SPAIN, SPANISH JEWRY, PORTUGAL, IBERO-AMERICA 173

Charlemagne returns to the field to scrutinize the dead. These
characteristics of a thirteenth-century epic are to be found in the
ballads of King Mar sin's Flight (ix, p. 245) and its derivative (183).
It is a fragment of some longer poem, and the moment is the rout of
Marsilie's forces. Roland dare not blow his horn in case he excite
the contempt of his rival Reynald. The narrative is hispanized, and
includes a technical term of Peninsular warfare unlikely to be
known in France; in this piece, therefore, we have probably a
second fragment of Roncesvalles or a derivative poem founded on it.
Lady Alda (184) may be another fragment. It is a romantic and
pathetic piece in which Lady Aude's heart breaks to slow music,
as in the rhymed Roncesvaux, Other ballads (180-6) ostensibly
relating to this battle are not of epical origin. Some one made
Roland's sword into a hero, Durandarte,1 and endowed him with a
romantic affection for Belerma. He dies, with tender reproaches
on his lips, in the lost battle:

Oh Belerma, oh Belerma,
for my sore affliction born!
Seven years I truly served thee,
but from thee have nothing won.
I unhappy (now thou lovest)
perish in this rout forlorn.
Not my death is such affliction—
though death call me all too soon,—
but it grieves from thee beholding
and thy service to be torn. (181)

The ballad of Guarinos, Admiral of the Sea (186), is a tale of escape
from captivity, of uncertain origin. It uses many of the common-
places of the chivalresque epos, and the name is that of Garin
d'Anseune, a deuteragonist in many 'chansons de geste'. The first
words connect these adventures of his with the battle of Ronces valles:

Evil fortune saw ye, Frenchmen,

in the Chase of Roncesvaux;

where your Charles has lost his honour,

died his dozen peers also.

1 In Ogier de Dinamarche one meets the line (describing Courtain, Ogier's
sword):

qui moult ce tint valt mains que Durendal.

The comparison is between two swords, Durendal and Courtain; but, according
to the syntax, it might be a comparison between two heroes, Durendal and the
wielder of Courtain. Some such confusion may have originated the Spanish
Durandarte, if he is not an arbitrary creation of fancy.