CHAPTEE V,

Art and Yoga in India.

IK these notes it is proposed briefly to indicate the*
connection between^rymdLsdgar in India. The yoga

philosophy of India is the applied science of psychology,,
and has naturally, as such, profoundly influenced the-
whole development of Indian culture. Yoga is the science-
of the mind, particularly in relation to concentration and
attention, and, though in its highest and most usual
sense the aim of union of the self with the Self is impliedt
its methods are perfectly general and applicable to every
kind of mental activity.

These methods are briefly indicated in Patanjali,.
in. 1-4. " Attention (dkarana) is the fixing of the mind'
in a given place : contemplation (dhyana) consists in the-
uninterrupted current of cognition thereof: the same-
shining on the object only, and emptied of all self-reference,.
is rapture (samadhi). These three together constitute-
identification of subject with object (sanyama)"

ISTow, Indian art stands related to yoga in three ways r
In respect of the Divine Ideal,* characteristic methods, and'
ultimate purpose. The present notes deal chiefly with the-
methods and briefly with the* aims of Indian art. The
following summary of an imager's ritual will illustrate their
yogic character. The details are taken from Tantric books
of about the 12th century, summarised by M. Foucher in
his * Iconographic Bouddhique' (Part II). GPhe methods are-
no doubt much older than the extant literature, in which

•See Ch. iv. supra, and Mr. K B. Havell's "Indian Sculpture-
nd Painting,"