EXTERIOR HOUSE DESIGN 179

Proportion is a basic principle that refers to pleasing relationship
in line and spaces. In judging the exterior of a house the propor-
tion of the whole composition as well as every detail is a matter of
concern. Low, broad houses like those on page 190 are more
pleasing in proportion than tall houses. One important considera-
tion is the relative heights of the foundation, walls, and roof. Only
a small amount of exposed foundation is desirable, particularly in
a small house. The wall and the roof must not be equal in area
as observed from the front walk. Each wall should have pleasing
dimensions, like one-third more length than height.

Windows and doors suggest definite ideas by their proportions:
low, broad windows and doors are informal; high windows and
doors are stately. Although traditional double-hung windows are
most common, where ventilation is of first importance the most
serviceable windows are either the casement type or the modern
type with horizontal panels, opening outward to exclude rain.
Large floor-to-ceiling windows and bay windows provide more
light and more interest than ordinary types. Good proportions
can be obtained in all these types. Small windows above fireside
bookcases or above a buffet are awkward in proportion; further-
more, they do not provide a view and are difficult to curtain.

In all moderate-priced houses ready-made windows and doors
should be purchased complete with frames and weather stripping
for the sake of economy and also for smooth functioning.

Scale refers usually to the size of details in relation to the size
of the entire house. For example, a small house must have narrow"
cornices and moldings, small windows, and fine proportions in
doors. Windows, especially dormer windows, are often too large
for the places where they are used. Small-paned windows are
usually in better scale with a small house than large panes, and they
often add charm and give a feeling of privacy. Unfortunately
doorways are sometimes too large or too small for the scale of
facades of houses.

Porch columns may appear too large for the small weight above
them. On the other hand, modern columns may appear too small,
for we have not yet become accustomed to the fact that slender
columns when made of steel can support great weight. One un-
broken line from floor to ceiling is desirable, therefore porch
columns should not be placed on high bases. See page 191.