SOLD HY . Stationers, ~~ OV THAMPT ON. » BLE TCHER & SON, ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New YORK STATE COLLEGES OF AND HoME ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE AT UNIVERSITY CORNELL Cornell Universit: The butterfly collector's vade mecum; wit Ti | 3 1924 018 305 353 THE ? BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR’S Pave felecum, ms ; 4 F ‘5 re ° x e ‘ Z: : 8 ae % > Bac . = - ———— 7 4 a ~ ee ee He BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR’S Pave fecum; WITH A SYNOPTICAL TABLE oF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. “NOMINA SI NESCIS, PERIT ET COGNITIO RERUM,” Thivn Cxrition, LONDON: LONGMAN AND CO.; WHITTAKER AND CO.; AND I. PAWSEY, IPSWICH. MDCUCXXXVI, 200950 IPSWICH; PRINTED BY Ff. PAWSEY, OLD BUTTER MARKET, TO THE REV. WILLIAM KIRBY, A.M. F, R.S. AND ¥. L. 8. RECTOR OF BARHAM, IN SUFFOLK, WHOSE ARDENT AND UNREMITTING ZEAL IN THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY, AND WHOSE VALUABLE AND JUDICIOUS LABOURS IN THAT SCIENCE, DEMAND THE GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF EVERY TRUE FRIEND AND ADMIRER OF NATURAL HISTORY; THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES, ENRICHED BY HIS ACCURATE AND VALUABLE REMARKS, 1S RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. ADVERTISEMENT. Encouraged by the very favorable reception of The Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum,” the author has been induced to venture on a third, and much enlarged edition, and to ewert her best endeavours to render it still more useful and deserving of notice. The prefatory matter has, with permission of the authors of * The Introduction to Entomology,” been enriched by the acces- sion of many interesting and appropriate remarks from that elaborate and valuable work. The * Directions for Collecting and Preserving Butterflies,” have been much eatended and improved ; their haunts, habits, and times of appearance, together with the instruments employed in their capture, more fully described j and the terms, explanatory of the anatomy of the Butterfly, adapted to the new system. The ** Synoptical Table’ has not only been augmented, but re-modelled and arranged according to the new Genera; and to vill ADVERTISEMEN’T, facilitate the acquirement of this pleasing study, three plates, containing a figure of the wings of each Genus, have been added. The author's anwiety to present to the public a complete description of every British Butterfly, Caterpillar, and Chrysa- lis, has, from the extreme difficulty of obtaining that desideratum, aceasioned unavoidable delay : in this department, however, she has been most materially assisted by the kindness of the Rev. William Kirby, whose knowledge of Entomology is equalled only by his liberality in imparting it. From Ochsenheimer’s elaborate work (Schmetterlinge von Europa) he has added the descriptions of many Caterpillars and Chrysalies to those in Haworth. To him also she is particularly indebted for the descriptions of many of the rarer Butterflies, which his superior information and a reference to the works of foreign authors in his valuable library, enabled him to supply. Kor all his judicious corrections and for his superintendence of this little work, she begs to offer her grateful and sincere acknowledgments. i PREFACE. ¥rom the many additions which have been made by scien- tific Entomologists to the list of British Butterflies, since the publication of the “ Aurelian’s Pocket Companion,” by Harris, in 1775, as well as from the circumstance of that work having long been out of print, and therefore difficult to be procured; it is presumed that the admirers of this pleasing branch of Natural History, will be interested in the appearance of a “ Vade Mecum,” which is partly extracted from “* Haworth’s Lepidoptera,” a work of great merit, but which is now not easily obtained. It is a frequent subject of complaint, that most of our Vade Mecums, or Introductions to particular Branches of Knowledge, are of a too general or of 100 scientific a cast. Those of the former, being often designed only for the amusement of children, or having no higher aim than the gratification of the mere general reader, cannot fail to disappoint the expectations which they tend to excite ; while those of the latter, usually dry and technical, possess but few attractions, and are consequently thrown aside by b x PREFACE, the student, who is deterred from further pursuit by the forbidding aspect under which the subject is presented to his notice. It has therefore been the object of the Editor of the present little work to avoid both these extremes, and thus - blending amusement with scientific instruction, to offer to the collector of British Butterflies an acceptable guide. That it might have been much more complete, she readily admits; and, under abler hands, she is not ashamed to confess, that it is yet capable of further improvement, “ Still an ample field remains, But not for her, to others ske gives way, Who choose a longer course.”’ * But it is not the province of authors to point out their own defects. It is submitted, therefore, such as it is, to the kind indulgence of the British Aurelianist, with requesting his attention to the following remark :— In the Synoptical Table, are inserted the names of those Butterflies only, which are recorded as purely British on * It isa source of gratification to the author of this little work, that it appears to have led to the publication of Brown’s Book of Butterflies,” and to the elegant volume on the same subject in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library,” by Duncan; to whom it seems to have been in no slight degree useful, PREFACE, xi unquestionable authority ; except in a few instances, where they are marked as doubtful. The natural history of animals is the most interesting to man as an animated being, and the most striking and pro- minent in the phenomena which it displays. And although the study of every class is most indisputably attended with peculiar advantages; yet it may safely be affirmed, that it is from the knowledge of the characters, metamor- phoses, and various modes of life which insects are destined to pursue, that a more intimate acquaintance may be obtained with the laws of nature, and veneration for the great Creator of all, than can be derived from the contem- plation of any other class in the animated world. Whilst most animals retain during life the form which they receive at their birth, insects are distinguished by the wonderful changes they undergo. Their existence partakes of two, three, and four distinct states; and, in each of these, differs most essentially in appearance, organization, and manner of living. It is in this class of animals also, above all others, that we are struck with what Cicero has called “the insatiable variety of nature.” Entomology, or the seience of insects, has of late years, therefore, become a favourite pursuit ; and the talent and research displayed in the elucidation of it by a Kirby and xi PREFACE. a Spence,* combined with the moral and religious instruc- tion which their writings universally convey, cannot fail of increasing the number of its votaries, and thereby opening “a mine of pleasure new, boundless and inex- haustible.” An objection, however, has been often urged against the followers of this interesting pursuit: an objection, which is indeed calculated to make a deep impression upon every tender mind—and that is, the charge of inhumanity. But this I think is easily obviated. “ They who see no cruelty in the sports of the field, as they are called,” observe the authors of the Introduction to Entomology, “can never, of course, consistently allege such a charge against the Aurelianist ; the torture of wounded birds, of fish that swallow the hook and break the line, or of the hunted hare, being beyond comparison greater than those of insects destroyed in the usual mode. But even in the views of those few who think inhumanity chargeable upon the sportsman, it will be easy to place considerations which may rescue the Entomologist from such reproof. It is an admitted hypothesis, that in proportion as we * Introduction to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural History of Insects, with plates, 4 vols, Bvo. a PREFACE. xiii descend in the scale of being, the sensibility of the objects that constitute it diminishes. This, indeed, might be inferred 4 priori, since providence seems to have been more prodigal of insect life than of that of any other order of creatures—animalcula, perhaps, alone excepted. But this inference is reduced to certainty, when we attend to the facts which insects every day present to us, proving that the very converse of our great, poet’s conclusion, “the poor beetle that we tread upon In corporal sufferance feels a pang as great As when a giant dies.”’ must be regarded as nearer the truth.” The vulgar think, and those who think themselves wiser than the vulgar make no scruple to say, let him who has nothing to do employ himself in hunting after Butter- flies. Those who thus deride an apparently trifling pur- suit, would do well to remember that studies which, upon a superficial view, seem to be useless, may ultimately prove of no small importance to mankind. But the time, it is to be hoped, is now gone by when a defence of the study of entomology—a study which offers an inexhaustible source of rational and innocent amusement —is necessary. “Why,” asks Ray, the illustrious founder, as he may * Introduction to Entomology, vol. i. p. 57, 58> xiv PREPACE. justly be denominated, of natural history in England, and whose systematical spirit threw a light on every thing he undertook, ‘‘why were insects made attractive, if not that they might ornament the universe, and be delightful objects of contemplation to man ?—Why were they arrayed in beauty, and surrounded with wonders, but that we might be led to glorify the hand that made them ?” “ Each crawling insect holds a rank Important in the scale of Him, who form’d This class of beings.” “Tf,” says Gedner, “ we do not think it worth our while for any other reason to turn our attention to the works of nature, yet surely for the glory of the great Creator we ought to do it ; since in every insect we may observe some singular artifice, which is not to be found in any other bodies, and which fully demonstrates the omniscience of the Supreme Being, who has created nothing but for a certain end, and for some valuable purpose ”* But however the hunters of Butterflies may be laughed at by the vulgar, and whatever ridicule may be thrown upon this their favourite pursuit, still the great number and variety of these insects, as well as the extreme beauty of some of them, cannot fail of attracting the notice and © Gedner’s Orat. on the use of Curiosity. Am, Acad. vol. 3. PREPACE,. XV exciting the admiration of those who are fond of contem- plating the beauties and wonders of creation, and thereby rendering the study of them a source of pleasure and instruction. Yet even in favour of the mere Butterfly hunter, who is attached to insects solely by their beauty or singularity, it would not be difficult to say much, Can it be necessary to declaim on the superiority of a people amongst whom intellectual pleasures are preferred to animal gratification ? Is it to be regretted that many of the Spitalfield weavers spend their Saint-Monday holidays in search of some of the more splendid Lepidoptera, instead of smoking in an alehouse? Or, is it not rather to be wished, that they should recreate their leisure hours by breathing the pure air, while in pursuit of this “untaxed and undisputed game ?” “ Here is my friend the weaver ; strong desires Reign in his breast ; ‘tis beauty he admires : See to the shady grove he wings his way, And feels in hope the rapture of the day— Eager he looks, and soon to glad his eyes Appear bright troops of fresh-born Butterflies, * * * . . = * He fears no bailiffs wrath, no baron’s blame, His is untaxed and undisputed game.” CRABBE’S BOROUGH, XV PREFACE. There are but few individuals who have not been struck with the resplendent and gorgeous colour of some of the Butterfly tribe, and where is the human being who can behold even the most simple and unadorned of the species (P. Brassice) without associating with it the scenes of his childhood, so dear to the heart, when chasing the wayward roamer from field to field ? * Minions of nature !—Creatures of the skies ! Ye bright-wing’d flutterers ! sun-born Butterflies! Ye living gems! ye fairy-formed things ! Peerless in beauty !”” SILLERY. Insects, and more particularly Butterflies, appear to haye been nature’s favourite productions, in which, to recompense them for their weakness, and to manifest her power and skill, she has combined and concentrated almost all that is either beautiful and graceful, interesting and alluring, or curious and singular, in every other class and order of her children. To these, her valued miniatures, she has given the most delicate touch, and highest finish of her pencil :— * Who can paint Like nature? Can imagination boast, Amid his gay creation, hues like these ? And can he mix them with that matchless skill, And lay them on so delicately fine, And lose them in each other.” THOMSON. PREFACE, XVii What numbers vie in beauty with the charming offspring of Flora! Some in the delicacy and variety of their colours ; colours not like those of flowers evanescent and fugitive, but fixed and durable, surviving their subject, and adorning it as much after death as they did when it was alive. Some, again, in the veining and texture of their wings, and others in the cottony down that clothes them ; and the rich robes of others decked with the most vivid tints of the heavenly bow, with the metallic lustre of gold and silver, or reflecting the brilliance of precious stones. “Their wings with azure, green and purple gloss’d, Studded with colour’d eyes, with gems emboss’d. Inlaid with pearl, and mark’d with various stains Of lively crimson through their dusky veins.” BARBAULD, The splendid appearance of the plumage of tropical birds, is not superior to what the curious observer may discover in a variety of Lepidoptera; and those many- coloured eyes, which deck so gorgeously the peacock’s tail, are imitated with success in Vanessa Io, one of our most common Butterflies.” “See,” exclaims the illustrious Linneus, “the large elegant painted wings of the Butterfly, four in number, covered with small imbricated scales ; with these it sustains * Introduction to Entomology, vol. i. p. 7,—10. e Xviil PREPACE. itself in the air the whole day, rivalling the flight of birds, and the brilliancy of the peacock. Consider this insect through the wonderful progress of its life, how different is the first period of its being from the second, and both from the parent insect ; its changes are an inexplicable enigma to us: we see a green Caterpillar furnished with sixteen feet, creeping, hairy, and feeding upon the leaves of a plant ; this is changed into a Chrysalis, smooth, of a golden lustre, hanging suspended to a fixed point, without feet, and subsisting without food: this insect again undergoes another transformation, acquires wings and six feet, and becomes a variegated Butterfly, living by suction upon the honey of plants. What has nature produced more worthy of our admiration? Such an animal coming upon the stage of the world, and playing its part there under so many different masks! In the egg of the Papilio, the epidermis, or external integument falling off, a Cater- pillar is disclosed ; the second epidermis drying, and being detached, it is a Chrysalis; and the third, a Butterfly.* “ Where is the silken shroud ? the groy’ling worm ? Where now the veil which once enshrined each form ? Where the cold, lifeless chrysalis of clay? In gold! in glory! in the blaze of day ! SILLERY. “The metamorphosis of insects,” observes Paley, “is an astonishing process. A hairy Caterpillar is transformed * Linneus Orat. on Insects. Am, Acad. vol. ii. PREFACE. XIX into a Butterfly—mark the change! We have four beau- tiful wings, where there were none before; a tubular proboscis in the place of a mouth with jaws and teeth; six long legs instead of fourteen feet. This process must require, as it should seem, a proportionably artificial apparatus. The hypothesis, which appears to me most probable is, that in the grub, there exists at one and the same time three animals, one within another, all nourished by the same digestion, and by a communicating circulation, but in different stages of maturity. The latest discoveries made by naturalists, seem to favour this supposition. The insect already equipped with wings, is described under the membranes both of the worm and nymph. In some species, the proboscis, the antennze, the limbs and wings of the Butterfly have been observed to be folded up within the body of the Caterpillar, and with such nicety, as to occupy a small space only under the two first rings. This being the outermost animal, which, beside its own proper charac- ter, serves as an integument to the other two, being the furthest advanced dies, as we suppose, and drops off first. The second, the pupa or chrysalis, then offers itself to observation. 'This also, in its turn dies; its dead and brittle husk falls to pieces, and makes way for the appear- ance of the Butterfly. Now if this be the case, or indeed whatever explication be adopted, we have a prospective XX PREFACE, contrivance of the most curious kind: we have organizations three deep, yet a vascular system, which supplies nutrition, growth, and life to all of them together. The art also with which the young insect is coiled up in the egg, presents, where it can be examined, a subject of great curiosity.” Indeed the alteration of form, which the whole of the papilionaceous tribe undergo, affords a subject of the most pleasing contemplation to the mind of the naturalist ; and though a deep philosophical survey demonstrates that there is no real or absolute change produced in the identity of the creature itself, or that it is in reality any other than the gradual and progressive evolution of parts before con- cealed, and which lay masqued under the form of an insect of a widely different appearance, yet it is justly viewed with the highest admiration, “ Even inamoral point of view,” observes the ingenious author of ‘ Salmonia,” ‘the analogies derived from the transformation of insects, admit of some beautiful applica- tions, which have not been neglected by the pious Ento- mologists. The three states of the caterpillar, pupa, and butterfly, have from the time of the Greek poets been applied to typify the human being—its terrestrial form, apparent death, and ultimate celestial destination ; and it seems more extraordinary that a sordid and crawling worm should become a beautiful active fly—that an inhabitant of PREFACE. Xx] the dark and feetid dunghill should in an instant entirely change its form, rise into the blue air, and enjoy the sun- beams—than a being whose pursuits here have been after an undying name, and whose purest happiness has been derived from the acquisition of intellectual power and finite knowledge, should rise hereafter into a state where immortality is no longer a name, and ascend to the source of unbounded power, and infinite wisdom.” If any regard be paid to a similarity of names, it should seem that the ancients were so struck with the transforma- tions of the Butterfly, and its revival from a seeming temporary death, as to have considered it as an emblem of the soul; the Greek word ux, signifying both the soul and a butterfly. This is also confirmed by their allegorical sculptures, in which the Butterfly occurs as an emblem of immortality. Nor is it very unlikely that the doctrine of metempsychosis originated from the same source. What argument, by those who maintained this doctrine, would be thought more plausible in favour of the transmigration of souls, than the seeming revivification of the dead chrysalis. Swammerdam, speaking of the metamorphosis of insects, uses these strong words :—* this process is formed in so remarkable a manner in Butterflies, that we see therein the resurrection painted before our eyes, and exemplified so as to be examined by our hands.” Xxil PREFACE. Modern naturalists, impressed with the same notion, and laudably solicitous to apply it as an illustration of the awful mystery revealed in the sacred writings, have drawn their allusions to it from the dormant condition of the papilionaceous insects during their state of chrysalis, and their resuscitation from it. This idea is also beautifully expressed by the elegant author of “the Pleasures of Memory,” in the following very appropriate stanzas :— “Child of the sun! pursue thy rapturous flight, Mingling with her thou loy’st, in fields of light ; And where the flowers of paradise unfold, Quaff fragrant nectar from their cups of gold. There shall thy wings, rich as an evening sky, Expand and shut with silent extasy. —Yet wert thou once a worm, a thing that crept On the bare earth, then wrought a tomb and slept ! And such is man; soon from his cell of clay To burst a seraph in the blaze of day.” Even the animated illustration taken from the vegetable world, so justly admired, as best calculated for general apprehension, must yield, in the force of its similitude, to that drawn from this insect’s life, since nature exhibits few phenomena that can equal so wonderful a transformation. “ There is no one,” says Paley, “who does not possess some particular train of thought to which the mind naturally directs itself, when left entirely to its own operations. It is certain, too, that the choice of this train of thinking may be directed to different ends, and may PREFACE, XXili appear to be more or less judiciously fixed ; but ina moral view, if one train of thinking be more desirable than another, it is that which regards the phenomena of nature witha con- stant reference to a supreme intelligent Author. rifling, therefore, and perhaps contemptible, as to the unthinking may seem the study of a Butterfly, yet when we consider the art and mechanism displayed in so minute a structure, the fluids circulating in vessels so small as almost to escape the sight, the beauty of their wings and covering, and the manner in which each part is adapted for its peculiar func- tion, we cannot but be struck with wonder and admiration, and must feel convinced, that the Maker of all has bestowed equal skill in every class of animated beings ; and also allow with Paley, that “the production of beauty was as much in the Creator's mind in painting a Butterfly, as in giving symmetry to the human form.” It would, however, be a waste of time to prove how de- lightfal and instructive it is to “look through nature up to nature’s God ;” as well as an useless labour to demonstrate, that “if any judicious or improved use is to be made of the natural bodies around us, it must be expected from those who discriminate their kinds, and study their pro- perties.”’ ** To see all things in God,” observe the authors of the Introduction to Entomology, “has been accounted one of Xxiv PREFACE. the peculiar privileges of a future state; and in this present life, “to see God in all things,” in the mirror of the creation to behold and adore the reflected glory of the Creator, is no mean attainment; and it possesses this advantage, that thus we sanctify our pursuits, and instead of loving the creatures for themselves, are led, by the survey of them and their instincts, to the love of Har who made and endowed them.” 'The more then we study the works of Creation, the more will the wisdom and’ the goodness of the Creator be manifested; and while we admire the order and harmony of the whole, or the beauty and variety of its parts, it will be impossible not to adore “ant who is wise in heart, and wonderful in working,” and at the same time confess with humility of soul, that “ the hand that made them is’ divine.” LATITIA FORD. Vicarage, Navestock, April 30, 1836, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. ‘** Lo, the bright train their radiant wings unfold With silver fringed, and freckled o’er with gold. On the gay hosom of some fragrant flower, They idly flutt’ring live their little hour ; Their life all pleasure, and their task all play, All spring their age, and sunshine all their day.” MRS. BARBAULD, Tue Order Lepidoptera, (a name derived from Aemhs, a scale, and Trepoy, a wing,) to which the Butterfly tribes belong, consists of insects which have four wings more or less covered with minute scales, and which are generally furnished with a spiral tongue (Anilia.*) This Order is divided by modern Entomologists into three primary sections, and denominated Diurnal, Crepuscular, and Nocturnal Lepidoptera. The Diurnal Lepidoptera form the Linnean genus Papilio, called in England Butterfly, from the Saxon Burron-pleoze, (Buttor-fleoze,) and so named because it first appears in the beginning of the season for butter. The characters that dis- tinguish this section are Antenne shorter than the body, con- sisting of numerous joints, and commonly terminating in a longer or shorter knob or clavated tip: Labial Palpi eylin- * Introduction to Entomology, vol, iii. p. 362, 469. B 2 BUTLERELY COLLECTOR'S drical or conical, covered with scales or hairs, and usually consisting of three joints: Maaillary Palpi very minute: Antlia (tongue) consisting of two pieces forming a tube for suction, which, when not employed, is generally coiled up between the palpi like a watch-spring. Other peculiar cha- racters are to be found in them: viz. patagia or tippets, which adorn their thorax, and the ¢egule or base covers, to defend their wings; a honey-bag somewhat analogous to the crop of birds; and a. eolleterium or varnish secretor, concerning the use of which physiologists are not agreed. The wings of some male Butterflies are furnished with a singular apparatus for keeping them steady, and the under wing from passing over the upper in flight. “’The great number,” says Dr. Shaw, “of species in this genus, makes it absolutely neces- sary to divide them into sections or sets, instituted from the habit or general appearance, and in some degree, from the distribution of the colours on the wings. ‘This division of the genus is conducted by Linneus in a peculiar elegant and instructive manner, being an attempt to combine natural and civil history, by attaching some illustrious ancient name to an insect of such or such particular cast.” The great per- spicuity of his system of Entomology, however, arose from its author having made choice of the most obvious characters which insects afford for the leading distinction of his orders. In the construction of his genera, he has taken his characters from various parts, but paid particular attention to the form, situation, and structure of the antenna or horns; these parts being conspicuous in a large proportion of insects, and often affording very satisfactory and obvious characters, and so infinitely varied in their appearance, as to constitute, with few exceptions, a permanent distinction, Other characters more recondite, and perhaps more constant and certain, have been with good effect applied by later Entomologists to VADE MECUM. 3 the purpose of classification. Their names are, likewise, sometimes taken from the plants on which they feed. ‘The size of Butterflies varies but little; in the largest species, seldom above a few lines; the females are almost without exception larger than the males, and vary considerably in colour; their wings, when sitting, are usually erect, and meet upwards ; their flight is in the day time. The Butterfly requires no other food than the nectareous juices which are distilled from flowers, or the saccharine substance which exudes from the leaves of vegetables ; it will sometimes alight and suck the sweets of ripe fruit that has been broken by its fall. The skies are its proper habita- tion—the air is its element ; the pageantry of princes cannot equal the ornaments with which it is invested, or the rich colouring that embellishes its wings. ‘There is nothing in the animal creation so beautiful or splendid as many species of these insects; they serve to banish solitude from our walks, and to fill up our idle intervals with the most pleas- ing speculations. ** Who loves not the gay Butterfly, which flits Before him in the ardent noon, array’ In crimson, azure, emerald, and gold; With more magnificence upon his wing, His little wing—than ever grac’d the robe Gorgeous of royalty ; is like the kine ‘That wanders mid the flowers which gem the mead, Unconscious of their beauty ”” CARRINGTON’S DARTMOOR, p. 33. Almost allinsects are oviparous. Nature keeps her but- terflies, moths, and caterpillars locked up during the winter in their egg state; and we have to admire the various de- vices to which, if we may so speak, the same nature resorts 4 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S for the security of the egg. Many insects inclose them in a silken web; others cover them with a coat of hair, plucked from their own bodies; and others glue them to the leaves upon which they are deposited, that they may not he shaken off by the wind, or washed away by the rain. Some again make incisions into the leaves, and hide an egg in each incision; whilst others envelope their eggs with a soft sub- stance which forms the first aliment of the young animal ; and some again make a hole in the earth, and having stored it with a sufficient quantity of proper food, deposit their eggs in it." Butterflies in the winter generally lie hid within their cases, with their legs, antenne, and wings closely folded over the breast and sides, and are nourished by the surround- ing liquor like the fwtus of other animals ; from whence, at the approach of spring, they awake and become inhabitants of the air, when they always find their favorite aliment provided in abundance before them. Nine-tenths probably of the extensive Order Lepidoptera pass the winter in the pupa state, which indeed is the case with all the numerous species that feed on annual plants ; because as these plants have no local habitation, dying one year and springing up from seed in another quarter the next, the eggs deposited on them in autumn would not escape destruction; and even were the /arve hatched before winter, and hybernate in that state, they would haye no certainty of being in the neighbourhood of their appropriate food the next spring. By wintering, however, in the pupa state, these accidents are provided against. + Vhe greater part of those Lepidopterous insects which come forth in the spring or summer, perish or disappear at the * Paley’s Natural Theology, p. 356, 357. + Introduction to Entomology, vol. ii, ps 455. VADE MECUM, 5 approach of winter; there are few, the period of whose life exceeds that ofa year, Some outlive the rigors of winter, from being concealed under ground, and others remain hid in the bark of trees, or in chinks of old walls; but the pro- portion which survives is very inconsiderable, unless it be those in the egg state. Those which are hatched in the autumn, and live under ground, or in other places of security during winter, usually come forth in the spring, take proper nourishment, and undergo their several changes to the per- fect state. When the insect has quitted the eauvie of the pupa, it has attained the last stage of its existence, and is termed an imago, or perfect insect. After its first exclusion it is weak, soft, and languid, and all its parts covered with moisture. The wings, instead of being of their subsequent amplitude, and painted with a variety of hues, are very small and of a dull colour, in which no distinct characters can be traced. These symptoms of debility and imperfection, however, soon vanish ; the moisture of the skin evaporates; the texture becomes firm; the colours appear in their perfect beauty ; and the wings expand to their full size. The proceedings here described, observe Messrs. Kirby and Spence, were witnessed very recently in that interesting and beautiful Butterfly Papilio Machaon, which 1 had the pleasure to see leave its puparium. With great care I placed it upon my arm, where it kept pacing about above an hour; when all its parts appearing consolidated and developed, and the animal in perfect beauty, I secured it, though not without great reluctance, for my cabinet. To observe how gradual, and yet how rapid, was the deyelopment of the parts and organs, and particularly of the wings, and the perfect coming forth of the colours and spots, was an interesting spectacle. At first it was unable to elevate or even move its wings ; but in proportion as the aerial or other fluid was forced by 6 BUTTEREFLY COLLECTOR'S the motions of its trunk into their nervures, their numerous corrugations and folds gradually yielded to the action, till they gained their greatest extent, and the film between all the nervures became tense. ‘The ocel/li and spots and bars, which appeared at first as but germs, or rudiments of what they were to be, grew with the growing wing, and shone forth upon its complete expansion in full magnitude and beauty.” Thus, to use the words of Swammerdam, we see a little insignificant creature distinguished in its last birth with qualifications and ornaments which man, during his stay upon earth, can never hope to acquire :—a strong proof, that while this animal is raised to its greatest height, we are as yet in this world only candidates for perfection ! Papilionaceous insects, in general, soon after their en- largement from the chrysalis, and commonly during their first flight, discharge some drops of red-coloured fluid, more or less intense in different species. “This circumstance,’ observes Dr. Shaw, “‘is peculiarly worthy of attention, from the explanation which it affords of a phenomenon often con- sidered, both in ancient and modern times, in the light of a prodigy :—viz. the descent of red drops from the air, which has been called a shower of blood; an event recorded by several writers, and particularly by Ovid, among the pro- digies which took place before the death of Julius Cwsar. “* Sene faces vise mediis ardere sub astris, Seepe inter nimbos gutte cecidere cruente.” “With threatening signs the lowering skies were fill’d, And sanguine drops from murky clouds distill’d.” This highly rational elucidation of » phenomenon, at first view so inexplicable, seems to have been discovered by the * Introduction to Entomology, vol, ili, p. 292, 293, VADE MECUM. 7 celebrated Pieresc, at Aix, in Provence, where a shower of this kind fell in 1608. The common people were terrified with the apprehension of some great general calamity ; but that intelligent naturalist, enquiring into the affair with minute attention, was fully convinced that these drops were scattered by an innumerable swarm of the Vanessa C. Album, hovering in the air; he preserved several of the caterpillars of this insect in a glass, which after their transformation discharged these drops of blood. ‘This discovery ruined two hypotheses, which had been supported with equal ability— one, that it was the work of evil spirits; the other, that these drops were formed from red exhalations precipitated again in rain.® ; The same notion was also entertained by Swammerdam, though he does not appear to have verified it from his own observation. “Some people,” says Pliny, “think the appearance of the Butterfly the surest sign of spring, on account of the delicacy of the animal.” And certainly these insects may generally be regarded as precursors of fine weather. The elegant brimstone Butterfly, Gonepterya Rhamni, usually bursts from its chrysalis in March, and is the herald of the whole tribe; this is succeeded by the large and small tortoise-shell /wnessas Polychloros and Urtica ; and in the following month, among many others, by Pontia Brassice, the large white cabbage Butterfly, which has ever been regarded as an index of settled skies, and a symbol of summer. One of the superstitions prevailing among the lower classes in Devonshire is, that any individual neglecting to kill the first Butterfly he sees in the year, will have ill luck through- out it. ‘The Dorset Chronicle recently furnished a ludicrous * Avelin Miracula Insectorum, Am. Acad. vol, iii. p. 320, 8 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S example of this vulgar error; which, for the sake of the unoftending insect, it is to be hoped is so purely provincial as to be confined to those counties. It was from a different feeling that Shakspeare, in his inimitable Midsummer Night's Dream, makes the Queen tell her Fairies, in their charge of Oberon, to “pluck the wings from painted Butterflies To fan the moon-beams from his sleeping eyes.” The Butterfly is one of the principal ornaments of oriental poetry ; but in those countries, the insect is larger and more beantiful than with us. Lord Byron thus elegantly alludes to one of the most splendid and rare of the species, “the blue-winged Butterfly of Kashmeer.” “ As, rising on its purple wing, The insect queen of eastern spring O’er emerald meadows of Kashmeer Invites the young pursuer near, And leads him on from flower to flower, A weary chase and wasted hour ; Then leaves him, as it soars on high, With panting heart and tearful eye. So beauty lures the full-grown child, With hue as bright and wing as wild, A chase of idle hopes and fears, Begun in folly, closed in tears ; If won, to equal ills betray’d, Woe waits the insect and the maid. * * * * * * The lovely toy so fiercely sought Has lost its charm by being caught, For every touch that wooed its stay Has brush’d its brightest hues away, Till charm, and hue, and beauty gone, Tis left to fly or fall alone.” THE GIAOUR, VADE MECUM. 9 Insects, under all their varieties of form, are endowed with antenne, which is the name given to those long organs that rise from each side of the head; but to what common use, or want of the insect kind, a provision so universal is sub- servient, has not yet been clearly ascertained. They have been regarded by some as organs of smell, and by others as organs of touch ; but though they may be used occasionally in exploring by touch, this is neither their general nor their primary use, for the antenne of very great numbers never are or can be employed for this purpose. Itis most probable that they are the organs of a sense not perfectly analogous to any of ours, but coming nearest to that of hearing, for they certainly collect notices from the atmosphere. This unknown sense Lehmann (who is the patron of the hypo- thesis that makes them primarily tactus) calls a@roscepsy.* An extraordinary instance of irritability is exhibited by the antlia, or instrument of suction of the Butterfly. If this organ, which the insect can roll up spirally like a watch- spring, or extend in a straight direction, be cut off as soon as the animal is disclosed from the chrysalis, it will continue to roll up or unroll itself as if still attached to its head; and if, after having apparently ceased to move for three or four hours, it be merely touched, it will again begin to move and resume the same action. This is doubtless occasioned by the peculiar structure of the antlia, which is composed of an infinity of horny rings acted upon by muscles, more nume- rous, probably, than those which move the trunk of the elephant. The motion only ceases when the muscles become dry and rigid.t The Larve of Butterflies are universally and emphatically * See Introduction to Entomology, vol, iv. p. 235, 247, where this subject is largely discussed, t Introduction to Entomology, vol, iv. p, 19, 192. (@) 10 BUTTERELY COLLECTOR'S known by the name of Caterpillars. The body of the Cater- pillar, when anatomically considered, is found composed of rings, whose circumference is nearly circular; they are generally twelve in number, and are membraneous. The head of the Caterpillar is attached to the first ring by the neck. The general shape of their bodies is cylindrical, and a few of them are transparent; the contour of their head being usually entire and unbroken. Some are quite naked and smooth, or rough only with granular elevations, or tubercles. A considerable number are clothed with hair or bristles, and some armed with spines so stiff as to pierce the skin. Bonnet remarks, that a greatnumber of Lepidop- terous larvae have between the under lip and fore legs a slender transverse opening, containing a teat-like protube- rance, which they can either wholly retract and conceal, or by pressure extend to the length of one of the legs. The use of this is not clearly known; some have supposed it to be a second spinneret, and to be of service in fabricating the cocoon; but itis more probable that it secretes some other kind of fluid, and is connected with defence, and is intended to drive away the Ichneumons which reign over the whole of the Lepidopterous /arve with undisputed sway. It is the opinion of many entomologists that the long hairs, stiff bristles, sharp spines, and hard prominences which distin- guish others, are also afforded as a means of defence. ‘This is rendered more probable by the fact, that in several in- stances the animals so distinguished, previously to their assuming the pupa, appear with a smooth skin. They are furnished also with palpi, jaws, six little eyes on each side of the head, and spiracles or oval openings, through which the insect breathes; the colour of which is often so contrasted with the rest of the body, as to produce a. striking effect. This contrast is frequently rendered more obvious by their VADE MECUM. 1] position, as in those whose sides are striped, the spiracles are sometimes planted in it, or just above it, or between two. Lepidopterous /arve have either ten, eight, six, or two pro- legs, seldom indeed more and never fewer, Of these, with few exceptions, two are attached to the last or anal, and the rest, when present, to one or more of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments of the body : none are ever found on the fourth, fifth, tenth, or eleventh segments. Many larve of Lepidoptera unite in some common work for the benefit of the community, and continue together while their united labours are beneficial to them; but when they reach a certain period of life, they disperse and hecome solitary. Of this kind are the Caterpillars of a little Butterfly (Melitea Cinvia), which devour the narrow-leaved plantain. The families of these, usually amounting to about a hundred, unite to form a pyramidal silken tent, containing several apartments, which is pitched over some of the plants that constitute their food, and shelters them both from the sun and the rain. When they have consumed the provisions which it covers, they construct a new one over other roots of this plant; and sometimes four or five of these encamp- ments may be seen within a foot or two of each other. Against winter they weave and erect a stronger habitation of a rounder form, not divided by any partitions, in which they lie heaped one upon another, each being rolled up ; about April they separate and continue solitary till they assume the pupa.* The larve of the cabbage Butterfly, (Pontia Brassice), when about to assume the pupa state, commonly fixes itself to the under side of the coping of a wall, or some similar projection; but the ends of the slender thread which * Introduction to Entomology, vol. ii. p. 20. 12 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S serves for its girth will not adhere firmly to stone, or brick, or even wood, in such situations, therefore, it previously covers the space of about an inch long, and half an inch wide, with a web of silk, to the extensive base of which its girth can be securely fastened. This insect disposes its eggs side by side, so as to resemble a close column of soldiers ; in consequence of which, on hatching, those /arve which proceed from the upper end, cannot disturb the adjoining eggs." That accurate observer of nature, accomplished scholar, and highly pleasing poet, the late Rev. Dr. Hurdis, has thus minutely described the birth and habits of the Caterpillar. “ Hatch’d by the sun-beam from contiguous cells, Around the slender apple-twig combin’d In circuit orderly, egg glued to egg, Issue the Caterpillar swarm minute. There left, oviparous, her half-born brood, Ere summer clos’d, the parent left and died. There have they still endur’d, and still surviv'd Sharp winter's tyranny ; the bitter frost, That slew the myrtle, and the lasting leaf Of the screen’d laurel chang’d, no death to them. Now busily convened, upon the bud, That crowns their genial branch, they feast sublime, And spread their muslin canopy around, Payillion’d richer than the proudest king.’’ FAVORITE VILLAGE, The Caterpillar, whose life is one continued succession of changes, may be regarded as a locomotive egg, having for its embryo the included Butterfly: it often moults its skin before it attains its full growth; and it is not simply the skin that is changed, for when it moults, in the eauvie are found * Introduction to Entomology, vol, iii, p. 79, 80, VADE MECUM. 13 the skull, jaws, and all the exterior parts, both scaly and membranaceous, which compose its upper and under lip ; its antenna, palpi, and even those crustaceous pieces within the head, which serve as a fixed basis to a number of mnscles, with the spiracles, the claws, and sheaths of the anterior legs, and in general the traces of all that is visible in the external figure of the Caterpillar. This change is effected by the insect withdrawing itself from the outer skin, when it finds itself incommoded from being confined within too narrow a compass; but to accomplish this change, is a painful pro- cess, and the work of some labour and time; it generally fasts a whole day after moulting, The Caterpillars of Lepi- dopterous insects, with the few exceptions before mentioned, are destitute of all means of defence, and are the prey of birds and other voracious creatures. Many of them feed close to the ground, or under the surface, subsisting on the lower parts or roots of plants ; and for this reason are seldom seen, and remain unknown. Many also are of the colour of the plant on which they feed, and hence they are with difficulty discovered by their enemies. A large proportion of them are green of different shades, sometimes beautifully contrasted with black bands; a circumstance which renders the Caterpillar of one of our finest insects Papilio Machaon, of this order, as lovely as the fly. No general judgment, however, can be formed of the beauty of the future fly, from the colour of the /arve ; for it often happens that the splen- did Caterpillar gives a plain Butterfly, and vice-versa. A Caterpillar in its adult state, is the most ravenous of all animals; it will eat double its own weight of leaves in one day. These voracions habits, with its slow crawling motion, render these insects, notwithstanding the beauty and variety of their colouring, not the most agreeable objects of human curiosity. There are, however, many Naturalists 14 BUTTERELY COLLECTOR'S who have spent years in their contemplation ; and who have not only attended to their habits, but minutely examined their structure and internal conformation. One species of motion peculiar to Caterpillars is their mode of climbing and descending, which they effect by ladders or a single rope. The Caterpillar of Pontia Brassica, the large white or cab- bage Butterfly, scales walls and even glass windows, without difficulty ; but in the last instance, ifthe square upon which the animal is travelling be examined with a microscope, a visible track like that of a snail may be seen. This consists of little silken threads which it has spun in a zig-zag direc- tion, forming a rope ladder, by which it ascends a surface it could not otherwise adhere to. These threads being of a gummy nature, harden in the air and easily attach themselves to the glass. Some of the Lepidopterous Caterpillars are solitary, while others live in society. “* A Caterpillar, when grown to its full size, retires to some convenient spot, and securing itself properly by a small number of silken filaments, either suspends itself by the tail, hanging with its head down- wards, or else in an upright position, with the body fastened round the middle by a proper number of filaments. It then casts off the Caterpillar skin, and commences chrysalis; in which state it continues till the enclosed Butterfly is ready for birth, which, liberating itself from the skin of the chrysa- lis, suddenly quits the state of inactivity to which it had been so long confined, and becomes at pleasure an inhabitant of the air.””* This wonderful resuscitation has been so spiritedly des- cribed by the French poet of nature, that no apology will, I trust, be required for the insertion of the following extract from his “* Jardins.”’ * Shaw, vol. vi. p. 206. VADE MECUM. 15 * Voyez ce Papillon échappé du tombeau, Sa mort fut un sommeil, et sa tombe un bercean ; Il brise le fovrreau qui l’echainait dans l’ombre ; Deux yeux paraientson front, etses yeux sont sans nombre; Il se trainait 4 peine, il part comme l’eclair ; Il rampait sur la terre, il yoltige dans lair.” DE LILLE. Nor can I resist offering another equally applicable quota- tion from the amiable Hurdis : * Behold again with saffron wing superb, The giddy Butterfly. Releas’d at length From his warm winter cell, he mounts on high, No longer reptile, but endowed with plumes, And through the blue air wanders ; pert alights, And seems to sleep, but from the treacherous hand Snatches his beauties suddenly away, And zig-zag dances o’er the flowery dell.” FAVORITE VILLAGE. The clothing of the organs of flight of the Butterfly excites the admiration of the most incurious beholder. The gorge- ous wings of these universal favorites owe their beauty to an infinite number of little plumes, thickly planted in their surfaces, and so minute as to seem like powder; but which are in fact an innumerable number of small scales varying in shape and length in different species, and discoverable only by the assistance of a microscope. Peculiar beauties of hue sometimes distinguish a whole genera or family. What can be more lovely than that tribe of little Butterflies which flit around us everywhere in our summer rambles, which are called Blues, and which exhibit the various tints of the sky? Among these, Polyommatus Adonis scarcely yields to any exotic Butterfly in the celestial purity of its azure wings, 16 BUTTERTLY COLLECTOR'S Our native Coppers, also, Lycana dispar, J ingauree, sc. are remarkable for the fulgid colour of these organs; in Argynnis Paphia, Aglaia, §c. the upper side of their wings is tawny and spotted with black, while the underside of the secondary one is adorned by the appearance of silver spots.” From the magnitude and strength of the wings of many species it might be supposed that in those that fan with ** sail-broad vans,” they would not be silent in the air, yet they produce little or no sound by their motion. ‘They are excellent flyers, and seem to flit untired from flower to flower, and from field to field. “ Above the sovereign oak, a sovereign skims, The Purple Emperor, strong in wing and limbs ; There fair Camilla takes her flight serene, Adonis blae, and Paphia, silver queen.” CRABBE’S BOROUGH. The distance to which some males will fly is astonishing. The flight is effected by dipping and rising alternately, so as to form a zig-zag line with vertical angles, which the insect often describes with a skipping motion, so that each zig-zag consists of smaller ones. ‘This renders it difficult for the birds to take them in their flight. Butterflies, when standing still in the sun, as doubtless has been frequently observed, * Their golden pinions ope and close ;” thus it should seem, unless this motion be connected with their respiration, alternately warming and cooling their bodies.+ * Introduction to Entomology, vol. iii. p. 651, 652. + Ibid, vol, ii, p. 305, VADE MECUM. LZ, It is very amusing to observe, in the bright sun of an August morning, the animation and delight of many of the Lepidopterous insects. ‘That beautiful little blue Butterfly, Polyommatus Argus, is then all life and activity, flitting from flower to flower in the grass, with remarkable vivacity ; there seems to be a constant rivalship and contention be- tween this beauty, and the not less elegant little bean Lycena Phieas. Frequenting the same station, attached to the same head of clover or harebell, whenever they approach, mutual annimosity seems to possess them ; and darting on each other with courageous rapidity, they buffet and contend until one is driven from the field, or to a considerable distance from his station, perhaps many hundred yards, when the victor returns to his post in triumph. Pupa, or Chrysalides, as to their general figure, may be divided into two classes. The first class consists of angular pupae, or those which have angular projections on different parts of their body; the second of conical, or those which have no such projections, (the anal mucro excepted.) Each of these classes affords variations which require to be noticed. The surface of the skin of the greater number of pupe is smooth, but in some it is ragose and warty ; this is particularly apparent in that of Papilio Machaon. In the pupe are discoverable evident traces of ten dorsal segments ; and in that of the above-named species, there is a deep channel between the third and fourth segments. wi (ae et nt Al ye RED co tad 4 Sleek Lneitaned vi . 4 IL. Mipparchia Galatea, 8.Vanessa Io, iS LS oe 15, Hesperia Comma. \ 10 Lamenitis Cannlla. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUTTERFLIES ENUMERATED IN THE SYNOPTICAL TABLE, With Authorities and References to Works where they are Sigured, and Observations on their Habits, 8c. Genus Papruro, Plate 1. Fig. 1. Antenne \ong, with a tapering curved knob: joints more than thirty. Pailpi short, not extending beyond the head. Forelegs perfect: cubit armed in the middle with a lance shaped spur; shanks with two spurs each at the tip.* Claws simple, without foot cushions. Primary ings intire, triangular. Secondary roundish, scalloped, often tailed. Egg unknown. Caterpillar naked, with a y-shaped scent-organ issuing from its neck when alarmed. Chrysalis angular, girted,t head-case eared.§ Sepp. I, ii. pl. iii. * Introduction to Entomology, iii. 369, d. 384, e. N.B. All Butterflies have shanks with two spurs each. t Ibid, 386, a. t Suspended by a single thread round its body. § That is called an eared head-case, which terminates in a pair of processes somewhat resembling ears, 62 BUTTERELY COLLECTOR'S PAPILIO MACHAON, SWALLOW-TAIL. Lewin,* pl. 34. Donovan,t v. 6, p. 211. Duncans} pl. 4, fig. 1. Butterfly. Wings yellow and black ; the black being also powdered with yellow. Primary with a row of yellow cres- cents at the posterior margin. Secondary, tailed, indented, with a double row of crescents at the posterior margin, the interior ones blue, the exterior yellow. Anal angle with an eye-like red spot surmounted by a blue crescent, and sur- rounded by a blackiris. Wings underneath paler, variegated with black and grey, and two or more red spots, one at each of the posterior angles. Caterpillar. Smooth, of a lovely pale green above, under- neath shading into a fine bottle-blue, striped with black transverse rings or bands, on which are dots of orange red. This species is furnished with a remarkable y-shaped scent- organ, which is situated at the anterior margin at the back of the first segment, close to the head. It secretes an acrid liquor, which emits an unpleasant smell, particularly when the animal is irritated, by which it keeps the ichneumons at a distance. At the bottom it is simple, but divides towards the middle into two forks, of a fleshy substance, which it can lengthen as a snail does its horns, to five times their ordinary extent, or retract them within the stalk, so as wholly to conceal them, leaying only two tawny-coloured dots to mark their existence. It is solitary, and feeds principally on umbelliferous plants. Chrysalis. Of a yellowish green and grey, beset with many points of a whitish hue, with a longitudinal black band on each side. * Lewin’s English Butterflies. + Donovan’s History of British Insects. t Duncan’s British Butterflies. VADE MECUM. 63 Observation, This is the largest and one of the most beautiful Butterfles which Britain produces, and may be considered as the only British species excepting the P. Poda- livius, (which in England is extremely rare), belonging to Linne’s tribe of Zquites. When first discovered it was sup- posed to be a foreign insect. By some English Aurelians it has been denominated the Royal William, probably in com- pliment to his Royal Highness William Duke of Cumberland, who in 1745, (which was about the time that this Butterfly was first noticed,) was very popular for his defeat of the rebels. In some districts in France it is known by the name Grand Carottier, from the injury it occasions to the carrot in the cultivated as well as the wild state, This splendid insect though called the Common Swallow-tail Butterfly, is only to be met with in particular places, and is by no means abund- antin any part of England. It sometimes happens that two broods of this Butterfly are produced in the same summer, one in May, haying been in the pupa state all the winter, the other in August, from the Chrysalides of July. If the Caterpillar of P. Machaon becomes a pupa in J uly, the Butterfly will appear in thirteen days; if in September, not till June following. PAPILIO PODALIRIUS, SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL. Lewin, pl. 35. Donovan, v. 4, p, 109. Duncan, pl. 45 fig. 2. Butterfly. Wings yellowish. Primary with the costal nervure, six bands (the two first extending into the secondary wing, and the third and fifth wuch abbreviated,) and the posterior margin black. Secondary tailed, indented, with posterior margin black with four purplish crescents, aspurious eyelet at the anal angle, black with a purplish crescent, and 64 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S surmounted by a tawny spot. Below, several narrow black bands, the intermediate pair being approximated and parallel. Posterior margin black, near the anal angle pow- dered with yellow. Eyelet as above. In the primary wings below, the fourth and sixth bands inclose an ash coloured one. Caterpillar. Solitary," smooth, yellowish green dotted with three longitudinal lines of a whitish yellow on the back and sides, and obliquely streaked with the same colour. The head protrudes two retractile horns.t Chrysalis. Yellow, beset with many points of a dull brown. Observation. The latter end of May, or the beginning of June, is the usual time of this Butterfly being hatched. Mr. Haworth says, “in all probability Podalirious is double brooded, like the kindred species Machaon ; and if so it must be in the /arva state in this country in June, and again in September; and in the imago state in the corresponding months of May and August.”’ It is very common in France under the name of Le Flambe, from a supposed resemblance in the pyramidal shape of the black stripes to the form of flames. There are many notices of this very rare insect haying been captured in England; it is mentioned as a native by Ray and Berkenhout, and figured as such by Donovan, Lewin, and others ; yet on strict investigation, if still remains rather doubtful if really indigenous. Itis stated to have been taken by Mr. Hawkins, in the New Forest, in 1827, and more recently on the authority of the Rev. F. W. Hope,§ at Netley, Salop. * Ochsenheimer’s Sclimetterlinge von Europa, + This if fully protruded would probably be found to be the Y-shaped osmaterium or scent-organ observable in P. Machaon and the other Caterpillars of the genus. (See Introduction to Ento- mology, ii. 244, ili. 148 ) I Vide Ingpen’s Instructions, page 91. § Vide Duncan’s British Butterflies, page 99. VADE MECUM. 65 Genus Gonerteryx, pl. I, fig. 2. + Antenne rather short, with a tapering rather compressed obscure knob ; joints less than thirty. Palpi longer than the head. Forelegs perfect ; cubit unarmed. Claws short, bifid, without foot cushions, Wings angular ; primary rather falcated subtriangular, with a slight bay in the anterior margin ; secondary between ovate and wedge-shaped, internally forming a grove to receive the abdomen, Egg unknown. Caterpillar naked. Chrysalis sabangular, hunched, suspended and also loosely girted ; head-case beaked.* De Geer 1. pl. xy. fig. 1, 2. Hitbner Schmet. pl. 1xxxviii. c. d. GONEPTERYX RHAMNI, BRIMSTONE. Lewin, pl. 31. Donovan, v. 5,p. 145. Duncan, pl. 5, fig. 1. Butterfly. Wings brimstone-coloured, each with a dot above yellow, below ferruginous, the margins, especially the costal, dotted with ferruginous. Underneath greenish. The female differs from the male in the wings on both sides, being paler or approaching to greenish white. N.B. The wings are sometimes altogether of a pale green. Caterpillar. Pale green, with black dots on the back, brighter in the sides, with a faint white lateral stripe. Chrysalis. Greenish with two bright yellow stripes on the sides, * The beaked head-case terminates in a single process. K 66 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR’S Observation, This is one of the earliest of our vernal Butterflies, and frequently even in the chilly and uncertain months of March and April is to be seen in our shrubberies and gardens, where its beautiful colour and graceful form render it an object of great attraction. The eggs which it deposits in the spring, appear as a second brood of Butter- flies in August; these sometimes continue dormant through the winter. It also hybernates in the pupa state. The Butterfly is often found on Melica uniflora (Wood Melic Grass). Mr, Curtis in his elegant work of ‘ British Ento- mology,” pl. 173, has figured a beautiful variety of this insect, of a deep clouded yellow, dotted and streaked with orange, which was taken at Peckham, in Surry, and is now in the cabinet of Mr. Haworth. Genus Cours, pl. 1, fig. 3. Antenne rather short, with a tapering but thickish obtuse knob ; joints less than thirty. Palpi porrected beyond the head. Forelegs perfect, cubit unarmed. Claws bifid ; without foot cushions. Wangs intire ; primary triangular ; secondary rounded, inter- nally forming a grove to receive the abdomen. Egg unknown, Caterpillar naked, tuberculated. Chrysalis sabangular, hunched, girted, head-case beaked with a long beak. Merian Surinam ; Hiibner Schmet. pl. Iviii. c. d. COLIAS EDUSA, CLOUDED SULPHUR. Lewin, pl. 32. Donovan, v. 7, p..238. Dunean, pl. 5, fig. 2. Butterfly. The primary wings of the male, above, of a pale orange colour, the central spot, and posterior margin VADE MECUM. 67 broadly black brown ; underneath, the disk of a very pale tawny orange colour, greenish at the tip; the middle spot black, and a series of black spots, the anterior ones obliterated in the posterior part of the wing. The secondary wings above, pale orange, with a narrow black fringe or margin; with a central spot scarcely discernible of a deeper orange, and blackening at the inner sides ; a ferruginous oblong spot in the middle of the anterior margin, and a series of dark points mark the posterior part of the wing. Underneath greenish with a central sesquialterous eyelet, with another near it, with a silver pupil and ferruginous iris. The female differs from the male, in having above, a series of yellow spots on the black fringe, and underneath, in five black spots or dots in the primary wing, and a series of faint ferruginous dots in the posterior parts of the secondary wings. Caterpillar. Of a dull green with a white longitudinal stripe on each side, dotted with yellow and blue. Chrysalis, Green, with yellow lateral stripes. Wing- sheath marked with black lines. Observation. Mr. Duncan states that it seems to prefer the vicinity of the sea, but it is also found in the midland counties, COLIAS HELICE, WHITE CLOUDED YELLOW. Lewin, pl. 33, f. 3, 4. Butterfly. The disk of the primary wings unequally white, with the base blackening a little ; a middle spot and unequal broad fringe or margin black, in the fringe one or two white spots; underneath almost similar to the female of @. Edusa, but the disk is white, instead of pale orange. The secondary wings above, whitish, the middle spot tawny orange, and the 68 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR’S margin black, in which on the inner side are one or two white spots scarcely visible; underneath nearly like the female of C. Edusa, but yellower. Observation. “Elaving at length,” says Mr. Haworth, “found five perfect specimens of this fine Papilio, in five different cabinets, (all of which were taken in England, and agree exactly with each other in every respect.) I now give it as a distinct species, and not as a variety of Zdusa only, which it has hitherto in this country been conceived to be. And in this I have the happiness to be supported by the elegant work of Hiibner, whose denomination of this species, Helice, 1 have with due deference preserved ; though previous to the possession of that author’s Schmet I had determined it to be distinct, and in my MS. asin the Prodvomus called it Kdusa alba.” COLIAS HYALE, PALE CLOUDED YELLOW. Lewin, pl. 33, f.1,2. Donovan, v. 2, p. 43. Duncan, pl. 6, fig. 1. Butterfly. Very like Colias Paleno, but the wings yellower, fringe reddish. Primary wings pale yellow, black at the tip, the blackness being as it were divided into two parts by a yellow band consisting of spots. Underneath dirty yellow, with a black central spot and a series of blackish dots within the margin. Secondary wings with a central ferruginous spot, and a black margin. Underneath dirty yellow, with a sesquialterous eyelet, iris ferruginous, pupil silver; a larger spot of the anterior margin, and a series of spots near the anterior one ferruginous. Caterpillar. Green, silky, with a lateral white longitudinal stripe, dotted with yellow. ; Chrysalis. Green with a yellow lateral longitudinal stripe. VADE MECUM. 69 Observation. ‘This Butterfly is much rarer than /Hdusa, but like that, is chiefly found on the sea coast. COLIAS CHRYSOTHOME. . Butterfly. Wings yellow, with the anterior margin brown, in the male interrupted by yellow veins, in the female by yellow spots; underneath with six marginal spots. The ground colour is citron yellow, in the middle reddish yellow. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Observation. This insect, on the authority of Mr. Stephens, is now classed as a distinct British species, and as such will be included among the Papilionide in his elegant “ Illustra- tions of British Entomology.” Genus Pieris, pl. Il, fig. 4. Antenne rather long, with a tapering short obtuse knob ; joints more than thirty. Palpi porrected beyond the head. Forelegs perfect; cubit unarmed, Claws very short, bifid, with foot cushions. Wings intire; primary subtriangular; secondary between wedge-shaped and ovate. Egg unknown. Caterpillar subfusiform, hairy, subtuberculated, Chrysalis angular, girted ; head-case beaked with an obtuse beak, De Geer i. pl. xiv. fig. 13—19. Hiibner Schmet. pl. 1xxix. c. a. db. PIERIS CRATAGI, BLACK-VEINED WHITE. Lewin, pl. 24. Donovan, v. 13, p. 454. Duncan, pl. 9, fig. 2. Biutierfly. All the wings on both sides white, with black margins and nervures. The primary ones marked with 70 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S about six small triangular spots, blackening at the posterior margin, - Caterpillar. Velvetty black, with short white and tawny hairs, the last forming on each side of the body a line of the same colour, Chrysalis. Lemon colour, sometimes whitish with nume- rous black spots and streaks. Observation. ‘The larve of P. Crategi, enclose themselves in the autumn in cases of silk, and thus pass the cold season in small societies of from two to twelve, under a covering formed of leaves. When first excluded, they devour the shells of the eggs from which they have proceeded. The female is very prolific, and covers her eggs which she deposits on the extremity of a hawthorn branch, with a coating of varnish so effectually weather-proof, that they remain in security till the larve are excluded. The Butterfly of this species as well as of Vanessa Urtice and Polychloros, emits a fluid of a reddish colour, which has frequently given rise to the reports of showers of blood which are said to have fallen in different places. This species is stated to have disappeared from the neighbourhood of London for many years. Genus Ponti, pl. I, fig. 5. Antenne slender, long, with a short abrupt grooved * knob ; joints more than thirty. Palpi porrected beyond the head. Forelegs perfect ; cubit unarmed. Claws very short, bifid ; with short foot cushions. Wings nearly as in Pieris.t Egg ovate, acuminate, many ridged. * In Pontia Cardamines the groove rans the whole length of the antenne, and the palpi are much Jonger. t In Pontia Sinapis the wings are very narrow, wedge-shaped, and rounded at the tip. VADE MECUM. 71 Caterpillar subfasiform, downy, sometimes tuberculated. Chrysalis angular, girted, head-case beaked with a sharp beak. Sepp. I. ii. pl. I. ii. iv. PONTIA BRASSICZ, LARGE WHITE. Lewin, pl. 25, Donovan, v. 18, p. 446. Duncan, pl. 7, fig. 2. ' Butterfly. The wings above white, the primary ones of the male black at the tip, those of the female with the tip, two round spots behind the middle, and a club-shaped spot at the interior margin all black. Primary wings in both sexes white, underneath often cinereous at the base, with yellowish tips and two irregular black spots in the disk. Secondary ones, below, pale yellow powdered with black, and sometimes an obsolete black spot. Caterpillar. Greenish, with many small black tubercles, and three pale yellow longitudinal stripes ; tail black, Chrysalis. Pale green, dotted with black. Observation, The female Butterfly of this’ species, and probably of most others, possesses a pair of ovate Colleteria or varnish secretors, filled with a yellow fluid, which ento- mologists suppose is used for gumming the eggs to the leaves on which they are deposited, and as a varnish in the con- struction of their cocoons. It may probably serve also for other purposes. This is the common large white or cabbage Butterfly, so abundant in our gardens. It takes its name from the plant on which it feeds, and to which it is so fatal. ‘“ The larva of this and the following species,” says Haworth, “multiply so much in dry seasons, as to make great havoc among our cabbages, &c. Small birds destroy incredible numbers of them as food, and should be encouraged. I once 72 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S observed a Titmouse (Parus Major) take five or six large ones to its nest in a very few minutes. In enclosed gardens Sea-gulls, with their wings cut, are of infinite service. I had one eight years, which was killed by accident, that lived entirely all the while upon the insects, slugs, and worms he found in the garden. Poultry of any sort will soon clear a small piece of ground ; but unless they are of the web-footed kind, they do much damage by scratching the earth.” It is the general custom of gardeners to collect and destroy these Caterpillars with great care. The time of the female Butter- fly laying her eggs lasts but a few days, if the plants were at that time watched, it would be easy to take them by the help of the net. The numbers of the parent insect who live out the winter being very few. Bonnet states that the pupe of P. Brassice exposed to a frost of 14° R. below zero (O.° F.) became lumps of ice, and yet produced Butterflies. PONTIA RAP, SMALL WHITE. Lewin, pl. 26. Duncan, pl. 7, fig. 3. Butterfly. Very much like P. Brassice, but the spots are completely separate; it differs also in being twice as small, and in having a different larva. It varies in the spot of the tip, which is sometimes blackish and occasionally cinereous, but always nearer to the costal nervure than in the preced- ing, to which in other respects it is exactly similar. Caterpillar. Green, with a brass-coloured dorsal narrow longitudinal stripe, and sides beset with brass-coloured points. Chrysalis. Tnclining to green, with three greenish-yellow narrow longitudinal stripes. VADE MECUM, 73 Observation. The female of P. Rape is so much like the same sex of P. Brassice that it might be taken for a variety of it, did not the marked difference of the respective Cater- pillars evince the complete distinction of these Butterflies. PONTIA NAPI, GREEN-VEINED WHITE. Lewin, pl. 27. Donovan, v. 8, p. 280. Duncan, pl. 9, fig. \- Butterfly. Very much like P. Rape in size and characters, but very different in the nervures, (particularly of the secon- dary wings), being marked by a dilated greenish line. Fariety 1. The primary wings of the male, white, with a posterior spot and the tip black; of the female with two posterior spots and tip black. Underneath, in both sexes, with nervures faint green, the secondary wings with nervures greenish, with the colour dilated at their base. Variety 2. 'The primary wings of the male, white, without spots, the tip slightly black; of the female as in Variety 1, but the base and nervures rather ash-coloured, inclining to white at the tip. ‘The vein-like lines, in both sexes, more dilated throughout than in Variety 1. The under wings vary in both, they are sometimes whitish, and sometimes yellow or yellowish. Caterpillar. Dull green, lighter on the sides with yellow stigmata, and covered with white warts, which are blackish at the tip. Chrysalis. Greenish yellow, angles very acute and pro- minent, PONTIA DAPLIDICE, GREEN-CHEQUERED WHITE, Lewin, pl. 28. Donovan, v. 6, p. 200. Duncan, pl. 9, fig. 2. Butterfly. A little larger than P. Cardamines. The pri- mary wings white, two brown spots on both sides of the disk L 74 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S of the female, but of the male, only one above; the tips brown with some scattered white spots, of the same colour underneath, but instead of brown they are greenish. The secondary wings of the male above are white, and without spots ; of the female, with the circumference brownish and spotted with white. Underneath white, and spotted with greenish. Caterpillar. Head bright green with yellow bands and black dots; the body dirty blue, striped with yellow with black dots. Chrysalis. Like that of C. Napi, is green, but afterwards becomes brownish or grey. Observation. Although recorded from a remote period as a native of Britain, this insect still continues to be classed among our rarest kinds. It is by many called the Bath White Butterfly. — CARDAMINES, ORANGE TIP. Lewin, pl. 30. Donovan, v. 5, p. 169. Duncan, pl. 10, fig. 1, 2. Butterfly. The primary wings of the male white, the base, central point, and tip black; the latter has also a series of white marginal dots, and a large saffron-coloured spot on both sides. The secondary wings white, with seven black points at the posterior margin, underneath marbled with green. The wings of the female are the same on both sides as the male, but the tip is more black and entirely without the saffron-coloured spot. Caterpillar. Solitary, green above and underneath whitish. Chrysalis. Green, with a white narrow longitudinal stripe on both sides, Observation. "This is the Wood-lady of the London fly- VADE MECUM. 7) fanciers, and though common all over England, is one of our prettiest British insects. —— SINAPIS, WHITE WOOD. Lewin, pl.29,f. 4,5. Donovan, v.8, p.280. Duncan, pl. 10, fig. 3. Butterfly. The wings above white, but somewhat cinereous at the base, with a great round brownish spot at the tip; the tip itself whitish. The secondary wings underneath with dull brown transverse bands scarcely discernible. The female has no spot at the tip. Caterpillar. Green, with a deep yellow longitudinal stripe on each side. Chrysalis. Observation. It is the smallest of our white Butterflies, and, except in certain places, rather scarce in Britain. The wings of this species are narrow, shaped somewhat like those of a, Libellula. Mr. Stephens in his table of Papilionide* appears to consider this, and with reason, as belonging to a distinct genus, which he calls Lewcophasia. Genus Meurrxa, pl. 1. fig. 6. Antenne with a very abrupt, short but large obtuse knob ; joints thirty or more. Palpi longer than the head, very hairy. Forelegs small, but perfect. Claws double, with a short foot cushion. Wings intire ; primary triangular ; secondary between round and triangular, rather grooved to receive the abdomen. Egg unknown. : * Illustrations of British Entomology, No. ii, Lepidoptera, p. 6. 76 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Caterpillar spinose, pubescent. ; Chrysalis sabangular suspended ; head-case rounded. De Geer ii. pl. i. fig. 10, 18. Hiibner Schmet, pl. i. A. a. MELITAA EUPHROSYNE, PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl. 13, 42. Donovan. v. 9, p. 312. Duncan, pl. 15, fig. 2. Butterfly. All the wings above, tawny orange, with nume- rous black spots, the spots nearly forming a band. Primary, underneath paler, with black waved spots. Secondary, underneath ferruginous, red at the base with one small silver spot and a small eyelet with a black pupil and a yellowish iris, then an irregular band of yellowish spots, in which is a large wedge-shaped silver spot, between this band and the posterior margin ; below, an almost obscure ferruginous band clouded with yellow, in which are obsolete darkish subocel- lated spots, and lastly seven nearly triangular silver spots in the margin. Caterpillar. Black and spiny, with dotted lines of orange on the back. Chrysalis. MELIT SILENE, SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl. 13, f. 3,4. Duncan, pl. 13, fig. 3. Butterfly. A\together similar to the preceding, but appa- rently distinct. It differs principally in a separate point or dot underneath the base of the secondary wing, a silver spot VADE MECUM. 77 in the anal angle, and in others opposite the exterior margin, and lastly in two large brown posterior spots, and these in a streak consisting of distinct black dots. Caterpillar. Black, with a conspicuous clear lateral stripe, spines half yellow. Chrysalis. ' Observation, This is P. Euphrasia of Lewin. MELITAA TESSELLATA, STRAW MAY FRITILLARY, Petiver, Pap. Brit. pl. 1, tab. 3. f. 11, 12. Butterfly. \n size and shape very similar to MM. Dictynna, which it resembles also in the upper surface of its wings ; beneath, the primary pair are more fulyous than in that species; secondary pair, straw-coloured with black veins, but near the base they have three large square yellowish spots surrounded with black; a band in the middle, com- posed of many yellowish spots of a form inclining to square, and surrounded with black; a streak of black crescents; a marginal band of yellowish spots also encircled with black, each yellow spot having a black crescent; lastly they are fringed with black and white. Caterpillar. Black, with a pale grey lateral stripe ; spines black. Chrysalis. MELITAA DICTYNNA, PEARL-BORDERED LIKENESS. Lewin, pl. 14, f. 5, 6. Butterfly. Wings brownish black, spotted with tawny orange; underneath tawny inscribed and spotted with 78 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S black. Primary wings, underneath, spotted at the tips with yellowish. Secondary, underneath, near the base with five angular yellowish spots, the three inner ones in a triangle, each with a black margin; then a band of yellowish con- tiguous spots edged with black; at the posterior margin, another band with several connected spots, each edged with black, and terminated by a pair of black parallel waving transverse lines, which are common to both wings; fringe black and white. Caterpillar. Reddish violet dotted with bright blue, with three black stripes. Chrysalis. MELITAZA EOS, DARK UNDER-WINGED FRITILLARY. Butterfly. Primary wings tawny, with black blotches, underneath with a black band and tawny yeins. Secondary black with a tawny streak, underneath with a white band spotted and veined with black. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Observation. This beautiful Fritillary being taken near London, very early in the morning, June 1803, by Mr. Howard, of Kingsland, was therefore named Hos; it has a considerable resemblance to the foregoing (Dictynna), but is nevertheless abundantly distinct from that species. MELITAA CINXIA, GLANVILLE FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl.14, f. 3,4. Donovan, v. 7, p. 242 . Duncan, pl. 14, fig. 2. Butterfly. Wings above orange-tawny, chequered with black ; primary underneath inscribed towards the base with VADE MECUM. 79 black, with a bent band of black spots in the middle, at the tip yellowish with a double transverse series of black dots, Secondary on both sides towards the posterior margin with a band of ocellated spots, of which the pupil is black and the iris yellowish; underneath with three yellowish angular bands and two orange-tawny ones, all edged and spotted with black, Caterpillar. Greenish, streaked with white, with a dull brown head. Chrysalis. Observation. This is one of the most rare of the Fritil- laries; and took its name from Lady Glanville, whose memory had nearly suffered for her curiosity, from relations that were disappointed by her will, who attempted to set it aside by acts of lunacy; for they suggested that none but those deprived of their senses, would go in search of Butterflies, Her legatees cited Sir Hans Sloane and Mr. Ray in support of her character, and her will was established.* MELITZA ARTEMIS, GREASY FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl. 15, f. 3,4. Duncan, pl. 13, fig. 2. Butterfly. Wings above tawny-orange, waved with black, with yellowish spots. Secondary wings on both sides before the posterior margin, with an orange coloured band con- taining seven small black dots, which underneath nearly become eyelets, with a yellowish iris. Primary wings under- neath paler, and with very little blackness. Secondary, underneath, with three yellowish bands, the first towards the base interrupted, the second in the centre arched, the marginal one consisting of seven yellow crescents, * Vide Preface to “ Brown’s Book of Buttertlies,” p. 15, 80 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Caterpillar. With a black head, body black above, under- neath yellowish, with a lateral white stripe ; legs reddish. Chrysalis. Greenish-white dotted with black, and poste- rially furnished with many whitish-yellow tubercles. Observation, All the wings of this species have a sort of greasy appearance upon their disk, whence its name. MELITAA LUCINA, DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY. Lewin pl. 16, f.5, 6. Donovan v.7, p. 242. Duncan, pl. 12, fig. 1. Butterfly. Like the preceding, but almost thrice as small. All the wings above, chequered with black and tawny, blackening at the base. Primary wings, underneath, tawny, marked with black and pale. Secondary wings, underneath, of a deep tawny, with two bands of whitish spots, and a marginal series of black dots ; fringe brown and white. Caterpillar. Pale olive brown, with a black dot on each segment; head and legs rusty red. Chrysalis. Genus Aneynnis, pl. Il, fig. 7. Antenne like those of Melitea. Palpi not much longer than the head, robust, acute. forelegs like those of Mclitea. Wings scalloped; primary often subfalcate ; secondary like those of Melitaa. Egg conical, subumbilicate, many ridged, vertex rounded. Caterpillar spinose. Chrysalis sabangular, suspended, head-case notched. Sepp. M1, i. pl. 1. VADE MECUM. * 8l ARGYNNIS PAPHIA, SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY. . Lewin, pl. 9, Donovan, v. 7, p. 246. Duncan, pl. 14, fig. 1. Butterfly. All the wings above, of a fine rich tawny orange, marked with numerous longitudinal and transverse black lines and bars, and a triple series of marginal black spots. Primary wings, underneath, paler and less spotted, particu- larly at the tips. Secondary, greenish underneath, with four narrow silyery waved bands, of which the first and second are interiorly abbreviated, the third below the middle, the fourth marginal; a series of obscure eyelets between the centre band, and the margin with a pale pupil and green iris, also of green crescents at the margin. Female differs a little, above the colours are more obscure and without the black lines, underneath paler, and more green. Caterpillar. Solitary, of a yellowish brown, with a yellow dorsal line. Chrysalis. Greyish, toothed, six points, four anterior ones gold. ARGYNNIS AGLAIA, DARK-GREEN FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl.11. Donovan, v. 9, p. 302. Duncan, pl. 15, fig. 1. Butterfly. Very like the preceding, on the upper side of the wings, but without the black streaks. Primary wings, underneath, with six posterior obsolete silver spots. Near the anterior margin marked on both sides with five black bars or streaks, the fourth resembling a B. Secondary wings, underneath, greenish, with an obscure posterior tawny band, M 82 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S spotted with twenty-one silver spots. Female, particularly above, rather darker, otherwise like the male insect. Caterpillar. Blackish, with a yellow dorsal stripe, and tile-coloured lateral spots. Spines are black. Chrysalis. Of a dark reddish brown. ARGYNNIS CAROLETTA, QUEEN OF ENGLAND FRITILLARY. Butterfly. Very like A. Aglaia, but more beautiful, and it differs in the primary wings, haying on both sides four black costal bars instead of five. And in the secondary, having beneath, nineteen silver spots instead of twenty-one, of which the three anterior ones are three times larger than in that species. Rare. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. ARGYNNIS ADIPPE, HIGH-BROWN FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl. 10. Donovan, v. 13, p. 448. Dancan, pl. 16, fig. 1. Butterfly. Similar to A. Aglaia, especially in the upper side of the wings. Primary wings, underneath, with six or seven different shaped silver scattered spots near the base, then as it were a band of seven square silver spots, the fourth like a dot, then a streak asit were of six or seven ferruginous red round spots, of which the third, fourth, and fifth for a pupil have a silver dot, lastly a marginal band of seven silver spots, anteriorly edged with ferruginous. Female above, deeper coloured. Caterpillar. Brownish, with ferruginous hairs, with a whitish interrupted dorsal stripe, and black oblique streaks. VADE MECUM. 83 Chrysalis. Brownish, spotted with white. Observation. Mr. Duncan observes that many varicties of this insect have been described, some having the upper wings almost black. ARGYNNIS LATHONIA, QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY. Lewin, pl.12. Donovan, v. 3, p. 73. Duncan, pl. 16, fig. 2. Butterfly. All the wings, above, tawny-orange, spotted with numerous distinct black dots. Primary wings, under- neath, paler, with numerous black spots, with from five to seven different shaped silver ones at the tips. Secondary, underneath, with twenty-cight silver spots, of which eightcen are larger and ten smaller, besides fourteen of such spots scattered between the base and centre, then an arched streak consisting of seven small subocellated spots, pupil silver, iris dark ferruginous, lastly a marginal band consisting of seven large silver spots. Caterpillar. Brownish grey, with a whitish dorsal stripe, two brownish yellow lateral longitudinal lines; the spines and feet are pale yellow. Chrysalis. Dull brown, with a yellow dorsal stripe, sprinkled posteriorly with gold and silver dots; there is a white streak at the end of the wing-cases. Genus CInTHiA. Antenne \ong, with a short abrupt compressed knob, ter- minating in a point ; joints nearly forty. Palpi very long, porrected, curving downwards at the tip. Forelegs spurious. 84 BUTTERFLY COLLECLOR’S Claws long, double ; foot cushions short. Wings scalloped ; primary triangular, subfalcate ; secondary between wedge-shaped and ovate, forming together a groove to receive the abdomen. Egg, Caterpillar, and Chrysalis, like those of Vanessa. CINTHIA CARDUI, PAINTED LADY. Lewin, pl. 6. Donovan, v. 9, p. 292. Duncan, pl. 19. fig. 2. Butterfly. Primary wings above, tawny-brown at the base, in the middle tawny, often with a tint of carmine and orange, with three irregular black spots in a transverse band, at the tip black, with several square white contiguous spots, the three intermediate ones distinct, and two much smaller than the others, all forming a chaplet open to the anterior margin, between which and the posterior margin is a row of white crescents; underneath nearly the same, but the carmine tint, in recently disclosed specimens, is more prevalent and vivid; the costal areolet is transversely streaked with black, three white bars at the anterior margin ; the tip is light brown with two eyelets, with a white pupil and a round white spot. Secondary wings above, tawny brown, at the base with a paler spot and hairy; tawny orange at the posterior margin, with a triple marginal series of black spots, underneath clouded and marbled with pale olive brown, pale yellow, and white, intersected with white veins, with five eyelets near the posterior margin, the external one spurious and oblong, the second and fifth the largest, with a yellow iris edged with black, and purple pupil and the two middle ones smaller with a blue pupil ; there is a row of olive and white crescents between the eyclets and the posterior margin. VADE MECUM. 85 Caterpillar. Solitary, dull brown, with yellow lateral lon- gitudinal stripes. Chrysalis. Dull brown, with whitish brown longitudinal streaks, and dotted with gold. Observation. This is rather a scarce species, but sometimes appears in great numbers. Genus Vanessa, pl. I, fig. 8. Antenne rather long, with a rather abrupt oblong subcylin- drical knob, terminating in a lateral point; joints about thirty. Palpi more than twice the length of the head, very hairy. Forelegs spurious. Claws long, double, internal one slender ; foot cushions nearly obsolete. Primary wings triangular subfaleate, angular ; secondary subtriangular scalloped, often furnished with a short tail, and forming together a groove to receive the abdomen. N. B.—In V’. Atalanta the secondary wings have no rudi- ment of a tail; and in /. C. Album the primary are narrow and sinuated, and the tail of the secondary is rather long. Egg oval, many ridged, and umbilicated. Caterpillar spinose. Chrysalis subangular, suspended * ; head-case eared. Sepp. 1. i. pl. i. ii. vi. VANESSA ATALANTA, RED ADMIRAL, Lewin, pl. 1. Donovan. v. 8, p.89. Dunean, pl. 20, fig. 1. Butterfly. Wings indented subangulate, black edged with white crescents. Primary with a central orange-red band, ® By this term it is meant that the Chrysalis is suspended by its tail. 86 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S between which and the tip, is a chaplet open to the anterior inargin formed of white spots and dots. Underneath, be- tween the band and chaplet are some blue streaks, only two white spots and a dot, and two imperfect eyelets with a white pupil and black and grey iris. The band is divided in two, the lower part sending out a branch towards the base, and another red streak and a blue one between this branch and the base. Costal areolet underneath black, marbled with blue. Female differs from the male in having a white spot on the band. Secondary, orange-red at the posterior margin, with a transverse series of distinct black triangular dots; underneath, marbled with black, brown, and pale tawny, with a pale triangular spot in the middle at the anterior margin, a band of obsolete obscure eyelets near the posterior margin. Caterpillar. Solitary, green with yellow dorsal lines. Chrysalis, Black, underneath cinereous with gold dots. Observation, This rich and magnificent insect appears but in autumn, when it is generally to be seen in gardens flitting alternately with vigour and delight from fruit to flower, as if vying with the mellow tints and down of the peach, or the more brilliant and varied hues of the dahlia. Itis very short-lived. VANESSA, IO, PEACOCK. Lewin, pl.4. Donovan,v. 6, p.206. Duncan, pl. 18, fig. 1. Butterfly. Primary wings, above, purplish or brownish red. Costal areolet black with transverse streaks of pale yellow. Anterior margin with black and yellow spots ; near the tip a large eye-like spot, which, for the pupil has a large reddish brown spot darker anteriorly, the iris is anteriorly VADE MECUM. 87 yellow, posteriorly blue, streaked with three blueish white dots; there are also two of these dots without the eye, the first has a faint blue iris. Margin of the wings brownish black. Secondary wings, above, towards the margin have a large eye-like spot, with a large black pupil spotted with blue, and a black iris with a whitish margin, which interiorly terminates in a black crescent. 'Vhe wings underneath are brown, marbled, banded, and spotted with black, the primary have posteriorly five obsolete white dots, and the secondary one. Caterpillar. Black, spotted with white, Chrysalis. Green, dotted with gold. Observation. This species frequently hybernates in the imago or perfect state, and occasionally survives the winter, or according to Brahm, in the three states of egg, pup, and imago. VANESSA ANTIOPA, WHITE BORDERED. Lewin, pl... Donovan, v. 3, p.89. Duncan, pl. 18, fig. 2, Butterfly. Wings with a white or pale posterior margin powdered more or less with black, a series of blue spots behind it. Primary wings with costal areolet marbled with white, with two white spots at the anterior margin near the tip. Wings underneath marbled, otherwise as above, but without the blue spots. Secondary with a central white dot in each, Caterpillar. Black, with four square dorsal ferruginous spots; legs red. Chrysalis. Black, dotted with tawny. Observation. There is something very extraordinary in the periodical but irregular appearance of this species, C. 88 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Mdusa and C. Cardui. ‘They are plentiful all over the king- dom in some years; after which /. Antiopa in particular, will not be seen by any one for eight or ten or more years, and then appear again as plentifully as before. ‘To suppose they come from the continent, is an idle conjecture, as it must have been long known to the lepidopterist as a native of Britain; besides which, the English specimens are easily distinguished from all others by the superior whiteness of their borders. From its scarcity it received at first from Harris the name of the ‘Grand Surprise,” and afterwards in his “ Aurelian,” that of the “Camberwell Beauty.” Perhaps their eggs, in this climate, like the seeds of some vegetables, may occasionally lie dormant for several seasons and not hatch, until some extraordinary but undiscovered coincidence awake them into active life. VANESSA POLYCHLOROS, LARGE TORTOISESHELL Lewin pl. 2. Donovan v.8, p. 278. Duncan, pl. 17, fig. 2. Butterfly. Wings of a dark orange, Primary with eight black spots, two large and angular of the anterior margin, two nearer the base nearly coalescing into one, two in thie centre smaller than the rest, and two near the interior margin. Posterior margin black, with a series of pale crescents. Base of the wing with tawny hairs and scales. Underneath the wing is black at the base and posterior margin with a paler broad posterior band, marbled with brown, three pale equidistant spots at the anterior margin. Secondary wings black at the base anteriorly, interiorly covered with long tawny hairs and scales, a black band at the posterior margin, with blue and pale crescents ; black underneath with a paler broad posterior marbled band, VADE MECUM. 89 margin black, marbled, with a series of more black angular spots, a white discoidal dot. Caterpillar. Blackish, with yellow lateral stripes. Chrysalis. Flesh-coloured. Observation. The larve of this species, while young, live together under a silken web, which they spin for their pro- tection; but they disperse after moulting their first skin. The Butterfly, although abundant on the continent, is scarce in many districts of England. VANESSA URTICA, SMALL TORTOISESHELL. Lewin, pl. 3. Donovan, v. 2, p. 55. Duncan, pl. 19, fig. 2. Butterfly. The wings of a pale orange, with a black pos- terior marginal band with a series of blue crescents in it. The posterior margin itself is brown, with two parallel pale lines, the base of the wing black, powdered with tawny. The primary wings above, with the costal areolet mottled with black and tawny, six black, three yellow, and one white spot variegate the wing; two of the black spots are marginal, two are placed towards the base, and two in the disk, those of the margin being the largest, and those of the disk the smallest. Underneath they are pale variegated with black, with a black angular posterior band. Secondary above, black at the base, and covered with long tawny hairs. Underneath black, with a white discoidal spot and a pale band marbled with brown, between which and the posterior margin is a black angular posterior band. Caterpillar, Variegated with dusky brown and green, head black. Chrysalis. Brownish, spotted on the neck with gold, some- times entirely of a golden hue. N 90 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Observation, Vhe eggs of this species, (which has several broods in the year), when laid in summer are hatched in a few days; but if not laid till the close of the autumn, they remain dormant through the winter, and are hatched at the return of spring. The larve arrive at their full size about June, when they throw out from their tails a web, by which they suspend themselves under the leaves, or on the stalks of nettles, and are transformed into chrysalids; in this con- dition they continue about twenty days, when they assume the perfect state. This species hybernates in the perfect state, and sometimes survives the winter. VANESSA C, ALBUM, COMMA. Lewin, pl. 5, Donovan, v. 6, p. 199. Dunean, pl. 17, fig. 1. Butterfly. Wings above, dark orange, spotted with black and brown, with a brown posterior margin. Primary angular sinnated. Secondary dentate tailed. Primary underneath, brown clouded with grey, with a broad irregular marbled pale band near the posterior margin. Secondary underneath, at the base brown clonded with grey, paler at the tip, with the letter C reversed, and snowy white. A series of spurious eyelets with a greenish iris, and black pupil near the pos- terior margin of both wings underneath. Caterpillar. Of a pale tawny orange, dorsally anteriorly yellow, posteriorly white. Chrysalis. Pleshy, contracted in the middle, reddish dotted with gold. Observation. This is not a common insect, and is rather local; those hatched in the autumn are generally paler than the first brood. VADE MECUM. 91 Genus Avavuna, pl. Il, fig. 9. Antenne rather long; knob oblong, rather tapering, ter- minating in a lateral point ; joints about forty. Palpi longer than the head, curving downwards at the tip. Forelegs spurious. Claws simple ; foot cushions short. WVings scalloped ; primary subtriangular, subfaleate; secon- dary between round and triangular; grooved for the abdomen. — Egg unknown. Caterpillar fasiform, spinose, horned at the head. Chrysalis sabangular, hunched, suspended, head-case heaked.* Hitbner Schmet. pl. xxv. E. C. APATURA IRIS, PURPLE EMPEROR. Lewin, pl. 16. Donovan, v. 2, p. 37. Dunean, pl. 21. Butterfly. Wings above black, tinted as the light shifts with a most beautiful mazarine blue. The primary with several white spots dispersed in a triple series, 1, 5,2; the secondary with a white angular band, and an eyelet at the anal angle with a narrow tawny iris, and black pupil. Underneath the primary are variegated with brown, tawny, black, and white, and the posterior margin is cinereous. An eyelet with a black iris, and blueish pupil is placed between the disk and the posterior margin. The secondary wings have a pyramidate angular white band, they are reddish brown and cinereous at the posterior margin, with a small eyelet, coloured as in the primary, at the anal angle. The wings of the female are not tinted with blue. * N. Dict, D’Hist, Nat, xxiii, 240. 92 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Caterpillar. Of a beautiful green, with reddish bristles at the tail, horns greenish yellow. Chrysalis. Pale green. Observation, ‘This Purple Emperor of the British oaks,” observes Haworth,* “is not undeservedly the greatest favourite of our English Aurelians. In his manners, like- wise, as well as in the varying lustres of his purple plumes, he possesses the strongest claims to their particular atten- tion. In the month of July he makes his appearance in the winged state, and invariably fixes his throne upon the sum- mit of a lofty oak, from the utmost sprigs of which, on sunny days, he performs his aérial excursions ; when the sun is at the meridian, his loftiest flights take place, and about four in the afternoon, he resumes his station of repose. He ascends to a much greater elevation than any other insect; sometimes mounting higher than the eye can follow, especially if he happens to quarrel with another Emperor, the monarch of some neighbouring oak; they never meet without a battle, flying upwards all the while, and combat- ing with each other as much as possible; after which they will frequently return again to the identical sprigs from whence they ascended. ‘The wings of this fine species are of a stronger texture than those of any other in Britain, and more calculated for that: gay and powerful flight, which is so much admired by Entomologists. The females, like those of many other species, are very rarely seen on the wing; the reason of which is both interesting and but little known. It is their being destitute of a certain spiral socket, which the males possess near the basis of the main tendon of the upper wings; which socket receives and works a strong elastic spring, arising from the base of the under wings; thereby * Lepidoptera Britannica, p. 19, VADE MECUM. 93 enabling them to perform a stronger, longer, and more easy flight than it is possible for the females to do. Moses Harris was the first who published figures of this socket and spring, in an ingenious but little known work, called “ An Essay preceding a Supplement to the Aurelian, wherein are con- sidered the Tendons and Membranes of the Wings of Butterflies.” Where in proof of this he states that Mr. Whitworth caught thirteen of 4. /ris in one day, and but one female amongst them. I can credit this, continues Haworth, for in three days I captured myself twenty-three, (nine of them in one day), but never took a female at all. The males fly very high, and are only to be taken by a bag- net, fixed to the end of a rod twenty or thirty feet long. There have been instances, though very rare, of their settling on the ground near puddles of water, and being taken there. When the Purple Emperor is within reach, no fly is more easily taken than him ; for he is so very bold and fearless, that he will not move from his settling-place until you quite push him off; you may even tip the ends of his wings, and be suffered to strike him again. This species sips the juices which flow from the bodies of oak trees, and in all proba- bility feeds upon the honey-dew. Genus Limentris, pl. U1. fig. 10. Antenne long ; knob tapering long and slender, with a tip ending in a lateral point. Pailpi longer than the head, scaly, and not very hairy. Forelegs much slenderer than the others, Claws simple ; with a short foot cushion. Eyes hairy. JVings a little scalloped; primary triangular; secondary between round and triangular, with a shallow groove for the abdomen. 94 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Eex unknown. Caterpillar long, setose or spinose, tuberculated. € ‘hrysalis subangular hunched, suspended, head-case beaked.* Hiibner Schmet. pl. xxii. D. b. LIMENITIS CAMILLA, WHITE ADMIRAL. Duncan, pl. 20, fig. 2. Butterfly. Wings above brownish black, obscurely spotted with black with a white macular central band, intersected with black veins, common to both wings, interrupted in the primary, and terminating at the anal angle of the secondary inasharp point. Fringe short, snowy white, barred with brown. Primary with a cinereous discoidal crescent between the band and the base, and four white dots: viz.—one where the band is interrupted, two at the anterior margin near the tip, and one near the middle at the posterior margin, a double series of obscure black marginal spots. Underneath brown, clouded with orange-tawny, central areolet inscribed with black signatures; band and white spots nearly as in upper sides. Secondary above, with a triple series of obscure black spots at the posterior margin; underneath at the base and internally grey or hoary, then tawny-orange with black signatures, at the posterior margin brownish orange, with a double series of black spots, between which and the margin in the middle are some white blots. Caterpillar. Green, with a red head. Chrysalis. Green, spotted with gold, forked in front. Observation. The graceful elegance displayed by this charming species when sailing on the wing, is greater perhaps * N. Dict, D’Hist. Nat, xxiii. 146, VADE MECUM. 95 than can be found in any other we have in Britain. “ In its beautiful flight,” observes the late Rey. Revett Sheppard, a most intelligent and scientific naturalist, ‘ when it skims aloft it rivals the Purple Emperor, which it strongly resem- bles in appearance. It seems, however, (unlike the latter), to avoid the sun-beams, for it frequents the glades of woods, where it rapidly insinuates itself by the most beautiful evolu- tions and placid flight, through the tall underwood on each side the glades, appearing and disappearing like so many little fairies.” It sometimes alights to suck the blossoms of the bramble. “There was,” says Haworth, ‘an old Aure- lian in London, so highly delighted at the inimitable flight of Camilla, that long after he was unable to pursue her, he used to go to the woods, and sit down ona stile, for the sole purpose of feasting his eyes with her fascinating evolutions.” Genus Hrepancuta, pl. II, Jig. 1. Antenne rather long ; knob tapering at both ends, slender, curving ; joints about forty. Palpi scarcely longer than the head, hairy, curving down- wards. Forelegs spurious. Claws short, bifid ; foot cushions short. Primary wings triangular ; secondary between round and ovate, scalloped; forming a shallow groove for the ab- domen. Eggs various." * In this genus sometimes (H. Piloselle, Sepp. 1. i. pl. iii. fig. 2.) the egg is subconical, many-ridged, with the vertex truncated; at others (H. Hyperanthus, Sepp. I. i. pl. iv. fig. 2,) it is subglo- bose, without ridges, and covered with little punctures. In some (H, Jurtina, Sepp. 1. i. pl.v. figs 2.) it is of the same shape as the last named, but it is many-ridged, and Sealy at the vertex; and lastly in others (H. Ageria, Sepp. 1. i. pl. vi. fig. 2.) the form re- mains the same, but the surface resembles net work, 96 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Caterpillar subfasiform, tuberculated ; tail bifid. Chrysalis angular, suspended ; head-case eared. Sepp. 1, i. pl. iii..—vi. N. B.—H. Semele in its antenne varies from the other Hipparchia, the knob being abrupt, wide and short. HIPPARCHIA HYPERANTHUS, RINGLET. Lewin, pl.20. Donovan,v. 8, p.281. Duncan, pl. 24, fig. 4. Butterfly. The primary wings above, brown, often with one or two black spots faintly ocellated; underneath, with three posterior eyelets, the innermost being very minute. The secondary wings above, with two eyelets, underneath with two contiguous eyelets near the anterior margin, and with three posterior ones distinct, the third towards the anal angle twice as small as the others. All the wings paler, and edged with a whitish fringe. N. B.—In the male? The wings are darker in the upper side, with only one spurious eyelet in the primary, and underneath the minute eyelet is wanting, but the others are more distinct. Caterpillar. Whitish grey, with a narrow brownish stripe. Sometimes black. Chrysalis. Bright brown, with obscure streaks and shadows. Observation, This Butterfly, which presents great variation in the size and number of the ocelli, deposits her eggs at random, on different plants. The Caterpillar is polyphagons. Ithas been noticed, that all larve which live in solitude, proceed from eggs laid singly. VADE MECUM, 97 HIPPARCHIA DAVUS, SMALL RINGLET. Lewin, pl. 23, f.5,6. Dunean, pl. 26, fig. 1. Butterfly. The primary wings above, brownish tawny, with two blind eyelets posteriorly. Underneath of the same colour, with a posterior whitish band, which does not reach the margins. Between the band and the posterior margin are two eyelets with a black iris and white pupil, with an imperfect or blind smaller eyelet between them. The secondary wings have about three blind eyelets, the central the largest, with a tawny iris; underneath they are brown at the base, with a middle whitish angular band, between which and the posterior margin are six eyelets, consisting of a whitish iris, a black pupil, with a central silver dot. N. B.—In the specimen described, on the under side of the primary wings the eyelet nearest the exterior margin is sesquialterous, or has a minute one appended to it. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Observation. This scarce insect frequents marshes and moist heaths. HIPPARCHIA POLYDAMA, MARSH RINGLET. Duncan, pl. 26, fig. 2. Butterfly. Primary wings tawny, with two posterior blind eyelets. Secondary wings brown, but internally whitish, with a minute blind eyelet near the anal angle. Below the primary are darker at the base, inclined to ash colour at the tips, with a posterior abbreviated whitish band ; between 10) 98 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S which and the posterior margin are two remote eyelets with a white obsolete pupil and black iris. The posterior below blackish at the base, with a white little band, behind which they are ash-coloured ; there are also six eyelets, three of which are imperfect, all surrounded by a white iris. Caterpillar. Green, with a dark line along the back. Chrysalis. Dark green ? Observation. This is probably only a variety of the pre- ceding. HIPPARCHIA TYPHON, SCARCE HEATH. Butterfly. The wings of the male above, are between tawny and feruginous ; the primary above, are distinguished posteriorly by a small brown spot surrounded by a tawny iris ; below they are ferruginous, with an abbreviated whitish band behind the middle, between which and the margin is an eyelet, with a white pupil and a black iris with a white margin, the tip of the wing is also whitish. 'The secondary wings beneath from the base to the middle are very hairy and brownish, or in a certain light greenish ; next follows a whitish abbreviated streak or band, then a paler space beyond the middle, with two obsolete eyelets, and last is a marginal whitish band, The female differs from the male in having rather paler wings, the primary having no small spot, but as well as the secondary wings having a large one rather pale ; beneath they have only a sesquialterous eyelet. The secondary below, have two eyelets, and three ocellated dots without a white pupil. The margin of the wings is whiter, Caterpillar. Chrysalis. VADE MBCUM. 99 HIPPARCHIA PAMPHILUS, SMALL HEATH. Lewin, pl. 23, f. 3,4. Duncan, pl. 26, fig. 3. Butterfly. Wings all tawny with darker margins. The primary have a posterior blind eyelet, these underneath are cinereous at the base and tip, have a largish posterior eyelet with a white pupil and black iris, with a whitish margin. The secondary wings underneath, are brown at the base, cinereous at the tip, with an abbreviated whitish slender band in the middle, and with four minute obliterated eyelets. Caterpillar. Green, with white dorsal lines. Chrysalis. Green. HIPPARCHIA SEMELE, GREYLING. Lewin, pl. 17. Donovan, v. 8, p. 259. Duncan, pl. 22, fig. 1. Butterfly. The primary wings dull brown, with a lower pale interrupted irregular transverse band abbreviated at each end, in which are two eyelets on both sides, the pupil white very minute, with a black broad iris, in the male often without the pupil. Underneath at the base, brown with a tawny disk, then a pale broad band; the posterior margin is clouded with brown and white. The secondary wings dull brown above, with a broad posterior transverse pale band, clouded with brown, in which in the female there is a’ small eyelet, iris tawny with a black pupil. Posterior margin black, brown fringed with white. Underneath clouded with white, brown, and black, the base darker than the posterior half of the wing, the darker part terminating in an irregular sinuated line. The female much paler than the male, and with larger eye-like spots. 100 BULTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Caterpillar. Light green, with brown legs. Chrysalis. Greenish. HIPPARCHIA GALATEA, MARBLED WHITE. Lewin, pl. 28. Donovan, v. 8, p. 258. Duncan, pl. 23, Sig. 1. Butterfly. Wings pale buff-coloured, spotted with black. Primary above, with a double series of buff-coloured dots at the posterior margin; underneath of the same colour but paler, with an eyelet near the tip and anterior margin. Secondary with five lower spots, two near the anterior margin, and three towards the interior margin, of which the one nearest the anal angle is double, behind they form an indented black band. Caterpillar. Vivid green, with the dorsal and lateral lines obscure. Head brownish. Chrysalis. Smooth, egg-shaped, of a yellowish colour, with long wing-cases, and two black eye-like spots on each side of the head. HIPPARCHIA MEGARA, WALL. Lewin, pl. 21. Donovan, v. 8, p. 279. Duncan, pl. 22, fig. 3. Butterfly. The primary wings above, orange-tawny, with the posterior margin and three transverse brown bands, (one in the male oblique and larger than the others dividing the wing), with an eyelet on both sides near the tip, and often with a minute one appended to it, the pupil white, iris black; underneath in both sexes, a little paler, with alter- nate black transverse bands, the intermediate ones being abbreviated. The secondary wings at the base, dull brown, VADE MECUM. 101 posteriorly orange-tawny, with a brown band and margin ; between the band and posterior margin are four eyelets, the lateral ones often blind, pupil white and iris black ; under- neath, a clouded greyish brown, with slender angular bands and six posterior eyelets, (the sixth being double), the pupil black with a white central dot in a grey iris. There is a scalloped pale band between the eyelets and the posterior margin. Caterpillar. Slender, sea-green, with dark dorsal and sides striped. Chrysalis. Blackish. HIPPARCHIA AEGERIA, SPECKLED WOOD. Lewin pl. 19. Donovan v.14, p. 498. Duncan, pl. 23, fig. 4. Butterfly. The primary wings on both sides brown, with about ten yellowish spots, and with one eyelet towards the tip. The secondary ones brown, with one or more yellowish spots, and with four posterior eyelets, of which the first is often blind; underneath clouded with brown and with angular brown bands, and in lieu of the eyelets, white dots in the mottled marginal band. Caterpillar. Green, with white longitudinal lines. Chrysalis. Green, short and unusually distended. HIPPARCHIA HAMPSTEDIENSIS, ALBIN’S HAMPSTEAD EYE. Butterfly. Size and form of H. digeria, Primary wings above, dark brown, with five spots and marginal streak yellow ; two large posterior eyelets on both sides, pupils white with broad black irides. The secondary brown, with —— 102 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S a marginal yellow streak ; two posterior eyelets, with white pupils and black irides. The primary underneath, yellowish, clouded with dark brown, having an obsolete streak com- posed of dark brown crescents, ‘The secondary yellowish, a little clouded towards the base with dark brown; with a small and nearly obliterated eye, with a black iris, four dark brown spots, between which and the posterior margin is a streak composed of dark brown crescents. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Observation. This insect has not been taken since the time of Petiver. HIPPARCHIA JANIRA, MEADOW BROWN. Lewin, pl. 18. Donovan. v. 9, p. 320. Dunean, pl. 24, Jig. 1,2. Butterfly. Wings of the female above brown, sometimes nearly black. The primary above, with a tawny-orange irregular band or blot abbreviated at both ends, and con- taining an eyelet with a black iris and white pupil, between the band and the base is an obscure tawny longitudinal blot; in some specimens the eyelet is merely cinctured with tawny orange, with a very obscure tawny blot behind it; underneath tawny-orange, with a paler band towards the posterior margin, eyelet as above, but with a double pupil, margin embrowned; in some specimens, the eyelet has only one pupil, and the margins of the wings are brown. The secondary wings scalloped brown, with an indistinct paler band towards the posterior margin, underneath with more than the anterior half tawny-brown, terminating pos- teriorly in an angular line, the posterior half is paler with the margin embrowned, the whole underside appears dusted VADE MECUM. 108 with black; sometimes there are also two or three black eye-like spots. The male has no orange band, and the underside of the secondary wings is not so distinctly marked, the line being fainter and less angular that separates the darker from the paler portions, and the black dots smaller. Caterpillar. Green, with a white lateral streak, thickly covered with soft flexible hairs. Chrysalis. Yellowish-green, with blackish streaks on the head and wing-cases. Observation. 'Vhis is perhaps the most common as well as most hardy of British Butterflies; never being affected or deprived of its life and animation, either by excessive heat, or in the most rainy and cheerless summers. HIPPARCHIA TITHONUS,* LARGE HEATH. Lewin, pl.14.3,4. Donovan, v.7, p. 242. Duncan, pl. 23, fig. 2. Butterfly. The primary wings above, are tawny yellow, brown at the anterior and posterior margin, with an eye-like spot with two pupils, or two white points on a black spot. on both sides towards the tip. Underneath, tawny-orange, with a brownish margin. The secondary wings brown, with a tawny-orange disk, an obsolete eyelet towards the anal angle. Underneath, at the base, tawny-brown termi- nating in an angular line, posteriorly paler clouded with brown tawny, with from three to five minute white points or spurious eyelets, Caterpillar, Greenish, streaked with white, with a dull brown head. Chrysalis. Green. * Thisis P. Piloselle of Haworth and many authors, 104 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S HIPPARCHIA HERO, SCARCE MEADOW BROWN. Butterfly. Wings very intire, brown, primary underneath, with a single eyelet; secondary above, with four blind eye- lets, underneath with six perfect ones. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. HIPPARCHIA LIGEA, ARRAN BROWN. Duncan, pl. 25, fig. 1. » ‘ Butterfly. Wings scalloped, brown, with a reddish band, the primary ones having four eyelets on both sides; the secondary three, and spotted underneath with white. Rare. Caterpillar. Green, with a black dorsal stripe, and several whitish longitudinal ones. The head is a reddish yellow. Chrysalis. HIPPARCHIA MNEMON. Butterfly.” Caterpillar. Chrysalis. * This appears to be /, Cassiope of Duncan, VADE MECUM. 105 HIPPARCHIA ALCYONE. Butterfly. Wings indented, brown, with a whitish band, the primary having two eyelets on both sides. The secondary underneath, marbled with brown and black, and having a white angular band and a single eyelet. _ Caterpillar. Chrysalis. HIPPARCHIA BLANDINA, SCOTCH RINGLET. Duncan, pl. 25, fig. 2. Butterfly. The wings indented, brown. The primary with a reddish ocellated band. The secondary underneath, brown, with an ash-coloured band. Caterpillar. Light green, with brown and white longitu- dinal stripes. Chrysalis. Genus Turcwa, pl. ILI, fig. 12. Antenne short, growing gradually thicker nearly from the base to the tip ; joints more than forty. Palpi longer than the head, scaly, with few hairs. Forelegs spurious. Claws very short, simple ; with a large foot cushion. Primary wings triangular intire ; secondary, between trian- gular and ovate, often with short tails. Egg unknown. Caterpillar shaped like a wood-louse, short and rather flat. Chrysalis girted, head-case rounded, Reaum, i. pl. xxviii. fig. 1—7. Hiibner Schmet, pl. Ixxii. A. a. P 106 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S THECLA BETULA, BROWN HAIR-STREAK. Lewin, pl. 42. Donovan,v.7, p. 250. Duncan, pl. 27, figs 1, 2. Butterfly, Wings dark brown, with a white fringe. The primary with a large kidney-shaped orange transverse spot nearer to the tip than the base; underneath, all the wings are orange tawny, with the posterior margin bright orange. The primary have in the middle a linear transverse spot edged with white, and a pyramidate internally abbreviated, orange band darker at the tip, edged especially posteriorly with white. The secondary are tailed, with a rather pyra- midate indented, orange band, edged with white, and angle spotted with black. In the male, the discoidal spot of the primary wings is more obscure and smaller. Caterpillar. Green, with yellow dorsal and lateral stripes, and with oblique yellowish streaks on the sides. Chrysalis. Brown, with faint paler streaks. THECLA PRUNI, BLACK HAIR-STREAK. Lewin pl. 44,f.1,2. Donovan v. 13, p. 437. Duncan pl. 28, fig. 1. Butterfly. Wings dark brown, and without spots, Under- neath, they are of a lighter brown or drab colour. Primary with a posterior white, rather undulated transverse streak, Secondary, tailed with a similar but zigzag streak, and a deep orange-coloured undulated marginal band, externally spotted and internally edged with black; the small tails of the wings are brown with black tips, antennew annulated with black and white, orange at the tip. Caterpillay. Plump, blackish green, with whitish lateral lines, dorsally toothed. Chrysalis. Dusky brown, white head. VADE MECUM. 107 THECLA QUERCUS, PURPLE HAIR-STREAK. Lewin, pl. 43. Donovan, v. 13, p. 460. Duncan, pl. 27. fig. 3,4. Butterfly. Above brownish black, disk of the primary wings of a shining deep blue, formed of two great contiguous oblong spots drawn from the base towards the tip, the lowest being twice the size of the other. All the wings underneath are hairy, with a posterior white undulated streak common to them all; between which and the posterior margin the wing is paler. Secondary wings tailed, with one or two eyelets at the anal angle, with a fulvous iris and black pupil, which in the male are often whitish; a series of obsolete pale crescents near the margin. The female differs from the male in the primary wings being brownish purple, or often entirely purple, without any blue. Caterpillar. Plump, above rose-coloured, with three rows of green dots. Chrysalis. Naked, ferruginous, with three dorsal rows of brown dots. THECLA RUBI, GREEN HAIR-STREAK,. Lewin, pl. 44. Donovan, v. 13, p. 443. Duncan, pl. 28, fig. 3. Butterfly. Less than T. Quercus. Above dusky brown, with sometimes (particularly in the female) a pale spot nearly obliterated in the disk of the primary wing near the costal margin. Underneath green. Secondary wings tailed, streaked below with a band of white dots, which (particularly in the male) is sometimes nearly obliterated, but there are always one or two dots. Caterpillar, Green, variegated with yellow, head black. Chrysalis. Brown, 108 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Genus Lycxna, pl. II. fig. 13. Antenne with a longish tapering * obtuse knob ; joints more than thirty. Palpi longer than the head, above and whole of the last joint scaly, hairy underneath. Forelegs perfect. Claws very short, simple ; foot cushions large. Primary wings triangular and nearly wedge-shaped, intire ; secondary between round and triangular, with a tooth or two near the anal angle. Peg unknown. Caterpillar shaped like a wood-louse, &c. Chrysalis girted, head-case rounded, De Geer i. pl. iv. fig. 9—15. Hiibner Schmet. pl. lxiv. A. a. a. LYCENA HIPPOTHOE,+ LARGE COPPER. Dunean, pl. 29, fig. 1, 2. Butterfly. Male. Wings above of a shining and bright fiery copper-colour, with an articulate band of very faint round spots near the tip. Primary with a semi-lunar spot ; the costal and posterior margins black; underneath paler orange with ten eyelets, with a large black pupil and white iris, the first three are placed longitudinally near the anterior margin, seven in a transverse subundulated band towards the posterior margin, besides which at that margin is a transyerse series of black dots without the iris, the margin itself and fringe are whitish. Secondary wings with an oblong discoidal line, and the margins black, the black colour of the posterior margin is indented internally ; under- * The term ‘‘tapering,” is perhaps used here and before, not with strict propriety, for tapering downwards; but it appeared the. most convenient terin. + This is P. Dispar of Haworth, VADE MECUM. 109 neath blueish, with numerous subocellated black spots, fiye towards the base scattered, then a waved band consisting of nine spots, between which and the others is an interrupted black discoidal line, all the spots have a white iris more or less distinct; the posterior margin deep orange-coloured, with an interior series of black spots, and an exterior one of black dots; fringe white, divided in two by a transverse black line. Female. Underneath similar to the male, but above it differs very much. The primary wings are not so fulgid and bright as those of the male, and are spotted with ten black spots, three near the costal margin placed longitu- dinally, and seven in an arched band near the tip ; posterior margin not so black as in the male. Secondary wings dusky brown, with the veins, and a sixth-toothed posterior copper- coloured band. Caterpillar. Somewhat hairy, with short inconspicuous hairs. vivid green and sprinkled with innumerable white dots. , Chrysalis. At first green, then pale ash-coloured with a dark dorsal line; a broad lateral stripe full ash-colour, besides the dorsal line there are two white abbreviated ones, one on each side of it. Observation. This brilliant insect was first noticed by Hudson, who captured it in Wales; but it has been found very frequently since in Whittlesea~-Mere, and Messrs. Standish met with it at the beginning of August flying among reeds in the Mere near Yaxley, Suffolk. LYCANA VIRGAUREA, MIDDLE COPPER. Lewin, pl. 41, f.1,2. Donovan v. 5, p.173. Duncan pl. 29. Jig. 3. Butterfly. Male above, similar to the preceding, but nearly twice as small, and without the spots on the disk. 110 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Primary wings underneath, pale tawny or yellowish, with eleven black spots scarcely ocellated, three placed longitu- dinally near the base, then seven or eight in an undulated band, less distinct towards the posterior margin. Secondary wings above, with six black spots resting upon the black posterior margin ; underneath tawny, with fewer and larger black spots crowned with white; towards the posterior margin some orange spots at the anal angle, where the wings are somewhat emarginate, and there is a tendency to atail. The female differs altogether from the male; the wings above are more obscure. Primary wings with nume- rous dots, and a nearly marginal band, consisting of confluent brown spots. Secondary wings are brown rather than tawny, with veins; a largish square spot with others smaller and more indistinct in the disk of a tawny colour; besides a knotty band consisting of six indentations at the posterior margin also tawny. All the wings underneath are the same as in the male. Caterpillar. Dull green, hairy, with a yellow dorsal and yellowish green lateral stripes, black head_and legs. Chrysalis. Brownish yellow, with dark coloured wing-cases. Observation. 'This is a very rare insect. LYCANA CHRYSEIS, PURPLE-EDGED COPPER. Duncan, pl. 30, fig, 1. Butterfly. Wings subangulated: above bright copper- colour, with the dots of the disk and all the margins of a brownish purple. Primary underneath, with a yellowish disk, and a cinereous margin, with numerous ocellated dots, the pupil of which is black, and the iris white; three towards the base placed longitudinally, six behind the middle in an uudnlated band, and six at the posterior margin nearly VADE MECUM, lll obliterated. Secondary wings underneath, inclining to cinereous, with numerous ocellated spots, ten scattered nearer the base, and nearly twenty-two in three posterior bands, besides one or two other fulvous spots towards the anal angle; fringe white above, brown underneath. Female above, more obscure and more spotted with black than that of the preceding species. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Observation. ‘This, like the preceding, is a rare species, LYCENA PHLAAS, COMMON COPPER. Lewin, pl.41. Donovan, v.13, p.466. Duncan, pl. 30, fig. 3. Butterfly. Primary wings above, of a bright copper-colour, with the posterior margin and ten discoidal spots black, two anterior ones arranged longitudinally, and the rest nearer the posterior margin placed in an irregular zigzag band, some distant, some confluent. Underneath, the wings are rather paler and more obscure with the same number of subocellated black spots, three arranged longitudinally and seven trans- versely ; posterior margin drab-colour, with three black crescents near its inner part. Secondary wings above, brownish-black, with a, five-toothed copper band at the pos- terior margin, sometimes with a discoidal black line and two black dots, and at others two white ones. Underneath drab- coloured with numerous nearly obliterated black dots, and an obsolete tawny band. Female altogether resembles the male, Caterpillar. Clear green, with a yellow dorsal stripe. Chrysalis. 112 BUTTERFLY COLLECTOR'S Genus Potyommatus, pl. Ill, fig. 14. Antenne rather short, with a rather abrupt largish com- pressed knob, terminating in a lateral point ; joints more than thirty. Palpi longer than the head, scaly above, hairy below, last joint without hairs. Forelegs perfect. Claws very short, simple ; foot cushions very short or obsolete, Wings intire ; primary triangular and nearly wedge-shaped ; secondary between ovate and triangular. Egg, Caterpillar, and Chrysalis, as in Lycena. POLYOMMATUS ARION, LARGE BLUE. Lewin pl. 37,f.1,2. Donovan v. 6, p. 184. Duncan, pl. 32, fig. 1. Butterfly. Wings above, brown with a blue disk. Primary with five longitudinal black discoidal bars, with two or three black dots above them, Underneath brownish ash- coloured, with eight ocellated spots, two in the centre, and six or seven arranged in an undulated band between them and the posterior margin, all with a large black pupil, and white iris; at the posterior margin are two rows of black spots and crescents, with a very faint or obsolete iris. Secondary underneath, brownish ash coloured, blue-green at the base with eleven ocellated spots arranged in two bands, the first near the base consisting of three, the second in the middle angulated and interrupted, consisting of eight ; be- tween the bands is a transverse discoidal crescent, and at the margin two rows of subocellated black spots, as in the primary wings. Female differs from the male in having above larger, blacker, and more numerous spots, and the VADE MECUM. 113 margins of the wing are browner. Fringe in both sexes above white, and underneath white with brown bars. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Observation. Found generally in rocky situations covered with bushes and brambles, on the blossoms of which it feeds. Their flight is very slow and singular, flapping up their wings nearly together, but though slow, they are shy and difficult to catch, except with a bag-net fixed to a pole.