BELIEFS
in one particular direction only. One-sided specialized
advance is incompatible with genuine progress. But one-
sided specialist advance is encouraged, as we have seen, by
intra-specific competition. This brings us to the second of
our conditions, which is that intra-specific competition shall
be reduced to a minimum. Progress is dependent on the
preponderance of intra-specific co-operation over intra-
specific competition. Other things being equal, that species
will make most progress whose members are least com-
bative, most inclined to work together instead of against
one another. The third condition of biological progress is
intelligence. There can be no effective co-operation on any
level above the instinctive except among creatures which
are aware of one another's needs and are able to communi-
cate with one another. (It is worth noting that intelligence
cannot be developed except on the fulfilment of certain
physiological and mechanical conditions. These conditions
have been set forth by Elliot Smith and other authorities.
For example, among the conditions of human intelligence
must be numbered man's erect carriage and the consequent
development of the hand.)
Intelligence is essential; but intelligence cannot function
properly where it is too often or too violently interfered
with by the emotions, impulses and emotionally charged
sensations. The sensations most heavily charged with emo-
tional content are sensations of smell. Man's sense of smell
is relatively poor and this apparent handicap has proved to
be an actual advantage to him.1 Instead of running round
like a dog, sniffing at lamp-posts and becoming deeply
agitated by what he smells on them, man is able to stand
away from the world and use his eyes and his wits, relatively
unmoved. Nor is this all. His power of inhibiting emotion
1 Elliot Smith has shown that the parts of the human brain cor-
related with the higher intellectual functions have developed at the
expense of the olfactory centre.
ii	265