasional: decaying logs in bottomland forests.

Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J. R. Laundon
Rare: rotting log in upland deciduous forest.

Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.

Common: shaded road banks.

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
Trunks of old hardwood trees along roads and
forest edges, Bottomland Research Forest.

Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl.

Rare: bark of old tree in ravine forest.

Physcia millcgrana Degel.

Rare: bark of old tree among mosses.

Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog
Occasional: trunks of old hardwood trees, often
occurring with Flavoparmelia caperata, forest
margins near ponds and pastures.

Division Bryophyta — Mosses

Amblystegium riparium (Hedw.) Bruch,
Schimp. & W. Giimbel

Wet soil along old dirt road in coniferous forest,
Airport.

Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp.
& W. Giimbel

Tree roots in pasture, Poultry Road.

Amblystegium tenax (Hedw.) Jenn.

Sandy soil in coniferous forest off Springfield
Road near Airport.

Amblystegium trichopodium (Schultz) C.
Hartm.

Old cement foundation in forest north of Poultry
Road.

Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb.

Locally frequent: pavement of deteriorated road
in hardwood forest north of Poultry Road.

Anomodon attenuatus (Hedw.) Huebener

Infrequent: near base of old trees in ravine
forests.

Atrichum angustatum (Brid.) Bruch, Schimp. &
W. Giimbel

Common: forming strips along road and along
creek banks in bottomland forests.

Atrichum crispum (James) Sull.

Occasional: wet soil of sphagnous places, shady
creek banks, Beaver Dam Creek, Indian Creek,
Beck Lake.

Aulacomnium heterostichium (Hedw.) Bruch,
Schimp. & W. Giimbel

Old shady road-cut along Springfield Road, East
Farm.

Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr.

Common: especially with sphagnum in wet
pastures, meadows, hardwood forests.

Barbula convoluta Hedw.

Weathered foundation of old building near
Building 476, Central Farm.

Barbula fallax Hedw.

Shady soil bank, Biocontrol Road, Central Farm.

Bartramia pomiformis Hedw.

Rare: once collected on shady road cut along
Springfield Road, East Farm, now a developed
area.

12

List of the flora

Brachythecium laetum (Brid.) Bruch, Schimp. &

W. Giimbel

Occasional: pastures with scattered trees or
carpeting old paved roads.

Brotherella recurvans (Michx.) Fleisch.

Bases of old trees, Beck Lake, Airport.

Bryhnia novae.-angliae (Sull. & Lesq. ex Sull.)
Grout

Infrequent: branches or debris in dense shade
along creeks of bottomland forest, Indian
Creek.

Bryoandersonia illecebra (Hedw.) H. Rob.

Occasional: in pastures partially shaded by trees
and road banks in hardwood forest.

Bryum argenteum Hedw.

shaded soil of road-cut, edges of parking lots,
Building 01 1 A, North Farm; Odell Road,
Central Farm.

Bryum caespiticum Hedw.

Rare: wet pasture near margin of pine forest,
Powder Mill Road.

Callicladium haldanianum (Grev.) Crum

Wet tree bases, rotting wood, bare soil,
bottomland forest, Indian Creek.

Ceratodon purpureus Hedw.

Common: shaded bare soil near buildings,
partially shaded soil of pastures, cracks of
sidewalks, carpeting old paved roads.

Clasmatodon parvulus (Hampe) Hook.

Old foundation of building.

Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce

Rare: densely shaded soil along Indian Creek in
bottomland forest, Edmonston Road.

Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp.

Once common on BARC as a pioneer species
along roadbanks and mounds near forest
margins; occasionally seen since 1987.

Dicranum condensatum Hedw.

Rare: understory of hardwood forest near
junction of Odell and Springfield roads, not
seen since 1993.

Dicranum flagellare Hedw.

Occasional: old rotting wood, base of trees, in
hardwood forests along streams or about bogs.

Division Bryophyta — Mosses

Dicranum flagellare Hedw var. minutissimum

Grout

Occasional: base of trees in wet hardwood
forests.

Dicranum scoparium Hedw.

Formerly common, now occasional: Odell and
Springfield Roads near forest margins.

Ditrichum lineare (Sw.) Lindb.

Rare: soil of cut-over forest along Poultry Road.

Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) Mull. Hal.

Occasional: partially shaded rocks and old
concrete foundations; carpeting tar roofs of
buildings overgrown by vegetation.

Eurhynchium pulchellum (Hedw.) Jenn.

Shaded soil of road banks, Odell Road, Central
Farm.

Grimmia apocarpa Hedw.

Shaded pavement of road in hardwood forest
north of Poultry Road.

Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth.

Wet tree bases, bottomland forest, South Farm;
Indian Creek.

Haplocladium virginianum (Brid.) Broth.

Rare: wet rotting log, bottomland forest, South
Farm.

Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) P. Beauv.

Occasional: roof tops, on soil near edges of
pavements of parking lots.

Helodium paludosum (Sulk) Austin

Locally abundant: wet depressions in pasture
among grasses.

Hypnum curvifolium Hedw.

Rare: moist tree bases in dense shade, hardwood
forest, Odell Road, Central Farm.

Hypnum imponens Hedw.

Occasional: rotting logs, mostly in older growth
bottomland hardwood forests; Airport; Indian
Creek; Beck Lake.

Hypnum lindbergii Mitt.

Wet shady soil, bottomland forest, Indian Creek.

Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P. Beauv.

Rare: rotting logs in heath understory of
hardwood forest, Central Farm.

13

List of the flora

Division Bryophyta — Mosses

Isopterygium elegans (Sw.) Mitt.

Wet shaded soil in mixed conifer hardwood
forest, Beck Lake, not collected since 1983.

Isopterygium tenerum (Sw.) Mitt.

Wet soil, Beck Lake.

Leskea gracileseens Hedw.

Old partially shaded concrete foundations and
pavement, Poultry Road.

Leskea polycarpa Hedw.

Occasional: tree roots in partially shaded
pasture, Poultry Road.

Leucobryum albidum (Brid.) Lindb.

Occasional: tree bases, soil banks, margins of
old growth forests.

Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Angstr. ex E. M.
Fr.

Common: near margins of old growth forests of
pine and hardwoods.

Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T. J. Kop.

Formerly abundant along stream banks in
forests, now infrequent.

Plagiothecium cavifolium (Brid.) Z. Iwats

Formerly on soil of stream banks in forest off
Soil Conservation Road, East Farm; not
collected since 1976.

Platygyrium repens (Brid.) Bruch, Schimp. &

W. Giimbel

Old rotting wood in wet bottomland forests,
Beaver Dam Creek; Indian Creek.

Pleuridium subulatum (Hedw.) Rabenh.

Locally frequent: soil of old shady road and ant
mounds in older growth hardwood forest, Odell
Road, Central Farm.

x Pleuriditrichum marylandicum A. L.

Andrews & F. J. Herm.

One collection from South Farm.

Pogonatum pensilvanicum (Hedw.) P. Beauv.

Formerly locally frequent in road cuts in
hardwood forest, Odell Road; not seen since
1985.

Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb.

Bare soil near tree bases and on road cuts.

Polytrichastrum ohioense (Renauld & Cardot)

G. L. Smith

Common: partially shaded soil in mixed
hardwood and pine forests.

Polytrichum commune Hedw.

Common: shaded roadcuts, margins of forests,
boggy places, pastures, and meadows.

Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.

Rare: banks along Powder Mill Road, East Farm.

Polytrichum piliferum Hedw.

Infrequent: open siliceous soils of powerlines.

Pylaisiella polyantha (Hedw.) Grout
Occasional: on trunks of old trees in ravines.

Sematophyllum adnatum (Michx.) E. Britton
Infrequent: wet-decaying branches near ponds or
streams in bottomland forests, Edmonston
Road, Linkage Farm.

Sematophyllum demissum (Wils.) Mitt.

Rare: wet tree root near Beck Lake.

Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrenb.) Hedw.

Wet seepages in mixed pine and hardwood
forests, Odell Road; Airport.

Sphagnum compactum DC. ex Lam. & DC.

Beck Lake; Airport.

Sphagnum imbricatum Hornsch. ex J. L. Russell
Margins of Beck Lake.

Sphagnum palustre L.

Seepages along powerline near Beck Lake.

Sphagnum recurvum P. Beauv.

Shores of Beck Lake.

Sphagnum secundum Nees ex Sturm
Wet stream bank in forest, Odell Road, Central
Farm.

Sphagnum subsecundum Nees ex Sturm
Seepage along powerline track near Beck Lake;
Airport, occurring with Sphagnum palustre.

Steerecleus serrulatus (Hedw.) H. Rob.
Occasional: tree roots, old paved roads, concrete
foundations, and hardwood forests.

Thuidium allenii Austin
Rare: wet soil bordering pond in forest, below
Building 476, Central Farm.

14

List of the flora
Division Equisetophyta — Horsetails

Equisetaceae

Thuidium erectum Duby
T. delicatulum (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp. & W.

Glimbel, nom illeg.

Formerly common along stream banks in
hardwood forest, largely vanished since 1987;

still frequent in wet pastures and on bases of
trees in ravines.

Tortella humilus (Hedw.) Jenn.

Tree roots in pasture. Poultry Road.

Division Lycopodiophyta — Club-mosses and spike-mosses

Lycopodiaceae

Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill, ex A. Braun)
Holub — fan club-moss.

Lycopodium digitatum Dill, ex A. Braun
L. complanatum var.flabelliforme Femald
L. flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanch.

Common and abundant: forming continuous
stands over small areas of forest.

Lycopodiella appressa (Chapman) Cranfill —
appressed bog club-moss.

Lycopodium inundatum L. var. bigelovii Tuck.
Infrequent: Beck Lake shore; swamp adjacent to
Airport.

Lycopodium clavatum L. — running club-moss.
Infrequent to occasional: Coniferous and
Deciduous Research Forests; Entomology
Road.

Lycopodium obscurum L. — tree club-moss.
Common: forests, occasionally forming
continuous stands.

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring — meadow spike-
moss.

Rare: along stream in pine forest, Airport (in or
near the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center).

Division Equisetophyta — Horsetails
Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L. — field horsetail.
Infrequent: Beaver Dam Creek swamp; around
greenhouses and outbuildings, Entomology
Road.

15

List of the flora

Division Polypodiophyta — Ferns
Aspleniaceae

Division Polypodiophyta — Ferns
Aspleniaceae

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Stems, &
Poggenb. var. platyneuron — ebony
spleenwort.

Infrequent: forests of Central and East Farms.

Blechnaceae

Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore — netted
chain fern.

Occasional: moist forests and swampy areas.

Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. — Virginia chain
fern.

Rare: Powerline Bog 2, East Farm.

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore —
hay-scented fern.

Infrequent: open slope, South Farm; forests in
Central and East Farms.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn — bracken fern.
Occasional: forest edges and under powerlines.

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs —
spinulose wood fern.

D. spinulosa (0. F. Muell.) Watt

Occasional: moist deciduous forests, Central and
East Farms.

Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray — crested wood
fern.

Infrequent: deciduous forests along Entomology
Road and Indian Creek swamp forest.

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.

Gray — intermediate wood fern.

Occasional: deciduous forests, Central and East
Farms.

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott —
Christmas fern.

Common: moist forests.

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. — lace-frond
grape fern.

Occasional: open forests.

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. — rattlesnake
fern.

Occasional: open forests.

16

Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. Love
& D. Love — southeastern adder’ s-tongue.

Rare: local in deciduous forest at west end of
Bottomland Research Forest near Beaver Dam
Road.

List of the flora
Division Pinophyta — Gymnosperms

Pinaceae

Osmundaceae

Osmunda cinnamomea L. — cinnamon fern.
Occasional: moist forests and swamps.

Osmunda regalis L. — royal fern.

Occasional: wet forests and swamps.

Thelypteridaceae

Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. — -New
York fern.

Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray

Common: moist forests.

Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (G.
Lawson) Fernald — marsh fern.

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray

Infrequent: forest, Beck Lake.

Woodsiaceae

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mert. subsp.
asplenioides (Michx.) Hulten — southern lady
fern.

Occasional: rich forests.

Division Pinophyta — Gymnosperms

Cupressaceae

Juniperus virginiana L. — red cedar.

Common: roadsides, meadows, fields; seedlings
frequently invasive.

Onoclea sensibilis L. — sensitive fern.

Common: forest edges, thickets.

Pinaceae

Pinus echinata Mill. — yellow pine.

Rare: Coniferous Research Forest.

Pinus rigida Mill. — pitch pine.

Rare: Coniferous Research Forest.

Pinus taeda L. — loblolly pine.

Common: mixed forest.

17

List of the flora

Division Pinophyta — Gymnosperms
Pinaceae

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere — hemlock.
Small hill in the southeastern corner of the
Bottomland Research Forest, apparently
escaped from cultivation.

Pinus virginiana Mill. — Virginia pine.

Common and abundant: forests; seedlings occur
in early successional habitats.

Taxodiaceae

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. — bald cypress.
Planted: Research Road Mitigation Project near
Beck Lake; old planting downstream from
Beck Lake.

18

List of the flora

Notes

19

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Aceraceae

Division Magnoliophyta — Angiosperms
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Aceraceae

Acer negundo L. — box elder.

Occasional: lowland forests, edges, and as
seedlings in meadows.

Acer rubrum L. — red maple.

Common and abundant: often dominant in
riparian forests; invading meadows as
seedlings.

Acer saccharinum L. — silver maple.

Infrequent: along stream, South Farm; around
building, North Dairy Road; forest border,
Central Farm.

Adoxaceae

Sambucus canadensis L. — common elderberry.

Occasional: forest margins, moist thickets.

Viburnum dentatum L. var. dentatum — arrow-
wood.

Infrequent: lowland forests, South Farm;
Bottomland Research Forest.

Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Aiton —
arrow-wood.

V recognitum Fernald

Occasional: forests.

Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. — linden arrow-
wood.

Infrequent: a cultivated species from China and
Japan producing seedlings and locally frequent

in the forest by the pond at the end of
Entomology Road; spreading southwestward in
the forest along Entomology Road. One small
tree also found along Beaver Dam Road,
Bottomland Research Forest.

Viburnum lentago L. — nannyberry.

Rare: border of forest, Research Road, Central
Farm. Identification tentative.

Viburnum nudum L. — possum-haw, withe-rod.

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest;
powerline swamps in the Deciduous Research
Forest.

Viburnum prunifolium L.— black haw.

Occasional in forests.

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus albus L. — tumble-weed.

Infrequent: weedy in cultivated and waste
places.

Amaranthus blitum L. — purple amaranthus.

A. lividus L.

Infrequent: North Farm, Sellman Road meadow;
weed plot.

Amaranthus hybridus L. — smooth pigweed.

Common: weedy in cultivated fields.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. — redroot pigweed.

Occasional: weedy in cultivated fields.
Amaranthus spinosus L. — spiny amaranth.
Occasional: weedy in fields and waste places.

20

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Apocynaceae

Anacardiaceae

Rhus copallina L. — dwarf sumac.

Common: forest edges, roadsides, open places.
Rhus glabra L. — smooth sumac.

Occasional: forest edges, stream banks.

Rhus typhina L. — staghorn sumac.

R. hirta (L.) Sudw., nom. rej. prop.

Occasional: forest edges, stream banks.

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze — poison
ivy.

Rhus radicans L.

Common and abundant: forests, meadows, and
roadsides.

Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze — poison
sumac.

Rhus vernix L.

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest; Wetland
Research Forest; Powerline Bog 2.

Apiaceae

Cicuta maculata L. — water-hemlock.

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest and other
wet places.

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. — wild chervil.

Infrequent: lowlands, thickets; Indian Creek;
Beaver Dam Creek at Soil Conservation Road,
East Farm.

Daucus carota L. — Queen Anne's lace.

Occasional: fields, meadows and roadsides.

Hydrocotyle americana L. — American water
pennywort.

Infrequent: Central Farm: lowland forests along
branch of Beaver Dam Creek; forest at end of
Entomology Road.

Osmorhiza Iongistylis (Torr.) DC. — sweet cicely.
Formerly present in forests; not seen in 1997-
1999.

Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. — stiff cowbane.

Rare: powerline swamp, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Sanicula canadensis L. — black snakeroot.
Occasional: Indian Creek swamp forest; oak
forest at South Farm; Beck Lake area.

Apocynaceae

Apocynum cannabinum L. — hemp dogbane.
Common: fields and meadows.

Vinca minor L. — common periwinkle.

Infrequent: escape from cultivation.

21

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Aquifoliaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray — smooth
winterberry.

Rare: E. H. Walker 1341, 14 Sep 1930,

Beltsville Bog (MARY).

Ilex opaca Aiton — American holly.

Common: forest understory.

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray — winterberry.
Infrequent: lowland forests, South Farm;
Deciduous and Coniferous Research Forests.

Araliaceae

Aralia spinosa L. — Hercules'-club.

Rare: oak forest, South Farm.

Hedera helix L. — English ivy.

Occasional escape from cultivation.

Panax trifolius L. — dwarf ginseng.

Rare but locally frequent in Indian Creek swamp
forest.

Asclepiadaceae

Asclepias incarnata L. — swamp milkweed.

A. incarnata L. var. incarnata

A. incarnata L. var. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.)
Pers.

Occasional: fields, meadows, and ditches;
planted in certain meadows.

Asclepias syriaca L. — common milkweed.
Common: roadsides, fields, and meadows.

Asclepias tuberosa L. — butterfly weed.

Infrequent to occasional: fields and meadows; a
native species, but also planted in meadows on
North and Central Farms.

Asclepias viridiflora Raf. — green milkweed.
Infrequent: meadows near National Agricultural
Library and elsewhere.

Asteraceae

* Achillea filipendulina Lam. — golden yarrow,
fern-leaf yarrow.

Planted in meadows.

Achillea millefolium L. — yarrow.

Common: fields, meadows, and edges.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.— common ragweed.
Common: weedy in cultivated fields, meadows,
and waste places.

Ambrosia trifida L. — great ragweed.

Occasional: weedy places in lowlands.
Antennaria neglecta Greene var. neodioica
(Greene) Cronquist — field pussy-toes.
Occasional: meadows and fields.

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson
(sens, lat.) — plantain-leaved pussy-toes.

Common: roadsides, fields, meadows and lawns.

Anthemis arvensis L. — corn chamomile.

Infrequent: cornfields and waste places; locally
abundant in 1998 at South Farm.

Anthemis cotula L. — dog-fennel, stinking
chamomile.

Occasional: cornfields and waste places.

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. — common burdock.

Occasional: cultivated fields, meadows, and waste
places.

22

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Asteraceae

Artemisia annua L. — annual wormwood.

Rare: roadside weed, Central Farm.

Artemisia vulgaris L. — common mugwort,
wormwood.

Common: cultivated fields and waste places.

Aster:

Synonyms provided by Robinson represent a
more up-to-date taxonomic view, following
Nesom (1994).

Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. lanceolatus — tall
white aster.

Aster simplex Willd.

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom

Rare: Indian Creek swamp forest.

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton — calico aster.

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Nesom

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest; forest,
South Farm; Poultry Road Unseeded Meadow.

* Aster novae-angliae L. — New England aster.

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) Nesom

Planted: meadows on North and Central Farms.

Aster patens Aiton var. patens — late purple
aster.

Symphyotrichum patens (Aiton) Nesom

Meadows near National Agricultural Library.

Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus — white oldfield
aster.

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom

Common: meadows and fallow fields; planted in
meadows on North and Central Farms.

Aster puniceus L.

Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A. Love & D.
Love

Rare: ditch at South Farm.

Aster racemosus Elliott — small-headed aster.

A. vimineus Lam.

Symphyotrichum racemosum (Elliott) Nesom

Common: forest edges, roadsides, meadows,
fields.

Bidens bipinnata L. — Spanish needles.

Occasional: thickets, open places.

Bidens discoidea (Torr. & A. Gray) Britton —
small beggars-ticks.

Rare: shore of Beck Lake.

Bidens frondosa L. — common beggars-ticks.

Occasional: weedy places, swamps.

Bidens polylepis S.F. Blake — tickseed beggars-
ticks.

Common and abundant: forest edges, meadows,
ditches and roadsides, occupying both moist
and dry habitats. Also planted and proved
attractive in meadows.

Bidens tripartita L. (sens. Brown and Brown,
Radford et al.) — three-lobe beggars-ticks.

B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand

B. connata Muhl. ex Willd.

Infrequent: swamp along Beaver Dam Creek;
Beck Lake shore.

Carduus nutans L. — musk thistle.

Infrequent: fields at Airport; Poultry Road
Infield Meadow.

*Centaurea cyanus L. — garden cornflower.

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadows
and other meadows on Central Farm.

Centaurea maculosa Lam. — spotted knapweed.

Occasional: weedy places, roadsides; locally
abundant at Airport.

Chondrilla juncea L. — skeleton-weed, gum
succory.

Meadows near National Agricultural Library and
North Farm.

Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Elliott — Maryland
golden aster.

Occasional: roadsides, fields and meadows.

Cichorium intybus L. — chicory.

Common: roadsides, fields, and occasional in
meadows.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. — Canada thistle.

Occasional: noxious weed in cultivated fields,
meadows, and roadsides, forming large stands.

Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. —
field thistle.

Occasional: fields and meadows.

23

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Asteraceae

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. — Bull thistle.

Occasional: fields and meadows.

Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. — blue
mistflower.

Eupatorium coelestinum L.

Occasional: meadows and ditches.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist — horseweed.

Common: weedy in cultivated and fallow fields
and meadows.

* Coreopsis lanceolata L. — lance-leaved
coreopsis, longstalk tickseed.

Planted: meadows of West, Central, and Linkage
Farms, where it is increasing.

*Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. — golden tickseed.

Planted: scattered meadows.

Coreopsis verticillata L. — whorled tickseed.

Infrequent: oak forest. South Farm; Deciduous
Research Forest.

*Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. — cosmos.

Planted in certain meadows.

*Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench — purple
coneflower.

Planted: meadows on North, Linkage, Central,
and East Farms.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.— yerba-de-tajo.

E. alba (L.) Hassk.

Occasional: weedy in disturbed soil.

Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. — leafy
elephant's foot.

Occasional: Poultry Road meadows and oak
savanna; Eragrostis Hill Meadow near
National Agricultural Library; other meadows.

Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. —
fireweed.

Common: weedy in cultivated fields and
meadows.

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. — annual fleabane,
whitetop.

Common: weedy in cultivated and fallow fields
and meadows.

Erigeron philadelphicus L. — Philadelphia
fleabane.

Occasional: cultivated and fallow fields and
meadows.

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. — whitetop.

Common: weedy in cultivated and fallow fields
and meadows.

Eupatorium altissimum L.

Infrequent: roadside, Powder Mill and Soil
Conservation Service Roads, East Farm.

Eupatorium dubium Willd. ex Poir. — three-
nerved joe-pye-weed.

Infrequent: ditch at South Farm; powerline bogs,
Deciduous Research Forest.

Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt — hollow-
stemmed joe-pye-weed.

Infrequent to occasional: Entomology Road;
Beck Lake; North Farm along creek.

Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. — hyssop-leaved
thorough wort.

Common: along roadsides, increasing in
meadows and waste places.

Eupatorium maculatum L. — spotted joe-pye-
weed.

Rare: Indian Creek swamp forest.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. — boneset.

Occasional: meadows and moist places.

Eupatorium pilosum Walter — vervain
thoroughwort.

Rare: powerline bogs, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Eupatorium purpureum L. — sweet-scented joe-
pye-weed.

Occasional: meadows and woodland borders.

Eupatorium rotundifolium L. — round-leaved
thoroughwort.

Infrequent: forest, South Farm; Springfield Road
Meadow, East Farm.

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. — late-flowering
thoroughwort.

Common: meadows and waste places; planted in
Poultry Road meadows.

24

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Asteraceae

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. — flat-topped
goldenrod.

Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.

Occasional: powerlines and meadows on North
and Central Farms.

*GaiIlardia pulchella Foug. — blanket-flower.

Planted: meadows on Linkage and Central
Farms.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. — galinsoga.

Occasional: weedy in disturbed soil.

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. — fragrant
cudweed.

Occasional: roadsides, meadows, and fields;
planted in meadows on North and Central
Farms.

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. — low cudweed.

Infrequent: Beaver Dam powerline, and
elsewhere on Central Farm.

Helianthus tuberosus L. — Jerusalem artichoke.

Infrequent: two sites along Paint Branch Creek,
North Farm.

*Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton &
Rusby — camphor- weed .

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadows.

Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. — king devil.

H. pratense Tausch

Occasional: open places.

Hieracium gronovii L. — hawkweed.

Infrequent: meadows and fields.

Hieracium venosum L. — rattlesnake-weed, poor
robin's plantain.

Infrequent: Bottomland Research Forest; oak
forest, South Farm.

Hypochaeris radicata L. — cat's-ear.

Common: weedy in lawns and meadows.

Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt. — potato dandelion.

Rare or infrequent: grassy area along Biocontrol
Road near Beaver Dam Road, Central Farm.

Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. — dwarf dandelion.

Occasional: meadows, forest borders.

Lactuca canadensis L. — tall lettuce.

Infrequent: meadows and open places;
Springfield Road Meadow, East Farm.

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. — Florida blue
lettuce.

Infrequent: lowland thickets, bottomlands.

Lactuca saligna L. — willow-leaf lettuce.

Infrequent: weedy around buildings, Central
Farm; in pavements, Entomology Road.

Lactuca serriola L. — prickly lettuce.

Lactuca scariola L.

Common: obnoxious weed along roadsides; has
recently invaded meadows on North Farm.

*Leucanthemum maximum (Ramond) DC. —
Shasta daisy.

Chrysanthemum maximum Ramond

Planted: meadows on North and Central Farms,
flowering abundantly.

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. — oxeye daisy.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Common: fields and meadows.

Liatris graminifolia (Walter) Willd. — grass-
leaved blazing star.

Infrequent: roadside, Biocontrol Road, Central
Farm; Deciduous Research Forest powerline;
Springfield Road; planted in meadows on
North Farm.

* Liatris pycnostachya Michx. — thick-spiked
blazing star.

Planted: meadows on North Farm and National
Agricultural Library.

Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter —
pineapple weed.

Occasional: disturbed sites on Central Farm.

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. — climbing
hempvine.

Infrequent: Beaver Dam Creek swamp and
Bottomland Research Forest.

Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh — lion's foot, gall
of the earth.

Infrequent: Poultry Road savanna; Odell Road,
Central Farm.

25

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Asteraceae

*Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart— globular
coneflower.

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadow.

Rudbeckia hirta L. (sens, lat.) — black-eyed
susan.

Occasional: roadsides and open places; planted
in meadows on North, Central, and Linkage
Farms.

Rudbeckia laciniata L. — wild golden glow.

Rare: along Little Paint Branch Creek, North
Farm.

Senecio anonymus A.W. Wood — Small's
ragwort.

S. smallii Britton

Infrequent: Springfield Road meadow, East
Farm; Poultry Road oak savanna, Central
Farm.

Senecio vulgaris L. — common groundsel.

Occasional: cultivated fields and waste places.

Solidago caesia L. — axillary goldenrod.

Infrequent: Poultry Road Unseeded Meadow;
oak forest, South Farm; border of forests along
Beaver Dam Road near west bridge.

Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl.) Torr.
& A. Gray — tall goldenrod.

S. altissima L.

Occasional to common: roadsides, meadows,
fields.

Solidago erecta Pursh

Rare: forest border, South Farm.

Solidago juncea Aiton — early goldenrod.

Occasional: fields and meadows.

Solidago latissimifolia Mill.

S. elliottii Torr. & A. Gray

Rare: powerline bogs, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Solidago nemoralis Aiton — gray goldenrod.

Occasional: fields, meadows.

Solidago puberula Nutt. — dusty goldenrod.

Occasional: Powerline Meadow; Oak Barren;
Center Meadow; Deciduous Research Forest;
Biocontrol Road; Airport.

Solidago rugosa Mill. (sens, lat.) — wrinkle-
leaved goldenrod.

Occasional: fields and meadows; also planted in
Poultry Road meadows; variable, some plants
resembling subsp. aspera (Aiton) Cronquist.

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill — spiny-leaved sow-
thistle.

Occasional: fallow fields and meadows.

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H. Wigg. —
dandelion.

Common and abundant weed: roadsides, fields
and lawns.

Tragopogon dubius Scop. — fistulous goat's-
beard.

T. major Jacq.

Infrequent: Airport meadow and other meadows.

Tragopogon pratensis L. — yellow or showy
goat's-beard.

Rare: Fescue Meadow near National
Agricultural Library.

Tussilago farfara L. — colt's-foot.

Common: along moist roadsides.

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney —
wingstem.

Rare: along Paint Branch Creek, South Farm.

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. — New
York ironweed.

Occasional: meadows and fields.

Xanthium strumarium L. — cocklebur.

Occasional: roadsides, cultivated and fallow
fields.

Youngia japonica (L.) DC.

Crepis japonica (L.) Benth.

Rare: roadside, east end of Beaver Dam Road,
Central Farm.

26

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Boraginaceae

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens capensis Meerb. — -jewelweed.
I. biflora Walter

Occasional: moist or wet lowlands.

Berberidaceae

Berberis thunbergii DC. — Japanese barberry.
Occasional: forests and their borders as an
escape from cultivation.

Podophyllum peltatum L. — may-apple.
Occasional: deciduous forests and thickets.

Betulaceae

Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. — alder.

Rare or infrequent: riparian habitats, Indian

Creek swamp forest.

Betula nigra L. — river birch.

Common: riparian habitats and lowland forests.

Carpinus caroliniana Walter — American
hornbeam.

Common: forests.

Corylus americana Marshall — American
hazelnut.

Infrequent: lowland forests, Indian Creek swamp
forest; Entomology Road forest.

Bignoniaceae

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem, ex Bureau —
trumpet creeper.

Common: weedy places, fencerows, fields,
meadows.

Catalpa bignonioides Walter — southern catalpa.
Occasional: forest edges.

Boraginaceae

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnst. — corn
gromwell.

Lithospermum arvense L.

Occasional: roadsides and cultivated fields.
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill — mouse-ear
scorpion-grass.

Rare: grassy place, junction of Beaver Dam

Road and Research Road, Central Farm.

Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. — blue
scorpion-grass.

M. micrantha non Pall, ex Lehm.

Infrequent but locally abundant: cornfield. South
Farm; edge of fields in Central Farm.

*Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. — woodland
forget-me-not.

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadow.

27

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande —
garlic mustard.

A. officinalis Andrz. ex M. Bieb.

Common: roadsides and open forests.

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. — mouse-ear
cress.

Occasional: cultivated fields.

Barbarea verna ( (Mill.) Asch. — early
wintercress.

Cornfield on South Farm; roadside, East Farm;
may occur more frequently as there is a close
resemblance to the following species.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. — wintercress, yellow
rocket.

Common and abundant: weedy in cultivated
fields and meadows.

Capsella bursa- pastoris (L.) Medik. —
shepherd's purse.

Common weed in cultivated fields and disturbed
places.

Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. — cut-
leaved toothwort.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd.

Infrequent to occasional: Deciduous and
Bottomland Research Forests; Entomology
Road and Poultry Road forests.

Cardamine hirsuta L. — hairy bitter cress.

Common: weedy in cultivated fields, lawns,
meadows, disturbed soil.

Draba verna L. — whitlow-grass.

Common: weed in lawns and disturbed places.

Eruca sativa Mill. — garden rocket.

Upper Meadow of Building 01 1 A, North Farm.

Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. — plains
wallflower.

Rare: edge of Farm Operations Building;
parking lot near Log Lodge, Central Farm.

*Erysimum marshallii (Henfr.) Bois

Planted in meadows; received as Cheiranthus
allionii, a confused name.

*Hesperis matronalis L. — dame's rocket.

Planted: meadows near National Agricultural
Library.

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. — field cress.

Occasional: weedy places and edges of lawns.

Lepidium virginicum L. — poor-man's
peppergrass.

Common: cornfields, meadows and forest edges.

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser subsp. palustris —
common yellow-cress.

R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas, misapplied.

Occasional: weedy in meadows, fields and along
roadsides.

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. — hedge
mustard.

Rare: weed around Building 192 complex on
North Dairy Road, Central Farm.

Thlaspi arvense L. — field pennycress.

Occasional: weedy in moist open places.

Cabombaceae

Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. — water shield.
Beck Lake; Entomology Road Pond and in other
ponds.

28

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Caprifoliaceae

Callitrichaceae

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh — greater water-
starwort.

Swampy area at entrance to Airport; Beaver
Dam Creek at Soil Conservation Road, East
Farm.

Callitriche stagnalis Scop. — pond water
starwort.

Indian Creek at Sunnyside Road.

Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.)

Torr. & A. Gray — Carolina allspice.

Escaped from cultivation, Entomology Road.

Campanulaceae

Lobelia cardinalis L. — cardinal flower.

Occasional: wet places, especially along Beaver
Dam Creek and Beaver Dam Creek swamp;
planted in Entomology Road meadow.

Lobelia inflata L. — Indian tobacco.

Common: meadows, fields, open forests.

Lobelia puberula Michx. — downy lobelia.
Infrequent: powerline in the Entomology Road
area; Springfield Road Meadow; Airport.

*Lobelia siphilitica L. — great blue lobelia.

Planted: Springfield Road and Poultry Road
meadows; native, but not found on BARC in
native habitats.

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. — Venus's
looking-glass.

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.

Occasional: open places and in early succession
in meadows.

Cannabaceae

Humulus Iupulus L. var. pubescens E. Small —
hop.

Rare: bank of Little Paint Branch, North Farm.

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton
Escape from cultivation near Building 476,
Central Farm.

Lonicera japonica Thunb. — Japanese
honeysuckle.

Common and abundant: ubiquitous invasive
weed in various habitats.

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. — Maack's
honeysuckle.

Common: cultivated and naturalized mainly
along forest margins.

29

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera tatarica L. — Tartarian honeysuckle.
Established at edge of forest west of Building
01 1 A, North Farm.

Lonicera morrowii A. Gray — hairy-leaved
honeysuckle.

Common: cultivated and naturalized mainly
along forest margins.

Caryophyllaceae

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. — broad-leaf sandwort.

Occasional: weedy in disturbed soil.

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare
(Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet — mouse-ear
chickweed.

C. vulgatum L., misapplied

C. holosteoides Fries

Common: weedy in cultivated and disturbed
places.

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. — clammy
mouse-ear chickweed.

C. viscosum L.

Common: weedy in disturbed soil in open
places.

Dianthus armeria L. — Deptford pink.

Common: grassy areas and meadows.

* Dianthus barbatus L. — sweet william.

Planted in National Agricultural Library
meadows.

*Gypsophila muralis L. — cushion baby's breath.

Planted in National Agricultural Library
meadows.

Saponaria officinalis L. — soapwort.

Rare: bank of Little Paint Branch, North Farm.

Scleranthus annuus L. — knawel.

Common: weedy in disturbed soil in lawns and
meadows.

Silene antirrhina L. — sleepy catchfly.

Rare: weedy field at Airport.

* Silene armeria L. — sweet william catchfly.

Planted: in meadows, persisting and escaping.

Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter
& Burdet — white campion.

Lychnis alba Mill.

Occasional: roadsides and fields.

Spergula arvensis L. — corn spurrey.

Rare: meadow near National Agricultural
Library.

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl —
sand-spurrey.

Rare: weed in cultivated fields at South Farm
( Terrell & Winters s.n., 13 Jun 1975, MARY).
Not seen in recent years.

Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. — giant chickweed.

Rare: forest border, east end of Bottomland
Research Forest.

Stellaria graminea L. — common stitchwort.

Infrequent: meadows.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (sens, lat.) — chickweed.

Common and abundant weed in open and grassy
places.

Celastraceae

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. — Oriental
bittersweet.

Infrequent to occasional, sometimes locally
abundant: climbing on vegetation, South and
Central Farms.

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold — winged
euonymus.

Infrequent: naturalized, established along forest
margins on Entomology Road; vicinity of
waste-water treatment area, Central Farm.

30

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Clusiaceae

Euonymus americanus L. — strawberry bush.
Occasional: forests, especially on Central Farm.

Euonymus europaeus L. — European spindle-
tree.

Entomology Road area, where possibly planted.

Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex patula L. — halberdleaf orach,
spearscale.

Infrequent: weed in cultivated plots at North

Farm; pavements, waste-water treatment area.
Central Farm.

Chenopodium album L. — lamb's-quarter.

Common: weed on disturbed soil, growing to 2.5
m in Sellman Road Compost Meadow.

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. — epazote,
wormseed.

Occasional: weedy places.

Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) S.

Watson— narrow-leaf goosefoot.

Infrequent: Central Farm: weedy around

Building 192 complex. North Dairy Road;
waste-water treatment area.

Cistaceae

Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. —
frostweed.

Infrequent: Coniferous Research Forest,

Deciduous Research Forest powerline, and
edges of forests in Entomology Road area.

Clethraceae

Clethra alnifolia L. — sweet pepper bush.

Common: bottomland and swamp forests.

Lechea minor L. — thyme-leaf pinweed.

Occasional: open places, margins of forests.
Lechea pulchella Raf. — Leggett's pinweed.

L. leggettii Britton & Hollick

Infrequent: Deciduous Research Forest under
powerline; Powerline Meadow, Central Farm.

Clusiaceae

Hypericum canadense L.

Occasional: moist places under powerlines at
Central and East Farms.

Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton, Sterns, &
Poggenb. — pineweed.

Infrequent: under powerlines and in meadows.

Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz — St.
Andrew's cross.

Ascyrum hypericoides L.

Occasional: meadows and along powerlines.

31

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Clusiaceae

Hypericum mutilum L. — dwarf St. Johnswort.
Infrequent: powerlines, moist or wet fields,
meadows and forests.

Hypericum perforatum L. — common St.

Johnswort.

Common: weedy in fields and waste places.
Hypericum punctatum Lam. — spotted St.
Johnswort.

Occasional: weedy in fields and waste places.

Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. — marsh St.
Johnswort.

Hypericum virginicum L.

Infrequent: wet places, Beck Lake and
elsewhere.

Convolvulaceae

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. — hedge bindweed.

Occasional: cultivated fields, stream banks.
Ipomoea coccinea L. — redstar.

Rare: cultivated plot, South Farm.

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. — ivy-leaved morning-
glory.

Occasional: weedy in waste places.

Ipomoea lacunosa L. — white morning-glory.
Infrequent: along railroad, Sunnyside Road;
roadside, Springfield Road, East Farm.

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey. — wild potato-
vine.

Infrequent: meadows and fields; Secret Meadow,
Central Farm; Deciduous Research Forest.

Cornaceae

Cornus amomum Mill. — knob-styled dogwood.
Infrequent: ditch, South Farm; Indian Creek
swamp forest.

Cornus florida L.— dogwood.

Common: forest understory.

Cuscutaceae

Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy — compact
dodder.

Infrequent: Beck Lake shoreline; meadows.

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. — dodder.
Infrequent: Bottomland Deciduous Forest and
Beaver Dam swamp.

Dipsacaceae

Dipsacus fullonum L. subsp. fullonum — Fuller's
teasel.

Rare: weedy places near Building 454, Central
Farm.

Dipsacus fullonum subsp. sylvestris (Huds.)
Clapham — teasel.

Infrequent: weedy places around buildings and
along ditches.

32

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Ericaceae

Ebenaceae

Diospyros virginiana L. — persimmon.
Occasional: forests, edges, and roadsides.

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. — oleaster, Russian
olive.

Occasional: roadsides and forest borders.

Ericaceae

The treatment of this family follows Luteyn et al. (1996).

Epigaea repens L. — trailing arbutus.

Occasional: stream banks, under powerlines, and
in forests.

Gaultheria procumbens L. — wintergreen.

Rare: Deciduous Research Forest. Not seen in
recent years.

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch —
black huckleberry.

Common: forests.

Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torr. & A.

Gray — dwarf huckleberry.

Occasional: forests.

Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A. Gray —
blue huckleberry, dangleberry.

Common: forests.

Kalmia angustifolia L. — sheep laurel.

Rare: sandy places under powerline near bogs,
Deciduous Research Forest.

Kalmia latifolia L. — mountain laurel.

Occasional: forests.

Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gray — fetterbush.

Infrequent: Coniferous Research Forest;
Entomology Road forests near pond.

Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. — male-berry.

Infrequent: Coniferous Research Forest; north
shore of Beck Lake; Airport.

Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don — staggerbush.

Infrequent: Coniferous Research Forest near
Beck Lake; north of Beaver Dam Road near
Springfield Road.

Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.)
Shinners — wild azalea, pinxter-flower.

R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr., nom. illeg.

Occasional: forests and along their borders.

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. — swamp
azalea.

Infrequent: moist or swampy forests and their
borders.

Vaccinium corymbosum L. — highbush
blueberry.

V. atrococcum (A. Gray) A. Heller

V. fuscatum Aiton, sens. Luteyn et al. 1996

Common: forests and their borders.

Vaccinium pallidum Aiton — low blueberry.

V. vacillans Aiton

Occasional: forests.

Vaccinium stamineum L. — deerberry.

Occasional: forests.

33

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha gracilens A. Gray — short-stalk
copperleaf.

Occasional: meadows and fields, especially
Poultry Road and National Agricultural Library
areas.

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. — rhombic
copperleaf.

Occasional: meadows and fields, as noted for
preceding.

Acalypha virginica L. — Virginia three-seed-
mercury.

Infrequent: meadows as noted for preceding.

Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small — spotted
spurge.

Euphorbia maculata L.

E. supina Raf.

Occasional: weed in waste places.

Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small
Euphorbia nutans Lag.

E. preslii Guss.

Occasional: weed in waste places.

Croton glandulosus L. — tooth-leaved croton.
Infrequent: along railroad, Sunnyside Road;
meadows near National Agricultural Library.
Euphorbia corollata L. — flowering spurge.

Common: fields, meadows, and along roadsides.
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L. — wild ipecac.

Rare: National Agricultural Library meadows.
Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter
Rare: meadow near Building 01 1 A, North Farm.

Fabaceae

Albizia julibrissin Durazz. — mimosa, silktree.

Occasional: escaping from cultivation.

*Amorpha canescens Pursh — lead-plant.

Planted and persisting in Poultry Road Meadow;
failed to persist in Building 01 1 A meadow,
North Farm.

Amorpha fruticosa L. — indigo bush.

Rare: under powerline, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald — hog
peanut.

Infrequent: lowland forest, Bottomland Research
Forest; Entomology Road forest.

Apios americana Medik.— groundnut.

Infrequent: moist places, stream banks, East
Farm.

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. — false indigo.

Infrequent: Odell Road west; Deciduous
Research Forest.

Cercis canadensis L. — redbud.

Rare: one tree by duckweed pond, SE of Log
Lodge, Central Farm.

Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene —
large-flowered partridge-pea.

Cassia fasciculata Michx.

Occasional: meadows.

Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench — small-
flowered partridge-pea.

Rare to infrequent: border of Deciduous
Research Forest; Beaver Dam Road, Central
Farm.

Coronilla varia L. — crown vetch.

Occasional: escaping from cultivation.

Crotalaria sagittalis L. — rattlebox.

Rare: Springfield Road Meadow, East Farm.

34

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Fabaceae

*Dalea purpurea Vent. — purple prairie-clover.

Petalostemon purpureus (Vent.) Rydb.

Planted in meadows.

Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. — hairy
small-leaved tick-trefoil.

Rare: oak savanna, Poultry Road.

Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. — naked-
flowered tick-trefoil.

Rare: forest at end of Entomology Road
(recorded in 1976). Not seen in later years.

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. — panicled
tick-trefoil.

Infrequent: thicket, Research Road; elsewhere
on East Farm.

Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino —
Korean lespedeza.

Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.

Occasional: weedy places, lawns, around
sidewalks.

Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. —
Japanese lespedeza.

Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) Hook. & Arn.

Common: weedy places, lawns, around
sidewalks.

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. — shrubby lespedeza.

Field on NASA land, adjacent to Coniferous
Research Forest; perhaps planted.

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don —
sericea lespedeza, Chinese bush-clover.

Common and abundant: roadsides, fields,
meadows.

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. — hairy bush-
clover.

Rare: open places, Deciduous Research Forest;
not seen in recent years.

Lespedeza procumbens Michx. — trailing bush-
clover.

Rare: Secret Meadow, end of Poultry Road,
Central Farm.

Lespedeza repens (L.) W.P.C. Barton — creeping
bush-clover.

Infrequent: Oak Barren North and Center,
Central Farm; Deciduous Research Forest.

Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton — slender bush-
clover.

Occasional: roadsides, fields; Airport; near
National Agricultural Library; Deciduous
Research Forest.

Lotus corniculatus L. — bird's-foot trefoil.

Occasional: grassy places, escape from
cultivation.

Lupinus perennis L. — wild lupine.

Rare: formerly west edge of Coniferous
Research Forest; not seen in recent years.

Medicago sativa L. — alfalfa.

Occasional: escape in cultivated fields and
meadows.

Melilotus albus Medik. — white sweet-clover.

Occasional: meadows and waste places.

Melilotus officinalis Lam. — yellow sweet-clover.

Occasional: meadows and waste places.

Robinia pseudoacacia L. — black locust.

Common: roadsides and borders of forests.

Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) H.S. Irwin &
Barneby — wild senna.

Cassia hebecarpa Fernald

Rare: Beaver Dam Creek swamp; planted in
meadows on North, Linkage and Central
Farms.

Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliott — annual
woolly-bean.

Rare to infrequent: meadows.

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. — goat’s rue.

Rare to infrequent: sandy places under
powerline, Deciduous Research Forest;
formerly seen in Coniferous Research Forest.

Trifolium arvense L. — rabbit-foot clover.

Infrequent: National Agricultural Library
meadows; waste-water treatment area, Central
Farm.

Trifolium campestre Schreb. — low hop-clover.

Common: edges of forests, powerlines, and
meadows.

35

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Fabaceae

Trifolium dubium Sibth. — low hop-clover.
Infrequent to occasional: meadows and weedy
places.

Trifolium hybridum L. — alsike clover.

Occasional: meadows.

Trifolium incarnatum L. — crimson clover.

Infrequent: escape in cultivated fields.
Trifolium medium L. — zigzag clover.

Rare: woodlot, Springfield Road, East Farm.
Trifolium pratense L. — red clover.

Common: fields, roadsides, and meadows.
Trifolium repens L. — white clover.

Common: lawns, pastures, and meadows.
Vicia grandiflora Scop. — bigflower vetch.
Rare: roadside near National Agricultural
Library.

Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. — narrow-
leaved vetch.

Vicia angastifolia L.

Common: meadows, roadsides, and cultivated
fields.

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. — four-seeded
vetch.

Occasional: meadows.

Vicia villosa Roth — hairy vetch.

Occasional: cultivated fields and meadows.

Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb. —
hairy-fruit winter vetch.

Vicia dasycarpa Ten.

Climbing on fence near Dairy area. Central
Farm.

Fagaceae

Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh. — American
chestnut.

Infrequent: mixed forests, persisting only as
sprouts and saplings.

Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. — chinquapin.

Infrequent to occasional: forest and their
borders.

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. — American beech.

Common: forests.

Quercus— oaks.

Some trees appear to be hybrids among Q.
marilandica, Q. falcata, or other species. Trees
with leaves resembling Q. lyrata may be
hybrids involving Q. stellata.

Quercus acutissima Carruth. — saw-tooth oak.

Planted near National Agricultural Library and
producing seedlings in meadows.

Quercus alba L. — white oak.

Common and abundant: a dominant forest tree
and the dominant oak in the oak savannas.

Quercus bicolor Willd. — swamp white oak.

Infrequent: Deciduous Research Forest, along
small stream, East Farm; one very large tree,
oak savanna, Poultry Road; Indian Creek
swamp forest.

Quercus coccinea Munchh. — scarlet oak.

Infrequent: forests; large trees on Central Farm.

Quercus falcata Michx. — southern red oak,
Spanish oak.

Occasional to common: forests and edges.

Quercus imbricaria Michx. — shingle oak.

Infrequent: border of Coniferous Research
Forest; Research Road, Central Farm.

Quercus marilandica Munchh. — blackjack oak.

Infrequent to occasional: forest borders and
thickets.

Quercus michauxii Nutt. — swamp chestnut oak.

Rare: forest north of former Food and Drug
Admin. (FDA) complex, Central Farm.

36

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Grossulariaceae

Quercus montana Willd. — chestnut oak.

Quercus prinus L., nom. ambig.

Occasional to common: dry forests; locally
abundant in former FDA complex, Central

Farm.

Quercus palustris Munchh. — pin oak.

Common: poorly drained forests; sometimes
planted.

Quercus phellos L. — willow oak.

Common: poorly-drained forests; sometimes
planted.

Quercus rubra L. — northern red oak.

Common: rich forests.

Quercus stellata Wangenh. — post oak.

Infrequent to occasional: forests and savannas.
Quercus velutina Lam. — black oak.

Occasional: forests.

Gentianaceae

Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. —
screwstem.

Rare: Powerline Bog 2, Deciduous Research

Forest.

Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns &

Poggenb. — yellow screwstem.

Rare to infrequent: powerline swamps in the
Deciduous Research Forest; formerly in boggy
places at Airport.

Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh — marsh pink.

Rare: Secret Meadow, Poultry Road.

Geraniaceae

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. — filaree.

Common and locally abundant: cultivated fields,
lawns and meadows.

Geranium carolinianum L. var. confertiflorum

Fernald — Carolina cranesbill.

Common: lawns and open places.

Geranium maculatum L. — spotted geranium.

Infrequent: moist forests, Entomology Road near
pond; forest, Research Road, Central Farm.
Geranium molle L. — dove-foot cranesbill.
Infrequent: around buildings, roadsides; waste-
water areas, Central Farm.

Geranium pusillum L. — small-flower cranesbill.
Rare to infrequent: around buildings North Dairy
Road, Central Farm.

Grossulariaceae

Ribes cynosbati L. — prickly gooseberry.

Rare: Indian Creek swamp forest, south of
Sunnyside Road.

37

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Haloragaceae

Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum aquaticum (Veil.) Verde. —
parrot's feather.

Infrequent: Entomology Road Pond; Beck Lake.

Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis virginiana L. — witch-hazel.

Rare: Entomology Road forest. Not seen in

1997, 1998.

Liquidambar styraciflua L. — sweet gum.
Common: dominant tree in poorly drained areas;
seedlings invade meadows.

Hydrangeaceae

Philadelphia coronarius L. — mock orange.

Ornamental species established along gravel
road paralleling Beaver Dam Creek, Research

Road, Central Farm.

Juglandaceae

Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet — pignut hickory.
Infrequent to occasional: Bottomland Research
Forest; Entomology Road forest, Central Farm;
savannas.

Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. — sweet pignut.

Large tree behind building on Poultry Road,

Central Farm.

Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. — mockernut
hickory.

C. alba (L.) Nutt., nom. ambig.

Occasional: Deciduous Research Forest; forest
along Entomology Road; adjacent to oak
savanna, Poultry Road.

Juglans nigra L. — black walnut.

Occasional: woodland and margins of forests.

Lamiaceae

Ajuga reptans L. — creeping bugleweed.

Escape from cultivation in forest near
greenhouses, end of Entomology Road.
Clinopodium vulgare L. — wild basil.

Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch

Rare: Beaver Dam Creek swamp, Central Farm.

Glechoma hederacea L. — gill-over-the-ground,
ground ivy.

Common and abundant: weedy in open places.
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. — American
penny royal.

Rare: Poultry Road oak savanna.

38

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Lauraceae

Lamium amplexicaule L. — henbit.

Common: weedy in cultivated fields, lawns and
waste places.

Lamium purpureum L. — purple dead-nettle.

Common and abundant: weedy in cultivated
fields, lawns and waste places.

Leonurus cardiaca L. — common motherwort.

Infrequent to occasional: edges of fields and
margins of forests.

Lycopus uniflorus Michx. — northern water-
horehound.

Rare: Beck Lake border.

Lycopus virginicus L. — water-horehound.

Occasional: moist or wet meadows.

Mentha x citrata Ehrh. — lemon mint.

Rare: in ditch, North Farm.

Mentha spicata L. — spearmint.

Infrequent: roadsides, N. Dairy Road; FDA
complex, Central Farm.

*Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. (sens, lat.) —
lemon beebalm.

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadows.

*Monarda didyma L. — scarlet beebalm.

Planted: North Farm meadow.

Monarda punctata L. — horsemint.

Infrequent: forest border on Research Road;
roadside on Springfield Road. Planted: Poultry
Road and Springfield Road meadows.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton — perilla.

Occasional: edges of cultivated fields, meadows
and along powerlines.

Prunella vulgaris L. — selfheal, heal-all.

Common: open places, forests.

*Pycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers. —
Clustered mountain-mint.

Planted: meadows on North and Central Farms.

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrader — narrow-
leaved mountain-mint.

Occasional: roadsides, powerlines, and
meadows; also planted in certain meadows.

Salvia lyrata L. — lyre-leaf sage.

Occasional: meadows, fields, under powerlines.

Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. — hairy
skullcap.

Rare: oak savanna, Poultry Road.

Scutellaria integrifolia L. — large skullcap.

Infrequent: Poultry Road savanna; Oak Barren
Meadow: Powerline Meadow and Secret
Meadow, Central Farm.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. — blue skullcap.

Infrequent: Beaver Dam Creek swamp;
Deciduous Research Forest.

Trichostema dichotomum L. — blue curls.

Infrequent: meadows, Airport; under powerlines.

Lauraceae

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume — spice bush. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees — sassafras.

Common and abundant: bottomland forests. Common: forests, hedgerows, and edges.

39

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Lentibulariaceae

Lentibulariaceae

Utricularia gibba L. — creeping bladderwort.

Margin of Beck Lake.

Utricularia subulata L. — zigzag bladderwort.

Rare: In mud, Powerline Bog 1, Deciduous
Research Forest.

Utricularia vulgaris L. — common bladderwort.
Shallow water, north side of Beck Lake.

Linaceae

*Linum lewisii Pursh — prairie flax.

Planted: meadows on North Farm.

Linum striatum Walter — ridged yellow flax.
Infrequent: open places; Beaver Dam Powerline
Meadow; edge of Deciduous Research Forest.

Magnoliaceae

Linodendron tulipifera L. — tulip tree.

Common and abundant: important forest tree.
Magnolia acuminata L. — cucumber tree.

Rare: forest along stream, Springfield Road, U.

S. Department of State, formerly USDA land.

Magnolia virginiana L. — sweetbay magnolia.
Occasional: Coniferous, Deciduous and Wetland
Research Forests; vicinity Beaver Dam Creek,
Central Farm; Indian Creek swamp forest.

Malvaceae

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. — velvetleaf.
Occasional: weedy in cultivated fields and other
open places.

Hibiscus moscheutos L. — Rose mallow.

H. pal us tr is L.

Infrequent: North Farm: bank of Little Paint

Creek; swamp near Beltway (1-495).

Hibiscus syriacus L. — Rose of Sharon.

Along Beaver Dam Creek, Central Farm,
escaped or planted.

Malva neglecta Wallr. — cheeses, common
mallow.

Occasional: weedy in waste places.

Melastomataceae

Rhexia mariana L. — Maryland meadow beauty.
Occasional: wet or moist meadows, often under
powerlines.

Rhexia virginica L. — meadow beauty.

Occasional: wet or moist meadows, often under
powerlines.

40

Molluginaceae

Mollugo verticillata L. — carpetweed.

Occasional: weedy in cultivated fields and waste
places.

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Oleaceae

Monotropaceae

Monotropa hypopithys L. — pinesap.

Rare: rich forests of the Patuxent Wildlife

Research Center (former BARC land) on the
southeastern edge of the Airport ( Broome

1423, MARY).

Monotropa uniflora L. — Indian pipe.

Infrequent: near Beck Lake; Entomology Road
forest.

Moraceae

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. — osage
orange.

Infrequent: thickets, borders, Deciduous

Research Forest in 1983; waste-water treatment
area in 1999.

Morus alba L. — white mulberry.

Common: forests, meadows and cultivated
fields.

Morus rubra L. — red mulberry.

Occasional: forests.

Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton — spatter
dock, yellow pond-lily.

Beck Lake and other ponds.

Nyssaceae

Nyssa sylvatica Marshall— black gum.

Common: forests.

Nymphaea odorata Aiton — fragrant water-lily.
Beck Lake (f. rubra (E. Guillon) Conard) and
other ponds, where the white form
predominates.

Oleaceae

Chionanthus virginicus L. — fringe tree.

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest;

Entomology Road forest.

Fraxinus americana L. — white ash.

Occasional to common: forests.

41

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Oleaceae

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall — red ash.

Rare: bottomland in waste-water treatment area,
Central Farm.

Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. —
border privet.

Escaped from cultivation; two collections from
Central Farm: Poultry Road; FDA complex.

Ligustrum quihoui Carriere

Escaped from cultivation; two collections from
Central Farm: Poultry Road; Entomology

Road.

Onagraceae

Circaea lutetiana L. subsp. canadensis (L.)

Asch. & Magnus— enchanter's nightshade.
Occasional: forests.

Epilobium coloratum Biehler — eastern willow-
herb.

Infrequent: wet meadows.

Ludwigia alternifolia L. — seedbox.

Infrequent: moist places; Springfield Road
Meadow.

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott — water purslane.

Occasional: wet places.

Oenothera biennis L. var. biennis — evening
primrose.

Common: weedy in waste places.

Oenothera fruticosa L. — narrow-leaved
sundrops.

Infrequent: swampy areas near Beck Lake;

Secret Meadow, Poultry Road.

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis — wood-sorrel.

Treatments of the yellow species differ widely.
Here we follow “Flora Europaea” (Young

1968). Oxalis europaea Jordan is expected to
occur here, but existing specimens were
identified as O. stricta.

Oxalis grandis Small — great yellow wood-sorrel.

Rare: Airport bog.

Oxalis stricta L. — upright wood-sorrel.

Oxalis dillenii Jacq.

Common: fields, meadows, open forests.

Oxalis violacea L. — violet wood-sorrel.

Infrequent to occasional: forests and open
places.

Papaveraceae

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. — pale corydalis.

Rare: border of forest along Beaver Dam Creek
east of Research Road, Central Farm.

*Eschscholzia californica Cham. — California
poppy.

Planted in National Agricultural Library
meadows.

*Papaver nudicaule L. — Iceland poppy.

Planted in National Agricultural Library
meadows

42

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Polygalaceae

*Papaver rhoeas L. — com poppy.

Planted in National Agricultural Library
meadows.

Sanguinaria canadensis L. — bloodroot.
Infrequent: Central Farm: forest at NW end of
Beaver Dam Road; along Beaver Dam Creek,
Research Road.

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L.— pokeweed.

Common: weedy in cultivated fields and
meadows.

Plantaginaceae

Plantago aristata Michx. — bracted plantain.
Occasional: poor sandy soils of lawns and
meadows.

Plantago lanceolata L. — buck plantain.

Common and abundant: weedy in fields,
meadows, and lawns.

Plantago major L. — common plantain.

Weedy in cultivated fields, meadows, and lawns.
Plantago rugelii Decne. — Rugel's plantain.

Weedy in cultivated fields, meadows, and lawns.
Plantago virginica L. — hoary plantain.
Occasional: cultivated fields and waste places.

Platanaceae

Platanus occidentalis L. — sycamore.

Common: bottomland forests.

Polemoniaceae

*Phlox maculata L. — meadow phlox.

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadow.

Phlox paniculata L.

Escaped from cultivation on Powder Mill Road.

Polygalaceae

Polygala curtissii A. Gray — Curtiss's milkwort. Polygala lutea L. — orange milkwort.

Occasional: meadows, open poorly drained Rare: Airport bog; not seen recently,

places and under powerlines, Central and East
Farms.

43

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Polygalaceae

Polygala mariana Mill. — Maryland milkwort.
Infrequent: meadows, open poorly drained
places and under powerlines in Central and
East Farms.

Polygala nuttallii Torr. & A. Gray — Nuttall’s
milkwort.

Rare: under powerline, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Polygonaceae

Polygonum arenastrum Jordan ex Boreau —
oval-leaf knotweed.

Weedy around buildings, North Dairy Road,
Central Farm; Springfield Road Meadow, East
Farm.

Polygonum arifolium L. — halberd-leaved
tearthumb.

Occasional: wet places.

Polygonum aviculare L. — prostrate knotweed.

Weedy in lawns, cultivated fields, and meadows.

Polygonum bellardii All. — narrowleaf knotweed.

P. neglectum Besser

Cultivated field, Central Farm.

Polygonum cespitosum Blume— Oriental lady's
thumb.

Common: weedy in forests and open places.

Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. —
Japanese knotweed.

Occasional: roadsides.

Polygonum hydropiper L.

Rare: moist or wet places, Deciduous Research
Forest at west end of power line.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. — swamp
smartweed.

Occasional: wet places.

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Rare: border of waste-water treatment pond,
Central Farm.

Polygonum pensylvanicum L. — Pennsylvania
smartweed.

Occasional: wet places.

Polygonum perfoliatum L. — mile-a-minute
weed.

Common and abundant: pernicious weed in
edges, meadows, fields, and open places in
forests.

Polygonum persicaria L. — spotted lady's thumb.

Occasional: forests and meadows.

Polygonum punctatum Elliott — dotted
smartweed.

Common: wet places.

Polygonum sagittatum L. — arrow-leaved
tearthumb.

Occasional: wet places.

Polygonum scandens L. — climbing false
buckwheat.

Rare: on fence, Springfield Road, East Farm.

Polygonum virginianum L. — jumpseed.

Infrequent: moist forest, Log Lodge forest
complex; Beaver Dam Creek drainage, Central
Farm.

Rumex acetosella L. — common sheep-sorrel.

Common: cultivated fields, lawns, forest edges
and meadows.

Rumex crispus L. — curly dock.

Common: weedy in open places.

Rumex obtusifolius L. — bitter dock.

Common: weedy in open places.

44

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Ranunculaceae

Portulacaceae

Claytonia virginica L. — spring-beauty.

Common, sometimes locally abundant,
especially along Entomology Road, Central

Farm.

Portulaca oleracea L. — purslane.

Common: weedy in cultivated plots, early
successional fields and other open places.

Primulaceae

Anagallis arvensis L. — scarlet pimpernel.

Infrequent: grassy or waste places and in early
succession in meadows.

Lysimachia quadrifolia L. — whorled loosestrife.
Infrequent: Odell Road; Deciduous and
Bottomland Research Forests.

Pyrolaceae

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh — spotted
wintergreen.

Occasional: acid upland forests.

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton —
pipsissewa.

Infrequent: Deciduous Research Forest;
Entomology Road.

Ranunculaceae

Anemone quinquefolia L. — wood anemone.

Rare: Indian Creek swamp forest near Sunny side
Road (one plant seen in 1997).

Clematis virginiana L. — virgin's bower.

Infrequent: meadows and open places.

Ranunculus abortivus L. — small-flowered
crowfoot, kidney-leaf buttercup.

Common: meadows, forests and cultivated
fields.

Ranunculus bulbosus L. — bulbous buttercup.

Common and abundant: lawns, roadsides,
meadows, and fields.

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. — bristly buttercup.

Rare: forest at Entomology Road pond.

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. — hooked crowfoot.

Infrequent: lowland forests, Indian Creek swamp
forest; Entomology Road.

Ranunculus sardous Crantz — hairy buttercup.

Infrequent: weedy around buildings. North Dairy
Road and waste-water area, Central Farm; field
at Airport.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. — cursed buttercup.

Occasional: moist or wet places.

Thalictrum pubcsccns Pursh — tall meadow-rue.

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest;
Bottomland Research Forest; along a tributary
of Beaver Dam Creek north of Entomology
Road.

Thalictrum thalictroidcs (L.) Eames & Boivin —
rue anemone.

Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach

Rare: forest near pond at end of Entomology
Road.

45

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Rhamnaceae

Rhamnaceae

Ceanothus americanus L. — New Jersey tea.
Rare: Poultry Road savanna.

Rhamnus cathartica L.

Along trail around Log Lodge pond, Central
Farm, where possibly planted.

Rosaceae

Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald —
shadbush, serviceberry.

Occasional: well-drained forests and their
borders.

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. — shadbush,
serviceberry.

Infrequent: Central Farm: forests and their
borders, Odell Road; Biocontrol Road area.

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. — red chokeberry.

Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f.

Infrequent: Deciduous and Bottomland Research
Forests.

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott — black
chokeberry.

Reported in 1976; not seen in recent years.

Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke — Indian
strawberry.

Common: lawns, meadows.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne — wild or Virginia
strawberry.

Common: meadows, fields, and powerlines.

Geum canadense Jacq. — white avens.

Infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest;
Entomology Road area; forest, South Farm.

Mains toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese —
Toringo crab-apple.

Mains sieboldii (Regel) Rehder

Pyrus sieboldii Regel

Common and prolific weedy escape from
cultivation, a shrub or small tree invading
meadows and fields.

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. — ninebark.

Escaped from cultivation, Entomology Road.

Potentilla argentea L. — silver-leaf cinquefoil.

Infrequent: weedy in National Agricultural
Library meadows; also North Dairy Road and
FDA complex, Central Farm.

Potentilla canadensis L.— dwarf cinquefoil.

Common: along powerlines, fields, and
meadows.

Potentilla norvegica L. var. hirsuta (Michx.)
Lehm. — rough cinquefoil.

P. monspeliensis L.

Infrequent: East Bidens Meadow; Springfield
Road field.

Potentilla recta L. — upright cinquefoil.

Occasional: meadows; near National
Agricultural. Library; FDA complex, Central
Farm.

Potentilla simplex Michx. — oldfield cinquefoil.

Common: lawns, meadows.

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch — peach.

Border of forest opposite Log Lodge Visitors
Center; North Cherry Hill Meadow.

Prunus serotina Ehrh. — black cherry.

Common forest tree; seedlings invading
meadows and fields.

Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ — Bradford
pear.

Planted: invading meadows, thickets and forest
borders.

46

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Rubiaceae

Rosa multiflora Thunb. — multiflora rose.

Common: meadows, fields, thickets, spreading
rapidly and becoming locally abundant.

Rosa virginiana Mill. — pasture rose.

Infrequent: Bottomland Research Forest;
meadow south of National Agricultural
Library.

Rubus allegheniensis Porter — Allegheny
blackberry.

Common: fields and meadows, a pernicious
weed.

Rubus argutus Link — southern blackberry.

Infrequent: FDA complex, Central Farm.

Rubus enslenii Tratt. — southern dewberry.

Occasional: mixed forests.

Rubus flagellaris Willd. — northern dewberry.

Infrequent: mixed forests and along edges,
Entomology Road and elsewhere.

Rubus hispidus L. — bristly dewberry.

Occasional: poorly-drained places in meadows
and forests.

Rubus occidentalis L.— black raspberry.

Infrequent: mixed forests.

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. — Pennsylvania
blackberry.

Infrequent: FDA complex, Central Farm.

Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. — wineberry.

Infrequent: two colonies; established at
Deciduous Research Forest under powerline
near bog; forest on south side of Beck Lake.
These plants are somewhat atypical.

Sanguisorba canadensis L. — Canadian burnet.

Rare: along stream on North Farm. Not seen in
recent years; probably extirpated.

Rubiaceae

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. — buttonbush.
Infrequent: Beck Lake area; drainage from the
National Agricultural Library pond; Airport.
Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. — tiny-
flowered bedstraw.

Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All.

Rare: Poultry Road oak savanna.

Diodia teres Walter — buttonweed.

Common: weedy in fields, lawns and meadows.
Galium aparine L. — cleavers.

Common: meadows and forests.

Galium circaezans Michx. — wild licorice.

Infrequent to occasional: forests.

Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. — Clayton's
bedstraw.

Infrequent to occasional: moist or wet places.

Galium triflorum Michx. — sweet-scented
bedstraw.

Infrequent: forests, Coniferous Research Forest;
Entomology Road.

Houstonia caerulea L. — bluets.

Common: roadsides, lawns, meadows, and open
forests.

Houstonia purpurea L. var. purpurea — Venus'-
pride, large houstonia.

Infrequent: Poultry Road savanna; edge of
forest, Beaver Dam Road; Secret Meadow,
Central Farm.

Mitchella repens L. — partridgeberry.

Common: forests.

47

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Salicaceae

Salicaceae

Populus alba L. — white or silverleaf poplar.

Planted or escaped, Coniferous Research Forest.
Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall —
cottonwood.

Rare: large tree along stream, waste- water
treatment area, Central Farm.

Populus grandidentata Michx. — large toothed
aspen.

Occasional: borders of forests.

Salix babylonica L. — weeping willow.

Waste-water treatment area, Central Farm.
Salix nigra Marshall — black willow.

Common: along streams, moist thickets.

Santalaceae

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. — bastard
toadflax.

Infrequent: powerline in Deciduous Research
Forest; forest at end of Entomology Road.

Sarraceniaceae

Sarracenia purpurea L. — pitcher plant.

Rare or infrequent: Beck Lake, one plant seen in
1983; Powerline Bog 1, Deciduous Research
Forest, three plants seen in 1999, one
flowering. Origin of this species unknown;
possibly introduced some years ago.

Saxifragaceae

Penthorum sedoides L. — ditch stonecrop.
Infrequent: Central Farm: Beaver Dam Creek
swamp and drainage to the west; waste-water
area.

Scrophulariaceae

Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell — purple agalinis.
Rare: field at Airport in 1976. Not seen in recent
years.

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange — dwarf
snapdragon.

Rare: along railroad, Sunnyside Road.

48

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Solanaceae

Chelone glabra L. — turtlehead.

Rare: wet places, drainage leading to Beck Lake.

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. — sharpleaf
cancerwort.

Rare: weedy places, Central Farm.

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Cours. — blue
toadflax.

Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton

Common: meadows and fields, often in sandy,
poor soil.

Linaria vulgaris Mill. — butter-and-eggs.

Infrequent: weedy places, Airport, and
elsewhere.

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (sens, lat.) — false
pimpernel.

Rare: wet places, Poultry Road, Central Farm.

Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium
Bart. — broad-leaf cow-wheat.

Infrequent: Deciduous Research Forest, under
powerlines.

Mimulus alatus Aiton — sharp-wing monkey
flower.

Infrequent: swampy area, Poultry Road; Beaver
Dam swamp.

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. — imperial
tree, empress tree.

Infrequent: fencerows and forest margins.

Penstemon digitalis Nutt, ex Sims — foxglove
beard-tongue.

Infrequent: powerline north of Entomology
Road; Airport; meadow near National
Agricultural Library.

Verbascum blattaria L. — moth mullein.

Occasional: roadsides and in meadows.
Verbascum thapsus L. — great mullein.

Occasional: open places.

Veronica agrestis L. — field speedwell.
Occasional: weedy places; Odell West;
Bottomland Research Forest.

Veronica arvensis L. — corn speedwell.

Common: weedy in waste places.

Veronica hederifolia L. — ivy-leaf speedwell.
Occasional: Indian Creek swamp forest; other
lowland forests.

Veronica officinalis L. — common speedwell.

Common: open forests, savannas.

Veronica peregrina L. — purslane speedwell.

Occasional: weedy in waste places.

Veronica persica Poir. — bird's-eye speedwell.

Common: weedy in waste places.

Veronica polita Fr. — gray field speedwell.

Rare: lawn, Building 003, North Farm.

Veronica serpyllifolia L. — thyme-leaf speedwell.
Occasional: weedy in grassy places and
cultivated fields.

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle — tree-of-
heaven, copal-tree.

Common: forest margins.

Solanaceae

Datura stramonium L. — jimsonweed.
Occasional: weedy in cultivated fields,
roadsides, and waste places.

Physalis heterophylla Nees — clammy ground-
cherry.

Rare: around buildings northeast of Building
265, Central Farm.

49

List of the flora

Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons
Solanaceae

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mack.

& Bush) Cronquist — smooth ground-cherry.

P. subglabrata Mack. & Bush

Infrequent: meadows, E. Bidens Meadow,

Central Farm.

Sola n u m carolinense L. — horsenettle.

Common: weedy in fields and meadows.

Solanum dulcamara L. — climbing nightshade.

Occasional: edges of fields, thickets.

Solanum nigrum L. (sens. Gleason & Cronquist
1991) — black nightshade.

Infrequent: weedy around buildings, Central
Farm.

Ulmaceae

Ulmus americana L. — American elm.

Occasional: forests.

Ulmus rubra Muhl. — slippery elm.

Occasional: Bottomland Research Forest and
other lowland forests.

Ulmus viminalis Lodd. ex Bean — English elm.

U. procera Salisb.

Planted in National Agricultural Library oak
savanna and South meadows; producing many
seedlings.

Urticaceae

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. — false nettle.

Common: open moist or wet places.

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. —
Pennsylvania pellitory.

Infrequent: meadows, open forests.

Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray — clearweed, richweed.
Infrequent: bottomland forests and open places.

Urtica dioica L. var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.)
Wedd. — slender stinging nettle.

U. gracilis Aiton

Infrequent: Deciduous Research Forest and
Entomology Road area.

Valerianaceae

Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. — common corn-
salad, lamb's lettuce.

Common: cultivated fields and meadows, at
times abundant.

Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. — beaked corn-
salad.

Infrequent: Airport roadside; Cherry Hill North
Meadow; Sellman East Meadow, North Farm.

50

List of the flora
Class Magnoliopsida — Dicotyledons

Vitaceae

Verbenaceae

Verbena hastata L. — blue vervain.

Occasional: fields and meadows. Planted in

Poultry Road meadow.

Verbena urticifolia L. white vervain.

Occasional: fields and meadows.

Violaceae

Viola arvensis Murray — European field pansy.

Common: cultivated and fallow fields.

Viola brittoniana Pollard — Britton's violet.

Rare: Deciduous Research Forest under
powerline.

Viola cucullata Aiton — blue marsh violet.

Infrequent to occasional: Indian Creek swamp
forest, and other lowland forests.

Viola lanceolata L. — lance-leaved violet.

Infrequent to occasional: moist, wet, or boggy
places, East Farm, including Airport.

Viola palmata L. var. palmata — early blue
violet.

Rare: Poultry Road oak savanna.

Viola primulifolia L. — primrose-leaf violet.

Occasional: research forests; Entomology Road
meadow, sometimes appears to intergrade with
V. lanceolata.

Viola rafinesquii Greene — Rafinesque's wild or
field pansy.

Common and abundant: fields, meadows, and
lawns.

Viola sagittata Aiton — arrow-leaf violet.

Occasional: Poultry Road savanna; powerline
along Beaver Dam Road; Entomology Road
pond forest.

Viola sororia Willd. (sens. Gleason & Cronquist
1991 ) — hooded or dooryard violet.

V. papilionacea Pursh

Common: lawns and open grassy places, forests.

Vitaceae

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. —
Virginia creeper.

Common: forests and open places.

Vitis aestivalis Michx.

Deciduous Research Forest; around dairy
buildings; waste-water treatment area, Central
Farm.

Vitis labrusca L. — fox grape.

Occasional: thickets, forest borders.

Vitis riparia Michx. — riverbank grape.

Fencerow, Beaver Dam Road, Central Farm.

Vitis vulpina L. — winter grape.

Forest along Entomology Road, Central Farm.

51

52

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Araceae

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Alismataceae

Alisma subcordatum Raf.— American water-
plantain.

Infrequent: swampy lowlands, Beaver Dam
Creek, Central Farm; Airport meadow.

Sagittaria engelmanniana J. G. Sm. —
Engelmann's arrowhead.

Infrequent: spring area east of the Entomology
Road building complex and powerline swamps
in the Deciduous Research Forest.
Identifications tentative.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. latifolia —
broadleaf arrowhead.

Rare: Deciduous Research Forest.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. pubescens (Muhl.
ex Nutt.) J. G. Sm. — hairy broadleaf
arrowhead.

Infrequent: margins of Beck Lake; Bottomland
Research Forest; Beaver Dam Creek just south
of Beaver Dam Swamp; powerline bogs.

Alliaceae

Allium schoenoprasum L. — chives.

Escaped from cultivation in Secret Meadow,
Poultry Road, Central Farm.

Allium vineale L. — wild garlic.

Common and abundant: weedy in lawns and
grassy places.

Amaryllidaceae

Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. — daffodil.

Common: escapes freely from cultivation.

Araceae

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott — jack-in-the-
pulpit.

Occasional: rich forests.

Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott — arrow-arum.
Infrequent: swamp, Beaver Dam Creek at
Research Road (locally abundant); swampy
area, Soil Conservation Road.

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.

B arton — skunk-cabbage .

Common: swampy lowlands.

53

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Asparagaceae

Asparagaceae

Asparagus officinalis L. — asparagus.
Infrequent: cultivated fields and fencerows.

Commelinaceae

Commelina communis L. — dayflower.
Occasional: weedy in waste places.

Tradescantia virginiana L. — Virginia
spiderwort.

Rare: open place by Mitigation Area pond,
entrance to Airport.

Cyperaceae

Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke
Rare: under power line, oak barren savanna.
Central Farm.

Carex abscondita Mack.

Occasional: rich forests.

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng.

Infrequent: meadows, forests.

Carex albolutescens Schwein.

Infrequent: margins of forests.

Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell
C. vulpinoidea Michx. var. ambigua F. Boott
Common: dry meadows.

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.

Infrequent: moist to wet areas. Soil Conservation
Road and near the entrance to the Airport.
Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey var. atlantica
C. incomperta E. P. Bicknell
Occasional: swamps and marshes.

Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey var. capillacea (L.H.
Bailey) Reznicek
C. howei Mack.

Common: swamps and marshes, the more
common variety on BARC.

Carex blanda Dewey
Occasional: pastures and powerline cuts.

Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd.

Infrequent: meadows and pastures.

Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. var.

complanata

Infrequent: Beck Lake area.

Carex crinita Lam.

Common: wet places, swamps.

Carex debilis Michx.

Occasional: floodplain forests, meadows,
swamps.

Carex digitalis Willd.

Central Farm: edge of pond.

Carex divisa Huds.

Rare: wooded pasture along Poultry Road.
Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. — fescue
sedge.

Occasional: wet places at forest edges.

Carex flaccosperma Dewey
Common: upland meadows, forest margins.
Carex folliculata L.

Common: moist forests, swamps, boggy places.
Carex frankii Kunth — Frank's sedge.

Common: ditches, wet meadows.

Carex glaucodea Tuck, ex Olney
C. flaccosperma var. glaucodea (Tuck, ex
Olney) Ktik.

Airport meadow.

54

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Cyperaceae

Carex gracilescens Steud.

Infrequent to occasional: among huckleberry
understory in mixed forests.

Carex hirsutella Mack.

C. complanata var. hirsuta (Willd.) Gleason
Meadows, Central and East Farms.

Carex hormathodes Fernald
Edges of wet forests.

Carex intumescens Rudge
Common: wet meadows, forests along shallow
streams.

Carex laevivaginata (Kiik.) Mack.

Occasional: wet places.

Carex laxiculmis Schwein.

Rich forests.

Carex louisianica L.H. Bailey — Louisiana sedge.

Infrequent: Beck Lake area.

Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. — hop sedge.

Common: ditches, meadows, under powerlines.
Carex lurida Wahlenb.

Common: swamps, ditches, under powerlines.
Carex normalis Mack.

Rare: wet meadow west of Building 465, Central
Farm.

Carex pensylvanica Lam. — Pennsylvania sedge.
Rare: edge of pond near jet. of Entomology and
Powder Mill Roads, Central Farm.

Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small
Infrequent: wet areas, Indian Creek; Entomology
Road.

Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd.

C. convoluta Mack.

Rare: Indian Creek swamp forest.

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd.

Common: ditches, powerlines.

Carex seorsa Howe
Common: wet soil in forests.

Carex squarrosa L. — squarrose sedge.

Occasional: floodplain forests and savannas.
Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd.

Occasional: wet places along powerlines,
floodplain forests.

Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr
Rare: oak barren savanna.

Carex stricta Lam.

Infrequent: powerlines, sphagnum bog,
Coniferous Research Forest.

Carex styloflexa Buckley
Rare: forest, Beaver Dam Road.

Carex swanii (Fernald) Mack.

C. virescens Muhl. ex Willd. var. swanii Fernald
Occasional: moist places.

Carex torta W. Boott ex Tuck.

Common: wet places.

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides

Occasional: powerlines, shores of ponds,
floodplain forests.

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. reducta A.

Gray

C. projecta Mack.

Occasional: standing water or wet meadows.
Carex typhina Michx. — cat-tail sedge.

Occasional: floodplain forests.

Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd.

Forest borders.

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. — fox sedge.

Common: ditches and wet meadows.

Cyperus echinatus (L.) A.W. Wood — globose
cyperus.

C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr.

Occasional: meadows, fields.

Cyperus esculentus L. — yellow nutsedge, chufa.
Occasional to common: meadows, fields.

Cyperus iria L.

Rare: weed by National Agricultural Library
parking lot.

Cyperus lancastriensis Porter
Infrequent: meadows, Beaver Dam Road west of
Parkway; meadow by Building 465, Central
Farm.

55

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Cyperaceae

Cyperus lupuiinus (Spreng.) Marcks

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl

Occasional: meadows, fields.

Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeck.

Occasional: meadows.

Cyperus retrorsus Chapm.

Infrequent: moist meadows, Building 465
meadow; Statistics Lab Meadow; Deciduous
Research Forest area.

Cyperus strigosus L.

Common: fields, meadows and waste places.

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton — three-
square sedge.

Infrequent: border of Beck Lake; wet places in
Building 465 Meadow, Central Farm.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. —
needle spikerush.

Infrequent: north shore of Beck Lake; WMATA
mitigation area, East Farm.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. — blunt
spikerush.

Infrequent to occasional: wet places, Airport;
Beck Lake area; Wetland Research Forest.

Eleocharis olivacea Torr. — olive spikerush.

Rare to infrequent: shore of Beck Lake,
Coniferous Research Forest.

Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem. &
Schult. — square-stem spikerush.

Rare: Airport.

Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. — slender
spikerush.

Infrequent: wet places, Entomology Road;
Building 465 meadow, Central Farm.

Kyllinga gracillima Miq.

C. brevifolioides Thieret & Delahoussaye
Infrequent to occasional: swampy meadow by
Building 465, Entomology Road; along ditch,
North Farm; Building 01 1 A upland meadow.

Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl
Infrequent: wet meadows, poorly drained places,
mainly on East Farm.

Rhynchospora gracilenta A. Gray
Rare: Powerline Bogs 1 and 2, Deciduous
Research Forest.

Rhynchospora microcephala (Britton) Britton ex
Small

Rare: Powerline Bog 2, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla
Scirpus pungens Vahl
Common three-square. Rare: WMATA
Mitigation Area, East Farm.

Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fernald) M.

Strong — Pursh’s bulrush.

Scirpus purshianus Fernald
Rare: Beck Lake area, Coniferous Research
Forest.

Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. Love & D.
Love — Great bulrush.

Scirpus validus Vahl

Rare: WMATA Mitigation Area, East Farm.

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth — woolgrass sedge,
cottongrass bulrush.

Occasional: wet places.

Scirpus georgianus Harper
Infrequent to occasional: wet places.

Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl — leafy bulrush.

Rare: wet places, Entomology Road area.

56

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Juncacaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea oppositifolia L. — Chinese yam.

D. batatas Decne.

Rare: locally abundant at bridge over Beaver
Dam Creek, Central Farm.

Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel. — wild yam.

Recorded in 1976; not seen in recent years.
Dioscorea villosa L. wild yam. Rare: forest along
Beaver Dam Creek swamp, Research Road,
Central Farm.

Hemerocallidaceae

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. — orange daylily.
Common: escape from cultivation.

Hypoxidaceae

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville — yellow stargrass.
Infrequent in fields, meadows.

Iridaceae

Iris versicolor L. — northern blue flag.

Rare: Beaver Dam Creek swamp at Research

Road, Central Farm.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. — blue-eyed-
grass.

Sisyrinchium graminoides E.P. Bicknell

Common: meadows and fields.

*Sisyrinchium bellum S. Watson — blue-eyed-
grass.

Planted: National Agricultural Library meadow.

Juncaceae

Juncus acuminatus Michx.

Rare: Poultry Road Infield Meadow, Central

Farm; Wetland Research Forest.

Juncus brachycarpus Engelm.

Rare: Building 465 Meadow on Entomology

Road.

Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex Laharpe — Canadian
rush.

Infrequent: wet places, Entomology Road area;
Beck Lake area; Airport.

57

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Juncaceae

Juncus diffusissimus Buckley
Rare: Airport Meadow.

Juncus dudleyi Wiegand — Dudley's rush.

J. tenuis var. dudleyi (Wiegand) F.J. Herm.
Infrequent: forest near Entomology Road;
entrance to the Airport; meadow near National
Agricultural Library.

Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fernald &
Wiegand — soft rush.

Occasional: wet places; sometimes weedy.
Juncus marginatus Rostk.

Infrequent: Entomology Road; Powerline
Meadow, Central Farm.

Juncus scirpoides Lam.

Infrequent: Powerline Meadow; Building 465
Meadow, Central Farm.

Juncus secundus P. Beauv. ex Poir.

Infrequent: wet places along Poultry Road and
elsewhere, Central Farm.

Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Coville & S. F.
Blake

Infrequent: Powerline Meadow, Central Farm;
Powerline bogs, Deciduous Research Forest;
Airport.

Juncus tenuis Willd. — path rush.

Common: meadows and fields.

Luzula bulbosus (A.W. Wood) Smyth & L.C.R.
Smyth — bulbous wood rush.

Infrequent: edges of forests and in meadows in
the Central Farm.

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. — common wood
rush.

Infrequent: Beck Lake forest; entrance to
Airport; Oak Barren N Meadow; Beef Barren
Savanna, Central Farm.

Lemnaceae

Lemna gibba L. — swollen duckweed.

Rare: pond, Central Farm.

Lemna minor L. — common duckweed.

Rare: pond near entrance to Airport, in waste-
water complex.

Lemna perpusilla Torr. — minute duckweed.
Rare: waste-water complex, Central Farm.

Lemna turionifera Landolt — turion duckweed.
Common: most ponds.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. — common
duckmeat or greater duckweed.

Common: ponds.

Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. — wolffia.

Common: most ponds.

Liliaceae

Convallaria majalis L. — lily of the valley.
Escaped from cultivation near entrance to the
Airport.

Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. — trout
lily.

Occasional in rich forests.

Lilium superbum L. — turk's-cap lily.

Rare: formerly in Indian Creek swamp forest;
seen in 1983. Not seen in recent years.

Liriope graminifolia (L.) Baker — grassy lily-turf.
Escaped from cultivation along Beaver Dam
Road near the Plant Materials Center.

Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour. — spiked lily-turf.
Escaped from cultivation in forest north of Beck
Lake.

58

Maianthemum canadense Desf. — Canada
mayflower.

Infrequent: moist forests; Indian Creek swamp
forest.

Medeola virginiana L. — Indian cucumber root.

Occasional: rich forests.

Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. — common grape-
hyacinth.

Occasional: lawns, fields, and meadows.

Narthecium americanum Kew Gawl. — bog-
asphodel.

Beltsville Bog: E. H. Walker 1330, 14 Sep 1930
(MARY); however, a note by Russell Brown
states that the species was probably planted
there. In Maryland this species is known only
from the Eastern Shore.

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. — star-of-
Bethlehem.

Occasional: lawns, meadows, spreading in
fields.

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott — true
Solomon's seal.

Infrequent to occasional: rich forests; Beaver
Dam Road; Entomology Road. Apparently

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Orchidaceae

much eaten by deer; sometimes seen in
vegetative state only.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. — false Solomon's
seal.

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link
Infrequent to occasional: rich forests;
Entomology Road; Beaver Dam Road.
Apparently much eaten by deer; sometimes
seen in vegetative state only.

Tofieldia racemosa (Walter) Britton, Sterns &
Poggenb. — coastal false asphodel.

Rare: Beltsville Bog (E. H. Walker 99, 5 Aug
1928, MARY). Extirpated long ago.

Uvularia perfoliata L. — perfoliate bellwort.

Rare: rich forests; Beaver Dam Road forest, seen
in 1983. Not seen in recent years.

Uvularia sessilifolia L. — sessile-leaved bellwort.

Rare or infrequent: Indian Creek swamp forest.
Veratrum viride Aiton — American false
hellebore.

Rare but locally frequent in Indian Creek swamp
forest.

Orchidaceae

Cypripedium acaule Aiton — pink or stemless
lady slipper.

Rare or infrequent: forests. Much less frequent
in recent years; perhaps eaten by deer. Not seen
anywhere in 1999.

Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. — showy orchis.
Orchis spectabilis L.

Rare: formerly in Deciduous Research Forest,
but not seen in recent years.

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex W.T.
Aiton — downy rattlesnake-plantain.

Infrequent: rich forests; Beaver Dam Road;
Entomology Road.

Isotria verticillata Raf. — whorled pogonia.

Rare: formerly (1976) in Deciduous Research
Forest, but not seen in recent years.
Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. herbiola (R.
Br. ex W.T. Aiton) Luer — pale green orchid.
Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br.

Rare: powerline swamp, Deciduous Research
Forest.

Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don — ragged
fringed orchid.

Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br.

Rare: meadow near Poultry Road, Central Farm.

59

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Orchidaceae

Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson — ladies'
tresses.

Rare: Secret Meadow, Poultry Road, Central
Farm. Identification tentative; this and the
following species are difficult to separate.

Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A. Gray — ladies'
tresses.

Rare: meadow, Entomology Road. Identification
tentative; see preceding species.

Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. — cranefly
orchid.

Infrequent: forests; Beaver Dam Road;
Entomology Road.

Poaceae

Agrostis canina L. — velvet bent.

Rare: Poultry Road Outfield Meadow, Central
Farm.

Agrostis capillaris L. — Rhode Island or colonial
bent grass.

A. tenuis Sibth.

Occasional: meadows, fields, and lawns,
especially near National Agricultural Library.

Agrostis gigantea Roth — redtop.

A. alba of authors

Common: fields and meadows.

Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns &
Poggenb. — ticklegrass.

Rare: weedy area at Airport.

Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck. — upland bent
grass.

Occasional: autumn grass in fields and
meadows.

Agrostis scabra Willd. — rough bent.

Occasional: late summer and autumn grass in
fields and meadows.

Agrostis stolonifera L. — creeping bent.

Occasional: moist or wet places in grassy places
and open forests.

Aira caryophyllea L. — silver hair grass.

Common: poorest soils of lawns and meadows.

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. — short-awn
alopecurus.

Infrequent: cornfield, South Farm; weedy area at
Airport.

Andropogon virginicus L. — broomsedge.

Common: meadows, fields, roadsides.

Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton,

Sterns, & Poggenb.

A. virginicus L. var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Fernald
& Griscom

Infrequent: open area, Deciduous Research
Forest; ditch, Soil Conservation Road.

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. — sweet vernal
grass.

Common and abundant: lawns, meadows, fields,
roadsides.

Aristida dichotoma var. curtissii A. Gray ex S.
Watson & J.M. Coult. — Curtiss's three-awn
grass.

A. curtissii (A. Gray ex S. Watson & J.M.

Coult.) Nash

Infrequent to occasional: meadows and fields,
including Airport.

Aristida oligantha Michx. — prairie three-awn
grass.

Occasional: fields; especially Airport.

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl
& C. Presl — tall oatgrass.

Formerly meadow, Soil Conservation Road; no
present location known.

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino — small
carp grass or arthraxon.

Common and locally abundant: invasive
pernicious weed in moist or wet meadows,
roadsides, and open forests.

60

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Poaceae

Avena sativa L. — oats.

Established around building at Dairy Barns,
Central Farm.

Bromus catharticus Vahl — rescue grass.

B. unioloides Kunth

Infrequent: meadows near National Agricultural
Library; around Building 182C, North Dairy
Road, Central Farm; cornfield, SCS Road.

Bromus commutatus Schrad. — hairy chess,
meadow brome.

Infrequent: weedy around buildings on North
Dairy Road, Central Farm, and elsewhere.

Bromus hordeaceus L. — soft chess or brome.

B. mollis L.

Infrequent: Airport and other weedy places.

Bromus inermis Leyss. — smooth brome.

Occasional: roadsides, meadows and fields;
planted in several locations on East Farm.

Bromus japonicus Thunb. — Japanese brome or
chess.

Occasional to common: weedy in fields and
waste places.

Bromus racemosus L. — smooth brome.

Occasional: roadsides and waste places.

Bromus sterilis L. — barren or poverty brome.

Occasional: roadsides and waste places.

Bromus tectorum L. — cheatgrass, downy chess.

Occasional: roadsides and waste places.

Calamagrostis coarctata (Torr.) Eaton — reed
bent grass.

C. cinnoides of authors

Infrequent: moist, shaded places, bogs, Beaver
Dam Road powerline, Deciduous Research
Forest powerline, Beck Lake area; powerline
bogs.

Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald

Rare: locally abundant on roadside, Springfield
Road.

*Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.

Yates — Indian wood oats.

Uniola latifolia Michx.

Planted: meadows.

Chasmanthium laxum (L.) H.O. Yates — slender
wood oats.

Uniola laxa L.

Occasional: moist meadows, edges, open forests,
under powerlines.

Chloris verticillata Nutt. — windmill grass.

Spreading in meadows near National
Agricultural Library; apparently adventive or
introduced.

Cinna arundinacea L. — sweet wood reed.

Common, sometimes locally abundant: lowland
forests, bottomlands, stream valleys.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. — bermuda grass.

Common: planted or escaped from cultivation in
lawns, meadows, roadsides, and fields;

Dactylis glomerata L. — orchard grass.

Common: lawns, meadows, and fields.

Danthonia spicata (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. &
Schult. — poverty grass.

Common: poor soil in meadows, fields, and open
forests. One collection from South Farm
resembles D. compressa Austin, but is less
extreme in morphology.

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler — southern
crabgrass.

Occasional: intergrading with D. sanguinalis.

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex
Muhl. — smooth crabgrass.

Common and abundant: weedy in lawns and
fields.

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.- — hairy
crabgrass.

Common and abundant: weedy in lawns and
fields.

61

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Poaceae

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link — awnless barnyard
grass, jungle-rice.

Occasional: along railroad by Sunnyside Road;
temporary pool in lawn, Poultry Road; ditch E
of Building 01 1 A; around a man-made pond
near Springfield Road, Central Farm; waste-
water treatment area, Central Farm. Species not
included by Brown and Brown (1984).

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. — barnyard
grass.

Common: open places and fields.

Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var.
muricata — rough barnyard grass.

Rare: moist places; Deciduous Research Forest
(collected only in 1976).

Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya
Wiegand

Rare: border of Indian Creek swamp forest.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. — goose grass.

Common: weedy in lawns and fields.

Elymus repens (L.) Gould— quackgrass.

Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv.

Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski

Common: lawns, fields and meadows;
pernicious rhizomatous weed.

Elymus riparius Wiegand — riverbank wildrye.

Rare: bank of Little Paint Branch Creek, North
Farm.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch.—
stinkgrass.

Occasional: weedy in cultivated fields and waste
places.

Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees — weeping
lovegrass.

Planted for erosion control, occasionally
adventive or persisting.

Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nees — big-top
lovegrass.

Rare: meadows south of National Agricultural
Library.

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees var.
pectinacea — lovegrass.

Common: waste places, paved areas.

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. — purple
lovegrass.

Common: fields and meadows.

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. — tall fescue.

Common and abundant: widely planted, also
escaped from cultivation; lawns, meadows,
roadsides

Festuca filiformis Pourr. — hair fescue.

F. ovina var. capillata (Lam.) Mathieu

F. tenuifolia Sibth.

Rare: Poultry Road oak savanna, probably a
remnant of cultivation.

*Festuca ovina L. — sheep fescue.

Planted: meadows of North Farm and National
Agricultural Library.

Festuca rubra L. — red fescue.

Occasional to common: meadows, lawns,
pastures.

Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaudin —
Chewings fescue.

Locally abundant in meadows near National
Agricultural Library, probably elsewhere.

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B. Alexeev —
nodding fescue.

F. obtusa Biehler

Infrequent: forest east of Entomology Road;
Indian Creek forest.

Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina — hard
fescue.

Locally common in meadows adjacent to
National Agricultural Library. Determined by
Darbyshire.

Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. — manna grass.

Infrequent: moist or wet places, bogs; Deciduous
and Coniferous Research Forests.

62

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons

Poaceae

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. — fowl meadow
grass, fowl manna grass.

Occasional: ditches, wet forests, and other wet
places.

Holcus lanatus L. — velvet grass.

Occasional: weedy in lawns, pastures, and
meadows.

Hordeum jubatum L. — foxtail barley.

Rare: grassy areas at the Airport.

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. — little barley.

Occasional: weedy on roadsides and in waste
places.

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. — rice cut grass.

Common: ditches, marshes, and swamps.

Leersia virginica Willd. — white grass.

Common: wet and moist open or partly shaded
places.

Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase — fall witch
grass.

Rare, but locally abundant in meadows near
National Agricultural Library.

Lolium multiflorum Lam. — annual ryegrass.

L. perenne L. subsp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husn.

Occasional: waste places, lawns, and fields; also
planted.

Lolium perenne L. — perennial ryegrass.

Common: lawns and some meadows; also
planted.

Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus —
cover-all grass, stilt grass, Nepalese browntop.

Common and abundant: invasive pernicious
weed densely covering the ground in shaded
places, powerlines, roadsides, and open forests.

Miscanthus sinensis Andersson — Chinese silver
grass, eulalia.

Planted: ornamental and persisting after
cultivation.

Muhlenbergia schreberi J. G. Gmel. —
nimblewill.

Common: weedy in lawns, roadsides, and
meadows.

Panicum.

Includes subg. Dichanthelium. Treatment and
most determinations by M. G. Lelong; see
Lelong (1984).

Panicum acuminatum Sw. var. fasciculatum

(Torr.) Beetle

P. huachucae Ashe

Occasional: meadows, fields.

Panicum acuminatum var. implicatum (Scribn.)
C. F. Reed

Rare: field at Airport.

Panicum acuminatum var. lindheimeri (Nash)
Lelong

P. lindheimeri Nash

Common: meadows, fields.

Panicum anceps Michx. var. anceps — beaked
panic grass.

Occasional: meadows and roadsides.

Panicum boscii Poir. — Bose’s panic grass.

Rare: forest along Entomology Road.

Panicum capillare L. — common panic grass,
witch grass.

Occasional: weedy in disturbed soil.

Panicum clandestinum L. — deer-tongue grass.

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould

Common: meadows and fields.

Panicum commutatum Schult. var. ashei
(Pearson ex Ashe) Fernald — variable panic
grass.

Rare: oak forest, South Farm.

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. — starved panic
grass.

Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould

Rare to infrequent: fields.

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. — fall panic
grass.

Common and locally abundant: weedy in fields
and disturbed soil.

63

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Poaceae

Panicum dichotomum L. var. dichotomum —

bushy panic grass.

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould
Rare: oak forest near Airport.

Panicum dichotomum var. lucidum (Ashe)
Lelong

P. lucidum Ashe

Infrequent: wet places, Deciduous Research
Forest, East Farm.

Panicum dichotomum var. ramulosum (Torr.)
Lelong

P. microcarpon Muhl. ex Elliott
Common: meadows, fields, forests.

Panicum rigidulum Bose ex Nees var.
elongatum (Pursh) Lelong
P. stipitatum Nash

Infrequent: Wetland SE of intersection of Beaver
Dam Road and Research Road; Beaver Dam
swamp.

Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum
P. agrostoides Spreng., nom. illeg.

Infrequent: Building 465 Meadow, Central
Farm; other meadows.

Panicum scoparium Lam.

Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould
Occasional: fields and meadows.

Panicum sphaerocarpon Elliott var. isophyllum
(Scribn.) Angelo
P. polyanthes Schult.

Occasional to common: deciduous forests,
meadows.

Panicum verrucosum Muhl. — warty panic grass.

Infrequent: poorly-drained places.

Panicum virgatum L. — switch grass.

Common: meadows, fields, edges; sometimes
persisting from plantings on East Farm.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. — dallis grass.
Infrequent: roadside, Entomology Road; Oak
Barren; Center Meadow, Central Farm.
Paspalum laeve Michx. — smooth paspalum.

P. circulare Nash

Common: lawns, fields, meadows, roadsides.

Paspalum setaceum Michx. (sens, lat.) — slender
paspalum.

P. ciliatifolium Michx.

P. pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.

Occasional: fields, meadows, roadsides, and
lawns.

Phalaris arundinacea L. — reed canary grass.

Occasional: wet or moist meadows; planted in
waste-water spray fields.

Phleum pratense L. — timothy.

Common: fields and meadows.

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. —
giant or common reed.

P. communis Trin.

Occasional: ditches and wet places.

Poa annua L. — annual bluegrass.

Common: weedy in lawns and cultivated fields.

Poa compressa L. — Canada bluegrass.

Common: meadows and open places.

Poa pratensis L. subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lej. —
narrow-leaved Kentucky bluegrass.

Rare or infrequent: Airport field.

Poa pratensis L. subsp. pratensis — Kentucky
bluegrass.

Common and abundant: spreads aggressively in
lawns, pastures, hayfields, and meadows.

Poa trivialis L. — rough-stemmed bluegrass.

Occasional: moist places.

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash — little
bluestem.

Andropogon scoparius Michx.

Infrequent to occasional: older meadows;
established in meadows near National
Agricultural Library, where an important part
of the meadow flora.

Secale cereale L. — rye.

Occasional: escape in cultivated fields and
meadows.

64

List of the flora
Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Potamogetonaceae

Setaria faberi R. Herrm. — giant foxtail.

Common: weedy in cultivated fields.

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. — foxtail millet.

Sown in 1997: roadside and forest border,
junction Springfield and Powder Mill Roads,
East Farm.

Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguelen — knotroot
foxtail.

S. geniculata (Lam.) P. Beauv.

Infrequent: fields, Airport; waste-water
treatment area.

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. — yellow
foxtail.

S. glauca (L.) P. Beauv.

Common and abundant: weedy in lawns,
meadows, and cultivated fields.

Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. — green foxtail.

Common and abundant: weedy in lawns,
meadows, and cultivated fields.

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash — Indian grass.

Infrequent: meadows, roadsides and powerlines.

Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Scribn. —
wedgegrass.

Rare: formerly along Sellman Road, bordering
North Farm; not seen in recent years.

Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) A.W.
Wood — poverty dropseed.

Infrequent: roadsides and waste places; Airport.

Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc.— purpletop.

Common and abundant: fields, meadows and
roadsides.

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. — gama grass.

Occasional: roadsides, fields; sometimes locally
abundant as at Airport.

Triticum aestivum L. — wheat.

Occasional: escape in cultivated fields and
meadows.

Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. — rat-tail six-
weeks grass.

Occasional: grassy places.

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. — six-weeks
grass.

Infrequent to occasional: grassy places,
meadows, under powerlines

Zoysia japonica Steud. — zoysia grass.

Planted: sometimes spreading.

Pontederiaceae

Pontederia cordata L. — pickerel-weed.

Rare: swamp along Beaver Dam Creek, east of
Research Road, Central Farm.

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. — variable
pondweed.

Beck Lake; Beaver Dam Creek at Soil
Conservation Road, East Farm.

Potamogeton pusillus L. — small pondweed.
Beck Lake.

Zannichellia palustris L. — horned pondweed.
Pond near Entomology Road.

65

List of the flora

Class Liliopsida — Monocotyledons
Smilacaceae

Smilacaceae

Smilax glauca Walter — sawbrier. Smilax rotundifolia L. — horsebrier.

Occasional: forests. Usually only one or a few Common: forests and edges,

plants at a site.

Smilax herbacea L. — carrion flower.

Rare: forest near Beaver Dam Creek, Central
Farm.

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium americanum Nutt. — American bur-
reed.

Infrequent: Beck Lake; Beaver Dam Creek at

Soil Conservation Road, East Farm.

Typhaceae

Typha angustifolia L.— narrowleaf cattail.

Rare: National Agricultural Library pond.

Typha latifolia L. — broad-leaf cattail.

Common: ditches and wet places.

Xyridaceae

Xyris difformis Chapm. — yellow-eyed grass.

Rare: powerline bogs, Deciduous Research

Forest.

Xyris torta Sm. — slender yellow-eyed grass.
Infrequent: poorly-drained area under powerline,
Deciduous Research Forest; formerly Airport
bog.

66

List of the flora

Notes

67

Literature Cited

Brown, R.G. and M.L. Brown. 1972. Woody
plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Baltimore.

Brown, M.L. and R.G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous
plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Baltimore.

Brummitt, R.K. and C.E. Powell. 1992. Authors
of plant names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
England.

CBE Style Manual Committee. 1983. CBE style
manual. 5th edition. Council of Biological
Editors, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland.

Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of
vascular plants of northeastern United States
and adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. The New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

Harvill, A.M., Jr., T.R. Bradley, C.E. Stevens,

T.F. Wieboldt, D.M.E. Ware, D.W. Ogle, G.W.
Ramsey, and G.P. Fleming. 1992. Atlas of the
Virginia flora. III. Virginia Botanical
Associates, Burkeville, Virginia.

Hotchkiss, N. and R.E. Stewart. 1979. Vegetation
and vertebrates of the Patuxent Wildlife
Research Center: outline of ecology and
annotated lists. Reprinted with supplements by
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel,
Maryland. (Based on a paper in Amer. Midland
Naturalist 38, 1947).

Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of
the vascular flora of the United States, Canada,
and Greenland, ed. 2. 2 vols. Timber Press,
Portland.

Lelong, M.G. 1984. New combinations for
Panicum subgenus Panicum and subgenus
Dichanthelium (Poaceae) of the southeastern
United States. Brittonia 36: 262-273.

Luteyn, J.L., W.S. Judd, S.P. Vander Kloet, L.J.
Dorr, G.D. Wallace, K.A. Kron, P.F. Stevens,
and S.E. Clements. 1996. Ericaceae of the
southeastern United States. Castanea 61 : 101—
144.

Marye, W.B. 1950. The great Maryland barrens.
Maryland Historical Mag. 50: 11-23; 120-142;
234-253.

Nesom, G.L. 1994. Review of taxonomy of Aster
sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), emphasizing
the New World species. Phytologia 77: 141—
297.

Oliver, J.D. 1996. Mile-a-minute weed

(. Polygonum perforatum L.), an invasive vine in
natural and disturbed sites. Castanea 61: 244-
251.

Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968.
Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
University of North Carolina Press, Chapel
Hill.

Redman, D.E. 1995. Distribution and habitat types
for Nepal Microstegium [ Microstegium
vimineum (Trin.) Camus] in Maryland and the
District of Columbia. Castanea 60: 270-275.

Voss, E.G. 1972; 1985. Michigan Flora. Parts I
and II. Cranbrook Institute of Science,
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

Wiersema, J.H. and B. Leon. 1999. World
economic plants: a standard reference. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Young, D.P. 1968. Oxalis. In T.G. Tutin, V.H.
Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H.
Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb, Flora
europaea, vol. 2, pp. 192-193. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, England.

68

Name Index

Accepted scientific names are in bold; synonymous scientific names are in italics; and common names are
in regular font.

Abutilon theophrasti 40

Acalypha gracilens 34

Acalypha rhomboidea 34

Acalypha virginica 34

Acer negundo 20

Acer rubrum 3, 6, 20

Acer saccharinum 20

Aceraceae 20

* Achillea filipendulina 22

Achillea millefolium 22

adder’ s-tongue, southeastern 17

Adoxaceae 20

Agalinis purpurea 48

agalinis, purple 48

Agropyron repens 62

Agrostis alba 60

Agrostis canina 60

Agrostis capillaris 60

Agrostis gigantea 60

Agrostis hyemalis 60

Agrostis perennans 60

Agrostis scabra 60

Agrostis stolonifera 60

Agrostis tenuis 60

Ailanthus altissima 49

Aira caryophyllea 60

Ajuga reptans 38

Albizia julibrissin 34

alder 27

alfalfa 35

Alisma subcordatum 53

Alismataceae 53

Alliaceae 53

Alliaria officinalis 28

Alliaria petiolata 28

Allium schoenoprasum 53

Allium vineale 53

allspice, Carolina 29

Alnus serrulata 27

Alopecurus aequalis 60

alopecurus, short-awn 60

amaranth, spiny 20

Amaranthaceae 20

amaranthus, purple 20

Amaranthus albus 20

Amaranthus blitum 20

Amaranthus hybridus 20

Amaranthus lividus 20

Amaranthus retroflexus 20

Amaranthus spinosus 20

Amaryllidaceae 53

Amblystegium riparium 12

Amblystegium serpens 12

Amblystegium tenax 12

Amblystegium trichopodium 12

Amblystegium varium 12

Ambrosia artemisiifolia 22

Ambrosia trifida 22

Amelanchier arborea 46

Amelanchier canadensis 46

* Amorpha canescens 34

Amorpha fruticosa 34

Amphicarpaea bracteata 34

Anacardiaceae 21

Anagallis arvensis 45

Andropogon glomeratus 60

Andropogon scoparius 64

Andropogon virginicus 60

Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus 60

anemone, rue 45

anemone, wood 45

Anemone quinquefolia 45

Anemonella thalictroides 45

Angiosperms 20

Anomodon attenuatus 12

Antennaria neglecta var. neodioica 22

Antennaria plantaginifolia 22

Anthemis arvensis 22

69

Anthemis cotula 22

Anthoxanthum odoratum 60

Apiaceae 21

Apios americana 34

Apocynaceae 21

Apocynum cannabinum 21

Aquifoliaceae 22

Arabidopsis thaliana 28

Araceae 53

Aralia spinosa 22

Araliaceae 22

arbutus, trailing 33

Arctium minus 22

Arenaria serpyllifolia 30

Arisaema triphyllum 53

Aristida curtissii 60

Aristida dichotoma var. curtissii 60

Aristida oligantha 60

Aronia arbutifolia 46

Aronia melanocarpa 46

Arrhenatherum elatius 60

arrow-arum 53

arrowhead, broadleaf 53

arrowhead, Engelmann's 53

arrowhead, hairy broadleaf 53

arrow- wood 20

arrow- wood, linden 20

Artemisia annua 23

Artemisia vulgaris 23

arthraxon 60

Arthraxon hispidus 60

artichoke, Jerusalem 25

Asclepiadaceae 22

Asclepias incarnata 22

Asclepias incarnata var. incarnata 22

Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra 22

Asclepias syriaca 22

Asclepias tuberosa 22

Asclepias viridiflora 22

Ascomycophyta 12

Ascyrum hypericoides 31

ash, red 42

ash, white 41

Asparagaceae 54

asparagus 54

Asparagus officinalis 54

aspen, large toothed 48

asphodel, coastal false 59

Aspleniaceae 16

Asplenium platyneuron var. platyneuron 16

70

aster, calico 23

aster, late purple 23

aster, Maryland golden 23

aster, New England 23

aster, small-headed 23

aster, tall white 23

aster, white oldfield 23

Aster 23

Aster lanceolatus subsp. lanceolatus 23

Aster lateriflorus 23

* Aster novae-angliae 23

Aster patens var. patens 23

Aster pilosus var. pilosus 23

Aster puniceus 23

Aster racemosus 23

Aster simplex 23

Aster vimineus 23

Asteraceae 22

Athyrium filix-femina subsp. asplenioides ... 17

Atrichum angustatum 12

Atrichum crispum 12

Atriplex patula 31

Aulacomnium heterostichium 12

Aulacomnium palustre 12

Avena sativa 61

avens, white 46

azalea, swamp 33

azalea, wild 33

baby's breath, cushion 30

Balsaminaceae 27

Baptisia tinctoria 34

Barbarea verna 28

Barbarea vulgaris 28

barberry, Japanese 27

Barbula convoluta 12

Barbula fallax 12

barley, foxtail 63

barley, little 63

barnyard grass 62

barnyard grass, awnless 62

barnyard grass, rough 62

Bartonia paniculata 6, 10, 37

Bartonia virginica 8, 37

Bartramia pomiformis 12

basil, wild 38

beard-tongue, foxglove 49

bedstraw, Clayton's 47

bedstraw, sweet-scented 47

bedstraw, tiny-flowered 47

beebalm, lemon 39

beebalm, scarlet 39

beech, American 36

beggars-ticks, common 23

beggars-ticks, small 23

beggars-ticks, three-lobe 23

beggars-ticks, tickseed 23

bellwort, perfoliate 59

bellwort, sessile-leaved 59

bent grass, colonial 60

bent grass, reed 61

bent grass, Rhode Island 60

bent grass, upland 2277...... 60

bent, creeping 60

bent, rough 60

bent, velvet 60

Berberidaceae 27

Berberis thunbergii 27

Betula nigra 27

Betulaceae 27

Bidens 46, 50

Bidens bipinnata 23

Bidens comosa 23

Bidens connata 23

Bidens discoidea 23

Bidens frondosa 23

Bidens polylepis 23

Bidens tripartita 23

Bignoniaceae 27

bindweed, hedge 32

birch, river 27

bittersweet, Oriental 30

blackberry, Allegheny 47

blackberry, Pennsylvania 47

blackberry, southern 47

black-eyed susan 26

bladderwort, common 40

bladderwort, creeping 40

bladderwort, zigzag 40

blanket-flower 25

blazing star, grass-leaved 25

blazing star, thick-spiked 25

Blechnaceae 16

bloodroot 43

blueberry, highbush 33

blueberry, low 33

blue-eyed-grass 57

bluegrass, annual 64

bluegrass, Canada 64

bluegrass, Kentucky 64

bluegrass, narrow-leaved Kentucky 64

bluegrass, rough-stemmed 64

bluestem, little 64

bluets 47

Boehmeria cylindrica 50

bog-asphodel 59

boneset 24

Boraginaceae 27

Botrychium dissectum 16

Botrychium virginianum 16

bower, virgin's 45

Brachythecium laetum 13

Brasenia schreberi 28

Brassicaeeae 28

brome, barren 61

brome, Japanese 61

brome, meadow 61

brome, poverty 61

brome, smooth 61

brome, soft 61

Bromus catharticus 61

Bromus commutatus 61

Bromus hordeaceus 61

Bromus inermis 61

Bromus japonicus 61

Bromus mollis 61

Bromus racemosus 61

Bromus sterilis 61

Bromus tectorum 61

Bromus unioloides 61

broomsedge 60

Brotherella recurvans 13

Bryhnia novae. -angliae 13

Bryoandersonia illecebra 13

Bryophyta 12

Bryum argenteum 13

Bryum caespiticum 13

buckwheat, climbing false 44

bugleweed, creeping 38

Buglossoides arvensis 27

Bulbostylis capillaris 54

bulrush, cottongrass 56

bulrush, great 56

bulrush, leafy 56

bulrush, Pursh’s 56

burdock, common 22

burnet, Canadian 47

bur-reed, American 66

bush, indigo 34

bush, spice 39

bush, strawberry 31

71

bush, sweet pepper 3 1

bush-clover, Chinese 35

bush-clover, creeping 35

bush-clover, hairy 35

bush-clover, slender 35

bush-clover, trailing 35

butter-and-eggs 49

buttercup, bristly 45

buttercup, bulbous 45

buttercup, cursed 45

buttercup, hairy 45

buttercup, kidney-leaf 45

buttonbush 47

buttonweed 47

Cabombaceae 28

Calamagrostis cinnoides 61

Calamagrostis coarctata 61

Callicladium haldanianum 13

Callitrichaceae 29

Callitriche heterophylla 29

Callitriche stagnalis 29

Calycanthaceae 29

Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus 29

Calystegia sepium 32

Campanulaceae 29

camphor- weed 25

campion, white 30

Campsis radicans 27

canary grass, reed 64

cancerwort, sharpleaf 49

Cannabaceae 29

Caprifoliaceae 29

Capsella bursa-pastoris 28

Cardamine concatenata 28

Cardamine hirsuta 28

Carduus nutans 23

Carex 9

Carex abscondita 54

Carex albicans 54

Carex albolutescens 54

Carex annectens 54

Carex aquatilis 54

Carex atlantica var. atlantica 54

Carex atlantica var. capillacea 54

Carex blanda 54

Carex cephalophora 54

Carex complanata var. complanata 54

Carex complanata var. hirsuta 55

Carex convoluta 55

Carex crinita 54

Carex debilis 54

Carex digitalis 54

Carex divisa 54

Carex festucacea 54

Carex flaccosperma 54

Carex flaccosperma var. glaucodea 54

Carex folliculata 54

Carex frankii 54

Carex glaucodea 54

Carex gracilescens 55

Carex hirsutella 55

Carex hormathodes 55

Carex howei 54

Carex incomperta 54

Carex intumescens 55

Carex laevivaginata 55

Carex laxiculmis 55

Carex louisianica 55

Carex lupulina 55

Carex lurida 55

Carex normalis 55

Carex pensylvanica 55

Carex project a 55

Carex radiata 55

Carex rosea 55

Carex scoparia 55

Carex seorsa 55

Carex squarrosa 55

Carex stipata 55

Carex straminea 55

Carex stricta 55

Carex styloflexa 55

Carex swanii 55

Carex torta 55

Carex tribuloides var. reducta 55

Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides 55

Carex typhina 55

Carex virescens 55

Carex virescens var. swanii 55

Carex vulpinoidea 55

Carex vulpinoidea var. ambigua 54

carp grass, small 60

carpetweed 41

Carpinus caroliniana 6, 27

Cary a alba 38

Carya glabra 38

Carya ovalis 38

Carya tomentosa 38

Caryophyllaceae 30

Cassia fasciculata 34

72

Cassia hebecarpa 35

Castanea dentata 36

Castanea pumila 36

cat’s-ear 25

catalpa, southern 27

Catalpa bignonioides 27

catchfly, sleepy 30

catchfly, sweet william 30

cattail, broad-leaf 66

cattail, narrowleaf 66

Ceanothus americanus...... 46

cedar, red . ..17

Celastraceae 30

Celastrus orbiculatus 30

Cenchrus longispinus 61

*Centaurea cyanus 23

Centaurea maculosa 23

Cephalanthus occidentalis 47

Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare 30

Cerastium glomeratum 30

Cerastium holosteoides 30

Cerastium viscosum 30

Cerastium vulgatum 30

Ceratodon purpureus 13

Cercis canadensis 34

Chaenorrhinum minus 48

chain fern, netted 16

chain fern, Virginia 16

Chamaecrista fasciculata 34

Chamaecrista nictitans 34

Chamaesyce maculata 34

Chamaesyce nutans 34

chamomile, corn 22

chamomile, stinking 22

*Chasmanthium latifolium 61

Chasmanthium laxum 61

cheatgrass 61

cheeses 40

Cheiranthus allionii 28

Chelone glabra 49

Chenopodiaceae 31

Chenopodium album 31

Chenopodium ambrosioides 31

Chenopodium leptophyllum 10, 31

cherry, black 46

chervil, wild 21

chess, downy 61

chess, hairy 61

chess, Japanese 61

chess, soft 61

chestnut, American 36

chickweed 30

chickweed, clammy mouse-ear 30

chickweed, giant 30

chickweed, mouse-ear 30

chicory 23

Chimaphila maculata 45

Chimaphila umbellata 45

chinquapin 36

Chionanthus virginicus 41

chives 53

Chloris verticillata 61

chokeberry, black 46

chokeberry, red 46

Chondrilla juncea 23

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 25

Chrysanthemum maximum 25

Chrysopsis mariana 23

chufa 55

cicely, sweet 21

Cichorium intybus 23

Cicuta maculata 21

Cinna arundinacea 61

cinquefoil, dwarf. 46

cinquefoil, oldfield 46

cinquefoil, rough 46

cinquefoil, silver-leaf 46

cinquefoil, upright 46

Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis 42

Cirsium arvense 23

Cirsium discolor 23

Cirsium vulgare 24

Cistaceae 31

Cladina subtenuis 12

Cladonia caespiticia 12

Cladonia chlorophaea 12

Cladonia cristatella 12

Cladonia incrassata 12

Cladonia ochrochlora 12

Cladonia parasitica 12

Cladonia ramulosa 12

Cladonia squamosa 12

Clasmatodon parvulus 13

Claytonia virginica 45

clearweed 50

cleavers 47

Clematis virginiana 45

Clethra 6

Clethra alnifolia 6, 31

Clethraceae 31

73

Clinopodium vulgare 38

clover, alsike 36

clover, crimson 36

clover, rabbit-foot 35

clover, red 36

clover, white 36

clover, zigzag 36

club-moss, appressed bog 15

club-moss, fan 15

club-moss, running 1 5

club-moss, tree 15

club-mosses 15

Clusiaceae 31

cocklebur 26

colt's-foot 26

Co man d ra umbellata 48

Commelina communis 54

Commelinaceae 54

coneflower, globular 26

coneflower, purple 24

Conoclinium coelestinum 24

Convallaria majalis 58

ConvolvuSaceae 32

Conyza canadensis 24

copal-tree 49

copperleaf, rhombic 34

copperleaf, short-stalk 34

coreopsis, lance-leaved 24

*Coreopsis lanceolata 24

*Coreopsis tinctoria 24

Coreopsis verticillata 24

Cornaceae 32

cornflower, garden 23

corn-salad, beaked 50

corn-salad, common 50

Cornus amomum 32

Cornus florida 6, 32

Coronilla varia 34

corydalis, pale 42

Corydalis flavula 42

Corylus americana 27

cosmos 24

*Cosmos bipinnatus 24

cottonwood 48

cowbane, stiff 2 1

cow- wheat, broad-leaf 49

crab-apple, Toringo 46

crabgrass, hairy 61

crabgrass, smooth 6 1

crabgrass, southern 61

cranesbill, Carolina

cranesbill, dove-foot

cranesbill, small-flower....
Cratoneuron filicinum ...

creeper, trumpet

creeper, Virginia

Crepis japonica

cress, field

cress, hairy bitter

cress, mouse-ear

Crotalaria sagittalis

croton, tooth-leaved

Croton glandulosus

crowfoot, hooked

crowfoot, small-flowered .
Cruciata pedemontana...
Cryptotaenia canadensis

cudweed, fragrant

cudweed, low

Cupressaceae

curls, blue

Cuscuta compacta

Cuscuta gronovii

Cuscutaceae

cut grass, rice

Cynodon dactylon

Cyperaceae

cyperus, globose

Cyperus brevifolioides

Cyperus echinatus

Cyperus esculentus

Cyperus filiculmis

Cyperus iria

Cyperus lancastriensis ...

Cyperus lupulinus

Cyperus ovularis

Cyperus refractus

Cyperus retrorsus

Cyperus strigosus

cypress, bald

Cypripedium acaule

Dactylis glomerata

daffodil

daisy, oxeye

daisy, Shasta

*Dalea purpurea

dandelion

dandelion, dwarf

dandelion, potato

dangleberry

37

37

37

13

27

51

26

28

28

28

34

34

34

45

45

.... 10, 47

21

25

25

17

39

32

32

32

63

61

9, 54

55

56

55

55

56

.... 10,55
.... 10,55

56

55

56

56

56

18

6, 10, 59

61

53

25

25

35

26

25

25

74

Danthonia compressa 61

Danthonia spicata 61

Datura stramonium 49

Daucus carota 21

dayflower 54

daylily, orange 57

dead-nettle, purple 39

deerberry 33

Dennstaedtia punctilobula 16

Dennstaedtiaceae 16

Dentaria laciniata 28

Desmodium ciliare 35

Desmodium nudillorum 35

Desmodium paniculatum 35

devil, king 25

dewberry, bristly 47

dewberry, northern 47

dewberry, southern 47

Dianthus armeria 30

*Dianthus barbatus 30

Dichanthelium clandestinum 63

Dichanthelium depauperatum 63

Dichanthelium dichotomum 64

Dichanthelium scoparium 64

dicotyledons 20

Dicranella heteromalla 13

Dicranum condensatum 13

Dicranum flagellare 13

Dicranum flagellare var. minutissimum 13

Dicranum scoparium 13

Digitaria ciliaris 61

Digitaria ischaemum 61

Digitaria sanguinalis 61

Diodia teres 47

Dioscorea batatas 57

Dioscorea oppositifolia 57

Dioscorea quaternata 57

Dioscorea villosa 57

Dioscoreaceae 57

Diospyros virginiana 6, 33

Diphasiastrum digitatum 15

Dipsacaceae 32

Dipsacus fullonum subsp. fullonum 32

Dipsacus fullonum subsp. sylvestris 32

Ditrichum lineare 13

dock, bitter 44

dock, curly 44

dock, spatter 41

dodder 32

dodder, compact 32

dogbane, hemp 21

dog-fennel 22

dogwood 32

dogwood, knob-styled 32

Draba verna 28

dropseed, poverty 65

Dryopteridaceae 16

Dryopteris carthusiana 16

Dryopteris cristata 16

Dryopteris intermedia 16

Dryopteris noveboracensis 17

Dryopteris spinulosa 16

Dryopteris thelypteris 1 7

Duchesnea indica 46

duckmeat, common 58

duckweed, common 58

duckweed, greater 58

duckweed, minute 58

duckweed, swollen 58

duckweed, turion 58

Dulichium arundinaceum 56

Ebenaceae 33

*Echinacea purpurea 24

Echinochloa colona 10, 62

Echinochloa crus-galli 62

Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya 62

Echinochloa muricata var. muricata 62

Eclipta alba 24

Eclipta prostrata 24

Elaeagnaceae 33

Elaeagnus angustifolia 33

elder, box 20

elderberry, common 20

Eleocharis acicularis 56

Eleocharis obtusa 56

Eleocharis olivacea 56

Eleocharis quadrangulata 56

Eleocharis tenuis 56

Elephantopus carolinianus 24

elephant's foot, leafy 24

Eleusine indica 62

elm, American 50

elm, English 50

elm, slippery 50

Elymus repens 62

Elymus riparius 62

Elytrigia repens 62

Entodon seductrix 13

epazote 31

Epigaea repens 33

75

Epilobium coloratum 42

Equisetaceae 15

Equisetophyta 15

Equisetum arvense 15

Eragrostis 9, 24

Eragrostis cilianensis 62

Eragrostis curvula 62

Eragrostis hirsuta 10, 62

Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea 62

Eragrostis spectabilis 8, 62

Erechtites hieraciifolia 24

Ericaceae 33

Erigeron annuus 24

Erigeron philadelphicus 24

Erigeron strigosus 24

Erodium cicutarium 37

Eruca sativa 28

Erysimum asperum 28

*Erysimum marshallii 28

Erythronium americanum 58

*Eschscholzia californica 42

eulalia 63

Euonymus alatus 30

Euonymus americanus 31

Euonymus europaeus 31

euonymus, winged 30

Eupatorium altissimum 24

Eupatorium coelestinum 24

Eupatorium dubium 24

Eupatorium fistulosum 24

Eupatorium hyssopifolium 24

Eupatorium maculatum 24

Eupatorium perfoliatum 24

Eupatorium pilosum 1 0, 24

Eupatorium purpureum 24

Eupatorium rotundifolium 24

Eupatorium serotinum 24

Euphorbia corollata 8, 34

Euphorbia ipecacuanhae 10, 34

Euphorbia maculata 34

Euphorbia nutans 34

Euphorbia preslii 34

Euphorbia supina 34

Euphorbiaceae 34

Eurhynchium pulchellum 13

Euthamia graminifolia 25

Fabaceae 34

Fagaceae 36

Fagus grandifolia 3, 36

fern, bracken 16

fern, Christmas 16

fern, cinnamon 17

fern, hay-scented 16

fern, marsh 17

fern, New York 17

fern, rattlesnake 16

fern, royal 17

fern, sensitive 17

fern, southern lady 1 7

ferns 16

fescue, Che wings 62

fescue, hair 62

fescue, hard 62

fescue, nodding 62

fescue, red 62

fescue, sheep 62

fescue, tall 62

Festuca arundinacea 62

Festuca fdiformis 62

Festuca obtusa 62

*Festuca ovina 62

Festuca ovina var. capillata 62

Festuca rubra 62

Festuca rubra var. commutata 62

Festuca subverticillata 62

Festuca tenuifolia 62

Festuca trachyphylla 9, 10, 62

fetterbush 33

filaree 37

fireweed 24

flag, northern blue 57

Flavoparmelia caperata 12

flax, prairie 40

flax, ridged yellow 40

fleabane, annual 24

fleabane, Philadelphia 24

flower, cardinal 29

flower, carrion 66

foot, lion's 25

forget-me-not, woodland 27

foxtail, giant 65

foxtail, green 65

foxtail, knotroot 65

foxtail, yellow 65

Fragaria virginiana 46

Fraxinus americana 41

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 42

frostweed 31

*Gaillardia pulchella 25

Galearis spectabilis 59

76

galinsoga 25

Galinsoga parviflora 25

Galium aparine 47

Galium circaezans 47

Galium pedemontanum 47

Galium tinctorium 47

Galium triflorum 47

gall of the earth 25

garlic, wild 53

Gaultheria procumbens 33

Gaylussacia 6

Gaylussacia baccata 33

Gaylussacia dumosa 33

Gaylussacia frondosa 33

Gentianaceae 37

Geraniaceae 37

geranium, spotted 37

Geranium carolinianum var. confertiflorum 37

Geranium maculatum 37

Geranium molle 37

Geranium pusillum 37

Geum canadense 46

gill-over-the-ground 38

ginseng, dwarf 22

Glechoma hederacea 38

glow, wild golden 26

Glyceria obtusa 62

Glyceria striata 63

Gnaphalium obtusifolium 25

Gnaphalium uliginosum 25

goat's-beard, fistulous 26

goat's-beard, showy 26

goat's-beard, yellow 26

goldenrod, axillary 26

goldenrod, dusty 26

goldenrod, early 26

goldenrod, flat-topped 25

goldenrod, gray 26

goldenrod, tall 26

goldenrod, wrinkle-leaved 26

Goodyera pubescens 59

gooseberry, prickly 37

goosefoot, narrow-leaf 31

gound-cherry, smooth 50

grape fern, lace-frond 16

grape, fox 51

grape, riverbank 51

grape, winter 51

grape-hyacinth, common 59

grass, bermuda 61

grass, cover-all 63

grass, dallis 64

grass, deer-tongue 63

grass, gama 65

grass, goose 62

grass, Indian 65

grass, manna 62

grass, orchard 61

grass, poverty 61

grass, rescue 61

grass, silver hair 60

grass, switch 64

grass, velvet 63

grass, white 63

grass, windmill 61

grass, yellow-eyed 66

grass, zoysia 65

Grimmia apocarpa 13

gromwell, corn 27

Grossulariaceae 37

ground-cherry, clammy 49

groundnut 34

groundsel, common 26

gum, black 41

gum, sweet 38

gymnosperms 17

*GypsophiIa muralis 30

Habenaria flava 59

Habenaria lacera 59

Haloragaceae 38

Hamamelidaceae 38

Hamamelis virginiana 38

Haplocladium microphyllum 13

Haplocladium virginianum 13

haw, black 20

hawkweed 25

hazelnut, American 27

heal-all 39

Hedeoma pulegioides 38

Hedera helix 22

Hedwigia ciliata 13

Helianthemum canadense 31

Helianthus tuberosus 25

hellebore, American false 59

Helodium paludosum 13

Hemerocallidaceae 57

Hemerocallis fulva 57

hemlock 18

hempvine, climbing 25

henbit 39

77

Hercules'-club 22

*Hesperis matronalis 28

*Heterotheca subaxillaris 25

Hibiscus moscheutos 40

Hibiscus palustris 40

Hibiscus syriacus 40

hickory, mockernut 38

hickory, pignut 38

Hieracium caespitosum 25

Hieracium gronovii 25

Hieracium pratense 25

Hieracium venosum 25

Holcus lanatus 63

holly, American 22

honeysuckle, hairy-leaved 30

honeysuckle, Japanese 29

honeysuckle, Maack's 29

honeysuckle, Tartarian 30

hop 29

hop-clover, low 35, 36

Hordeum jubatum 63

Hordeum pusillum 63

hornbeam, American 27

horsebrier 66

horsemint 39

horsenettle 50

horsetail, field 15

horsetails 15

horseweed 24

houstonia, large 47

Houstonia caerulea 47

Houstonia purpurea var. purpurea 47

huckleberry, black 33

huckleberry, blue 33

huckleberry, dwarf 33

Humulus lupulus var. pubescens 29

Hydrangeaceae 38

Hydrocotyle americana 21

Hypericum canadense 31

Hypericum gentianoides 31

Hypericum hypericoides 31

Hypericum mutilum 32

Hypericum perforatum 32

Hypericum punctatum 32

Hypericum virginicum 32

Hypnum curvifolium 13

Hypnum imponens 13

Hypnum lindbergii 13

Hypnum pallescens 13

Hypochaeris radicata 25

Hypoxidaceae 57

Hypoxis hirsuta 57

Ilex laevigata 22

Ilex opaca 22

Ilex verticillata 22

Impatiens biflora 27

Impatiens capensis 27

indigo, false 34

ipecac, wild 34

Ipomoea coccinea 32

Ipomoea hederacea 32

Ipomoea lacunosa 32

Ipomoea pandurata 32

Iridaceae 57

Iris versicolor 3, 57

ironweed, New York 26

Isopterygium elegans 14

Isopterygium tenerum 14

Isotria verticillata 59

ivy, English 22

ivy, ground 38

ivy, poison 21

jack-in-the-pulpit 53

jewelweed 27

jimsonweed 49

joe-pye-weed, hollow-stemmed 24

joe-pye-weed, spotted 24

joe-pye-weed, sweet-scented 24

joe-pye-weed, three-nerved 24

Juglandaceae 38

Juglans nigra 38

jumpseed 44

Juncaceae 57

Juncus 9

Juncus acuminatus 57

Juncus brachycarpus 10, 57

Juncus canadensis 57

Juncus diffusissimus 10, 58

Juncus dudleyi 58

Juncus effusus var. solutus 58

Juncus marginatus 58

Juncus scirpoides 58

Juncus secundus 58

Juncus subcaudatus 58

Juncus tenuis 58

Juncus tenuis var. dudleyi 58

jungle-rice 62

Juniperus virginiana 17

Kalmia angustifolia 10, 33

Kalmia Iatifolia 33

78

Kickxia elatine 49

knapweed, spotted 23

knawel 30

knotweed, Japanese 44

knotweed, narrowleaf 44

knotweed, oval-leaf 44

knotweed, prostrate 44

Krigia dandelion 10, 25

Krigia virginica 25

Kummerowia stipulacea 35

Kummerowia striata 35

Kyllinga gracillima 56

Lactuca canadensis 25

Lactuca floridana 25

Lactuca saligna 25

Lactuca scariola 25

Lactuca serriola 25

lady slipper, pink 59

lady slipper, stemless 59

lamb's-quarter 31

Lamiaccac 38

Lamium amplexicaule 39

Lamium purpureum 39

Lauraceae 39

laurel, mountain 33

laurel, sheep 33

lead-plant 34

Lechea leggettii 31

Lechea minor 31

Lechea pulchella 31

Leersia oryzoides 63

Leersia virginica 63

Lemna 3

Lemna gibba 58

Lemna minor 58

Lemna perpusilla 58

Lemna turionifera 58

Lemnaceae 9, 58

Lentibulariaceae 40

Leonurus cardiaca 39

Lepidium campestre 28

Lepidium virginicum 28

Leptoloma cognatum 63

Leskea gracilescens 14

Leskea polycarpa 14

lespedeza, Japanese 35

lespedeza, Korean 35

lespedeza, sericea 35

lespedeza, shrubby 35

Lespedeza bicolor 35

Lespedeza cuneata 35

Lespedeza hirta 35

Lespedeza procumbens 35

Lespedeza repens 35

Lespedeza stipulacea 35

Lespedeza striata 35

Lespedeza virginica 35

lettuce, Florida blue 25

lettuce, lamb's 50

lettuce, prickly 25

lettuce, tall 25

lettuce, willow-leaf 25

*Leucanthemum maximum 25

Leucanthemum vulgare 25

Leucobryum albidum 14

Leucobryum glaucum 14

Leucothoe racemosa 33

Liatris graminifolia 25

*Liatris pycnostachya 25

lichens 12

licorice, wild 47

Ligustrum obtusifolium 42

Ligustrum quihoui 42

Liliaceae 58

Liliopsida 53

Lilium superbum 58

lily of the valley 58

lily, trout 58

lily, turk's-cap 58

lily-turf, grassy 58

lily-turf, spiked 58

Linaceae 40

Linaria canadensis 49

Linaria vulgaris 49

Lindera benzoin 3, 6, 39

Lindernia dubia 49

*Linum lewisii 40

Linum striatum 40

Liquidambar styraciflua 3, 6, 38

Liriodendron tulipifera 3, 6, 40

Liriope graminifolia 58

Liriope spicata 58

Lithospermum arvense 27

lobelia, downy 29

lobelia, great blue 29

Lobelia cardinalis 29

Lobelia inflata 29

Lobelia puberula 29

*Lobelia siphilitica 29

locust, black 35

79

Lolium multiflorum 63

Lolium perenne 63

Lolium perenne subsp. multiflorum 63

Lonicera fragrantissima 29

Lonicera japonica 10, 29

Lonicera maackii 29

Lonicera morrowii 30

Lonicera tatarica 30

looking-glass, Venus's 29

loosestrife, whorled 45

Lotus corniculatus 35

lovegrass 62

lovegrass, big-top 62

lovegrass, purple 62

lovegrass, weeping 62

Ludwigia alternifolia 42

Ludwigia palustris 42

lupine, wild 35

Lupinus perennis 35

Luzula bulbosus 58

Luzula multiflora 58

Lychnis alba 30

Lycopodiaceae 15

Lycopodiella appressa 15

Lycopodiophyta 15

Lycopodium clavatum 15

Lycopodium complanatum var.flabelliforme ... 15

Lycopodium digitatum 15

Lycopodium flabelliforme 15

Lycopodium inundatum var. bigelovii 15

Lycopodium obscurum 15

Lycopus uniflorus 39

Lycopus virginicus 39

Lyonia iigustrina 33

Lyonia mariana 33

Lysimachia quadrifolia 45

Maclura pomifera 41

Magnolia acuminata 1, 40

Magnolia virginiana 40

magnolia, sweetbay 40

Magnoliaceae 40

Magnoliophyta 20

Magnoliopsida 20

Maianthemum canadense 59

Maianthemum racemosum 59

male-berry 33

mallow, common 40

mallow, rose 40

Malus sieboldii 46

Malus toringo 10, 46

80

Malva neglecta 40

Malvaceae 40

manna grass, fowl 63

maple, red 20

maple, silver 20

Matricaria matricarioides 25

may-apple 27

mayflower, Canada 59

meadow beauty 40

meadow beauty, Maryland 40

meadow grass, fowl 63

meadow-rue, tall 45

Medeola virginiana 59

Medicago sativa 35

Melampyrum lineare var. latifolium 49

Melastomataceae 40

Melilotus albus 35

Melilotus officinalis 35

Mentha x citrata 39

Mentha spicata 39

Microstegium vimineum 3, 6, 9, 63

Mikania scandens 25

milkweed, common 22

milkweed, green 22

milkweed, swamp 22

milkwort, Curtiss's 43

milkwort, Maryland 44

milkwort, Nuttall’s 44

milkwort, orange 43

millet, foxtail 65

mimosa 34

Mimulus alatus 49

mint, lemon 39

Miscanthus sinensis 63

mistflower, blue 24

Mitchella repens 47

Molluginaceae 41

Mollugo verticillata 41

*Monarda citriodora 39

*Monarda didyma 39

Monarda punctata 39

monkey flower, sharp-wing 49

monocotyledons 53

Monotropa hypopithys 41

Monotropa uniflora 41

Monotropaceae 41

Moraceae 41

morning-glory, ivy-leaved 32

morning-glory, white 32

Morus alba 41

Morus rubra 41

mosses 12

motherwort, common 39

mountain-mint, clustered 39

mountain-mint, narrow-leaved 39

mugwort, common 23

Muhlenbergia schreberi 63

mulberry, red 41

mulberry, white 41

mullein, great 49

mullein, moth 49

Muscari botryoides 59

mustard, garlic 28

mustard, hedge 28

Myosotis arvensis 27

Myosotis micrantha 27

Myosotis stricta 27

* Myosotis sylvatica 27

Myriophyllum aquaticum 38

nannyberry 20

Narcissus pseudonarcissus 53

Narthecium americanum 59

needles, Spanish 23

Nepalese browntop 63

nettle, false 50

nettle, slender stinging 50

nightshade, black 50

nightshade, climbing 50

nightshade, enchanter's 42

nimblewill 63

ninebark 46

Nuphar 6, 9

Nuphar advena 3, 41

nutsedge, yellow 55

Nuttallanthus canadensis 49

Nymphaea 6, 9

Nymphaea odorata 41

Nymphaea odorata f. rubra 41

Nymphaeaceae 41

Nyssa sylvatica 6, 41

Nyssaceae 41

oak, black 37

oak, blackjack 36

oak, chestnut 37

oak, northern red 37

oak, pin 37

oak, post 37

oak, saw-tooth 36

oak, scarlet 36

oak, shingle 36

oak, southern red 36

oak, Spanish 36

oak, swamp chestnut 36

oak, swamp white 36

oak, white 36

oak, willow 37

oaks 36

oatgrass, tall 60

oats 61

oats, Indian wood 6 1

oats, slender wood 61

Oenothera biennis var. biennis 42

Oenothera fruticosa 42

Oleaceae 41

oleaster 33

olive, Russian 33

Onagraceae 42

Onoclea sensibilis 17

Ophioglossaceae 16

Ophioglossum pycnostichum 10, 17

orach, halberdleaf 3 1

orange, mock 38

orange, osage 41

orchid, cranefly 60

orchid, pale green 59

orchid, ragged fringed 59

Orchidaceae 59

orchis, showy 59

Orchis spectabilis 59

Ornithogalum umbel la turn 59

Osmorhiza longistylis 21

Osmunda cinnamomea 17

Osmunda regalis 17

Osmundaceae 17

Oxalidaceae 42

Oxalis 42

Oxalis dillenii 42

Oxalis europaea 42

Oxalis grandis 42

Oxalis stricta 42

Oxalis violacea 42

Oxypolis rigidior 21

Panax trifolius 3, 1 1, 22

panic grass, beaked 63

panic grass, Bose’s 63

panic grass, bushy 64

panic grass, common 63

panic grass, fall 63

panic grass, starved 63

panic grass, variable 63

81

panic grass, warty 64

Pa n ecu m 9, 63

Panicum subg. Dichanthelium 63

Panicum acuminatum var. fasciculatum 63

Panicum acuminatum var. implicatum 63

Panicum acuminatum var. lindheimeri 63

Panicum agrostoides 64

Panicum anceps var. anceps 63

Panicum boscii 63

Panicum capillare 63

Panicum clandestinum 63

Panicum commutatum var. ashei 63

Panicum depauperatum 63

Panicum dichotomiflorum 63

Panicum dichotomum var. dichotomum 64

Panicum dichotomum var. lucidum 64

Panicum dichotomum var. ramulosum 64

Panicum huachucae 63

Panicum lindheimeri 63

Panicum lucidum 64

Panicum microcarpon 64

Panicum polyanthes 64

Panicum rigidulum var. elongatum 64

Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum 64

Panicum scoparium 64

Panicum sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum 64

Panicum stipitatum 64

Panicum verrucosum 64

Panicum virgatum 6, 64

pansy, European field 51

pansy, field 51

pansy, Rafinesque's wild 51

*Papaver nudicaule 42

*Papaver rhoeas 43

Papaveraceae 42

Parietaria pensylvanica 50

parrot's feather 38

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 51

partridgeberry 47

partridge-pea, large-flowered 34

partridge-pea, small-flowered 34

paspalum, slender 64

paspalum, smooth 64

Paspalum ciliatifolium 64

Paspalum circulare 64

Paspalum dilatatum 64

Paspalum laeve 64

Paspalum pub e see ns 64

Paspalum setaceum 64

Paulownia tomentosa 49

peach

peanut, hog

pear, Bradford

pellitory, Pennsylvania

Peltandra virginica

pennycress, field

pennyroyal, American

Penstemon digitalis

Penthorum sedoides

peppergrass, poor-man's

perilla

Perilla frutescens

periwinkle, common

persimmon

Petalostemon purpureus

Phalaris arundinacea

Philadelphus coronarius

Phleum pratense

phlox, meadow

*Phlox maculata

Phlox paniculata

Phragmites australis

Phragmites communis

Phyllanthus caroliniensis

Physalis heterophylla

Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata

Physalis subglabrata

Physcia dimidiata

Physcia millegrana

Physocarpus opulifolius

Phytolacca americana

Phytolaccaceae

pickerel-weed

pignut, sweet

pigweed, redroot

pigweed, smooth

Pilea pumila

pimpernel, false

pimpernel, scarlet

Pinaceae

pine, loblolly

pine, pitch

pine, Virginia

pine, yellow

pinesap

pineweed

pink, Deptford

pink, marsh

Pinophyta

Pinus echinata

,..46
,..34
,..46
,..50
3,53
,..28
,..38
,..49
,..48
,,28
,,39
,,39
.... 21
,,33
,,35
,,64
,,38
.... 64
,,43
,,43
,,43
,,64
,,64
,,34
,,49
.... 50
.... 50
.... 12
.... 12
,,46
,,43
,,43
,,65
,,38
,,20
.... 20
,,50
,,49
,,45
.... 17
.... 17
.... 17
.... 18
.... 17
.... 41
.... 31
,,30
,,37
.... 17
.... 17

82

Pinus rigida 17

Pinus taeda 6, 17

Pinus virginiana 6, 18

pinweed, Leggett's 31

pinweed, thyme-leaf 3 1

pinxter-flower 33

pipe, Indian 41

pipsissewa 45

Plagiomnium cuspidatum 14

Plagiothecium cavifolium 14

plant, pitcher 48

Plantaginaceae 43

Plantago aristata 43

Plantago lanceolata 43

Plantago major 43

Plantago rugelii 43

Plantago virginica 43

plantain, bracted 43

plantain, buck 43

plantain, common 43

plantain, hoary 43

plantain, Rugel's 43

Platanaceae 43

Platanthera flava var. herbiola 59

Platanthera lacera 59

Platanus occidentalis 43

Platygyrium repens 14

x Pleuriditrichum marylandicum 14

Pleuridium subulatum 14

Poa 9

Poa annua 64

Poa compressa 64

Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia 10, 64

Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis 64

Poa trivialis 64

Poaceae 9, 60

Podophyllum peltatum 27

Pogonatum pensilvanicum 14

pogonia, whorled 59

Pohlia nutans 14

pokeweed 43

Polemoniaceae 43

Polygala curtissii 43

Polygala lutea 8, 43

Polygala mariana 44

Polygala nuttallii 44

Polygalaceae 43

Polygonaceae 44

Polygonatum biflorum 59

Polygonum arenastrum 44

Polygonum arifolium 3, 44

Polygonum aviculare 44

Polygonum bellardii 44

Polygonum cespitosum 44

Polygonum cuspidatum 44

Polygonum hydropiper 44

Polygonum hydropiperoides 44

Polygonum lapathifolium 44

Polygonum neglectum 44

Polygonum pensylvanicum 44

Polygonum perfoliatum 44

Polygonum perforatum 9

Polygonum persicaria 44

Polygonum punctatum 44

Polygonum sagittatum 44

Polygonum scandens 44

Polygonum virginianum 44

Polypodiophyta 16

Polystichum acrostichoides 16

Polytrichastrum ohioense 14

Polytrichum commune 14

Polytrichum juniperinum 14

Poly trichum piliferum 14

pond-lily, yellow 41

pondweed, horned 65

pondweed, small 65

pondweed, variable 65

Pontederia cordata 65

Pontederiaceae 65

poplar, silverleaf 48

poplar, white 48

poppy, California 42

poppy, corn 43

poppy, Iceland 42

Populus alba 48

Populus deltoides 48

Populus grandidentata 48

Portulaca oleracea 45

Portulacaceae 45

possum-haw 20

Potamogeton diversifolius 65

Potamogeton pusillus 65

Potamogetonaceae 65

potato-vine, wild 32

Potentilla argentea 46

Potentilla canadensis 46

Potentilla monspeliensis 46

Potentilla norvegica var. hirsuta 46

Potentilla recta 46

Potentilla simplex 46

83

prairie-clover, purple 35

Prenanthes serpentaria 25

primrose, evening 42

Primulaceae 45

privet, border 42

Prunella vulgaris 39

Prunus persica 46

Prunus serotina 6, 46

Pteridium aquilinum 16

Punctelia rudecta 12

purpletop 65

purse, shepherd's 28

purslane 45

purslane, water 42

pussy-toes, field 22

pussy-toes, plantain-leaved 22

*Pycnanthemum muticum 39

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium 39

Pylaisiella polyantha 14

Pyrolaceae 45

Pyrus arbutifolia 46

Pyrus calleryana Decne 46

Pyrus sieboldii 46

quackgrass 62

Queen Anne's lace 21

Quercus 36

Quercus acutissima 36

Quercus alba 3, 6, 36

Quercus bicolor 36

Quercus coccinea 36

Quercus falcata 6, 36

Quercus imbricaria 36

Quercus lyrata 36

Quercus marilandica 6, 36

Quercus michauxii 36

Quercus montana 6, 8, 37

Quercus palustris 3, 6, 37

Quercus phellos 3, 6, 37

Quercus prinus 37

Quercus rubra 6, 37

Quercus stellata 36, 37

Quercus velutina 6, 37

ragweed, common 22

ragweed, great 22

ragwort, Small's 26

Ranunculaceae 45

Ranunculus abortivus 45

Ranunculus bulbosus 45

Ranunculus hispidus 45

Ranunculus recurvatus 45

Ranunculus sardous 45

Ranunculus sceleratus 45

raspberry, black 47

*Ratibida pinnata 26

rattlebox 34

rattlesnake-plantain, downy 59

rattlesnake-weed 25

redbud 34

redstar 32

redtop 60

reed, common 64

reed, giant 64

Rhamnaccac 46

Rhamnus cathartica 46

Rhexia mariana 40

Rhexia virginica 40

Rhododendron nudiflorum 33

Rhododendron periclymenoides 33

Rhododendron viscosum 33

Rhus copallina 21

Rhus glabra 21

Rhus hirta 21

Rhus radicans 21

Rhus typhina 21

Rhus vernix 21

Rhynchospora capitellata 56

Rhynchospora gracilenta 6, 56

Rhynchospora microcephala 6, 10, 56

Ribes cynosbati 37

richweed 50

Robinia pseudoacacia 35

robin's plantain, poor 25

rocket, dame's 28

rocket, garden 28

rocket, yellow 28

root, Indian cucumber 59

Rorippa islandica 28

Rorippa palustris subsp. palustris 28

Rosa multiflora 47

Rosa virginiana 47

Rosaceae 46

rose, multiflora 47

rose, pasture 47

rose of Sharon 40

Rubiaceae 47

Rubus allegheniensis 47

Rubus argutus 47

Rubus cnslcnii 47

Rubus flagellaris 47

Rubus hispidus 47

84

Rubus occidentalis 47

Rubus pensilvanicus 47

Rubus phoenicolasius 47

Rudbeckia hirta 26

Rudbeckia laciniata 26

me, goat’s 35

Rumex acetosella 44

Rumex crispus 44

Rumex obtusifolius 44

rush, bulbous wood 58

rush, Canadian 57

rush, common wood 58

rush, Dudley's 58

rush, path 58

rush, soft 58

rye 64

ryegrass, annual 63

ryegrass, perennial 63

Sabatia angularis 37

sage, lyre-leaf 39

Sagittaria engelmanniana 53

Sagittaria latifolia var. latifolia 53

Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens 53

St. Andrew's cross 31

St. Johnswort, common 32

St. Johnswort, dwarf 32

St. Johnswort, marsh 32

St. Johnswort, spotted 32

Salicaceae 48

Salix babylonica 48

Salix nigra 48

Salvia lyrata 39

Sambucus canadensis 20

sand-spurrey 30

sandwort, broad-leaf 30

Sanguinaria canadensis 43

Sanguisorba canadensis 47

Sanicula canadensis 21

Santalaceae 48

Saponaria officinalis 30

Sarracenia purpurea 6, 10, 48

Sarraceniaceae 48

sassafras 39

Sassafras albidum 6, 39

Satureja vulgaris 38

sawbrier 66

Saxifragaceae 48

Schizachyrium scoparium 8, 64

Schoenoplectus pungens 56

Schoenoplectus purshianus 56

Schoenoplectus validus 56

Scirpus cyperinus 56

Scirpus georgianus 56

Scirpus polyphyllus 56

Scirpus pungens 56

Scirpus purshianus 56

Scirpus validus 56

Scleranthus annuus 30

scorpion-grass, blue 27

scorpion-grass, mouse-ear 27

screwstem 37

screwstem, yellow 37

Scrophulariaceae 48

Scutellaria elliptica 39

Scutellaria integrifolia 39

Scutellaria lateriflora 39

Secale cereale 64

sedge, cat-tail 55

sedge, fescue 54

sedge, fox 55

sedge, Frank's 54

sedge, hop 55

sedge, Louisiana 55

sedge, Pennsylvania 55

sedge, squarrose 55

sedge, three-square 56

sedge, woolgrass 56

seedbox 42

Selaginella apoda 15

Selaginellaceae 15

selfheal 39

Sematophyllum adnatum 14

Sematophyllum demissum 14

Senecio anonymus 26

Senecio smallii 26

Senecio vulgaris 26

Senna hebecarpa 35

senna, wild 35

serviceberry 46

Setaria faberi 65

Setaria geniculata 65

Setaria glauca 65

Setaria italica 65

Setaria parviflora 65

Setaria pumila 65

Setaria viridis 65

shadbush, serviceberry 46

sheep-sorrel, common 44

shield, water 28

Silene antirrhina 30

85

*Silene armeria 30

Silene latifolia subsp. alba 30

silktree 34

silver grass, Chinese 63

Simaroubaceae 49

Sisymbrium officinale 28

Sisyrinchium angustifolium 57

*Sisyrinchium helium 57

Sisyrinchium graminoides 57

six-weeks grass 65

six-weeks grass, rat-tail 65

skeleton-weed 23

skullcap, blue 39

skullcap, hairy 39

skullcap, large 39

skunk-cabbage 53

smartweed, dotted 44

smartweed, Pennsylvania 44

smartweed, swamp 44

Smilacaceae 66

Smilacina racemosa 10, 59

Smilax glauca 66

Smilax herbacea 66

Smilax rotundifolia 66

snakeroot, black 21

snapdragon, dwarf 48

soap wort 30

Solanaceae 49

Solatium carolinense 50

Solanum dulcamara 50

Solanum nigrum 50

Solidago altissima 26

Solidago caesia 26

Solidago canadensis var. scabra 26

Solidago elliottii 26

Solidago erecta 26

Solidago graminifolia 25

Solidago juncea 8, 26

Solidago latissimifolia 10, 26

Solidago nemoralis 26

Solidago puberula 26

Solidago rugosa 26

Solidago rugosa subsp. aspera 26

Solomon's seal, false 59

Solomon's seal, true 59

Sonchus asper 26

Sorghastrum nutans 65

sow-thistle, spiny-leaved 26

Sparganiaceae 66

Sparganium americanum 66

spearmint 39

spearscale 31

Specularia perfoliata 29

speedwell, bird's-eye 49

speedwell, common 49

speedwell, corn 49

speedwell, field 49

speedwell, gray field 49

speedwell, ivy-leaf. 49

speedwell, purslane 49

speedwell, thyme-leaf 49

Spergula arvensis 30

Spergularia rubra 30

Sphagnum capillifolium 14

Sphagnum compactum 14

Sphagnum imbricatum 14

Sphagnum palustre 14

Sphagnum recurvum 14

Sphagnum secundum 14

Sphagnum subsecundum 14

Sphenopholis nitida 65

spiderwort, Virginia 54

spike-moss, meadow 15

spike-mosses 15

spikerush, blunt 56

spikerush, needle 56

spikerush, olive 56

spikerush, slender 56

spikerush, square-stem 56

spindle-tree, European 31

Spiranthes praecox 60

Spiranthes vernalis 60

Spirodela polyrhiza 58

spleen wort, ebony 16

Sporobolus vaginiflorus 65

spring-beauty 45

spurge, flowering 34

spurge, spotted 34

spurrey, corn 30

staggerbush 33

stargrass, yellow. 57

star-of-Bethlehem 59

Steerecleus serrulatus 14

Stellaria aquatica 30

Stellaria graminea 30

Stellaria media 30

stilt grass 63

stinkgrass 62

stitchwort, common 30

stonecrop, ditch 48

86

strawberry, Indian 46

strawberry, Virginia 46

strawberry, wild 46

Strophostyles helvula 35

succory, gum 23

sumac, dwarf 21

sumac, poison 21

sumac, smooth 21

sumac, staghorn 21

sundrops, narrow-leaved 42

sweet-clover, white 35

sweet-clover, yellow 35

sycamore 43

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum 23

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 23

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 23

Symphyotrichum patens 23

Symphyotrichum pilosum 23

Symphyotrichum puniceum 23

Symphyotrichum racemosum 23

Symplocarpus foetidus 53

Taraxacum officinale 26

Taxodiaceae 18

Taxodium distichum 6, 18

tea, New Jersey 46

tearthumb, arrow-leaved 44

tearthumb, halberd-leaved 44

teasel 32

teasel, Fuller's 32

Tephrosia virginiana 35

Thalictrum pubescens 45

Thalictrum thalictroides 45

Thelypteridaceae 1 7

Thelypteris noveboracensis 17

Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens 17

thistle, bull 24

thistle, Canada 23

thistle, field 23

thistle, musk 23

Thlaspi arvense 28

thoroughwort, hyssop-leaved 24

thoroughwort, late-flowering 24

thoroughwort, round-leaved 24

thoroughwort, vervain 24

three-awn grass, Curtiss's 60

three-awn grass, prairie 60

three-seed-mercury, Virginia 34

Thuidium allenii 14

Thuidium delicatulum 1 5

Thuidium erectum 15

thumb, Oriental lady's 44

thumb, spotted lady's 44

ticklegrass 60

tickseed, golden 24

tickseed, longstalk 24

tickseed, whorled 24

tick-trefoil, hairy small-leaved 35

tick-trefoil, naked-flowered 35

tick-trefoil, panicled 35

timothy 64

Tipularia discolor 60

toadflax, bastard 48

toadflax, blue 49

tobacco, Indian 29

Tofieldia racemosa 59

toothwort, cut-leaved 28

Tortella humilus 15

Toxicodendron radicans 21

Toxicodendron vernix 21

Tradescantia virginiana 54

Tragopogon dubius 26

Tragopogon major 26

Tragopogon pratensis 26

tree, cucumber 40

tree, empress 49

tree, fringe 41

tree, imperial 49

tree, tulip 40

tree-of-heaven 49

trefoil, bird's-foot 35

tresses, ladies' 60

Triadenum virginicum 32

Trichostema dichotomum 39

Tridens flavus 8, 65

Trifolium arvense 35

Trifolium campestre 35

Trifolium dubium 36

Trifolium hybridum 36

Trifolium incarnatum 36

Trifolium medium 36

Trifolium pratense 36

Trifolium repens 36

Triodanis perfoliata 29

Tripsacum dactyloides 65

Triticum aestivum 65

Tsuga canadensis 18

tumble-weed 20

turtlehead 49

Tussilago farfara 26

Typha angustifolia 66

87

Typha latifolia 66

Typhaceae 66

Ulmaceae 50

Ulmus americana 50

Ulmus procera 50

Ulmus rubra 50

Ulmus viminalis 50

Uniola latifolia 61

Uniola laxa 61

Urtica dioica var. procera 50

Urtica gracilis 50

Urticaceae 50

Utricularia gibba 40

Utricularia subulata 6, 10, 40

Utricularia vulgaris 40

Uvularia perfoliata 59

Uvularia sessilifolia 3, 59

Vaccinium 6

Vaccinium atrococcum 33

Vaccinium corymbosum 33

Vaccinium fuscatum 33

Vaccinium pallidum 33

Vaccinium stamineum 33

Vaccinium vacillans 33

Valerianaceae 50

Valerianella locusta 50

Valerianella radiata 50

velvetleaf 40

Venus'-pride 47

Veratrum viride 3, 10, 59

Verbascum blattaria 49

Verbascum thapsus 49

Verbena hastata 51

Verbena urticifolia 51

Verbenaceae 51

Verbesina alternifolia 26

vernal grass, sweet 60

Vernonia noveboracensis 26

Veronica agrestis 49

Veronica arvensis 49

Veronica hederifolia 49

Veronica officinalis 49

Veronica peregrina 49

Veronica persica 49

Veronica polita 49

Veronica serpyllifolia 49

vervain, blue 51

vetch, bigflower 36

vetch, crown 34

vetch, four-seeded 36

vetch, hairy 36

vetch, hairy-fruit winter 36

vetch, narrow-leaved 36

Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum 20

Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum 20

Viburnum dilatatum 10, 20

Viburnum lentago 20

Viburnum nudum 20

Viburnum prunifolium 20

Viburnum recognitum 20

Vicia angustifolia 36

Vicia dasycarpa 36

Vicia grandiflora 36

Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 36

Vicia tetrasperma 36

Vicia villosa 36

Vicia villosa subsp. varia 36

Vinca minor 21

Viola arvensis Murray 51

Viola brittoniana 10, 51

Viola cucullata 51

Viola lanceolata 51

Viola lanceolata 51

Viola palmata var. palmata 51

Viola papilionacea 51

Viola primulifolia 51

Viola rafinesquii 51

Viola sagittata 51

Viola sororia 51

Violaceae 51

violet, arrow-leaf 51

violet, blue marsh 51

violet, Britton's 51

violet, dooryard 51

violet, early blue 51

violet, hooded 51

violet, lance-leaved 51

violet, primrose-leaf 51

Vitaceae 51

Vitis aestivalis 51

Vitis labrusca 51

Vitis riparia 51

Vitis vulpina 51

Vulpia myuros 65

Vulpia octoflora 65

wallflower, plains 28

walnut, black 38

water pennywort, American 21

water-hemlock 21

water-horehound 39

88

water-horehound, northern 39

water-lily, fragrant 41

water-plantain, American 53

water-starwort, greater 29

water-starwort, pond 29

wedgegrass 65

weed, butterfly 22

weed, mile-a-minute 44

weed, pineapple 25

wheat 65

whitetop 24

whitlow-grass 28

wildrye, riverbank 62

william, sweet 30

willow, black 48

willow, weeping 48

willow-herb, eastern 42

wineberry 47

wingstem 26

winterberry 22

winterberry, smooth 22

wintercress 28

wintercress, early 28

wintergreen 33

wintergreen, spotted 45

witch grass 63

witch grass, fall 63

witch-hazel 38

withe-rod 20

wolffia 58

Wolffia brasiliensis 58

wood fern, crested 16

wood fern, intermediate 16

wood fern, spinulose 16

wood reed, sweet 61

Woodsiaceae 17

wood-sorrel 42

wood-sorrel, great yellow 42

wood-sorrel, upright 42

wood-sorrel, violet 42

Woodwardia areolata 16

Woodwardia virginica 10, 16

woolly-bean, annual 35

wormseed 31

wormwood 23

wormwood, annual 23

Xanthium strumarium 26

Xyridaceae 66

Xyris difformis 10, 66

Xyris torta 66

yam, Chinese 57

yam, wild 57

yarrow 22

yarrow, fern-leaf 22

yarrow, golden 22

yellow-cress, common 28

yellow-eyed grass, slender 66

yerba-de-tajo 24

Youngia japonica 26

Zannichellia palustris 65

Zoysia japonica 65

89