172 KUSHAN KINGS

or the kingdom of the Arsacidae, and to the south by Ki-pin, that is,
the Upper Kabul Valley. . . . The victors split up the conquered
territory among five ehiefships, and remained in it for a hundred odd
years. Then one of the five princes, named Kieu-tsieu-khio according
to the Chinese account, and chief of the Kuei-shuang tribe, attacked
and conquered the other four Yiie-cM principalities. Uniting thus
the whole people under one sway, he founded the mighty Kuei-shuang
empire, so named after the ruling family. Led by this king the
Yue-chi crossed the Hindukush mountains, the southern frontier of
Bactria. Kao-fu, the present Kabul, fell before them, and they made
themselves complete masters of Ki-pin, the valley of the Upper
Kabul River, and the adjoining territories. After these conquests
Kieu-tsieu-khio died in the eightieth year of his age. His son and
successor Yen-kao-tsin-tai, according to the Annals of the Later Han
Dynasty, conquered India proper, and established there generals who
ruled in the name of the Yue-chi. From this time forward the
Yue-chi nation is said to have grown rich and powerful.

" The information here briefly summarized from the Chinese Annals,
gives a clear indication of the rise of one of the greatest empires
of ancient India. It likewise renders possible the correct interpre-
tation of the data which have come down to us in the shape of the
coins and other remains of this fascinating epoch. To begin with, we
learn from It the true origin and name of the people which formerly,
on the strength of notes by a few Greek geographers, we had known
tinder the convenient but really very indefinite title of Indo-Scythians.
In the Kuei-shuang tribe of the Chinese records, European scholars
very soon recognized the Kushans of the Armenian Chroniclers.
This name also led to the exact determination of a large and in-
teresting series of coins from which, besides the authentic names
of the Kushan rulers, we are enabled to learn also much of importance
concerning the history of their dominion." {White Huns and Kindred
Tribes in the History of the Indian North-West Frontier', by Sir
Aurel Stein, Indian Antique^"}/, 1905.

In the Introduction to Section I of this work, I have stated that
coins of the Indo-Greek prince Hermaios are known which bear
on the Kharosthi side the name of a barbaric ruler, Kujulakasa,
the Kushana. When without further alteration of the type, we find
that the name of this Kushan chief in the form KOZOYAO
KAA4>!ZHC makes its appearance also on the Greek side of the
coinage, and the name of Hermaios finally disappears, then it becomes
certain that this Kadphises, leader of the Kushan race, was the
conqueror who subverted, the Greek dominion in Kabul, and that
iu him we must recognize the ruler whose name the Chinese