INTRODUCTION 95

The name of Gad, mentioned by tradition as the brother of Gondo-
phares, possibly occurs in the Kharosthi legend on the coins of
Orthagnes. A reference is invited to the footnote on this point in
the body of the Catalogue,

Subordinate members of this dynasty are the satraps Zeionises, son
of Manigul, Kharahostes, son of Arta, and Arsakes Theos. Probably
the last king of the line was an anonymous ruler who is known on his
coins merely by his titles of the King of Kings, the Great Saviour.
His currency is found in copper only, and is extremely common all
over the Panjab, as well as in Qandahar and in the Kabul Valley.
All the coins without exception bear a three-pronged symbol, l$l,
which was evidently the peculiar device of this prince, but there is a
total absence of Greek monograms. Certain issues bear the single
Kharosthi altsara vi in the field. The rule of this nameless king
must have been both long and extensive. Why he should have
remained anonymous is still a puzzle, though many investigators
have attempted a solution of the mystery.

In the above account of Vonones, Maues, and their successors,
I have followed Cunningham. A modern view is expressed in
Mr. Vincent A. Smith's article, 'The Indo-Parthian Dynasties',
to which I have already alluded in this Introduction. Mr. Vincent
Smith holds that the key to these problems is obtainable from
the history of Parthia. Remarking on the square copper coin of
Maues with horse obverse and bow-case reverse, Von Sallet observed
in his NacJifolger Alexanders des Grossen that 'this fine coin
is remarkable on account of the completely Arsakidan types,
which occur especially on the reverses of the copper money of
Arsakes VI (Mithradates I), and were exactly copied by the
hitherto imperfectly known Arsakes Theos of Bactria. Without
indulging in further conjectures, we must maintain that both these
pieces indicate an Arsakidan rather than an Indo-Scythian origin
for Maues.' Mr. Vincent Smith quotes this observation, and holds
that Maues was a Parthian chieftain who, about 120 B. a, during the
troubles which ensued upon the death of Mithradates I, made himself
king of the Western Panjab, which seems to have formed an integral
part of the Parthian dominions for a few years. Vonones was another
Parthian chief who about the same time became king of Sistan and
the Indian borderland. There is no adequate justification for describing
the coins of Azes, Vonones, and the rest as coins of the Sakas.
According to this view the terms Indo-Scythian and Saka disappear,
and the dynasties under discussion become simply Indo-Parthian.

I have already stated that the invasion of these Saka, or Parthian,
chiefs preceded that of the Kushan leader, Kujula Kadphises, who