WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:09.400 Now, Edwin R. Murrow and the voices of Winston Churchill, Senator Estes Kefauver, Ambassador 00:09.400 --> 00:15.900 William O'Dwyer, Frank Costello, Larry Parks, Governor Earl Warren, Walter Ruther, Senator 00:15.900 --> 00:21.940 Robert Taft, Pierre Balmain, and a biography of a woman's hat, and more than 40 other men 00:21.940 --> 00:29.260 and women in the news in the 15th performance of Hear It Now, presented tonight and every 00:29.260 --> 00:30.260 week at this time. 00:30.260 --> 00:47.960 She can't make the bed anymore, and she's always watching the damn television on this 00:47.960 --> 00:55.280 whole business of investigation, and I wish you'd cut it out fast. 00:55.280 --> 01:04.000 We are in a sad, somber period of world history where no household can have the feeling that 01:04.000 --> 01:15.160 they can go to sleep without the fear that something awful is moving towards them. 01:15.160 --> 01:17.200 I think you look very chic in it. 01:17.200 --> 01:21.520 If you've got a new Easter outfit in order to top it off, fine, dear. 01:21.520 --> 01:22.520 It's very chic, dear. 01:22.520 --> 01:41.360 It fits wonderful, and you look like a dream in it. 01:41.360 --> 01:48.200 Hear It Now, the Columbia Broadcasting System and 173 affiliated radio stations present 01:48.200 --> 01:53.880 a document for air based on the week's news and the men and women who made it. 01:53.880 --> 01:58.560 All the voices and sounds you will hear are real and are presented as they were recorded 01:58.560 --> 02:02.560 in the heat and confusion of a world in crisis. 02:02.560 --> 02:09.500 Here is the editor of Hear It Now, the distinguished reporter and news analyst, Edward R. Murrow. 02:09.500 --> 02:14.760 There was that strange, exciting, almost carnival-like atmosphere in the air this week. 02:14.760 --> 02:19.080 It's only because it is a mood usually reserved for World Series games in the autumn and political 02:19.080 --> 02:21.520 conventions every four years. 02:21.520 --> 02:25.960 An atmosphere of excitement and some tension when strangers meeting on the New York subway 02:25.960 --> 02:30.680 or a St. Louis bus or a Chicago elevator had one common thing to talk about, and that was 02:30.680 --> 02:34.760 the hearings pouring forth from television sets and radio receivers. 02:34.760 --> 02:39.680 There was a great new hit show in the land that neither South Pacific nor burlesque shows 02:39.680 --> 02:44.400 nor new spring fashions in the stores nor the horse races could compete with. 02:44.400 --> 02:49.880 In the soap operas, the second husband and the second Mrs. Burton played second fiddle 02:49.880 --> 02:54.600 to the Kefauver-Toby-Halley hit, playing its final, if split, week at the Foley Square 02:54.600 --> 02:58.840 Courthouse in the city that will not soon forget them. 02:58.840 --> 03:02.960 While the hearings were in session this week, we took our microphones to a few stores, bars, 03:02.960 --> 03:06.880 and offices just to learn how this new habit of viewing and listening had affected the 03:06.880 --> 03:08.880 life of the average citizen. 03:08.880 --> 03:11.400 We did this in both New York and St. Louis. 03:11.400 --> 03:13.440 First the New York reaction. 03:13.440 --> 03:19.600 We can't make the bed anymore, and she's always watching the damn television on this whole 03:19.600 --> 03:24.400 business of investigation, and I wish you'd cut it out fast. 03:24.400 --> 03:29.760 I have a grocery on Third Avenue in New York, and we have women coming in for rolls and 03:29.760 --> 03:34.880 bread in the morning, and usually we don't get the rolls till about 9.30, a quarter to 03:34.880 --> 03:36.440 10. 03:36.440 --> 03:41.800 Since the committee hearings are televised, they haven't even got time to wait for the 03:41.800 --> 03:48.240 rolls because the program goes on at 9.30 on television. 03:48.240 --> 03:51.080 Therefore we get stuck even with rolls during the day. 03:51.080 --> 03:57.260 The woman told me, which is true, that they haven't had anything to eat for three days. 03:57.260 --> 04:00.360 They didn't want to go out to eat, and they didn't want to leave the television to go 04:00.360 --> 04:01.360 out and buy. 04:01.360 --> 04:07.680 And so we're all hoping for the sake of business that the hearings are over soon, because bills 04:07.680 --> 04:09.080 have to be paid. 04:09.080 --> 04:15.320 I threw the television set out because people started out waiting, coming in, sitting for 04:15.320 --> 04:17.440 two hours with one beer in front of them. 04:17.440 --> 04:21.720 Practically all strangers I was coming in, people I'd never seen before in my life. 04:21.720 --> 04:24.920 As soon as the hearing is over, I'm going to put the television set back again. 04:24.920 --> 04:27.440 I don't know, these hearings are a menace. 04:27.440 --> 04:31.680 Every time I call my wife on the telephone, she says, look, I'm very busy, they're right 04:31.680 --> 04:33.600 in the most important part of this thing. 04:33.600 --> 04:36.800 I can't talk to you now, I'll call you back, and she hangs up. 04:36.800 --> 04:42.160 In St. Louis, our CBS station asked, how have the Keefauer hearings affected your home life? 04:42.160 --> 04:45.640 I'm a St. Louis theater manager. 04:45.640 --> 04:50.840 Televising of the Senate Crime Committee hearings has very definitely cut into the motion picture 04:50.840 --> 04:51.840 theater attendance. 04:51.840 --> 04:56.480 It's a new kind of competition that will be very difficult to beat. 04:56.480 --> 05:04.200 What I have seen of the trial has been most interesting, but I have done none of my housework 05:04.200 --> 05:05.520 from watching it all the time. 05:05.520 --> 05:11.280 I don't do my dishes, my beds aren't made, I don't go to the store, and my husband gets 05:11.280 --> 05:12.880 mad at me. 05:12.880 --> 05:13.880 I'm a cab driver. 05:13.880 --> 05:15.880 Boy, business sure is bad. 05:15.880 --> 05:19.800 No one on the streets, nobody seems to be riding cabs now. 05:19.800 --> 05:21.440 Everybody indoors watching TV. 05:21.440 --> 05:24.720 Boy, if this keeps up, I'm going broke. 05:24.720 --> 05:27.360 Last week's star witness was Frank Costello. 05:27.360 --> 05:29.740 This week it was ex-mayor William O'Dwyer. 05:29.740 --> 05:33.120 But last week's star was also this week's featured player. 05:33.120 --> 05:37.200 And in addition to being television's most prominent pair of hands, he also provided 05:37.200 --> 05:41.400 the English language with several ingenious new ways of saying, I don't know. 05:41.400 --> 05:43.880 Oh, I wouldn't remember. 05:43.880 --> 05:44.880 Not to my recollection. 05:44.880 --> 05:48.640 I can't very well answer that question. 05:48.640 --> 05:50.840 I think it's unfair. 05:50.840 --> 05:52.800 I refuse to answer that question. 05:52.800 --> 05:55.720 You got me here at a disadvantage. 05:55.720 --> 05:56.720 I can't cross-examine. 05:56.720 --> 05:59.240 Well, I don't remember. 05:59.240 --> 06:04.200 Well, I can swear that it's not to my recollection. 06:04.200 --> 06:06.720 I decline to answer that, Mr. Halley. 06:06.720 --> 06:08.520 I couldn't swear that I didn't. 06:08.520 --> 06:12.040 But I'm not going to swear that I did. 06:12.040 --> 06:13.680 Not to my knowledge. 06:13.680 --> 06:16.080 I wouldn't know if I don't ask questions. 06:16.080 --> 06:19.320 No, that's ridiculous, Mr. Halley. 06:19.320 --> 06:21.160 I will not. 06:21.160 --> 06:23.520 I won't answer that question. 06:23.520 --> 06:24.520 No. 06:24.520 --> 06:25.520 No. 06:25.520 --> 06:26.520 No. 06:26.520 --> 06:29.560 Repeat that, Mr. Halley. 06:29.560 --> 06:30.560 No. 06:30.560 --> 06:31.560 No. 06:31.560 --> 06:32.560 No. 06:32.560 --> 06:33.560 No. 06:33.560 --> 06:34.560 No. 06:34.560 --> 06:38.880 Frank Costello is what they call a named gangster. 06:38.880 --> 06:41.760 He's one of the leaders of the New York-Miami Crime Axis. 06:41.760 --> 06:46.600 Slick, immaculately well-groomed, he worked diligently to present himself as a dignified 06:46.600 --> 06:51.680 entrepreneur of respectable businesses, including Cupid dolls, pressure cookers, and ice cream 06:51.680 --> 06:52.680 pies. 06:52.680 --> 06:56.520 But the committee, and Senator Toby in particular, were not convinced. 06:56.520 --> 07:00.600 The New Hampshire senator asked Costello, you must have in your mind some things you've 07:00.600 --> 07:03.520 done that you can speak of to your credit as an American citizen. 07:03.520 --> 07:06.800 If so, what are they? 07:06.800 --> 07:10.080 Paid by tax. 07:10.080 --> 07:13.920 But the relentless interrogation of committee counsel, Rudolph Halley, continued to hack 07:13.920 --> 07:18.960 away at Costello's self-made island of I don't choose to answer immunity. 07:18.960 --> 07:23.840 Costello finally was jockeyed into a position where he had to admit that just by coincidence, 07:23.840 --> 07:27.200 he knew a few Tammany leaders socially, 14 of them. 07:27.200 --> 07:33.000 Well, you've continued to associate very closely with a great many people in politics, haven't 07:33.000 --> 07:34.000 you? 07:34.000 --> 07:36.800 Well, I don't know if you call it associate. 07:36.800 --> 07:41.200 If I meet them, I'll talk to them, and they talk to me, and we'll have a drink or something. 07:41.200 --> 07:45.160 Well, you had two of them up to your home for Thanksgiving dinner last Thanksgiving, 07:45.160 --> 07:46.160 didn't you? 07:46.160 --> 07:50.760 Well, I've known them for over 30 years. 07:50.760 --> 07:53.480 And we never spoke politics. 07:53.480 --> 07:56.280 What else do district leaders talk but politics? 07:56.280 --> 07:58.480 Well, I don't know. 07:58.480 --> 08:01.080 Don't you know any of them? 08:01.080 --> 08:04.160 Doesn't the talk invariably go to politics? 08:04.160 --> 08:07.960 Well, if they do, I don't pay no attention to them. 08:07.960 --> 08:18.800 Now, as a matter of fact, I don't think I ever met any one of them, except Carmen de 08:18.800 --> 08:23.880 Sapio, whom I have met recently when he came up here. 08:23.880 --> 08:29.240 I don't think I know any of them who answer your question, not one. 08:29.240 --> 08:33.360 I believe it may be a better off. 08:33.360 --> 08:39.520 But the committee kept asking questions, wanted to know just what it was that made Costello 08:39.520 --> 08:42.280 such a prize for politicians to know. 08:42.280 --> 08:46.480 Well, I can't really explain that, Mr. Halley. 08:46.480 --> 08:53.400 The idea is that I've been living all my life in the neighborhood, in Manhattan Island. 08:53.400 --> 08:59.800 I know them, know them well, and maybe they've got a little comforts in me. 08:59.800 --> 09:05.200 And if I use a little judgment, say I think that you should do this because you make a 09:05.200 --> 09:07.760 good leader, an honest leader, I wouldn't know. 09:07.760 --> 09:09.320 I can't explain that. 09:09.320 --> 09:16.560 Well, it goes further than that, doesn't it, Mr. Costello? 09:16.560 --> 09:19.840 After all, many of us have lived in New York all of our lives. 09:19.840 --> 09:22.240 I think you testified you haven't ever even voted. 09:22.240 --> 09:23.240 Is that right? 09:23.240 --> 09:24.240 That's right. 09:24.240 --> 09:26.400 You're not a member of any political organization? 09:26.400 --> 09:27.400 No. 09:27.400 --> 09:28.400 And never were? 09:28.400 --> 09:29.400 No. 09:29.400 --> 09:30.400 And you've never made a political contribution? 09:30.400 --> 09:34.040 No, and I'm not a politician. 09:34.040 --> 09:38.560 Ambassador O'Dwyer, a lawyer and a former district attorney as well as mayor, was next 09:38.560 --> 09:40.440 on the witness stand. 09:40.440 --> 09:44.200 Senator Toby asked him what he thought was the secret of Costello's influence. 09:44.200 --> 09:49.280 It's a funny thing what magnetism that man has to attain, isn't it? 09:49.280 --> 09:51.000 How do you analyze it? 09:51.000 --> 09:58.520 Look him over, you wouldn't, you'd mark him pretty near minus zero, but what is the, what 09:58.520 --> 10:01.440 is the attraction, what has he got, what kind of appeal, what is it? 10:01.440 --> 10:09.000 It doesn't matter whether it's a banker, a businessman, or a gangster, his pocketbook 10:09.000 --> 10:10.880 is always attractive. 10:10.880 --> 10:14.160 O'Dwyer had known Costello from other days. 10:14.160 --> 10:18.600 Recall that while an army major, he ended up a brigadier general, he had kept an appointment 10:18.600 --> 10:20.720 at the Costello home in New York. 10:20.720 --> 10:25.160 O'Dwyer was investigating certain Air Force frauds and needed certain information. 10:25.160 --> 10:29.680 He was surprised to find certain Tammany members with Costello at the time. 10:29.680 --> 10:31.080 Had he forgotten this? 10:31.080 --> 10:33.720 I haven't forgotten it. 10:33.720 --> 10:35.480 I haven't forgotten it. 10:35.480 --> 10:37.480 And I didn't forget it. 10:37.480 --> 10:42.280 It would seem to me that that would be the dominating thing in your thinking about this 10:42.280 --> 10:44.760 sinister influence in Tammany Hall. 10:44.760 --> 10:51.200 Mr. Halley, I have said it once and I'll say it again. 10:51.200 --> 10:54.080 Of course it was one of the factors. 10:54.080 --> 10:59.080 One of the things I was talking about is sinister influences, but there were many others. 10:59.080 --> 11:02.840 But it was a very important factor, was it not? 11:02.840 --> 11:04.080 That's right, of course. 11:04.080 --> 11:06.040 O'Dwyer would never forget. 11:06.040 --> 11:09.880 He told the committee that later, when he was mayor, he had constantly fought Tammany 11:09.880 --> 11:11.720 Hall, tried to clean it up. 11:11.720 --> 11:17.440 But another Democrat, Bert Stand, an old Tammany hand, offered the committee another story. 11:17.440 --> 11:22.440 O'Dwyer's actions were always confusing, contradictory, and irrational. 11:22.440 --> 11:27.640 He changed the leadership in Tammany Hall almost as often as he changed his mind. 11:27.640 --> 11:32.880 The public, however, was apparently misled by all his artful double talk into believing 11:32.880 --> 11:37.920 that O'Dwyer sought to reform the organization when actually his only objective was to control 11:37.920 --> 11:39.080 it. 11:39.080 --> 11:40.640 And he did control it. 11:40.640 --> 11:45.800 For many hours, over two long days, O'Dwyer dueled with the committee council. 11:45.800 --> 11:49.880 O'Dwyer had appeared before the committee voluntarily, said he welcomed the opportunity. 11:49.880 --> 11:54.360 The testimony developed that Mayor O'Dwyer had appointed a city marshal, a deputy hospital 11:54.360 --> 11:58.560 commissioner, a special sessions judge, and others who had some sort of connection with 11:58.560 --> 12:00.120 the underworld. 12:00.120 --> 12:04.520 Council Halley particularly wanted to know about why a relative of gangster Willie Moretti 12:04.520 --> 12:06.440 got the hospital job. 12:06.440 --> 12:10.960 Could you have found somebody for that hospital department job who wasn't related to Willie 12:10.960 --> 12:11.960 Moretti? 12:11.960 --> 12:12.960 Find a hundred. 12:12.960 --> 12:20.800 There are things that you have to do politically if you want to get cooperation. 12:20.800 --> 12:25.120 But according to Mayor O'Dwyer's testimony, there was no cooperation between the mayor's 12:25.120 --> 12:28.800 office and the city's uniformed fireman's organization. 12:28.800 --> 12:29.800 Council Halley again. 12:29.800 --> 12:31.840 Do you know John P. Crane? 12:31.840 --> 12:33.880 I do. 12:33.880 --> 12:38.720 Did he, during the year 1949, ever visit you at the Gracie Mansion? 12:38.720 --> 12:42.480 Don't recall that. 12:42.480 --> 12:44.760 Is it possible that he might have? 12:44.760 --> 12:45.760 Possible. 12:45.760 --> 12:48.360 But you have no definite recollection. 12:48.360 --> 12:49.360 That's right. 12:49.360 --> 12:53.680 Could he have visited you more than once there? 12:53.680 --> 12:55.720 Committees came there all the time. 12:55.720 --> 12:57.600 Did he ever come alone? 12:57.600 --> 13:01.160 I never recall him coming alone. 13:01.160 --> 13:04.520 Would you say that it might be possible that he did come there alone? 13:04.520 --> 13:08.280 I'd say that it was not likely that he came alone. 13:08.280 --> 13:12.160 Do you know whether Mr. Crane ever made any campaign contributions? 13:12.160 --> 13:14.480 I don't know. 13:14.480 --> 13:16.600 Did he ever make any, too, or through you? 13:16.600 --> 13:17.840 He did not. 13:17.840 --> 13:22.420 The next day, the Senate committee heard the other side of the story from John Crane, head 13:22.420 --> 13:23.420 of the uniformed fireman. 13:23.420 --> 13:25.680 I told him I wanted to see him. 13:25.680 --> 13:27.000 He said, drop up the mansion. 13:27.000 --> 13:30.680 I can't tell you the date, but it was a couple of days later. 13:30.680 --> 13:33.680 And you went up to the Gracie Mansion? 13:33.680 --> 13:34.680 That's right. 13:34.680 --> 13:36.160 And you saw Mayor O'Dwyer? 13:36.160 --> 13:37.160 Yes, sir. 13:37.160 --> 13:38.320 Were you alone with him? 13:38.320 --> 13:39.320 Yes, sir. 13:39.320 --> 13:40.320 Where did you see him? 13:40.320 --> 13:41.320 On the porch of Gracie Mansion. 13:41.320 --> 13:43.840 Can you tell the committee what transpired? 13:43.840 --> 13:48.880 I had promised him the support of the fireman, and I offered him some evidence of that support 13:48.880 --> 13:52.920 on the occasion in the form of $10,000. 13:52.920 --> 13:54.760 And was that in cash? 13:54.760 --> 13:55.760 That was in cash. 13:55.760 --> 13:58.640 What did the mayor say? 13:58.640 --> 13:59.640 He thanked me. 13:59.640 --> 14:00.640 That was about all. 14:00.640 --> 14:01.640 How long were you there? 14:01.640 --> 14:05.680 About more than 10 minutes. 14:05.680 --> 14:09.080 Ambassador O'Dwyer denied the Crane's story completely. 14:09.080 --> 14:13.440 So did an old friend of the mayor's, Water Commissioner James J. Moran, who was supposed 14:13.440 --> 14:17.520 to have received $55,000 from Fireman Crane. 14:17.520 --> 14:22.080 Moran was immediately asked to resign his $15,000 a year lifetime job. 14:22.080 --> 14:23.480 He did. 14:23.480 --> 14:27.720 Fireman Crane also told of contributions to the New York State Democratic Committee, to 14:27.720 --> 14:31.280 Governor Dewey's 1948 presidential primary in Oregon. 14:31.280 --> 14:35.120 A local Republican leader who had accepted the gift said that not until this year did 14:35.120 --> 14:37.880 the governor know who contributed the money. 14:37.880 --> 14:39.240 This was pay dirt. 14:39.240 --> 14:43.560 The television audience had its first chance to gasp at this story of big money and big 14:43.560 --> 14:45.200 politicians. 14:45.200 --> 14:49.260 The Crane testimony was the climax of the committee's hearings in New York. 14:49.260 --> 14:54.000 The senators decided to end right there, to let the Justice Department examine the record, 14:54.000 --> 14:57.200 let the other cities in the nation measure their own conditions against those in New 14:57.200 --> 15:02.420 York, let the educational value of its televised broadcast hearings sink into the conscience 15:02.420 --> 15:03.420 of America. 15:03.420 --> 15:07.700 It took less than 24 hours before the committee had concrete proof of just how educational 15:07.700 --> 15:09.720 its New York hearings had been. 15:09.720 --> 15:15.320 To the witness stand in Washington came Jacob Reesythumb Guzik, a Chicago gangster. 15:15.320 --> 15:19.920 Like many a witness before him, Guzik refused to testify on any important detail. 15:19.920 --> 15:22.800 He would stand on his constitutional rights. 15:22.800 --> 15:26.560 Listen to his legal answer to a question from Senator Wiley of Wisconsin. 15:26.560 --> 15:35.600 I refuse the answer because some questions are not pertinent and some may lead or tend 15:35.600 --> 15:39.280 to incriminate me. 15:39.280 --> 15:43.200 Well, are you a lawyer? 15:43.200 --> 15:44.200 No sir. 15:44.200 --> 15:47.680 Have you consulted with a lawyer? 15:47.680 --> 15:48.680 No sir. 15:48.680 --> 15:53.320 Have you, where'd you get this phrase you've been using all the time? 15:53.320 --> 15:58.560 I've heard it on a television here. 15:58.560 --> 16:01.920 The New York hearing left many things hanging in midair. 16:01.920 --> 16:05.200 The committee left this city with the final effort to get Governor Dewey to tell about 16:05.200 --> 16:10.280 the deportation of Lucky Luciano, about the gambling situation in Saratoga, and before 16:10.280 --> 16:15.480 the final gavel, there was even time for reading a request to correct the record. 16:15.480 --> 16:20.160 In the course of Counselor Halley's interrogation of Frank Costello this morning, the name of 16:20.160 --> 16:27.560 Eskimo Pie was identified as one of the products made by Dainty Products Corporation. 16:27.560 --> 16:32.960 The Eskimo Pie Corporation owns all trademarks and rights of the name Eskimo Pie. 16:32.960 --> 16:37.880 The Eskimo Pie Corporation has never had any connection with Frank Costello. 16:37.880 --> 16:43.160 Mr. Halley, I'm sure, used the trademark name Eskimo Pie and Aero, simply meaning a chocolate 16:43.160 --> 16:45.400 covered ice cream product. 16:45.400 --> 16:51.200 Mr. Halley, will you join in the retraction and listen? 16:51.200 --> 16:56.920 I hope the president of the Eskimo Pie Company will pardon the expression. 16:56.920 --> 16:59.800 The Senate Crime Committee proved many things. 16:59.800 --> 17:04.360 In addition to being both successful and spectacular, it was conducted with considerable calmness 17:04.360 --> 17:07.120 and even good taste and dignity. 17:07.120 --> 17:09.640 Congressional hearings have not always been that way. 17:09.640 --> 17:13.840 Future committee chairman would do well to follow the pattern set by Estes Kiefhauer, 17:13.840 --> 17:17.260 and investigators would long study the tactics of Rudolph Halley. 17:17.260 --> 17:21.740 But probers would have a difficult time emulating the role of Charles Tobey of New Hampshire. 17:21.740 --> 17:26.760 If he contributed little to the actual interrogation of the witnesses, tearful Tobey was, in his 17:26.760 --> 17:32.560 poetic wrath, a kind of composite citizen, as bewildered and as indignant as most of 17:32.560 --> 17:36.240 us over what had been heard in the federal courthouse in Foley Square. 17:36.240 --> 17:39.800 What you heard today here is not America. 17:39.800 --> 17:44.800 If you want to know what America is, you are in the hittilands of this country, in the 17:44.800 --> 17:48.840 farm homes and the village homes, to the men who come at night to greet a wife and little 17:48.840 --> 17:53.660 children who pay their taxes and worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience 17:53.660 --> 17:54.660 and love America. 17:54.660 --> 17:59.440 And there's 10,000 times as many of those as there are these crooks that came before 17:59.440 --> 18:00.440 us. 18:00.440 --> 18:04.960 Chief Counsel Halley, who with his staff had exposed the evil, felt like many another New 18:04.960 --> 18:05.960 Yorker. 18:05.960 --> 18:08.200 Gently, he corrected the gentleman from New Hampshire. 18:08.200 --> 18:12.160 Senator Tobey, I've lived here all my life. 18:12.160 --> 18:17.600 And I know that when you said that to find all these fine, honest people, one must go 18:17.600 --> 18:24.080 into the hittilands, you meant simply the hittilands away from the centers of criminal 18:24.080 --> 18:25.080 activity. 18:25.080 --> 18:26.080 That's correct. 18:26.080 --> 18:30.560 Those hittilands exist here in New York City, all over the city. 18:30.560 --> 18:36.440 New York is a city in which there are fine, wonderful people, millions and millions of 18:36.440 --> 18:37.440 them. 18:37.440 --> 18:43.160 And I, as a New Yorker, must apologize to you and to Senator Keapover for those few 18:43.160 --> 18:47.480 who've appeared before you here today. 18:47.480 --> 18:49.400 The closing moment was near. 18:49.400 --> 18:53.240 The bulging briefcases were being packed and locked for the trip back to home territory 18:53.240 --> 18:56.360 in Washington for the last days of the committee's life. 18:56.360 --> 19:01.080 Senator Tobey's farewell to New York was virtually the committee's farewell. 19:01.080 --> 19:06.480 Great man came from New York years ago, and he became President of the United States, 19:06.480 --> 19:09.120 and his name was Grover Cleveland. 19:09.120 --> 19:13.760 And Grover Cleveland made a great classic utterance at one time, may it always live 19:13.760 --> 19:18.480 in the hearts of those of us who serve the public in our respective capacities. 19:18.480 --> 19:23.240 And he said, public office is a public trust. 19:23.240 --> 19:29.120 The time has come, and I hope to God it has come, when the American people will rise up 19:29.120 --> 19:34.840 and sound a warning note to this type all over this world and say, hold, enough. 19:34.840 --> 19:38.560 Take heart, America, and don't be discouraged for one moment. 19:38.560 --> 19:43.920 Let's not only sing God bless America, but the time has come to sing and to pray from 19:43.920 --> 19:47.240 our hearts, God save America. 19:47.240 --> 19:55.520 In ten long months, wherever the Senate Crime Commission has held hearings, the sinister 19:55.520 --> 20:00.200 influences it exposed led many persons to suggest that the way to wipe out gambling 20:00.200 --> 20:02.080 is to legalize it. 20:02.080 --> 20:06.240 We have asked the governors of three states to give you their views on this proposal. 20:06.240 --> 20:08.800 First, Governor Earl Warren of California. 20:08.800 --> 20:14.760 The one thing the underworld cannot stand is a searchlight of public opinion. 20:14.760 --> 20:21.560 I am unalterably opposed to any and all suggestions that we dim the searchlight or attempt to 20:21.560 --> 20:25.480 legalize any of the gangster activities. 20:25.480 --> 20:30.840 We cannot afford to temporize with any segment of the underworld. 20:30.840 --> 20:34.640 Now, the governor of Nevada, Charles H. Russell. 20:34.640 --> 20:40.320 Nevada is the only state which has legalized gambling, and the people of this state have 20:40.320 --> 20:41.320 accepted it. 20:41.320 --> 20:48.240 Due to the small population in the state, it is possible to carry out rigid controls 20:48.240 --> 20:51.760 and to keep gambling as clean as possible. 20:51.760 --> 20:56.840 I feel that legalized gambling is a matter of states' rights. 20:56.840 --> 21:03.040 While it can and does operate successfully in Nevada, it would be impossible to control 21:03.040 --> 21:11.600 and regulate on a nationwide basis, with each state having various regulations and restrictions. 21:11.600 --> 21:14.120 And here is Adlai Stevenson, the governor of Illinois. 21:14.120 --> 21:17.040 No, I don't think gambling should be legalized. 21:17.040 --> 21:21.760 To legalize gambling sounds easy, but someone has to be licensed to operate the gambling 21:21.760 --> 21:23.640 establishments. 21:23.640 --> 21:28.880 And what reason have we to think that the same racketeers and gamblers who monopolize 21:28.880 --> 21:34.760 illegal gambling by bribery, intimidation, and political corruption would not end up 21:34.760 --> 21:37.480 as the licensed operators of legal gambling? 21:37.480 --> 21:40.600 I think they would, and so do they. 21:40.600 --> 21:45.880 If bribery and political corruption are effective in securing protection from the law, they 21:45.880 --> 21:49.600 are also effective in securing favors under the law. 21:49.600 --> 21:53.440 And I am not impressed with the familiar argument that legalized gambling would provide the 21:53.440 --> 21:55.080 states a new source of revenue. 21:55.080 --> 21:59.280 God forbid that government in this country should ever be supported by chance and the 21:59.280 --> 22:02.400 misfortunes of a few for the benefit of the many. 22:02.400 --> 22:06.400 It may be that the Senate Crime Commission's recommendation on legalized gambling will 22:06.400 --> 22:09.240 influence a number of legislators and voters. 22:09.240 --> 22:12.960 So we asked Chairman Kiefhauer to give us an advanced glimpse of what his committee's 22:12.960 --> 22:14.440 report will recommend. 22:14.440 --> 22:21.740 Well, we will say, and in our report we'll very definitely say that it should not be 22:21.740 --> 22:24.800 that legalized gambling is not the answer. 22:24.800 --> 22:30.320 And while we were talking to Estes Kiefhauer at the end of his long, hard task, we asked 22:30.320 --> 22:35.080 him a question that has occurred to many of us since the day the committee was appointed. 22:35.080 --> 22:39.540 Have there been any attempts to put pressure on the committee to get it to water down its 22:39.540 --> 22:41.400 attack on crime? 22:41.400 --> 22:43.400 Here is Senator Kiefhauer's answer. 22:43.400 --> 22:44.840 Yes, Ed. 22:44.840 --> 22:50.480 We've had a good many rather indirect efforts to get us to water down here and there in 22:50.480 --> 22:51.480 particular sections. 22:51.480 --> 22:59.120 Well, it's always been a local situation where a local person who would have a sympathy 22:59.120 --> 23:02.600 with a particular person's situation would come to see us about it. 23:02.600 --> 23:08.920 But I think after about two months when they saw that we were going to do what we thought 23:08.920 --> 23:16.800 was the right thing, regardless of politics or regardless of influences, they have laid 23:16.800 --> 23:18.800 off pretty much. 23:18.800 --> 23:22.160 So we haven't had any pressures in the last six or eight months anyway. 23:22.160 --> 23:32.480 I must say that in fairness that from the administration that I've had no pressure whatsoever. 23:32.480 --> 23:36.960 You can always find news in Washington, almost any kind. 23:36.960 --> 23:40.960 Sometimes even music makes news. 23:40.960 --> 24:00.040 The music you hear is the new marching song for the city of Washington. 24:00.040 --> 24:03.880 Long has our nation's capital suffered the hardship of not having a musical theme to 24:03.880 --> 24:09.680 compete with Kentucky's old Kentucky home, Missouri's waltz and California here I come. 24:09.680 --> 24:14.560 As one citizen put it, well, I thought whenever you go out to a convention, if the guy next 24:14.560 --> 24:18.320 table starts singing the guys in Texas are upon you, he was a good Washingtonian will 24:18.320 --> 24:20.920 start singing the guys of Texas are upon you. 24:20.920 --> 24:25.200 So a committee was formed which included Vice President Barkley and many others. 24:25.200 --> 24:28.800 The district commissioner of Columbia, the nearest thing to a mayor of Washington, F. 24:28.800 --> 24:33.160 Joseph Donahue, put it in the form of a resolution. 24:33.160 --> 24:40.640 Whereas the district of Columbia here before has not had a song which could be considered 24:40.640 --> 24:44.000 the song of the district of Columbia. 24:44.000 --> 24:48.720 And whereas in order to select a song which could be designated. 24:48.720 --> 24:51.360 There were 3000 entries. 24:51.360 --> 24:55.280 This week the committee of judges, which included Sigmund Space and Sigmund Romberg, picked 24:55.280 --> 24:56.720 its winner. 24:56.720 --> 24:58.420 Washington had a new anthem. 24:58.420 --> 25:00.960 Its author was Jimmy Dodds of Ohio. 25:00.960 --> 25:08.000 Cherry blossoms bring a lot of joy each spring. 25:08.000 --> 25:14.320 And the statue of Abe Lincoln, breach your eye. 25:14.320 --> 25:21.920 When parades pass in review down Pennsylvania Avenue. 25:21.920 --> 25:29.600 Everybody lifts their voices to the sky. 25:29.600 --> 25:38.240 Washington, the fairest city in the greatest land of all. 25:38.240 --> 25:46.440 Name for one, our country's father, who first answered freedom's call. 25:46.440 --> 25:50.640 God bless our White House, our Capitol too. 25:50.640 --> 25:55.520 In Washington, as in New York, it was still hearings that dominated the news. 25:55.520 --> 25:59.000 The House Committee on Un-American Activities, which was scheduled to open the day after 25:59.000 --> 26:03.680 the crime hearings ended here in New York, got a bad break and had a tough time competing 26:03.680 --> 26:07.400 for the spotlight when the crime hearings continued on an extra two days. 26:07.400 --> 26:15.360 Now, this chairman I'd like to call is the first witness, Mr. Larry Park. 26:15.360 --> 26:18.520 Is Mr. Park present? 26:18.520 --> 26:22.380 Will you stand please? 26:22.380 --> 26:26.040 This week the House Un-American Activities Committee went into the business of communism 26:26.040 --> 26:27.340 in Hollywood. 26:27.340 --> 26:32.760 The star witness was Larry Park, a Kansas farm boy who scored brilliantly in two Jolson 26:32.760 --> 26:37.880 films, and who admitted that in 1941, when he was young and impressionable, he joined 26:37.880 --> 26:40.040 the Communist Party. 26:40.040 --> 26:49.480 In 1941, being a member of the Communist Party, fulfilled certain needs of a young man that 26:49.480 --> 27:04.400 was liberal in thought, idealistic, who was for the underprivileged, the underdog. 27:04.400 --> 27:07.920 I felt that it fulfilled these particular needs. 27:07.920 --> 27:16.800 I think that being a communist in 1951, in this particular situation, is an entirely 27:16.800 --> 27:29.560 different kettle of fish when this is a great power that is trying to take over the world. 27:29.560 --> 27:34.080 Parkes then was asked to name other film personalities who had been members of the Red Cell. 27:34.080 --> 27:35.560 He refused. 27:35.560 --> 27:38.000 After the noon lunch, the committee asked him again. 27:38.000 --> 27:42.360 Parkes restated that he had left the party in 1945, that he was aware of the fact that 27:42.360 --> 27:46.240 his career was in serious jeopardy, but that he would not snitch. 27:46.240 --> 27:47.360 Mr. Parkes again. 27:47.360 --> 27:54.000 I don't think that I would be here today if I wasn't a star, because you know as well 27:54.000 --> 27:59.400 as I even better that I know nothing that would really be, I don't believe, of great 27:59.400 --> 28:03.080 service to this committee. 28:03.080 --> 28:11.840 I think my career has been ruined because of this, and I would appreciate not having 28:11.840 --> 28:19.040 to present me with the choice of either being in contempt of this committee and going to 28:19.040 --> 28:26.840 jail or forcing me to really crawl through the mud to be an informer. 28:26.840 --> 28:28.400 For what purpose? 28:28.400 --> 28:34.480 So I beg you not to force me to do this. 28:34.480 --> 28:38.280 Parkes later provided some names in a secret session. 28:38.280 --> 28:41.760 The Fulbright Committee was still investigating corruption in the RFC. 28:41.760 --> 28:46.000 The tragedy of the pastel mink coats and the exorbitant legal fees for government loans 28:46.000 --> 28:48.240 seemed to be coming to a close. 28:48.240 --> 28:51.160 There would be a complete reorganization of the RFC. 28:51.160 --> 28:53.800 There was talk of ending its life. 28:53.800 --> 28:58.160 There was the bitter humiliation for hundreds of capable civil servants who had made government 28:58.160 --> 29:01.820 their life, men below the top political jobs. 29:01.820 --> 29:07.060 One such person is William E. Unziker, who joined the RFC in 1932, soon after it was 29:07.060 --> 29:08.760 established by Herbert Hoover. 29:08.760 --> 29:13.080 He remained in it for 20 years, watched it serve the nation in depression. 29:13.080 --> 29:15.720 Plants needed funds to expand and help unemployment. 29:15.720 --> 29:19.420 In war, when RFC helped build plane and tank factories. 29:19.420 --> 29:24.080 This week, William Unziker went before the Fulbright Committee, said that he had resigned 29:24.080 --> 29:26.680 out of humiliation and shame. 29:26.680 --> 29:30.720 We used to walk around with our chins up and our heads out for RFC. 29:30.720 --> 29:33.000 We were proud to be employees of it. 29:33.000 --> 29:36.620 The RFC has done an outstanding thing. 29:36.620 --> 29:40.600 Not only in the way of putting out billions of dollars and getting them back at a minimum 29:40.600 --> 29:50.080 loss, but there's intrinsic values over and above what you cannot measure by dollars. 29:50.080 --> 29:51.680 There's been family saved. 29:51.680 --> 29:59.000 There's been education saved during the period of 1932 up to 35. 29:59.000 --> 30:04.480 Many of us who worked overtime, we've seen three shifts come on. 30:04.480 --> 30:06.800 We worked night and day. 30:06.800 --> 30:12.240 And to have this happen is a shame and it's a tragedy for this country. 30:12.240 --> 30:14.240 That's all there is to it. 30:14.240 --> 30:19.560 During the war, we rendered invaluable service. 30:19.560 --> 30:22.840 We saved lives of boys. 30:22.840 --> 30:24.520 We took action. 30:24.520 --> 30:26.480 And I mean, we worked hard. 30:26.480 --> 30:28.400 We had a tremendous job. 30:28.400 --> 30:29.960 We did not lose money. 30:29.960 --> 30:31.700 We did not lose assets. 30:31.700 --> 30:39.840 We had administrative control worthy of any government organization during the period. 30:39.840 --> 30:44.280 Accountants never get much recognition anywhere at any time. 30:44.280 --> 30:50.760 They have given the dirtiest jobs to perform and they are condemned all the time. 30:50.760 --> 30:54.760 And they never get a chance to speak out. 30:54.760 --> 31:02.680 I think RFC has a future that can be rendered to this nation second to none if properly 31:02.680 --> 31:08.400 conducted at the top with men of high integrity and ability. 31:08.400 --> 31:12.760 In Washington, the man who established the RFC and the president now charged with its 31:12.760 --> 31:17.060 operation were both, oddly enough, the subject of a new Senate bill which would make both 31:17.060 --> 31:19.880 of them permanent fixtures in the Capitol. 31:19.880 --> 31:23.400 Senator Owen Brewster, Republican of Maine, said that with the new amendment limiting 31:23.400 --> 31:27.360 the president to two terms, it was time to make a permanent place in government for our 31:27.360 --> 31:28.360 ex-presidents. 31:28.360 --> 31:36.720 It is tragic that men who have occupied so exalted a position should not have a definite 31:36.720 --> 31:42.960 place in our civic life in their later years where they could put their information at 31:42.960 --> 31:45.240 the disposal of the country. 31:45.240 --> 31:50.400 And this is accounted for the development of the idea of so-called senators at large 31:50.400 --> 31:55.160 who would have all the rights and privileges of a senator except the right to vote so that 31:55.160 --> 32:00.120 they would have an office and staff here where they could meet with people of the country 32:00.120 --> 32:02.880 and with their associates. 32:02.880 --> 32:08.480 And it's possible that in another year or so we may now, we may have another occupant 32:08.480 --> 32:15.160 of the office of ex-president of the United States whom I should be happy also to welcome 32:15.160 --> 32:18.120 to the Senate on that basis. 32:18.120 --> 32:22.560 Republican Senator Taft spoke in Virginia this week, said that radio commentators were 32:22.560 --> 32:24.760 tools of the fair deal. 32:24.760 --> 32:30.440 The facts are never clearly presented, but only from one point of view, a typical pattern 32:30.440 --> 32:34.160 of pure unprincipled propaganda. 32:34.160 --> 32:37.760 Government departments have unlimited publicity, men of their own. 32:37.760 --> 32:42.720 They have a strong and improper influence over many radio commentators so that when 32:42.720 --> 32:48.880 a policy is decided upon, the very next morning the air is heavily burdened with commentators 32:48.880 --> 32:51.400 boosting the party line. 32:51.400 --> 32:55.680 This policy is not a policy of truth and frankness. 32:55.680 --> 33:00.880 In London, a most distinguished commentator, occasionally accused of bias, talked about 33:00.880 --> 33:02.280 Joseph Stalin. 33:02.280 --> 33:07.140 Actually, Mr. Churchill was making a political broadcast stating that there was no confidence 33:07.140 --> 33:10.600 in the athlete government in calling out for a general election. 33:10.600 --> 33:14.760 But there were portions of the talk which were not just conservative politics, but rather 33:14.760 --> 33:19.200 a platform of intentions for England and the entire free world. 33:19.200 --> 33:24.200 In spite of an obvious head cold, it was also Churchillian prose at its best. 33:24.200 --> 33:31.280 In 1940, remember that, at the time of the Battle of Britain, everyone could see our 33:31.280 --> 33:33.920 danger was very great. 33:33.920 --> 33:43.440 In my opinion, the dangers which many of us cannot see are even greater now. 33:43.440 --> 33:44.440 What is our goal? 33:44.440 --> 33:47.800 What is our heart's wish? 33:47.800 --> 33:48.800 It is very plain. 33:48.800 --> 33:49.800 It is very simple. 33:49.800 --> 33:57.680 It is only the heart's desire of all the millions of ordinary men and women with their 33:57.680 --> 34:00.800 hard workaday lives. 34:00.800 --> 34:09.160 All the people still outside the totalitarian curtain all over the world, only their heart's 34:09.160 --> 34:11.640 desire, freedom and peace. 34:11.640 --> 34:19.760 The right to be let alone, to lead our own lives in our own way, under our own laws, 34:19.760 --> 34:25.000 and give our children a fair chance to make the best of themselves. 34:25.000 --> 34:28.000 It is not wrong for anyone to ask for that. 34:28.000 --> 34:31.560 It is not much for Britain to ask. 34:31.560 --> 34:34.680 We did our best to fight for it in the late war. 34:34.680 --> 34:38.760 For a whole year we fought alone. 34:38.760 --> 34:43.560 When at last all our enemies surrendered, we thought we had won it. 34:43.560 --> 34:47.040 Won it at least for a lifetime. 34:47.040 --> 34:53.000 But now it seems that we are again in jeopardy. 34:53.000 --> 35:02.400 We are in a sad, somber period of world history where no good-hearted, valiant Russian soldier, 35:02.400 --> 35:11.960 worker, or peasant, no hard-pressed, disillusioned German family, no home in the war-scarred 35:11.960 --> 35:20.280 democracies of Western Europe, or in our own island we have guarded so long, so well, or 35:20.280 --> 35:24.760 far across the Atlantic in mighty America. 35:24.760 --> 35:31.600 No household can have the feeling after a long day's faithful toil that they can go 35:31.600 --> 35:40.640 to sleep without the fear that something awful is moving towards them. 35:40.640 --> 35:50.240 You are listening to Hear It Now, CBS's weekly document for air based on the 35:50.240 --> 35:51.240 week's news. 35:51.240 --> 35:56.400 The program continues immediately after this pause for station identification. 35:56.400 --> 36:17.240 This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System. 36:17.240 --> 36:23.820 This is program 15 on Hear It Now, a full hour review of the week's news told on the 36:23.820 --> 36:28.320 actual recorded voices of the men and women who make the news. 36:28.320 --> 36:33.840 Once again, here is the editor of Hear It Now, Edward R. Murrow. 36:33.840 --> 36:39.360 Last December on Hear It Now, we gave you a report on the fall of Seoul, and you heard 36:39.360 --> 36:47.880 the crying of frightened lost children on that last bridge going out of Seoul. 36:47.880 --> 36:52.400 Now Seoul is back in our hands again, and on that same bridge, our microphone heard 36:52.400 --> 36:55.400 this. 36:55.400 --> 36:59.480 CBS correspondent John Jefferson was among the last to leave Seoul. 36:59.480 --> 37:03.120 Last week, he was with the first patrol to reenter the charred battered city which has 37:03.120 --> 37:06.840 changed hands four times in this ten-month-old war. 37:06.840 --> 37:10.480 As he walked through the streets, suddenly choked with children again, he pushed the 37:10.480 --> 37:13.160 switch of his recorder and heard and said this. 37:13.160 --> 37:15.080 Excuse me, I wonder why I'm so winded. 37:15.080 --> 37:24.560 This carrying this 25 pound recorder, field glasses, outside of a park, and a camera, 37:24.560 --> 37:27.800 it takes the best of you. 37:27.800 --> 37:30.320 They go to the patrol up ahead, I guess I'd better catch up. 37:30.320 --> 37:34.360 CBS's, you'd better send a relief hot after this one. 37:34.360 --> 37:37.280 Manzai, Manzai. 37:37.280 --> 37:46.040 We're walking into the city, a shuffle of feet, hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and 37:46.040 --> 37:47.920 hundreds of feet. 37:47.920 --> 37:56.920 I've seen so much of this in the past six months that it's, thank goodness you become 37:56.920 --> 37:57.920 used to it. 37:57.920 --> 38:00.320 If you didn't, I don't think you'd keep on. 38:00.320 --> 38:05.040 These are the little boys and tattered rags and tennis shoes, a little boy with bare feet 38:05.040 --> 38:08.000 and little rubber sole shoes. 38:08.000 --> 38:09.880 He has a clean face. 38:09.880 --> 38:13.200 Here's another little tot. 38:13.200 --> 38:18.360 God knows where their families are or how they eat. 38:18.360 --> 38:20.400 Something very few of us have ever been able to figure out. 38:20.400 --> 38:24.240 The answer is of course that most of them are always hungry. 38:24.240 --> 38:30.760 Two little creatures with their clothes untattered and babushkas over their heads. 38:30.760 --> 38:35.920 Looks like old gunny stocks wrapped around their bodies, but they have a big smile. 38:35.920 --> 38:39.880 The youngsters walking alongside me now each have a baseball bat. 38:39.880 --> 38:40.880 Baseball? 38:40.880 --> 38:41.880 Baseball? 38:41.880 --> 38:42.880 Baseball? 38:42.880 --> 38:43.880 Yeah. 38:43.880 --> 38:44.880 Ragon Muffin. 38:44.880 --> 38:45.880 Manzai, Manzai. 38:45.880 --> 38:46.880 Manzai, Manzai. 38:46.880 --> 38:56.760 Thank you. 38:56.760 --> 38:58.760 Seoul is ours. 38:58.760 --> 39:03.000 And within the past 24 hours, 3,300 American paratroopers were dropped to the north of 39:03.000 --> 39:06.720 the city, just nine miles from the 38th parallel. 39:06.720 --> 39:11.080 And tonight, General MacArthur reported, we have substantially cleared South Korea of 39:11.080 --> 39:13.220 organized communist forces. 39:13.220 --> 39:17.760 He told the Chinese communists, you can't win the war because you cannot make the essential 39:17.760 --> 39:19.220 tools of war. 39:19.220 --> 39:21.280 We have crippled your field forces. 39:21.280 --> 39:25.640 We threaten your whole military structure if we should decide to bomb Manchuria and 39:25.640 --> 39:26.640 your Chinese bases. 39:26.640 --> 39:30.980 Therefore, said the general, I am ready to meet with your commander in chief in the field 39:30.980 --> 39:34.720 to end the war without further bloodshed. 39:34.720 --> 39:37.960 The communist timetable in Asia was in serious trouble. 39:37.960 --> 39:41.460 The Chinese expedition into Korea had been a costly affair. 39:41.460 --> 39:46.000 In other parts of the world, Yugoslavia and Iran loomed as the next possible stops on 39:46.000 --> 39:47.740 the Russian expedition. 39:47.740 --> 39:52.440 But General Wild Bill Donovan, wartime head of OSS, who is one of America's leading authorities 39:52.440 --> 39:57.600 on espionage and secret agents, said that Russia may win Iran without a war. 39:57.600 --> 39:58.600 General Donovan. 39:58.600 --> 40:01.840 Iran produces 6% of the world's oil. 40:01.840 --> 40:07.860 It is the most valuable of the non-American supply sources which serve the Western nations. 40:07.860 --> 40:13.640 It is a vital strategic area and therefore a sought-after military prize. 40:13.640 --> 40:17.640 But why should Stalin run the risk of a shooting war? 40:17.640 --> 40:24.000 Instead, he called upon Tudor, the Soviet-controlled political party, to lead a movement in the 40:24.000 --> 40:32.520 Iranian lower house, to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian oil company despite the fact that it is 53% 40:32.520 --> 40:39.120 British-owned and is operated under a concession that does not expire until 1993. 40:39.120 --> 40:43.440 In the past few weeks, three events of significance have happened in Iran. 40:43.440 --> 40:47.240 First, the premier Ali Rasmara was shot to death by an assassin. 40:47.240 --> 40:50.800 Second, Iran's oil industry was nationalized. 40:50.800 --> 40:54.880 Then on Sunday of this week, the Soviet newspaper Pravda announced that Premier Rasmara had 40:54.880 --> 40:59.000 been assassinated by American agents because he was anti-American. 40:59.000 --> 41:00.000 This is not true. 41:00.000 --> 41:02.600 Here is a piece of evidence on that point. 41:02.600 --> 41:06.960 Here is an unreleased interview with Premier Rasmara recorded by CBS correspondent Arthur 41:06.960 --> 41:11.120 Holtzman in Tehran less than 12 hours before the assassination. 41:11.120 --> 41:15.200 First, the question of Iranian-American relations. 41:15.200 --> 41:19.680 Mr. Prime Minister, I wonder if you can tell us something of the relations, the present 41:19.680 --> 41:24.000 relations of Iran and America. 41:24.000 --> 41:31.560 The relation between Iran and United States is very good and I must tell you that in this 41:31.560 --> 41:39.360 10 years, in 9 years perhaps, United States has helped very much our country and we must 41:39.360 --> 41:42.480 be very glad from this help. 41:42.480 --> 41:47.040 The now deceased premier of Iran went on to say that he was against the nationalization 41:47.040 --> 41:48.560 of the oil industries. 41:48.560 --> 41:51.160 The Russians said we shot him because he was for it. 41:51.160 --> 41:54.920 And then he went on to say that he was fighting communism in Iran with every weapon. 41:54.920 --> 42:00.320 Mr. Prime Minister, I understand that the Communist Party is outlawed under the laws 42:00.320 --> 42:01.320 of Iran. 42:01.320 --> 42:02.320 Is that correct? 42:02.320 --> 42:03.320 Yes. 42:03.320 --> 42:11.800 From two years ago, from the new legislation, today, that is the communists in our country, 42:11.800 --> 42:15.080 is illegal. 42:15.080 --> 42:21.400 And in reality, if they found any of these people, they send to the justice and they 42:21.400 --> 42:22.400 punish them. 42:22.400 --> 42:26.280 And so spoke the premier of Iran, whom the Soviets claim we had shot. 42:26.280 --> 42:30.240 Back in Washington, the controversy over the mobilization program continued with inflation 42:30.240 --> 42:34.920 still unchecked and the cost of living seriously damaging the morale of the average citizen. 42:34.920 --> 42:40.560 At a news conference in New York, price stabilizer Mike DeSalle was asked to name the price of 42:40.560 --> 42:43.280 any food that had actually come down. 42:43.280 --> 42:52.720 Mr. DeSalle replied, soaps, in a rollback in soap, soap prices, one to two cents a package. 42:52.720 --> 42:58.360 A shoe manufacturer announced a reduction in men's shoes last week, 11 percent reduction. 42:58.360 --> 43:02.840 And we asked Mr. DeSalle if the breach between Charles E. Wilson, the war mobilizer, and 43:02.840 --> 43:05.840 organized labor was any nearer a solution. 43:05.840 --> 43:10.280 I'm so awfully busy on the price side of this thing that I haven't paid too much attention 43:10.280 --> 43:12.680 to the wage side of it. 43:12.680 --> 43:16.560 And since they've been on leave for the time being, they haven't been around for us to 43:16.560 --> 43:17.640 talk to them. 43:17.640 --> 43:21.800 If Mr. DeSalle was too busy to know, most of the nation was not. 43:21.800 --> 43:25.840 The big unions, except for John L. Lewis, were together in a mass meeting in Washington 43:25.840 --> 43:31.920 and heard CIO Chief Phil Murray say, these national issues are understood by working 43:31.920 --> 43:40.440 people, by housewives, small businessmen, by children in our schools and young people 43:40.440 --> 43:43.720 in our colleges and armed services. 43:43.720 --> 43:50.160 In fact, they're understood by everyone but the leaders of our mobilization program, who 43:50.160 --> 43:55.280 just can't understand what the excitement is about. 43:55.280 --> 44:01.400 Well, this meeting of ours is designed to help them understand. 44:01.400 --> 44:07.600 And Walter Ruther of the Otto Workers said, I was designated as a member of the committee 44:07.600 --> 44:12.240 to sit in the National Production Authority representing the National Labor Policy Committee 44:12.240 --> 44:16.920 two and a half months ago. 44:16.920 --> 44:23.880 And to this day, I have not been invited to a single meeting. 44:23.880 --> 44:27.600 Now they talk about labor being on strike. 44:27.600 --> 44:29.960 I say we got locked out. 44:29.960 --> 44:30.960 We're not on strike. 44:30.960 --> 44:34.000 They locked us out in the war mobilization effort. 44:34.000 --> 44:37.760 Eric Johnston gives his version of what happened. 44:37.760 --> 44:43.440 We had a wage stabilization board in our agency composed of three management, three labor, 44:43.440 --> 44:46.440 and three public representatives. 44:46.440 --> 44:48.800 Today we have no board. 44:48.800 --> 44:55.920 We have no board because the three labor representatives withdrew in protest over a wage formula adopted 44:55.920 --> 44:58.600 by the other six members of the board. 44:58.600 --> 45:03.680 Now for the last 30 days, to the exclusion of almost everything else, I have been trying 45:03.680 --> 45:09.440 to reconcile the differences between management and labor and get the wage board functioning 45:09.440 --> 45:10.440 again. 45:10.440 --> 45:13.900 I have conferred with management and then with labor and then with management again 45:13.900 --> 45:15.880 and then with labor again. 45:15.880 --> 45:21.320 During the week, half the night on Saturdays and Sundays, and I'm still doing it. 45:21.320 --> 45:25.920 In the course of the past two weeks, those of us associated with Hear It Now agreed that 45:25.920 --> 45:30.400 we ought to do something that catches the spirit of the Easter season. 45:30.400 --> 45:35.680 Only because most of us are married, we came to an almost immediate and unanimous conclusion. 45:35.680 --> 45:38.120 Easter just isn't Easter without a new bonnet. 45:38.120 --> 45:40.520 At least that's what our wives have been telling us. 45:40.520 --> 45:45.260 So we accepted the inevitable, sent our reporter Ed Scott about town to find out what was new 45:45.260 --> 45:47.520 in spring hat fashions. 45:47.520 --> 45:49.600 He came back with these recordings. 45:49.600 --> 45:54.000 All the voices you're about to hear are those of sales girls, except the last. 45:54.000 --> 45:56.280 That one is reporter Ed Scott. 45:56.280 --> 45:58.480 The voices are real. 45:58.480 --> 46:03.760 And as they were spoken, in the heat and confusion of hat shops in crisis. 46:03.760 --> 46:10.680 What you've always dreamed about, staring with different rose buds. 46:10.680 --> 46:14.280 A blouse crowned with a sheer gray visor. 46:14.280 --> 46:18.600 That's a flower cage, sequined sparked apple blossoms anchored with the length of velvet 46:18.600 --> 46:19.600 tubing. 46:19.600 --> 46:22.760 You'll love the pretty procs and the completely devastating pillboxes. 46:22.760 --> 46:23.760 They're lovely. 46:23.760 --> 46:26.720 Yeah, they're lovely all right. 46:26.720 --> 46:29.200 But they certainly don't look like hats to me. 46:29.200 --> 46:32.960 It quickly became apparent that this business of ladies hats was just a little over our 46:32.960 --> 46:34.140 head. 46:34.140 --> 46:38.880 But being conscientious reporters, we turned to Paris, discovered that Pierre Bellemain 46:38.880 --> 46:42.440 had again set the style for this year's Easter bonnet. 46:42.440 --> 46:48.680 It's called coquille, made of white satin in the form of a delicate seashell. 46:48.680 --> 46:52.360 Mr. Bellemain got his inspiration from a painting by Botticelli. 46:52.360 --> 46:54.060 And that's how it all began. 46:54.060 --> 46:58.480 What is more feminine than this painting by Botticelli? 46:58.480 --> 47:03.840 And what is more feminine than the spring fashion in Paris this season? 47:03.840 --> 47:06.600 I think that an Easter bonnet must be white. 47:06.600 --> 47:10.960 After all, Easter is a very dressy occasion. 47:10.960 --> 47:15.600 From the heart of Paris, Bellemain's creations are fed into style conscious homes throughout 47:15.600 --> 47:17.080 the world. 47:17.080 --> 47:21.960 So we decided to follow this coquille Easter bonnet from the time it leaves his sketching 47:21.960 --> 47:29.320 board till it reaches your local shop, much copied and much less expensive. 47:29.320 --> 47:31.880 In Bellemain's workshop, the girls assemble. 47:31.880 --> 47:33.600 The day is about to begin. 47:33.600 --> 47:37.920 With a majestic sweep, Bellemain, the impresario, enters. 47:37.920 --> 47:48.200 I would like coquille really to be ready. 47:48.200 --> 47:51.760 Can I show coquille to one or two of my private customers, my favorites, you know, people 47:51.760 --> 47:54.360 that love it very much and that I love very much. 47:54.360 --> 47:55.360 Well, who's that? 47:55.360 --> 47:56.360 Well, there's Mrs. Taylor. 47:56.360 --> 47:59.360 She's going away in two days and I'd love her to see it. 47:59.360 --> 48:00.800 It's exactly her kind of hair. 48:00.800 --> 48:03.360 If you make coquille for Mrs. Taylor, you must reduce it. 48:03.360 --> 48:05.360 Besides, it's a bit too big for her. 48:05.360 --> 48:06.360 Yes, of course I will. 48:06.360 --> 48:07.360 She's a tiny hair. 48:07.360 --> 48:11.840 And I'm not quite certain about the color for her because she's got a suit. 48:11.840 --> 48:15.040 The day's operations have been charted. 48:15.040 --> 48:19.840 Bellemain is deeply distressed about the angle of that feather once it changed. 48:19.840 --> 48:23.400 Then he's off. 48:23.400 --> 48:28.240 And the steady hum of the singer sewing machines begin. 48:28.240 --> 48:40.440 Broken from time to time by Bellemain's legions, singing as they work. 48:40.440 --> 48:45.120 At long last, coquille, the Easter bonnet, is ready for the showing. 48:45.120 --> 48:49.880 And in the fitting room, Madame Spagnier, second in command, talks to Bellemain's favorite 48:49.880 --> 48:50.880 model, Irene. 48:50.880 --> 48:53.880 But Irene, what is all that blue on your eyes? 48:53.880 --> 48:58.240 Don't you realize this isn't an evening hat with a lot of feathers we're going to show? 48:58.240 --> 49:01.880 This is a day hat for America to go with a suit. 49:01.880 --> 49:03.320 You shouldn't be dressed up like this. 49:03.320 --> 49:05.160 Oh, do take some of that makeup off. 49:05.160 --> 49:09.760 Yes, but you know that the lights, they change a little bit the makeup and then my eyes come 49:09.760 --> 49:12.920 out much nicer and the color of the hat goes with the eyeshadow. 49:12.920 --> 49:16.960 My little girl, I'm always telling you that nobody is going to look at your eyes, nobody 49:16.960 --> 49:20.120 is going to look at you, they're going to look at the hat and we're here to sell the 49:20.120 --> 49:21.120 hat. 49:21.120 --> 49:27.160 While Irene gets ready to model coquille, the crowds gather outside. 49:27.160 --> 49:30.800 But Bellemain insists on a most careful security check. 49:30.800 --> 49:36.600 Doesn't want his designs copied before they can even get to the higher priced stores. 49:36.600 --> 49:39.720 Have you anything to do with dressmaking, because at the moment you know it's very, 49:39.720 --> 49:43.180 very strict because it's only the buyers we allow in. 49:43.180 --> 49:44.860 No, absolutely nothing at all. 49:44.860 --> 49:48.200 I think we'll let Madame in. 49:48.200 --> 49:53.880 The big moment arrives, the show begins, and our intrepid Paris correspondent David Schonbrunn 49:53.880 --> 50:01.060 watches the mannequins as they parade proudly and precisely down the beige carpeted runway. 50:01.060 --> 50:06.580 The reaction of the customers is rather amusing when these new models come out. 50:06.580 --> 50:13.200 The eyes, as with a slower tennis tournament, follow the model as she goes from one end 50:13.200 --> 50:15.720 to the other of the platform. 50:15.720 --> 50:23.640 There are hurried, whispered conversations between people who have come together and 50:23.640 --> 50:33.760 I see a few of them, in spite of the surveillance at the door, are taking hurried notes on little 50:33.760 --> 50:35.840 bits of paper held in their laps. 50:35.840 --> 50:39.240 They're trying not to be too conspicuous about this. 50:39.240 --> 51:04.240 Then the announcement, number 82, Coquille. 51:04.240 --> 51:06.040 The showing is over. 51:06.040 --> 51:08.960 Valman is relaxed and relieved. 51:08.960 --> 51:17.400 And in his plush sales room, Madame Skanderbeck, a former princess, is among the first to appear. 51:17.400 --> 51:21.320 I'd like to show you our new hat, which is having a great success, which is called Coquille. 51:21.320 --> 51:22.320 Did you notice it? 51:22.320 --> 51:25.480 It's in white satin with a feather through it. 51:25.480 --> 51:28.360 It's very attractive and I'd love you to see it. 51:28.360 --> 51:30.080 May I get it for you? 51:30.080 --> 51:31.080 Please do. 51:31.080 --> 51:32.080 I'd like to try it on. 51:32.080 --> 51:35.080 Maritay, will you get me Coquille, please? 51:35.080 --> 51:36.080 There you go. 51:36.080 --> 51:37.080 Now here it is. 51:37.080 --> 51:40.080 Now, Madame Skanderbeck, I just, look, try it on. 51:40.080 --> 51:44.560 Just, just, just to give me pleasure, because I have a feeling that with your new suit this 51:44.560 --> 51:46.160 is going to be perfectly lovely. 51:46.160 --> 51:48.960 Oh, I think it suits me. 51:48.960 --> 51:50.200 Don't you think so, Madame Spanier? 51:50.200 --> 51:51.200 I think the hat is lovely. 51:51.200 --> 51:52.200 A wee bit too big, maybe, for me. 51:52.200 --> 51:53.200 That doesn't matter at all. 51:53.200 --> 51:59.800 We've got to take a little bit of the crown, which is a little bit heavy, I must say, and 51:59.800 --> 52:02.400 the feather must definitely be another color. 52:02.400 --> 52:05.760 Push it down a little tiny bit on the right. 52:05.760 --> 52:07.200 Well, that's it. 52:07.200 --> 52:08.880 It's much better like that. 52:08.880 --> 52:11.840 So, I'm going to order this one. 52:11.840 --> 52:12.840 When can I have the hat? 52:12.840 --> 52:14.840 Are you in a hurry for it? 52:14.840 --> 52:15.840 Of course I am. 52:15.840 --> 52:16.840 Spring comes in. 52:16.840 --> 52:21.840 Mayte, Mayte, est-ce que vous croyez qu'on pourrait faire une spartrie pour Madame pour 52:21.840 --> 52:22.840 après-demain? 52:22.840 --> 52:26.760 The girl says that she thinks we can get it done the day after tomorrow. 52:26.760 --> 52:29.880 When you wait two days, we have the shape made like that, and then after then we can 52:29.880 --> 52:30.880 get on with it. 52:30.880 --> 52:33.080 Once we've got the shape right, we can do it in two days for you. 52:33.080 --> 52:36.400 Of course I can wait two days for such a lovely hat. 52:36.400 --> 52:42.320 It's 3,600 miles from Balmans of Paris to Clines of New York on 14th Street and Union 52:42.320 --> 52:43.600 Square. 52:43.600 --> 52:49.120 But time and a little bit of competitive ingenuity have a way of stocking sales counters. 52:49.120 --> 52:52.400 Clines is a sort of fashion cafeteria, noisy, shaggy, and crowded. 52:52.400 --> 52:53.640 The aisles are narrow. 52:53.640 --> 52:57.560 The counters are piled with merchandise, loudly marked by price. 52:57.560 --> 52:59.520 Not very much like Balmans. 52:59.520 --> 53:04.640 But you can get a hat much like Coquille, and at prices that even a very poor princess 53:04.640 --> 53:05.640 can afford. 53:05.640 --> 53:09.160 I'd like to show you our new Paris copy. 53:09.160 --> 53:11.880 It's a big seller in white satin with a feather through it. 53:11.880 --> 53:14.560 It's very attractive and very chick-dear. 53:14.560 --> 53:16.000 You want to just take a look at it. 53:16.000 --> 53:17.560 Could I get it for you? 53:17.560 --> 53:19.760 Fine, I'd like to try it on. 53:19.760 --> 53:23.560 Hey, Joanie, bring that white hat here, please. 53:23.560 --> 53:25.880 Here it is. 53:25.880 --> 53:26.880 Try it on. 53:26.880 --> 53:28.920 I think you look very chick-in-it. 53:28.920 --> 53:32.560 If you've got a new Easter outfit in order, top it off fine, dear. 53:32.560 --> 53:34.800 Oh, I think it's darling, don't you? 53:34.800 --> 53:35.800 Simply lovely. 53:35.800 --> 53:36.800 But isn't it a little droopy? 53:36.800 --> 53:37.800 A little big? 53:37.800 --> 53:38.800 Oh, no, it's fine. 53:38.800 --> 53:43.320 You can stitch that up in the back, dear, a little, and it'll look fine. 53:43.320 --> 53:44.920 Why don't you try it on again, dear? 53:44.920 --> 53:47.120 More back on your head and a little to the right. 53:47.120 --> 53:48.120 That's it. 53:48.120 --> 53:51.120 As much as you're smart and more chick like that. 53:51.120 --> 53:53.400 Okay, I'll take it. 53:53.400 --> 53:54.400 It's very chick, dear. 53:54.400 --> 53:57.680 It fits wonderful, and you look like a dream in it. 53:57.680 --> 53:59.200 By the way, can you send it? 53:59.200 --> 54:01.200 No, I'm sorry, dear. 54:01.200 --> 54:02.800 Well, I just thought... 54:02.800 --> 54:05.800 Now, listen, dear, at this price, we can't afford to. 54:05.800 --> 54:07.600 All right, okay, wrap it up. 54:07.600 --> 54:08.600 I'll take it with me. 54:08.600 --> 54:15.600 That'll be $10.95. 54:15.600 --> 54:20.440 The span of three months between Christmas and Easter has been good to us. 54:20.440 --> 54:25.080 It was a dismal and to many a sad Christmas, with our troops suffering great reverses in 54:25.080 --> 54:27.400 Korea and on the run. 54:27.400 --> 54:32.200 Our faith in our military leaders and in ourselves as a people was badly shaken. 54:32.200 --> 54:37.240 Now it is Easter, and in keeping with all the traditions, there is time for hope and 54:37.240 --> 54:40.240 reason for hope. 54:40.240 --> 54:56.640 Today is Good Friday, and at Massive St. Patrick's Cathedral on New York's Fifth Avenue, 5,500 54:56.640 --> 55:00.800 people within and uncounted thousands on the roped off streets beside the great church 55:00.800 --> 55:07.040 listen to the choir and the services and pray. 55:07.040 --> 55:11.440 And as it is there, so it is in other houses of worship across this most fortunate of all 55:11.440 --> 55:15.920 lands. 55:15.920 --> 55:19.960 From beneath the shadows of the Third Avenue elevated in the Bowery, a congregation of 55:19.960 --> 55:27.220 forgotten souls sing of Easter and get a shave and a hot meal. 55:27.220 --> 55:31.640 And out across the Rockies, in the great Mormon Tabernacle at Salt Lake City, there are the 55:31.640 --> 55:48.760 last minute rehearsals for Easter services. 55:48.760 --> 55:53.320 And out across the vast Pacific, on the Korean Peninsula, there is another kind of Easter 55:53.320 --> 55:56.360 music rehearsal. 55:56.360 --> 55:59.640 The organ is not like the mighty one at St. Patrick's or Salt Lake. 55:59.640 --> 56:05.400 It is a plain GI issue, foot pump affair, which a chaplain's assistant pumps, and the 56:05.400 --> 56:19.120 men of the 374 troop carrier group sing of the season and the hope. 56:19.120 --> 56:23.560 In addition to all the deep religious significance of Easter, it marks the beginning of good 56:23.560 --> 56:25.180 fighting weather. 56:25.180 --> 56:29.360 It is a season suitable not only for hope, but for courage. 56:29.360 --> 56:30.360 It was J.M. 56:30.360 --> 56:34.040 Barry who said, courage is the thing. 56:34.040 --> 56:36.760 All goes if courage goes. 56:36.760 --> 56:42.000 We should thank our Creator three times daily for courage instead of for our bread, which 56:42.000 --> 56:46.880 if we work is surely the one thing we have a right to claim of Him. 56:46.880 --> 56:50.760 Be not merely courageous, but lighthearted and gay. 56:50.760 --> 56:55.980 Courage, my children, and greet the unseen with a cheer. 56:55.980 --> 57:00.560 Mr. Barry said something else appropriate to our position at a season when hope and 57:00.560 --> 57:02.880 courage walk hand in hand. 57:02.880 --> 57:10.240 He said, I am far from implying that even worse things than war may come to a state. 57:10.240 --> 57:15.860 There is a form of anemia that is more rotting than even an unjust war. 57:15.860 --> 57:22.480 The end will indeed have come to our courage and to us when we are afraid in dire mischance 57:22.480 --> 57:27.080 to refer the final appeal to the arbitrament of arms. 57:27.080 --> 57:49.800 I suppose all the lusty of our race, alive and dead, join hands on that. 57:49.800 --> 57:56.040 You have just heard Program 15 in the CBS series, Hear It Now, a document for air based 57:56.040 --> 58:03.960 on the week's news. 58:03.960 --> 58:09.000 Hear It Now is edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly and the CBS 58:09.000 --> 58:23.920 staff, which includes John Aaron, Edmund Scott, Jesse Zassmer, Irving Gitlin, and Joseph Werschwer. 58:23.920 --> 58:30.400 Portions of the program originated at WTOP Washington, KMOX St. Louis, KSL Salt Lake 58:30.400 --> 58:38.960 City, WBT Charlotte, North Carolina, KROY Sacramento, KCBS San Francisco, and the British 58:38.960 --> 58:41.680 Broadcasting Corporation. 58:41.680 --> 58:47.200 Combat recordings were made in Korea by CBS correspondent John Jefferson. 58:47.200 --> 58:51.800 Edward R. Murrow can be heard over most of these CBS stations Monday through Friday at 58:51.800 --> 58:56.320 7 45 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. 58:56.320 --> 58:59.600 This is Olin Tice speaking. 58:59.600 --> 59:03.960 You don't have to be reminded, I'm sure, that there's a shooting war going on in Korea. 59:03.960 --> 59:06.840 The United States Army needs your help in that war. 59:06.840 --> 59:11.940 It needs the help of registered nurses between the ages of 21 and 45 who can qualify for 59:11.940 --> 59:14.560 commissions as lieutenants and captains. 59:14.560 --> 59:18.540 Those most desperately needed are general staff nurses for whom there are currently 59:18.540 --> 59:21.160 more than 2,000 vacancies. 59:21.160 --> 59:25.240 And here are a few other figures to show you how critical the nursing situation is. 59:25.240 --> 59:28.960 There are over 40,000 combat casualties who need nursing care. 59:28.960 --> 59:34.760 There are only 300 or so nurses now on active duty in Korea and only 4,000 here in the United 59:34.760 --> 59:35.760 States. 59:35.760 --> 59:37.480 You can plainly see the need. 59:37.480 --> 59:41.640 And if you fit the Army qualifications as a nurse, volunteer or write today to the Office 59:41.640 --> 59:46.360 of the Surgeon General, Department NAC in Washington, D.C. 59:46.360 --> 59:59.880 This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.