INTRODUCTION 173

transcription, always cumbersome and phonetically defective, repro-
duces as Kieu-tsieu-khio.

On the strength of the numismatic evidence we must regard as
successors of Kozoulo or Kujula Kadphises two other Kushan princes
who call themselves on their coins KOZOAA KAAA4>EC (Kuyula-
kaphsa) and 00 HMO KAA4>ICHC (VimakapiSa) respectively. Pro-
bably Kozola Kadaphes is to be Identified with Kozoulo Kadphises.
In any case OOHMO KAA4HCHC, often transliterated as Wenia
Kadphises,1 is admitted to be the ruler called by the Chinese Yen-kao-
tsin-tai or Yen-kao-tchen, who overthrew both Greeks and Sakas,
and was the conqueror of Northern India. This conclusion is borne
out by the character of the coinage. The monetary issues of Kozoulo
(Kujula) Kadphises are known in copper only. Those modelled on
the Hermaios currency have the bust of Hermaios obverse, and
standing Herakles reverse. Other known types are the bull and
Bactrian camel coins, and the so-called Macedonian soldier type.
The obverse design of the latter piece is a conventional head turned
to the right, and wearing a peculiar helmet with two recurved horns;
the reverse is that of an armed soldier wearing a helmet which
resembles a katisia. Of the two types bearing the name of Kadaphes,
one shows in the representation of the king's head an unmistakable
imitation of the head of one of the early Roman Emperors. The
other is the seated Buddha and standing Zeus type. OB none of
these are we given a portrait of Kujula Kadphises himself. In the
Greek legends of the coins the only regal epithet used by the king
is a title corresponding to the Turkish word jafogw, c chiefs—see
footnote in this Catalogue descriptive of the Buddha type of
Kadaphes, also Mr. J. Kennedy's 'The Secret of Kanishka5, J.R.A.S.,
1912, pp. 669, 1002, 1003. The only' inscriptions that go further
are the Kharosthi legends on the Kujula Kadphises bull and camel
type. In these the king is called £ The great king, the king of kings,
the son of heaven*—see Cunningham, JVum. Ghron.> 1892, p. 66.
The Greek legends on this type are quite barbarous and illegible.

In striking contrast with the above coins are those of Wema
Kadphises. This monarch has an extensive bilingual gold and copper
coinage of striking design and good workmanship. The obverse
design gives us a life-like representation of the Central Asian invader.
As a rule we see him standing, clothed with a long open coat reaching
to the knee, very similar to the Turkish heavy overcoat. He also
wears a tall cap and long boots. The reverse, without a single
exception, is confined to the worship of the Indian deity Siva. The

1 Or preferably Vima Kadphises. See p. 11 of Professor E. *T. Rapson's On the
Mykabet of the Kharosthi Documents, Paris, 1905.