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No. IIf.] [i {Price 16s.

moar LLLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA;

CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY
ceeer ee
AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA,
| IN THE YEARS 1834, 1835, AND 1836;

FITTED OUT BY

“THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA :”

; TOGETHER WITH

A SUMMARY OF AFRICAN ZOOLOGY,

AND AN INQUIRY INTO THE GEOGRAPHICAL RANGES OF SPECIES
- IN THAT QUARTER OF THE GLOBE.

BY ANDREW SMITH, M.D.,

SURGEON TO THE FORCES, AND DIRECTOR OF THE EXPEDITION.

worn ese.

noe

Published under the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury.

~

POLI ION

ANNULOSA.
BY W. 8. MACLEAY, ESQ. M.A, F.LS,

HIS LATE MAJESTY’S COMMISSIONER AND JUDGE IN THE MIXED COURT OF JUSTICE

SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL.

MDCCCXXXVIII.
13838

LONDON: PRINTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY, OLD BAILEY.

Pe, eee re ee ie es pra © eeeenalgrestircte i, ancmemr hs ica

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

fe ee UT

BEING A PORTION OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY

CHIEFLY COLLECTED DURING

AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA,

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. ANDREW SMITH,
IN THE YEARS 1854, 1835, AND 1836;

“THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA.”

BY W. S. MACLEAY, ESQ. M.A. F.L.S.

‘HIS LATE MAJESTY’S COMMISSIONER AND JUDGE IN THE MIXED COURT OF JUSTICE

ESTABLISHED AT THE HAVANA.

PRI AR RAID RAIN REALL

Published under the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Ber Miajesty’s Creasurp.

POPOL ADORE IIE IODON

eae

LONDON:

SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL.
MDCCCXXXVIIL.

- LONDON
PRINTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY,

OLD BAILEY. |

TO ZOOLOGISTS,

Ar the request of my friend Dr. Smith, I have undertaken to lay before the
public such Annulose forms collected by him in South Africa, as appear to be
most worthy of notice. It may be well that I should mention here my having
lately acquired, by purchase, the very extensive collection of Annulosa made
by M. Verreaux during his long residence at the Cape, and also his manu-
script notes on the species collected. Perhaps therefore no naturalist is
better provided than I am with those materials which are necessary to enable
us to form accurate notions of South African entomology. Upon this subject
also, my personal acquaintance with the habits of many exotic genera, may
to a certain degree be brought to bear.

In his descriptions of the vertebrated animals of the Cape, Dr. Smith has
adopted a plan of publication, which is at once convenient for himself and

for his readers. The subjects which he brings under the notice of natu-

ralists, are by reason of their size and importance in the economy of
nature, sufficiently interesting to entitle each species to a distinct plate and
a long description. He can, therefore, publish each animal in the order
that best suits his convenience, reserving for the conclusion his general
arrangement, when his readers can either adopt it or bind up the work
according to that system which may most please their fancy. I need
scarcely say that the expense which would inevitably result from the
adoption of any such mode of publication in the description of insects,
renders it impossible for me to follow Dr. Smith’s example. A whole
plate devoted to a single species of annulose animal, would be obviously
inconvenient for all parties, and to none more than to the purchasers of
this work. It becomes therefore necessary to place several figures in
one plate; the only valid objection to which plan is the difficulty of
finally arranging the plates according to system, since each of them must
necessarily contain figures of species that belong to very different groupes.
This evil, however, I shall endeavour to avoid, by describing as far as
B

2 t TO ZOOLOGISTS.

convenient, my species in small natural groupes, and by confining each plate
as much as possible to the representation of species that are nearly allied
to each other. Such a mode of proceeding, like that of Dr. Smith, will
allow of the work, when concluded, being bound up according to that system
of arrangement which may appear to the reader most advisable to follow.

I could wish that it had been in my power to describe these insects
according to the general plan commenced in the Annulosa Javanica. Several
circumstances, however, prevent such a scheme being followed, among
which is the necessity in a work of this kind of each number possessing
considerable variety. But although I am about to describe the Annulosa of
South Africa in a miscellaneous order, I trust no one will detect symptoms
of my being tormented by that morbid thirst for naming new species
which makes so many modern works in entomology, rather magazines of
undigested and insulated facts than harmonious histories of nature. It is
really distressing to see the philosophy of our science lost sight of in a
puling passion for that miserable immortality which is made to depend on
the invention of some barbarous technical names. We cannot even say
that the best entomologists are free from it, when we find the laborious
author of the “ Genera Curculionidum,” whose fame has arisen from his
study of nomenclature, shewing utter contempt of its laws. The pre-
servation of the earliest name is a duty not so much to the name as to
the science; yet M. Schonherr has in 1833, attempted to alter the names
of many genera published in 1825 in the appendix to Captain King’s voyage.
I shall not follow so mischievous an example; but as far as my humble
means will allow, I shall endeavour to be rigorously observant of that
leading principle of nomenclature which is the right of priority. This right,
in My opinion, is so necessary to be sustained, if we have any regard for the
interests of natural history, that I shall never for one moment wait to
consider whether the first namer of a species be an author of reputation

or not.
W.S. M‘L.

ES

B Ea ®
ne Sad b

Ci)

I.—ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

In 1819 I distinguished a family of Petalocerous insects, under the name of Cetoniide, that
had been originally marked out by Scopoli, as consisting of “ Scarabet Anthophili.” 1
shewed their affinity and analogies to the other Petalocerous families, and characterized the
eroupe by that membranaceous texture of the labrum and mandibles, which proves that these
insects in their perfect state are intended to live on vegetable juices; very few exceptions to this
general construction being known to exist in the family. [ also described two or three new
groupes belonging to the Cetoniide, but since that time many others have been named and
characterized, particularly by MM. Lepelletier and Audinet de Serville, in the 10th volume
of the Entomological part of the Encyclopédie, which was published in 1825. Mr. Kirby
also, in a paper read before the Linnean Society, in 1824; and in a number of the Zoo-
logical Journal, published in 1827, has given to the world some valuable remarks on certain
groupes of the family. But the work, which above all others, claims our present attention, is
the “ Monographie des Cétoines,’ commenced by MM. Gory and Percheron, in 1833, and
now, I believe, concluded. These gentlemen had the admirable intention of giving us in this
work a complete description, with figures, of all the species of Cetoniide—that is, of the family
as I circumscribed it in the Hore Entomologice. The grand defect of their monograph is
carelessness in the descriptions, in dates, and in names. Considerable reading and research
was necessary for their undertaking; but these authors appear to me to have scarcely ever
consulted any other entomological work than Count Dejean’s Catalogue. Although con-
stantly referring to me, they do not seem to be acquainted with any thing I have written;
nay, not even with that erroneous and somewhat piratical extract from my works, which in
1834 was printed in Paris, under the title of Annulosa Javanica. As for Mr. Kirby, they
are entirely ignorant of his labours; and although they often in like manner make mention
of his name, it is clear that they never read any of his instructive papers on the Cetoniide.
Another great defect of this French monograph consists in the figures, which are only on
a level with those of Olivier, and unaccountably bad, when we call to mind the beautiful
entomological plates now in the course of publication in France by M. Guerin, and in our
own country by Mr. Curtis. In short, the most praiseworthy circumstance connected with
the Monographie des Cétoines is the intention of its authors. This it is which makes the
book, with all its faults, a most useful work. It is truly the first entomological publication
which has a right to be called a monograph; as it is not either a local catalogue, or the
catalogue of one or two collections of a country, but professes to contain descriptions of all

4 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

the species which the authors could procure a sight of, whether in England, or on the
continent. If it was a happy thought to undertake a catalogue of such extent, we the more
regret the way in which the undertaking has been executed. In fact, MM. Gory and
Percheron had every thing in their favor, except the acquirements necessary for the task.
The subjects of their monograph are large, handsome, and easily preserved. They were
therefore more likely to be brought from abroad than perhaps any other insects. The
Buprestide are also handsome insects, but as the species of this family often are very
minute, and always very active, so complete a collection of them is of more difficult
attainment. Indeed, we may fairly say, that with the exception perhaps of Central Africa, the
world contains of Cetontide few species unknown, at least in comparison with those which are
known. MM. Gory and Percheron appear never to have seen the noble collection made by my
father ; and if their work had been more ably executed, I should have deeply regretted my
absence from England at the time they were studying the museums of our Metropolis.
Nothing, however, affords me a better conception of the extent of their labours, than to see so
few generic forms, and even species in'my collection, which do not find their portraits, such
as they are, in the Monographie des Cétoines.

It will be easily understood, therefore, why I now commence with the description of
the Cetonide of South Africa. It is not only because the Cape of Good Hope is the richest
of all countries in the species of this beautiful family, but because every person who is in pos-
session of the Monographie des Cétoines may, to a certain degree, have the power of studying
analytically the affinities and analogies which I am about to explain, and of observing the
manner in which, I trust, the whole of organized nature will one day be wrought out.

I have also another object in commencing with the Cetoniide, which is, that having
been long sensible of the great confusion existing between the words genera, sub-genera,
sections, sub-sections, &c. 1 am naturally anxious to explain the meaning of these words, as
I shalJl in future use them.

Every one knows that sometimes sub-genera, and at other times even sub-sections of
genera, are in the most unphilosophical manner published as genera. Too often we find every
thing a genus which some gnathoclast, with Scapula in hand, has thought proper, in his good
pleasure, to call so. Some persons again there are, who on a first inspection can oracularly
decide that this groupe is a sub-genus, and that another groupe is of “full generic value.” To
such clearness of vision I can lay no claim; yet I cannot help thinking that there is a mode of
discovering the true subordination of these several kinds of groupes—nay, I am sure this
discovery will ever be the result of calm patience, of keeping before our view a great number
of the species of any family, and finally of following up that aphorism of a distinguished
botanist, which says, “ Omnis sectio naturalis circulum, per se clausum, exhibet.” When I
described the Geodephaga of the Annulosa Javanica, I had not that knowledge of a
sufficient number of the species, which was necessary to enable me to work out my sub-
ordinate groupes, and therefore I could only state that I did not exactly know which were
genera; and which were sub-genera. If any one, for instance, were to publish a complete
monograph of the Linnean genera Carabus and Cicindela, after the manner which MM. Gory
and Percheron have adopted for the Fabrician genus Cetonia, it might be possible for the
entomologist to distinguish the genera, sub-genera, sections, and sub-sections of G'eodephaga,
as well as to shew their reciprocal relations of affinity and analogy. That, however, which
most tends to prevent young naturalists from taking this, the most honourable path of

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. 7)

entomological science, is impatience. It is impatience which makes them dislike the study
of affinities, which makes them delight in the grovelling task of making insulated descriptions
of new species, and idly fancy that harmony does not exist in the creation, because, forsooth,
they cannot immediately and intuitively perceive it. To this branch of natural history, indeed,
there is no royal road.

In order to exhibit the vagueness which hangs about the expressions — families,
genera, and sub-genera, I cannot do better than cite from one of our late periodicals, the
following words of an author: “These families which M. Wesmiel has since raised to sub-
genera, but which I consider of full generic value,’ &c. Here, the dispute obviously is,
whether a certain groupe be a family, a genus, or a sub-genus; and the first question that
presents itself to the mind is, what was the writer’s particular standard? He certainly seems
to have had some vague standard in his mind, for he talks of “full generic value.” But
has this value ever been accurately defined, either by himself, or any one else? Nay, has
the word genus any signification which is universally deemed definite? I fear in all such cases
‘of assertion, there is a latent disposition of the human mind to erect an arbitrary standard,
founded on the supposed value of some point of structure. Thus one person says that the
genera of Mammalia ought to be established on the differences in their system of dentition ;
and yet there are some genera of Mammalia where almost every species varies in the number
and form of its teeth; so that to adopt the rule, we must consider every species of such genera
to be a genus itself. Another person will tell us, like Linneus, that there are as many genera,
as aggregations of different species present similar constructions of some arbitrarily selected
organs, such as those of fructification in phenogamous plants, or the teeth in Mammalia. In
this sense it is evident that a genus may be made to signify any groupe whatever; as its
extent will depend on the nature of the structure selected. The black and yellow Cetonie of
South Africa will even form a genus, according to the Linnean definition of the word; and so
also will all vertebrated animals. Cuvier’s definition of a genus is, that it is a certain number
of beings so nearly allied, that they differ from each other only in the least important points of
their conformation— that is, specifically. A genus is, in fact, according to this naturalist, the
smallest natural groupe of species we can find. Such indeed is the idea of a genus which
prevails in the minds of most naturalists. We see every little groupe of species for which they
can discover’a character, immediately dubbed a genus; the absurdity of which is, that we
often find these very same persons again sub-dividing their “genera,” although, according to
their own definition, the groupes were already in rank only immediately above species. Even
Cuvier himself calls Sus a genus, or, in other words, according to his definition, a collection
of beings that only specifically differ from each other. Yet, inconsistently enough, he
proceeds to name and characterize a part of Sus under the name of Dicotyle, as a still smaller
groupe of species, and repeatedly makes mention of sub-genera.

Let me be understood on this head. I do not object to giving the name of genera to
sub-genera, nor that of sub-genera to sub-sections. The word genus may be applied as by
Linneus to mark out all Petalocerous insects, or as by M. Dejean to designate only the
Dorysceles of Madagascar. To either proceeding I have not the slightest objection; if we
only understand each other, and that the word genus is to have a similar value in all cases.
It is not to be defined the smallest possible groupe of species here, and in another place
considered as a groupe which contains many other groupes of species. This cannot be a
correct mode of using the word; although it may, from our ignorance of created species,

6 ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

appear sometimes to be consonant with what we observe in nature. If we divide all animals
into sub-kingdoms, classes, orders, tribes, stirpes, families, genera, sub-genera, sections, sub-
sections, &c. &c. or any other names, we must not confound all these groupes together, but
during our investigations, preserve each of them in that proper subordination which may
have been agreed upon by naturalists. But here some one may observe that all groupes are
arbitrary and artificial, since after all they must depend on the selection and good pleasure
of man. To this I answer that affinities are natural; and if all these affinities are expressed
by any mode of grouping, it follows also that the groupes must be natural; although,
certainly, these last must in some degree have depended on our selection. But in fact,
these groupes are only chosen because they coincide with the affinities which exist in nature.
Our grand object, when we are trying to find out a natural arrangement, is not to give
an arbitrary value to particular characters ; but to express all the relations, whether of affinity
or analogy, which may exist in the branch of natural history we study. If these relations are
all indicated by the arrangement, our object is gained; and it can be no objection whatever
to the system, that in our pursuance of an eclectic plan, a character which at one time we
set a value upon, is at another time esteemed of little worth. Indeed, it is obvious in every
part of natural history, that the most important characters break down in certain species,
and become at times perfectly worthless. Comparatively constant as is the structure of the
teeth in the genera of Mammalia generally, we find in some groupes, such as the Edentata,
or the genus Rhinoceros, that the dentition varies extensively in almost every species. Again,
in Botany, how steady is the dicotyledonous character of Exogenous plants; yet we have even
this most important distinction breaking down in certain families. One naturalist arranges
animals according to their brain and nervous system; another tells us, he prefers their
osteology, and so on. Each point of structure, being of the utmost consequence to animal
economy, is concluded by its peculiar partisan to be therefore infallible as a ground of arrange-
ment. Very little experience, however, is sufficient to shew that each of these favorite hobbies
is unsafe to ride upon; and we are in our search for an accurate way of expressing the relations
which connect various beings, obliged to adopt another plan of calculating the value of
principles of arrangement.

My plan, as is well known, has ever been not to estimate the value of any arrangement
by the value in animal economy of the structure upon which this arrangement is founded, but
to make the importance of every organ or structure for purposes of arrangement, rise in inverse
proportion to its degree of variation. The consequence of this rule of procedure, has been
the birth of an arrangement which is universally applicable. And yet, even this rule is
nothing more than an abstract measure of the importance of some individual character in the
arrangement of that particular groupe, where we may happen to make use of it. It is a
rule, moreover, that we cannot always with safety put in practice; for although with respect
to arrangement, it is ever an admirable instrument of correction, it is sometimes also a
dangerous one’ of discovery. Indeed, in discovering natural arrangement, we can never safely
swerve from the Linnean axiom, which although it alludes more immediately to “genera,”
holds good equally of all groupes; “Scias characterem non constituere genus sed genus
characterem, et characterem non esse ut genus fiat sed ut genus noscatur.” We truly make
use of a process of tatonnement. We do not argue that such must be the groupe, because
such and such are, in our opinion, good and distinct characters; but we say, such happens to
be the character, of no matter what importance, which prevails throughout the groupe, and

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 7

which seryes in some degree to insulate it from other groupes. But it is evident that we
must previously have arrived at the knowledge of the groupe; and this is effected by a close
watching of the variation of affinity, and by considering the groupe to be complete only when
the series of natural objects returns into itself. It is more particularly when we have satisfac-
torily applied this test of the groupe’s completeness, that we ought to look out for its natural
character. Still, after all, we may be wrong; we may sometimes imagine a groupe to return
into itself, when it does not; or we may consider what in reality are two groupes, to form
only one. The best way I know of correcting such evils, is to recollect that the natural
system ought to express all the relations which exist between the various objects of our
study, and that if any of these are left unrepresented in our arrangement, there must be
some latent error, in the formation of our groupes. I repeat, that the process is one of
tatonnement. The marsupial animals have clearly some kind of relation to Primates, to
Insectivorous Fere, to Edentata, and also to Glires. Now, if a naturalist cannot express all
these relations, and at the same time all the various relations which exist among the other
eroupes of Mammalia, he ought to be convinced that his arrangement is wrong. It is of
no use to talk about the importance of this organ, or of that other, in the structure of
these animals. If even we were right in any such comparative estimate of the importance of
organs in general economy, we ought not to forget that the true question under consideration
is, the natural arrangement of the animals themselves; and that this is to be attained only
by the expression of every affinity, and every analogy that can be detected. The unnatural
groupe Zestacea, was founded on the important character of the presence of a shell; and we
shall see among the Cetoniide, that genera were erroneously separated from this family
because they wanted its leading characters, which consist in the membranaceous texture of
certain parts of the mouth.

I have before alluded to the fact, that when a series of affinity is followed, it is observed
to return into itself, and thus to form a closed groupe. Now, if we start from the principle
that when a few species first agree in some particular character, they combine into a series
that will return into itself, we shall probably imagine every such series, so forming a circle
in practice, to be in theory the first natural assemblage of species. Yet this will be an
incorrect mode of viewing the matter ; for owing to the rarity of its species, the first known
circular grouping of the species of Cryptodinus, for instance, is mto sub-genera; whereas
the first known circular grouping of the species of Cetoniide is into certain sub-sections.
But, if the above hypothesis were true, the sub-genera of one genus would be equivalent
in value to only sub-sections of the other. I conceive, therefore, that m order to attam
accuracy in the distinction of groupes, we must proceed in a totally different manner to
investigate the subject. In the first place, we must commence from some given point in
which all naturalists agree. Such a point undoubtedly is the animal kingdom. Every one
acknowledges this groupe. Now I observe the animal kingdom to resolve itself into five
natural groupes, forming a circle. I observe again, each of these circular groupes to resolve
itself into five others, and so down, until I arrive at species. Now it is clear that I may
term the animal kingdom a genus, or I may call the groupe Vertebrata a sub-genus, and
Mammalia a kingdom; the word given as a name to the class of groupe, being adopted
for convenience, and being merely conventional. My aim is not to dispute about the
propriety of the names given to these various groupes, but merely to express the proper
subordination of one groupe to another, even supposing that they had no names. If, therefore,

8 ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

I say that I will call the first five divisions of the animal kingdom, sub-kingdoms or provinces ;
the second 25 divisions of these, classes; the third 125, orders; the fourth 625, tribes; the
fifth 3125, stirpes or races ; the sixth 15625, families ; the seventh number of circles, genera ;
the eighth sub-genera ; and the ninth sections; and the tenth sub-sections, &c. &c.* we
shall obtain one general rule for the Annulose creation, and at least obtain the great advantage
of understanding definitively what we are talking about. Theoretical, and to a certain degree
artificial, as this view of the matter may be, it will assuredly tend to clear up our practice.

It may indeed be urged that difficulty occurs with respect to what are called insulated
species. A Cryptodinus is more insulated than a Cetoninus, and an Hippopotamus than a
mouse. ‘This is true; but then I understand that the genus Cryptodinus, were it more
perfect, ought to contain as many groupes of species as Cetoninus is known to do, and that to
comprehend perfectly the affinities of a Hippopotamus, we must suppose it to be immediately
surrounded with as many sections, sub-genera, and genera, as are known immediately to
surround the mouse.

Thus, when the naturalist talks of any anomalous structure, J understand merely that
so many links, that is, so many groupes, of the great plan of creation are wanting, as
would connect this smgular being with some other and better known form. If I say that the
Hippopotamus forms a stirps by itself, I only mean that it is the sole species of its stirps
known; and that, speaking theoretically, four families are wanting, or rather twenty-four
genera to connect it well with the other tribes of Pachyderms. It is of no consequence
whether the families and genera supposed according to this theory to be wanting, have
disappeared, or whether they have never been created. I merely suppose them to be
wanting, in order that I may obtain something like a just notion of the relation which the
Hippopotamus bears to the other Pachyderms.

Tt will be seen on a review of the preceding remarks, that Cuvier’s definition of a
genus above given, most truly answers to what in the following observations on the
Cetoniide I shall call sub-sections, or even to still smaller groupes, if any such can be
pointed out; and that if genera are found to contain sometimes a few beings only specifically
differing from each other, this results from our ignorance of certain sub-genera, sections, and
sub-sections that are wanting. To those persons who may choose to give the name of
genera to the entomological groupes which I call sub-sections, I have only to say that they
ought to do it in all cases. They have no right to call the groupe named Cetonia by
MM. Gory and Percheron, a genus, and also that which is termed by those gentlemen
“ Dicheros.” 1 have avoided this confusion in entomology,} by invariably considering genera
to be that sub-division of the animal kingdom which is the seventh in degree downwards;
that is, to be the first sub-division of families.

In the same way that we discover confusion to proceed from that definition of genera
which asserts them to be the next class of groupe above species, we shall also find a certain
degree of confusion to proceed from the definition of the word Family, as depending on

* Some persons have imagined that I only assign five species to the lowest groupe in nature ; but the above theory
evidently proceeds on the assumption that if we knew all the species of the creation, their number would be infinite,
or in other words, that they would pass into each other by infinitely small differences. This actually takes place
sometimes in nature; and as yet I do not know any good distinction between a species and what is called ‘‘ a permanent
variety.”’

+ I suspect that genera among the Vertebrata may, from the comparative paucity of species, conveniently be considered as
standing one degree higher in the scale, or in other words, that we may in that sub-kingdom, neglect the use of the word stirpes.

ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA. 9

the above awkward one of genera. A family, in entomology, is held to be the next groupe
in rank above genera ; as, indeed, I myself consider it. I only differ from others in the value of
the word genera. What, for instance, is the consequence if Cuvier’s definition of genera be
adopted? A most natural groupe has been marked out, and distinguished under the name
of Cetoniide. In process of time some naturalist discovers within it other combinations of
groupes which he considers genera, because, so far as he knows, they are the first groupes
of species. Gnorimus, for instance, is such a groupe of species. Our naturalist forthwith
calls it a genus: and he observes, that a number of such genera combine to form another
groupe, which he calls Trichiide. Of course, he makes this combination of “ genera”’ a family ;
and knowing that it cannot possibly be of the same rank as the original family of which it
only forms a part, he is obliged to change the name of this from Cetoniide to Melitophile.
It is thus that we have now every day such “ families” formed as Sericide, Diplotaxide, ke.,
excellent groupes perhaps in themselves, but which their authors have been led away by a mere
love of changing names, to consider as equivalent in rank to true families, such as Trogide
and Rutelide. Any person gifted with a pair of eyes can analyse. The difficulty is to
employ synthesis. In botany, every fraction of the ancient families has in like manner been
also called a family, and the consequent confusion arrived at such a pitch, that Bartling
and Lindley have lately been obliged to attempt the re-grouping, if I may so express myself,
of the modern small “families” of plants. I have in the following observations on the
Cetoniide, also endeavoured to avoid this confusion, and to preserve consistency ; first, by
considering such new-fangled families, as the “ Trichiade,” “ Sericide,’ “ Diplotaxide,”
“ Goliathide,”’ kc. to be only genera or sub-genera, containing minor groupes of species; and,
secondly, by keeping them in proper subordination to their original families, the Cetoniide, Melo-
lonthide, &c. ‘These last, as families, I also agree to be the next groupes above genera, once that
I have conveniently defined families to be the sixth degree of groupe downwards from the
animal kingdom. Having said this much, I am ready to allow in behalf of those who are so
fond of imposing new names on the science, at whatever expense of confusion, that if, for instance,
a sub-section of Goliathus like that which is called Mecynorhina, by my friend Mr. Hope,
be considered a genus, it follows, that the next groupe above it, and of which Mecynorhina
forms a part,—viz. the groupe which I call Smithii, may, without blame, be called a family.
But then such a family would be the ninth degree of groupe downwards from the animal kingdom.

In order to exhibit clearly the place of the Cetoniide in nature, I shall now give the
following series of groupes.

Regnum, ANIMALIA.
1. Subregnum, ANNULOSA.
2. Classis, MANDIBULATA.
3. Ordo, COLEOPTERA.
4. Tribus, CHILOGNATHOMORPHA.
5. Stirps, PETALOCERA, THALEROPHAGA.
6. Familia, CETONIID.

Although I observe that of late various entomologists of great reputation have been
designating families without venturing to give characters to them, I shall not follow their
example; since I consider no name of the least weight that has not some character
attached to it, enabling us to discover the accurate limits of the groupe which that
name designates. It may be true that we have not always the good fortune to alight on the

c

10 ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

real character which insulates the groupe, but this is a venial defect, into which every
naturalist is, at times, liable to fall. Mr. Vigors, for instance, discovered and pointed out
the natural groupe of Jnsessores among birds; but their true characteristic was not known
until I observed that these are the only birds which have “callow” young.

Fam. CETONIIDA, Mihi.

Antenne of ten joints (very rarely nine), terminating in a triphyllous club composed of the
three last joints.

Labrum compressed, generally membranaceous, often emarginate, with rounded comers, and
always concealed under the clypeus.

Mandibles in general compressed, and furnished on the inside at the base with a subquadrate
membrane, while the base and produced outer side are corneous.

Maxille ecorneous, and rather of a prismatic form, having their inner side often membra-
naceous, and fringed with hairs, but sometimes corneous, and armed with teeth.

Maxillary Palpi of four joints, the first joint being often evanescent, and the last never
compressed.

Labium and Mentum more or less confluent, sometimes completely so; and the mentum is
anteriorly truncated or emarginated, but never trilobed.

Head often subquadrate. Body always winged, and in general depressed. Feet in
general slender, with the fore tibie for the most part dentated, more particularly
in the females. Tarst pentamerous, terminating in two equal sharp undivided
claws, between which often intervene a plantula and pseudonychia.

1. This family consists, to my knowledge, of more than 600 species, of which only five are
natives of Great Britain. The groupe has been most erroneously characterized by MM. Gory
and Percheron. These gentlemen distinguish the “ Scarabées Melitophiles,’—a name, be it
observed, which although Latreillian, is very erroneous,—by the mandibles being rudimentary,
or even by these organs of the mouth being altogether absent. A description so anomalous
of Cetoniide, in a work entirely devoted to them, is not very creditable to these gentlemen
as entomologists ; since I need scarcely say, that the mandibles are never absent. ‘True it is
that in general these organs are compressed, and often even extremely thin and membrana-
ceous; but sometimes again, as in the Macroma scutellaris, G. P., and Cryptodus para-
doxus, M‘L., &c. the mandibles and maxille are as solid, thick, and corneous, as in any
Melolonthidous insect of equal size.

2. The Cetoniide pass off to the Gilaphyride on one side, and to the Rutelide on
the other. Those species of the sub-genus Trichius, which Mr. Kirby has called Archimediz,
shew us that by the Trichius lineatus, Fab. (Lepitrix lineatus, Lp. Sr.) an insect of the Cape,
we may arrive among the Glaphyride; and Mr. Kirby has, by the description of his genus
Cnemida, explained to us how we may also pass from Macroma to the family of Rutelide.
While on this subject, I may express my regret that an entomologist so distinguished as M.
Dejean, and who has merely named this and other species in his catalogue without describing
them, should have endeavoured to set aside the name Cnemida Curtisii, which Mr. Kirby has
given with a description. The right of priority in entomology is usually held sacred, yet
Cnemida Curtisii, K.is called C. crassipes by Dejean without any assigned reason. Itis unfortu-
nate for Mr. Kirby that he should so often have.set the example of reckless change to foreigners.

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. il

3. Mr. Kirby, in the 14th volume of the Linnean Transactions, -following perhaps an opinion
I had thrown out on the Hore Entomologice, appears to consider Chasmodia, M‘L., to be
close in affinity to the Cetonizde. But the relation of Chasmodia to Lomaptera, G. P., is one
of analogy: the two groupes being corresponding points of contiguous families. Both are pol-
lenivorous groupes, agreeing in brilliancy of colour, and in their cleft clypeus ; but in no essen-
tial respect are they so constructed that they can be brought close together in affinity.

4, In some species of the Cetoniide the tergum of the prothorax (which shall, in my obser-
vations on this family hereafter, be generally called thorax, for convenience and in conformity to
the vulgar notion) is apt to have the middle part produced behind into a lamimar lobe, which
covers the scutellum in a greater or less degree. In proportion as this structure occurs,
we always find the insect to be more sluggish and inactive. Thus the insects which compose
the American subgenus Gymnetis are incomparably more sluggish in their habits than our
European Cetonie.

5. M. Dufour has given us the anatomy of the perfect insect of the well-known English
species Cetonia aurata, Fab. ; and Professor Dehaan has favoured us with the anatomy of its
larva. I shall in this place only observe, that the internal anatomy of the insects of this family
is subject to greater variation than their external anatomy; and it must therefore be more
distrusted in classification, according to the principles I have ventured to lay down in the 14th
volume of the Linnean Transactions.

6. In the following enumeration of the various groupes into which the Cetoniide have been
broken up, I shall endeavour to be strictly just in assigning them to their proper disco-
verers. From the respect due to the labours of my predecessors, I shall try to retain every
name that has been published ; but I would have it here clearly understood, that the name of
the author annexed to a technical word does not always signify that he invented that name,
but rather indicates the particular value given by that person to the groupe. ‘Thus, for
instance, Trichinus, Fab., will indicate the groupe called Trichius by Fabricius; and Trichius,
M‘L.; the value given to the Fabrician name by myself. The discoverer of a natural groupe
may have some merit, but the mere inventor of a name has really none. On this principle,
therefore, I have generally acted ; and more particularly when, in order to distinguish genera
from sub-genera, I have given the former a termination always in inus.

Genera,

Terminal process of maxille always furnished with a brush
( 1 Tricurnus, Fab. but not with teeth. Epimeron never prominent between

Aberrant Groupe. L angles of thorax and elytra.

Terminal process of maxille never furnished with a brush,

Larva having its mandibles
‘ ‘ 2 Crypropinus, M‘L. ~ but always dentated. Epimeron never prominent be-

unidentate towards the

1
Sanenie |. tween angles of thorax and elytra.
(Terminal process of maxille generally furnished with a
(3. Macrominus, M‘L. d brush and always with teeth. Epimeron always distinct
{ between angles of thorax and elytra.
Normal Groupe. Thorax lobate behind in the middle, and covering the

L hanes ‘ f 2 Gx MN EPIN TS He L whole scutellum more or less with the lobe.
arva having its mandibles }

pluridentate towards the ) { Thorax not so lobate behind, and leaving the whole scu-

g

extremity. L5 Creroninus, M‘L. f, tellum always distinct.

C2

12 ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

7. I term these genera, because they are the first class of groupes into which the
Cetoniide resolve themselves. ‘They form a series returning into itself. Some persons may call
them sub-families, or give them any other name. This is quite a matter of taste; but I choose
to call them genera, in order that I may more easily hereafter shew the relation borne to
each of them by the groupes of modern entomologists. Of these genera then, Trichinus
appears to have been discovered by Fabricius, and to answer tolerably well to his genus
Trichius. I have therefore assigned the groupe Trichinus to him, because Vrichius denotes,
with modern authors, a groupe of more limited extent. Cryptodinus and Macrominus are
groupes now, I believe, for the first time, clearly pointed out, although the former nearly
corresponds with what Gory calls his genus Cremastocheilus. I have assigned the groupe
Gymnetinus to Kirby, because it answers very nearly in extent to the sub-family called by him
Gymnetide, and by Gory Gymnetides. Cetoninus is a groupe which I am not aware-has ever
until now been properly distinguished.

8. I am acquainted with larve of the genera Trichinus, Gymnetinus, and Cetoninus ; but I
believe no larva of Cryptodinus or Macrominus is as yet known. It is probable, however,
that the larve of these last, when discovered, will be found to have the mandibles formed like
those of the larve of Osmoderma eremita, that is, unidentate at the extremity ; for they are
insects which have great affinity to each other in the manners of their perfect state.

9. I have attempted in the above table to distinguish the normal groupe by its larva; but it
may also be not badly distinguished by the imago, which has the terminal process of the
maxilla almost always without teeth, and, at the same time, the epimeron almost always appa-
rent between the angles of the thorax and elytra. By the first of these characters the normal
groupe may be separated very nearly from the genus Macrominus, and by the latter very
nearly from the genus Trichinus. There are exceptions to the rule, such as Philistina and a
section of Goliathus, which have maxilla with corneous teeth, and Jnca, which has the
epimeron not apparent between the thorax and elytra; but these are osculant groupes, the
former leading to Macrominus, and the latter to Trichinus.

10. Of the five British species that belong to the family of Cetoniide, three are to be
assigned to the genus Zrichinus, and two to Cetoninus. But no one who confines his atten-
tion to the above five species can form any notion of the beauty and variety of form that
prevails throughout the family.

11. Ido not venture to alter the terminations of the sub-genera, in order that they may
agree with that of the genus to which they belong; nor can I make the terminations of the
genus apply to that of all the sub-genera which it contains. The consequence of this is, that
we have often strange concords, such as Trichinus Platygenia Zairica; but in such cases I
have always made the trivial name agree with the sub-genus rather than with the genus. To
this last I have given the termination, which corresponds with that of the majority of the
sub-genera.

Genus I. TRICHINUS, Fab.

12. This genus is easily known from Cryptodinus, M‘L. by its flat mentum and maxille
provided with a brush of hairs; while from the genus Cetoninus, it is separated by its never
having the epimeron prominent between the thorax and elytra, as well as by the anterior femora
having no spines at their junction with the tibie. Ido not place so much confidence in
Latreille’s character drawn from the mode in which the labial palpi are inserted.

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 13

13. In this genus, generally, the terminal brush of the maxilla is inserted in the triangular
orifice of a short triangular corneous process, which terminates the maxilla, and appears articu-
lated to it. In some of the floral species, this pencil of hairs or brush is very long, and admirably
calculated for sucking up the honey of flowers; but in other sub-genera, such as Platygenia
for example, the terminal brush may rather be considered to line the edge of the small trian-
gular corneous process which terminates the maxilla and appears articulated with it. In such
insects this process of the maxilla is not so palpiform as in those Trichini which inhabit flowers.

14. The larva and metamorphosis of the sub-genus Jrichinus have been perfectly well
explained by Professor Dehaan of Leyden, who shews that they bear more similarity to those
of Glaphyride and Melolonthide, than to those of the sub-genus Cetonia. This is a curious
fact, and strongly illustrative of the danger attendant on our assuming a method of division
instead of following the mode of variation. What groundwork for a natural division, for
instance, appears more natural than metamorphosis? Certainly none; and yet if we divide
the family of Cetoniide by this rule, we shall place half of the contents along with the
genus JMelolontha! If, on the other hand, we follow the maxim of variation, and watch
how the metamorphosis changes, we only arrive at the fact, that Trichinus (i.e. an aberrant
genus of Cetoniide) is intermediate between the Glaphyride and the typical Cetoniide,
inasmuch as it has the larva of the former, and the imago of the latter.

But we proceed to detail the various sub-genera of Trichinus. Fabricius was not acquainted
with the singular insects which compose the first of them.

Sub-qenera,
A.—Body depressed and sides thin. (1 PuratyGentia, M‘L. Anterior tibize externally bidentate.
First joint of maxillary palpi<
distinct. [2 CampPuLirus, K. Anterior tibiz externally tridentate.

cuius, M‘L. 4 ,
( ES Sy covered with hairs or scales.

es tibie externally bidentate in general. Body
B.—Body and sides thick. First
joint of maxillary palpi eva-< 4 Vaueus, Sc.

nescent.

Anterior tibie externally multidentate..; Body spotted
i with scales.

( Anterior tibiee externally tridentate. Body depressed,

5 Os Sse ] ;
TEU ES dlls: |. Without hair or scales.

Sub-genus 1. Puaryeunta, M‘L.

15. Of this sub-genus only one species is certainly known; although, to say the truth,
Gory’s figure of what he calls Platygenia Zairica, is so unlike the insect which I so named
some years ago, that one is almost inclined to believe he may have fallen accidentally upon
a new species of the groupe. Indeed, I consider the Trichius barbatus of Schonherr to
belong certainly to the sub-genus. The mouth of Platygenia approaches very near in
structure to that of Osmoderma, however different it may seem in external appearance. It
is in fact, the mouth of an Osmoderma, with all the parts flattened, and excessively
widened, differing only in having the terminal lobe of the maxille transversal and small. I
imagine, indeed, that the true character of this sub-genus is founded on the comparative
evanescence of the palpiform terminal process of the maxille.

16. The general form of the thorax of Platygenia, and its very depressed body, make me
think that we can proceed from it to Campulipus, by means of some sections hitherto

14 ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA.

unknown. M. Latreille perceived this affinity; but we only know one section of Platy-
genia, and consequently, must reckon several forms wanting before we can closely connect
it with Campulipus. Both are sub-genera peculiar to Africa.

Sub-genus 2. Campuuipus, Kirby.

17, This groupe agrees with the last, and differs from all the other sub-genera of Trichinus
in having its body depressed, and the four joints of the maxillary palpus distinct. The
elytra also nearly cover the podex, and the terminal process of the maxilla is very long,
so as sometimes to resemble that of a bee. These are most likely floral insects. The
following sections appear to be known.

SHCTIONS OF CAMPULIPUS.

A.—Body depressed. Intermediate tibiee incurvated in f 1 Acrnit, Lp. Sr. Clypeus entire.
one sex. 2 SrripsyPueRt, G. P. Clypeus bifid.
3K OK OK
B.—Body more convex. 5 4 Myoprrmt, Dej. Clypeus not simple.
L5 Zeprz1, M‘L. Clypeus simple.

18. I have given the credit of this sub-genus to Mr. Kirby, but m fact his Campulipus is
a groupe which only answers to the normal groupe of this sub-genus as above characterized.
Mr. Kirby first observed Trichius limbatus of Olivier to be distinguished from its congeners
by the remarkable intermediate tibie, which are curved into an obtuse angle, and appear
thus as if broken. This character, however, is still more developed in an undescribed species
in my collection, of M. Gory’s singularly-named genus* Stripsypher, which species I shall
here call Campulipus incurvatus. It is black, with yellow elytra, having four square black
spots. This incurvation of the intermediate tibize appears to be a sexual character, for I
possess a specimen of Campulipus limbatus, without this distinction being strongly marked.
Of the section AcEni1, we have the following from the Cape.

“Sp. 1. (Trichinus) Campulipus limbatus, Ol.
Agenius limbatus, G. P. p. 95. tab. 11. fig. 4.

Nors. I may here remark that the figure of the mentum and maxilla of Agenius limbatus as given by
Gory is all wrong. The mentum comes much nearer to that of his groupe Stripsypher, and the maxille
in both sections have a long penicilliform terminal process.

Sp. 2. (Trichinus) Campulipus Horsfieldii, 2. s.
Descr. Campulipus atronitidus, punctatus, clypeo quadrato, thoracis lateribus albo-marginatis,
scutello punctis duobus albis, elytris puncto-substriatis vittis duabus mediis abbreviatis ma-
culaque utrinque ad scutellum flavis: punctis quatuor discalibus quatuor que lateralibus albis.

Antenne testaceee clava picea. Corpus infra nigronitidum. Podea punctis quatuor,
abdomen quinque lateralibus et epimeron macula semicirculari albis. Pedes picei, tibiis pos-
ticis postice emarginatis.

Lone. 7 lines.
Nore. Campulipus Horsfieldii is a beautiful species which appears to connect the two sections, AGENII
and SrripsyPHEeri. Stripsypher niger, G. P. a Cape insect, truly belongs to the section STRIPSYPHERI.
Yet, while the Agenii belong truly to Southern Africa, the SrrresypHERI are found more in the intra-

* What Gory intends by this word I know not.

ln

ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA. 16

tropical regions of that vast continent. As to the section which I have named Myoprrmi, and which
corresponds with the genus Myoderma of Dejean’s Catalogue, I only know it by M. Gory’s bad figure
and worse description of “ Stripsypher sordidus,” which comes from Senegal.
Of the section ZEBRzI we have one species at the Cape.
‘Sp. 3. (Trichinus) Campulipus Zebra, Klug.
Stripsypher Zebra, G. P. p. 98. tab. 12. fig. 1.

Nots. I may here observe that the Stripsypher called by Gory in his text the S. Dehcbillis of
Schénherr, and in his plates 8. 6-maculatus is neither. It is called by Schonherr Trichius 6-guitatus.

Sub-genus 3. Tricurus, M‘L.

19. This may be known from Campulipus by having a much shorter palpiform process to
the termination of the maxille, as well as by the podex being in general more covered by the
elytra. It has also a more convex form, and thus it may be distinguished from the sub-genus
Valgus, as well as by its longer elytra. Trichius haunts flowers, and may be found in
Great Britain. It is the sub-genus which passes off to the Glaphyride.

SECTIONS OF TRICHIUS.

tee hirsute above and below. Last joint of maxillary

‘
(1 Leer, M‘L. palpi grooved. Inhabit Europe and America.

B.—Terminal lobe of the Body only hirsute on the under side. Last joint of max-
maxille provided with< 9 Arsurosrrert, K. illary palpi rather grooved. Inhabit Europe and
a short pencil of hairs. North America.

( Body clothed with scales. Last joint of maxillary palpi

L3 Gzomerrici, M‘L. ‘ ;
not grooved. Inhabit America.
A.—Terminal lobe of the (4 **** ad
maxilla provided with (Canthus almost bisecting the eyes. Last joint of max-
; 5 TETROPHTHALMI, K. " ‘ : 2
a long pencil of hairs. |_ illary palpi grooved. Inhabit Africa and Asia.

20. Under the name of “ Lucirimt1,” I have included Mr. Kirby’s two sections, “ Legitimi”’
and Trichini, which last he now terms a sub-genus. The evanescent difference between
these two groupes of the reverend gentleman appears to be of a very low order, and probably,
therefore, only indicates sub-sections. Indeed, it chiefly consists in his Trichini bemg
nitid and zneous, and his Legitimi not. However, Mr. Kirby thinks he can discover some
slight difference in the last joint of the palpi. The type of the section I have termed Lzeirim1
is the well-known Trichius fasciatus of Fabricius. Mr. Kirby makes the type of his section
AxzEurosticti to be Trichius nobilis of Fabricius. This last section is, therefore, identical
with the groupe called G'norimus in the “ Encyclopédie,’ by MM. Lepelletier and Serville.

21. Under the name of Gzomurrict, I have included Mr. Kirby’s two sections Archimedii
and Enclhdii, because there is, in my opinion, no sufficient difference between them to
entitle them to be made distinct sections of the sub-genus. They may, however, ultimately
prove to be distinct sub-sections of the section G‘eometrict. I consider the type of the
Geometrici to be Trichius delta of Fabricius.

22. Of the section TeTRopHTHALMI, as distinguished by Kirby, we have among the insects
collected by Dr. Smith, the following species.

Sp. 4, (Trichinus) Trichius vittatus, Fad.

Trichius vittatus, G. P. p. 88. tab. 9. fig. 5.
Sp. 5. (Trichinus) Trichius suturalis, G. P.

Trichius suturalis, G. P. p. 84. tab. 9. fig. 6.

16 ON THE CETONIIDEA OF SOUTH AFRICA,

Sub-genus 4. Vauteus, Scriba.

23. This answers to the genus Acanthurus of Kirby, easily known by its depressed form,
long trapezoidal prothorax, and short elytra. In the only section of this sub-genus which
I know, there is a mucro arming the anus in one of the sexes, and which is probably the
ovipositor. I have always found the species of Valgus, either at the roots of trees, or at the
foot of walls, but never on flowers as Latreille says that he has found them. The section
Geometrici of the last sub-genus is covered with scales, and so is this sub-genus ; but we still
want some sections of Valgus to connect the Geometrici with the common Trichius hemipterus
of Fabricius. Indeed, I am not aware that the present sub-genus has ever been resolved into
sections. There is one species at the Cape, viz.

Sp. 6. (Trichinus) Valgus Smithii, x. s.
Duscr. Valgus thoracé postice utrinque macula nigra abdominisque fascia alba.
Lone. Corp. 4 lines.

Nore. This species is scarcely distinct from the Valgus hemipterus of Europe. It has the same ruge
of the thorax, the same size and general form, and only differs slightly in the disposition of the scales,
In V. hemipterus for instance, the abdomen is quite white with thickly set scales. In V. Simithii there is
merely a white band. V. Smithii has also a white mark in the black lateral spot of the thorax. But in
truth these species come very near to each other.

Sub-genus 5. OsmopERMAa, Lp. Sr.

24. This groupe has been hitherto described and figured with little care. It is said to
lave the terminal lobe of its maxille corneous. This lobe is not, however, more corneous than
in any of the other sub-genera of Trichinus. It is an elongated hollow triangle, filled with a
short thick pencil of hairs. The true characteristic of the sub-genus is the strong corneous
hook which arms the maxille on its inner side. These insects live with their larve in rotten
wood. They have been called Gymnodi by Mr. Kirby, and made by him part of his genus
Trichius. 1 am acquainted with two sections of Osmoderma, which are peculiar to Europe
and North America. The type is Trichius Eremita of Fabricius. I have already said that,
different as Platygenia Zairica is in aspect from all the other known species of the genus
Trichinus, it comes in every essential respect exceedingly close to Osmoderma. I suppose the
name given by Lepelletier and Serville to this sub-genus, alludes to the scent of Russia
leather, which the European species O. Hremita emits when it is handled.

Genus II. CRYPTODINUS, Mihi.

25. We have seen that none of the known species of the genus 7richinus have the terminal
lobe of their maxille furnished with teeth. The sub-genus Osmoderma, was indeed sup-
posed to possess this structure, but erroneously; although it has certainly a tooth at the
point of the mner process. This formation appears to prepare us for the maxille of the
present genus Cryptodinus, of which the character is always to have a corneous tooth or
teeth on the terminal process. Indeed, that tooth which Osmoderma possesses on the inner
process of the maxille, brings it, of all the sub-genera of Zrichinus, the nearest to the genus
Cryptodinus. This genus may be always known by its depressed elongated form, and by
the under side of the mentum having a process, while the outer side of the terminal process
of the maxilla has no brush. Cryptodini are found in all the principal divisions of the
globe, Europe excepted. They are nevertheless chiefly intratropical insects, which are

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. 17

great lovers of sand on the banks of rivers, and so far as my observation has gone, they are
not authobious. This genus is nearly the same in extent as the genus Cremastocheilus of
Gory and Percheron, and is easily known by the first joint of the antenne being large,
triangular, and broad. I am acquainted with the following sub-genera.

Sub-qenera,

(Prothorax quadrate, with the angles acute. Vertical pro-
i

1 Cremastocueitus, Kn, 2 cess of mentum hollow, oval, pelviform. Fore tibiz
L bidentate. North America.

B—Cl fale d ( Prothorax orbicular. Vertical process of mentum trian-
-—Clypeus not plain an

ee ‘ ular and hollow. Fore tibie bidentate. South Ame-
not semicircular. 4 2 Cycrrprus, M‘L. L ie
Prothorax subquadrate, with sides and angles rounded off.
3 Genucuus, K. Motiisak process of meres triangular and flat. Fore
\_ tibie tridentate. Africa.
ee neeeas Te. ae ten-jointed. Anus with spines. Elytra with
A.—Clypeus plain semicir- lobate shoulders.

HEE ( Antenne with nine-joints. Anus without spines. Elytra

é
oy Caen nCR pay Nile, \_ with parallel sides. New Holland.

26. All the foregoing five sub-genera agree in the clypeus having a reflexed margin in
front. They agree also in the curiously dilated triangular scape of the antenne, and in the
epimeron not being prominently distinct between the thorax and shoulders of the elytra.

Sub-genus 1. CremastocHsitus, Knoch.

27. This groupe answers to the genus Cremastochetilus of Knoch, Latreille, and Kirby ; but
it is here reduced to its proper rank, that of a sub-genus only. It differs from the other
sub-genera in having the vertical process of the mentum hollow, and basin-shaped, while the
terminal process of the short maxilla, is a straight blunt tooth, and the inner process is a sharp
minute tooth surrounded with a few hairs, These insects are North American, and differ
in their manners from the Cetoniide in general, but probably agree in this respect with all
the other sub-genera of Cryptodinus. The species of Cremastocheilus are not common. In
company with Dr. Pickering, and Mr. Titian Peale, I found C. castanee of Knoch, in
June, 1836, on the banks of the Delaware, on the new J ersey side, opposite to Philadelphia.
These singular beetles are never found except flying, like Cicindele, over the sand which there
lines the bank of that noble river. They are certainly not flower-frequenting insects, and
what they find in the sand to their taste J do not know. Mr. Kirby has made some
good remarks on this sub-genus in the third volume of the Zoological Journal ; only without
giving any sufficient reason for so doing, he has termed that part the labiwm which Latreille
has called the mentum. Iam not acquainted with the sections into which Cremastocheilus
may be divided.

Sub-genus 2. Cycrrpius, M‘L.

28. To this groupe belongs C. elongatus of Olivier, and C. axillaris of Dupont. I shall add
another species which stands in my cabinet as C. Nero. It is as large as Platygenia Zairica,
and of a velvetty black hue, with two large long nitid and blood-coloured spots in the middle

D

18 ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

and towards the apex of the smooth and perfectly flat elytra. It is the giant of the genus
Cryptodinus. The sub-genus Cyclidius, appears to be peculiar to South America.

Sub-genus 3. Genucuus, Kirby.

29. MM. Gory and Percheron do not adopt this groupe, and in their usual self-sufficient
way, state that I first separated it from Cremastocheilus, and that I have erroneously charac-
terised it. To this I answer, that never until now, have I published a word on the subject.
It is true that Mr. Kirby, who instituted the sub-genus in the Linnean Transactions,
erroneously characterised it by saying that the maxille are membranaceous. But it is
truly, nevertheless, a natural groupe, and differs from the North American sub-genus Cre-
mastocheilus, with which Gory and Percheron confound it, not only in having the mentum not
hollowed out, but also in having the maxilla composed of two sharp round claws, the larger
one being exterior, and answering to the terminal process in the Cetoniide generally. The
truth is, that these French critics know nothing of Mr. Kirby’s groupe Genuchus, except
that in Dejean’s Catalogue, apparently their only work of reference, the Cetonia cruenta
of Olivier, is assigned to “ Genucus of Macleay.” I am unacquainted with the cause of
this, and of a myriad of smaller errors mixed up with my name in Dejean’s Catalogue; but
MM. Gory and Percheron copy the mistake even to the cacography of “ Gienucus ;” and thus
appear, when writing a monograph on the Cetoniide, to have never consulted any of
Mr. Kirby’s writings on the subject, although some of them are printed in so well known
a publication as the Transactions of the Linnean Society. But to proceed. The sub-
genus Genuchus is, so far as I know, entirely African, and Afzelius says that the species are
always found on the ground like Aphodii. Dr. Smith has brought two species to Europe.

Sp. 7. (Cryptodinus) Genuchus cruentus, Oliv.
Oremastocheilus cruentus, G. P. p. 115. tab. 16. fig. 3.
Sp. 8. (Cryptodinus) Genuchus sanguinolentus, n. s.
Descr. Genuchus glaber, ater elytris striato-punctatis externé subsulcatis ad suturam utrinque
bistriatis maculis duabus oblongis et apice subsanguineis, ano bimaculato maculis rufis.
Lone. 5 lines.

30. Cremastocheilus. capensis, of Klug, and several other African species, particularly
from Senegal, belong to the sub-genus Genuchus, of which there are several sections known.
I am not acquainted with the C. Brahma of Gory and Percheron, but I know their Cre-
mastochetlus maculatus, which I suspect will be found eventually to enter the genus Macrominus.
Their bad figure and description of this last-mentioned species, make it come far too close to
the Cetonia maculata of Fabricius, which insect, by the way, is not a native of the Cape,
as they say, but of the Mauritius.

Sub-genus 4. Cymopnorvs, Kirby.

31. I have never seen any species of this groupe which is the genus Cymophorus of
Mr. Kirby. It is the only sub-genus of Cetontide which I do not possess. Judging,
however, from Mr. Kirby’s description and figure of the Cymophorus undatus, the insect
appears to come into this place. We may, perhaps, associate with it the Cremastocheilus
spiniventer of Gory, in which case it would appear to be an African form of the genus
Cryptodinus. 1 suspect it, nevertheless, to be an Asiatic sub-genus, and that C. Brahma,
of Gory, belongs to it, forming, perhaps, another section.

ON THE CETONIIDEZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. i9

Sub-genus 5. Crypropus, M‘L.

32. When my description of a New Holland insect of considerable size, which I called
Cryptodus parodoxus, was published in 1819, I had never seen any species of the genus
Cryptodinus, and I was even ignorant that any insect belonging to the family Cetoniide
could possess corneous mandibles and maxille like the insects I shall hereafter describe
under the names of Macroma and Oplostomus, or could have a semicircular clypeus like
that of Cymophorus. The consequence was, that when a beetle was presented to me with
antenne: of nine joints, like those of Mechidius, which it also resembled in general form, and
when, in addition, it offered to my notice sharp arched horny mandibles, and maxille termi-
nated by sharp horny hooks, I assigned it to the family of Trogide, merely stating my doubts
and difficulties, while I gave it the name of Cryptodus paradoxus. Since that period, I have
become acquainted with many Cryptodini, and have found their habits to be analogous
to those of the Zrogide, which they represent in the family of Cetoniide. It is now long
since that, by reflecting on the concealed labrum of Cryptodus, the dilated triangular scape
of its antenne, the horny mandibles and maxille, similar in form to those of Macroma and
Oplostomus, the large mentum closing up the mouth, and concealing the palpi, with its naked
podex so different from that of the Zrogide, its depressed body, and peculiar structure, [
became convinced that I ought to have assigned this most curious insect to the family of
Cetoniide, and that it ought to have been placed in the immediate vicinity of Cremastocheilus.
Still, however, the insect well merits the title of paradoxus, since it is as unlike Cetonia aurata,
or any of the usual types of the family, as well may be; and besides, is the only known insect
among the Cetoniide that has not ten joints to the antenne. In short, this species serves to
demonstrate the difficulty of discovering rigid characters for any family ; and ere we have
finished with the Cetoniide, we shall find almost every character of this groupe to give way
except, perhaps, the concealed labrum. Yet no groupe of Coleoptera seems better marked
out by nature.

33. Without having any thing very remarkable in its external facies, Cryptodus, perhaps, is
the most singular sub-genus of all the Petalocera in an entomological point of view. It
differs from the generality of its family, almost as much as Hexodon does from the Rutelide.
Its flat depressed body, its broad mentum, and black colour, seem all to indicate that its place
in the genus Cryptodinus is exactly analogous to that which the sub-genus Platygenia holds
in the genus Trichinus. Iam well pleased now to have an opportunity of correcting my
original mistake as to the affinities of Cryptodus, since the correction will tend to enlarge the
characters I have given to the Cetoniide, and to restrict those of the family of Trogide. It
is satisfactory also to find after so many years, that this is almost the only error of conse-
quence in my collocation of the new forms described in the first part of the Hore Entomologice,
and that even this error was suspected at the time of its publication. I possess two species
of the genus Cryptodus, both from New Holland.

34, But we shall now return to the sub-genus Grenuchus, which alone of all the sub-genera
of Cryptodinus indicates a tendency to have the epimeron prominently intervening between the
thorax and shoulders of the elytra, and so we proceed to the next genus Macrominus.

Genus I11. MACROMINUS, Mihi.
35. This groupe differs from the last genus Cryptodinus, in having the epimeron distinct
D2

20 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

between the angles of the prothorax and elytra; it also differs in having the scape of the
antennee reduced to a more ordinary size, and in having the maxille often furnished with
hair, among which occur those horny teeth which always arm the terminal process of these
organs of the mouth, and thus form the distinguishing character of the genus, which how-
ever approaches near to the genus Cetoninus, by the affinity of transultation.

Sub-qenera,
(1 Optostomus, M‘L. Mentum having a process on its under side.
A.—Mentum not emarginate. J 2 AnopLocHEILus, M‘L. Mentum narrow with its under side simple.
(3 DieLtoenataa, G. P. Mentum broad with its under side simple.
( Outer side of terminal process of maxille clothed with a

B.—Mentum deeply emar- 2 4 GNATHOCERA, K.
ginate.

brush of hairs.

|
L5 Macroma, K. Outer side of terminal process of maxille with no brush.

Nor. The plantule and pseudonychia are distinct in all these sub-genera except in Macroma, where
they are evanescent. I have given Gory the credit of the sub-genus Diplognatha, although he has in-
cluded insects in it which do not belong to the groupe.

Sub-genus 1. Optostomus, M‘L.

36. This sub-genus retains many of the characteristics of Cryptodinus, particularly in the
antenne, mentum, maxille, &c. as will be seen from the following description, viz.

Antenne of ten joints, with the scape sub-triangular depressed above, and as long as
the next six joints taken together, or as the ovate clava, which consists of three
joints.

Mandibles corneous, with a blunted point, having the membranaceous part small.

Mazxille corneous, prismatic, hirsute at the back, with the terminal process composed of a
long sharp hooked tooth, and the imner process armed at the point with a smaller
sharp tooth.

Mazillary palpi shorter than maxille, with the last jot twice as long as the rest taken
together, and having the first joints evanescent.

Labial palpi remarkably short, with the two first jomts evanescent.

Mentum sub-quadrate, forming a transverse triangular prism; in front it is truncated with the
sides rounded off; in the middle is the transverse ridge, forming a prominent obtuse
angle; at the sides there is a tooth, that projecting forms a sinus for the labial palpus,
which appears at first sight to have only one joint.

Head small, with quadrate clypeus. Prothorax trapezoidal, emarginate behind. Scu-
tellum large, triangular. pimeron distinct between prothorax and elytra. Elytra
with shoulders slightly lobate. Body depressed like Cetonia morio. Mesosternum
narrow, blunt, not advanced between the legs. eet short, with the anterior tibie
externally bidentate.

37. Olivier has described an insect from Senegal, under the name of Cetonia fuliginea, which
MM. Gory and Percheron, have, with some reason, assigned to their genus Cremastocheilus.
It may however be easily separated from that groupe by the circumstance of the epimeron
being prominently distinct between the prothorax and the shoulders of the elytra. I believe the
following insect brought from the Cape by Dr. Smith, to be identical with the Senegal species.
At least I can observe no very important difference between the description of Olivier’s insect

ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA. 21

and that of the present Cape species. The whole insect is black, except the nine last joints
of the antenne, which are fulvous. M. Gory only states that the three joints of the clava
are fulyous in the Senegal species; but, perhaps, this is a mere omission, and therefore I
shall register our Cape insect as follows.
Sr. 9. (Macrominus) Oplostomus fuligineus, Oliv.
Cremastocheilus fuligineus, G. P. p. 110. tab. 15. fig. 1.

38. We have to pass on now to the following sub-genus.

Sub-genus 2. ANoptocHEitus, M‘L.
Antenne of ten joints, the first obconic, and the second globose.
Mandibles having their corneous external process very little longer than the membranaceous
part.
Mazille horny, prismatic, and long, having the terminal process not distinct from the mner.
Mentum narrow convex, with the anterior edge semicircular.
Head small, subquadrate. Body convex and thick. Epimeron very visible between
thorax and elytra. Scutellum large, triangular. Mesosternum blunt, and not produced.
Feet short and strong, with the fore tibiz tridentate, and the posterior femora some-
times incrassated, as are also the posterior tibie, which are always externally sub-
bidentate.

This sub-genus has a prismatic maxilla, something like that of Genuchus; only terminating
in three equal horny teeth. Genuchus has only two teeth to its maxille. But both sub-
genera agree with Oplostomus in the outer side of the terminal process of their maxille, having
no brush of hair.

Se. 10.:,(Macrominus) Anoplocheilus spinitarsis, 7. s.
Dzscr. Anoplocheilus nigronitidus punctatus, clypeo minuto emarginato lateribus rotundatis,
suturad prominente, vertice pilis flavis hirsuto, thorace sub-semicirculari posticé sinuato,
- elytris striato-punctatis, corpore subtus pilis hirsuto, femoribus posticis valde incrassatis,
articulo primo tarsi medii et postici extus in spinam longam triangularem producto, pseudo-
nychiis distinctis.
Lone. 54 lines.

39. I do not know whether I am altogether accurate in placing the following Cape insects
with indistinct pseudonychia in this sub-genus, because I have not dissected them; but they
appear to agree in several respects, and possibly only differ as belonging to another section of
the sub-genus. In external appearance they are all three very much alike.

Sp. 11. (Macrominus) Anoplocheilus setosus, n. s. .
Duscor. Anoplocheilus fuliginosus capite quadrato clypeo antice reflexo, elytris supra foveolis semi-
circularibus setigeris impressis, corpore subtus pilis aureis raris vestito.
Lone. 54 lines.

Nors. This species like the following, differs from Anoplocheilus spinitarsis, in having no spines on the

first joint of the posterior tarsi.
Sp. 12. (Macrominus) Anoplocheilus tomentosus.
Cetonia tomentosa, G. P. p. 226. tab. 51. fig. 5?

Nore. The description and figure of Gory and Percheron answer so well to my insect, that I am un-
willing to believe it to be a distinct species, although they say that the Cetonia tomentosa of Klug is a
Mexican insect. By the way, with their usual accuracy, these gentlemen have another “ Cetonia tomen-
tos” from Mexico, which is probably a true Cetonia. I shall merely now repeat that as the clypeus of

22 ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Anoplocheilus tomentosus is sub-emarginate, the species appears to belong to a different section of the sub-
genus when compared with Anoplochetlus spinitarsis, If on dissection of the mouth they should agree
with the genus Cetonia, these two species A. setosus and A. tomentosus will evidently enter into the
last Trichoid section of the sub-genus Cetonia.

Sub-genus 3. Diptocnatua, G. P.

40. This sub-genus of M. Gory agrees with Anoplocheilus in having the end of the maxilla
armed with sharp teeth. Indeed this is the character of the whole genus Macrominus; but
the terminal process is in Diplognatha distinct from the base of the maxilla, and is furnished
on the outside with a brush, as in the genera Trichinus, Cetoninus, and Gymnetinus. The
mentum also is broad, truncated, scarcely emarginate in front, and having the corners rounded
off. But for the rest I refer to MM. Gory and Percheron’s description of this groupe, which
appears to admit of the following sections. As all the sections, however, are not yet known,
it is difficult to place them accurately; and I give the following arrangement only provi-
sionally :—

SECTIONS OF DIPLOGNATHA.

Terminal process of maxille ending in a blunt tooth. In-
1 CARBONARIA. Ba Tie,
habit Asia.

Maxille having one
(Terminal process of maxille ending in a sharp tooth. In-

tooth on the inner < 2 PorPHYREA, E ;
(habit Africa.

process.

aaa Jf Terminal process of maxille ending in two sharp teeth.

L Inhabit Africa.

41. The first of these sections is numerous in species. The type of it may be considered to
be Cetonia crucigera of Olivier. Cremastocheilus maculatus of Gory appears to form another
section. The general colour of the first section is black, often variegated with white spots.

42. To the second of these sections appears to belong the common Cape insect, Scarabeus
carnifex of Linnzus.

Sp. 18. (Macrominus) Diplognatha carnifex, Mab.
Cetonia Carnifex, Fab. Syst. Eleuth, 2. 148. 39.
Diplognatha Carnifex, G. P. p. 124, tab. 18. fig. 2.

43. The two following Cape species belong to the third section :—
Sp. 14. (Macrominus) Diplognatha hebreea, Oliv.
Cetonia hebrea, Oliv. tab. 12. p. 115.
Diplognatha hebrea, G. P. p. 125. tab. 18. fig. 3.

Sp. 15. (Macrominus) Diplognatha silicea, n. s.

Desc. Diplognatha atronitida glabra polita, clypeo vix punctato palpis labialibus haud ultra
mentum prominulis, elytris anticé latioribus, tibiis anticis extus vix tridentatis, mesosterno
subacuto.

Lone. Corp. 15 lines.

Notre. MM. Gory and Percheron seem to have confounded this last species with the true Cetonia
Gagates of Olivier, which is a Senegal insect, and smaller, having the labial palpi stretching beyond the
mentum, the sides of the elytra parallel, the anterior tibiee tridentate, and the mesosternum rather obtuse.
I have found Diplognatha Gagates common at Porto Praya in the Cape de Verds ; but I cannot say that it
is a flower-frequenting insect, as I never met with it except in the Cocoa-nut groves below the town, and

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. 23

always on the foliage of the underwood which grows beneath the Palms. The whole section of Diplog-
nathe Gagatesie is remarkable for having a thorax lobed behind like that of the genus Gymmnetinus.

Sub-genus 4. Gratuocsra, Kirby.

44, This is the genus Gnathocera of Kirby, as published in the Linnean Transactions ; but
it is not the genus G'nathocera of Gory. By the last entomologist our present groupe is called
Amphistoros, and although he has adopted the very same type for it as Mr. Kirby, namely,
the Cetonia elata of Fabricius, he has given Kirby’s name Gnathocera to another groupe !
This confusion has arisen from indolence, or rather from the usual unwillingness of the French
to consult original authorities. Mr. Kirby, not aware that the type of his new genus had
been described by Fabricius, called it Gnathocera vitticollis. But instead of reading Mr.
Kirby’s well-known papers, M. Gory appears to have merely consulted the catalogue of
M. Dejean, a work too full of this kind of error. The name Amphistoros, therefore, can never
be applied, unless perhaps to some hereafter-to-be-discovered section of this sub-genus; and
the groupe called “ Gnathocera” by Gory requires another name. [ shall, however, save
naturalists the trouble of inventing a new one, by adopting for Gory’s groupe the name
of Coruphes or Coryphe, which, according to what is stated in his introduction, he originally
intended to give to it.

45. The sub-genus Gnathocera is tolerably well marked out by Kirby, but by M. Gory the
parts of the mouth are badly described, and erroneously figured. The outer and inner lobe of
the maxilla are both furnished with about three or four small teeth in each. This curious
form of maxille, the dentated clypeus, the advanced mesosternum, and emarginate mentum,
all serve to separate G'nathocera from Diplognatha. As yet we only know one section of it,
which is from Intratropical Africa.

Sub-genus 5. Macroma, G. P. -

46. This is one of the most singular sub-genera of the Cetoniide yet known, so far as the
organs of the mouth are concerned ; but it shews that M. Gory neither understood the true
character of the family, nor had fully investigated the structure of the sub-genera, when he
distinguished the Cetoniide from the rest of Petalocera, by their having the mandibles
“rudimentary or even absent.” Here is a sub-genus, called “ Macroma” by Gory, which has
mandibles and maxille as strong, hard, and corneous as any melolonthidous insect. Still
they are but modifications of the usual manducatory organs of the Cetoniide. The maxille
and mentum are more accurately figured than usual by Gory; of the mandibles he says
nothing. These are shaped like those of Mechidius, only sharper; the membranaceous
subquadrate part being evanescent. The maxille have two strong teeth at the apex of the
inner lobe, and one strong sharp curved one holding the place of the terminal process. I
understand this maxilla to be that of Gnathocera, only modified in as far as that the several
teeth in each lobe of the latter sub-genus are here confluent, so as to form a maxilla which has
nothing resembling it among Petalocerous Coleoptera, unless it be that of Oplostomus,
Cryptodus, or Cremastocheilus. ‘There is no pencil of hair on the outside of the terminal process.
If Macroma javanica and M. bicolor of Gory belong to this sub-genus, as I believe they do,
then they will probably form distinct sections of it. The type of the sub-genera has hitherto been
brought from Senegal; but Dr. Smith having gone north within the tropics, has brought it also
from the extreme point of his journey. This is the more curious, as he was on the east coast, so

24 ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA.

that it appears to be an insect having a very wide range. But the truth is, that Dr. Smith has
brought many species which I find to be identical with those of Senegal, and some with those
even of Upper Egypt.
Sp. 16. (Macrominus) Macroma scutellata, Fad.
Macroma scutellaris, G. P. p. 148. tab, 23. fig. 4.

47. M. Gory assigns the name Macroma to Mr. Kirby. Iam not aware of the work in
which Mr. Kirby has published it, but, at all events, this would not seem to have been the
name given byhim to Macroma scutellata. If Mr. Hope be correct, the true Macroma of Mr. Kirby
is probably one of the sections of the sub-genus Schizorhina. Gory, in his “errata,” says, with a
ludicrous desire to be profoundly accurate, “Aux genres Macroma et Schyzorhina de Kirby il y
eu par mégarde une transposition de noms; ainsi nos Macroma sont les Schyzorhina de Kirby, et
les Schyzorhina de Kirby sont nos Macromes!” Now, this is rather unfortunately asserted,
since, as S. 4-punctata is the first species of the genus “ Schyzorhina” mentioned by Gory,
and S. atropunctata is Mr. Kirby’s type of his genus Schizorhina, (called Schyzorhina in
Dejean’s catalogue,) and since these two species are so close as to be scarcely more than
varieties, why it is very clear that the Macroma scutellaris of Gory is not a Schizorhina of
Karby, but that the Schizorhina of Kirby is the very same groupe as that mis-called
Schyzorhina by M. Dejean and his copier Gory. Whether Mr. Kirby be really acquainted
with the singular sub-genus Macroma, I know not; for Gory, when he attributes the institu-
tion of his “genus Macroma’’ to our venerable countryman, evidently follows his usual, sole,
and sovereign authority, Dejean’s Catalogue. I shall only say, that whoever first named this
sub-genera, pointed out a most natural and curious groupe.

48. We shall now return to the sub-genus Diplognatha, which has a quadrate clypeus and
a thorax that commences to be lobate behind. It has also the terminal process of the maxilla
clothed behind with a brush of hair, and armed with curved corneous teeth at the apex, while
one of its sections has an irregular clypeus. But all these characters belong to Philistina,
which is a sub-genus of my Gymetinus.

Genus 1V. GYMNETINUS, K.

This is a groupe which is distinguished by the middle of the thorax being produced behind
into a lobe that conceals the scutellum in a greater or less degree, sometimes even entirely.
It is a genus which has the mentum always emarginate, and, like Macrominus, is entirely
extra~European. None of the species, however, are found on the African Continent.* ‘This
genus answers to the family Gymnetide of Kirby, and Gymnetides of MM. Gory and
Percheron ; but it is not easy to discover the rules which these gentlemen have followed in
distinguishing families from genera, or whether mdeed they have had any rule at all, as they
rarely deign to characterize their groupes. All the sub-genera which I shall now proceed to
detail have the pseudonychia very distinct, except Agestrata and Lomaptera, where they
appear in some degree to be evanescent. I need scarcely say that I have not ascertained the
proper character by which to separate the normal from the aberrant groupe.

* T see no good reason for believing that the Cetonia strigosa of Fabricius is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. 25

Sub-qenera,
( Maxillz armed with corneous teeth. Scutellum distinct.
(1 Puruistiva, M‘L. y $ Clypeus porrect and bifid at apex. Q Clypeus
L quadrate, entire. India.
B.—Sides of the elytra in y i eer Ta Maxille armed with one corneous tooth. Scutellum
general parallel. ‘ ; |. visible. Clypeus quadrate and entire. India.

Maxille armed with no corneous tooth. Scutellum eva~-
3 LomapTeraA, G. P. f
i. nescent. Clypeus deeply cleft. India.

Pa Gansta, ML { Posterior margin of thorax as wide as elytra. Scutellum
d ; : *

A.—Sides of the elytra rarely Z
parallel.

evanescent. America and India.

{ Posterior margin of the thorax narrower than the elytra.

{
\5 Macronora, Wied. ae :
| Scutellum distinct. India and Madagascar.

49. In the Zoologisches Magazin, Band 2, Stiick 1, published in 1823, M. Wiedemann
described a Javanese insect under the name of Goliathus rhinophyllus. As such the insect
appears in Dejean’s Catalogue ; and I confess that when I first saw the species many years ago
in the collection of M. Bosc, at Paris, I also considered it to belong to the sub-genus
Goliathus. In the monograph of MM. Gory and Percheron, however, the insect is called
“ Macronata rhynophylia,” and Wiedemann is erroneously cited as the authority for this
double barbarism. These French naturalists are so far right in assigning our insect to the
sub-genus Macronota of Wiedemann, that it certainly comes much nearer to this groupe than to
Goliathus. M. Latreille seems, nevertheless, to have been the first who observed that it was not
a Goliathus. From this sub-genus it differs in the long corneous part of the mandibles, in the
maxille being armed with corneous teeth, in the mentum being very slightly emarginate, and
in various other particulars, so important as to prove to us that the obvious relation which this
Javanese insect bears to Goliathus is nothing more than one of analogy ; and on account of
this analogy I have assigned the species to the

Sub-genus 1. Puitistina, M‘L.

Antenne of ten joints, the scape being long and obconical, the second joint globose, larger
than the remainder, the three joints excepted that compose the long pear-shaped clava.

Labrum membranaceous, emarginate.

Mandibles having the corneous part sharp, lanceolate, and twice as long as the square mem-
branaceous part.

Mazxille short, prismatic, and terminating in three, if not more, sharp corneous teeth, which
are covered behind with a long pencil of hairs.

Mazillary palpi differmg in the sexes.

Labial palpi differmg in the sexes.

Mentum quadrate, truncated in front, and very little emarginate.

Clypeus produced into a long horn in male, and quadrate in female. Body depressed.
Thorax much narrower than elytra, and not very much lobed in the middle behind ;
in the male itis horned. Scutellum large, triangular. E/pimeron transversely distinct.
Mesosternum not produced. Anterior tibie in both sexes externally tridentate, and
with very long tarsi in the male. eet with plantula and pseudonychia very distinct.

Norte. As there is only one species known which is the “ Macronata rhynophylla” of Gory, it is very
E

26 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

probable that the above description is rather the character of a section than that of the sub-genus to which
this section belongs. I believe that this sub-genus contains many forms, all resembling Goliathus. Mr.
Hope, for instance, indicates, as a section, a genus called Juwmnos which may possibly come here. But I
know it not.

Sub-genus 2. AcustRata, Eschscholtz.

50. This groupe agrees with Philistina, inasmuch as the maxilla is armed with a corneous
tooth, which is covered with a long pencil of hairs, while the clypeus is quadrate and formed
like that of the female of the foregoing sub-genus. But here the mentum is deeply emargi-
nate, the mesosternum is advanced, the scutellum is minute, and the sexes differ in only one of
them having the anterior tibiz externally tridentate. The type is the common Agestrata
chinensis, and there is no other section as yet known, although Mr. Hope says that he is
acquainted with ten species.

Sub-genus 3. Lomaprara, G. P.

51. This sub-genus differs from Agestrata in having the clypeus and mentum deeply cleft,
while the maxilla terminates im a mere pencil of hairs, the mesosternum is produced into a
spine, and the scutellum disappears under the enormous sharp-pointed lobe of the thorax. In
neither this nor the preceding sub-genus are the pseudonychia very distinct. Lomaptera is a
groupe composed of beautiful insects, which appear to haye their metropolis in Timor and New
Guinea. A good type is the splendid Lomaptera bivittata of MM. Quoy and Gaimard. But
the truth is, that only one of the sections is known.

Sub-genus 4. Gymyzris, M‘L.

52. This sub-genus has the clypeus entire, and the quadrate mentum simply emarginate at
the front. Here, moreover, the scutellum altogether disappears under the great lobe of the
thorax. Only two American sections have as yet been characterised, viz. 1. SuB-coRNUTz,
of which the type is Gymmnetis nitida (Hore Entomologice, p. 153,) which may be charac-
terized by their sub-cornute clypeus, and very minute scutellum ; and 2. Marmorina, K., of
which the type is Gymnetis marmorea, (Zool. Journal, vol. 3. p. 153,) and which may be
distinguished by their simple clypeus, and their having no visible scutellum. But there are
other sections known, one at least of which is Asiatic.

Sub-genus 5. Macronota, Wiedemann.

53. MM. Gory and Percheron exhibit their acquaintance with the signification of this name
by always terming it “ MWacronata.” The sub-genus comes very close to Philstina. As in it,
the elytra are here much wider than the thorax, which is not deeply lobed, and the scutellum
is conspicuous, while the mesosternum is not far advanced. But, on the other hand, the
deeply emarginate mentum, and the maxilla without corneous teeth, serve to separate it from
Philistina, and to join it to G'ymnetis. Macronota is an extensive groupe, offering sections and
sub-sections. I am not aware, however, that any have been hitherto separated except the
genus Dorysceles of Dejean, which is merely a section of the sub-genus Macronota, and of which
the type is Macronota calcarata of Klug, which is a native of Madagascar. This section is to
be known from the rest of the sub-genus Wacronota by the clypeus bemg narrower at the
apex, and by the mentum not being so deeply emarginate. The male of the only known
species has two long spines inserted in the extremity of the posterior tibia, and articulating

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 27

with it, of which the inner one is curved, falciform, exceedingly acute, and nearly as long as the
whole tarsus.

54. As none of the above five sub-genera are found at the Cape—nor indeed in Africa—I
have no occasion to say more of them, than that all, except Philistina and Agestrata, have the
external process of the maxille membranaceous. Yet I have never seen the American species
of Gymnetis on flowers, but invariably have found them by beating the leaves of trees, out of
which they fall on the ground, as if dead, not moving a limb. I suspect that the other
sub-genera, from their superior brilliancy of colour, are more fond of flowers than Gymunetis.

55. From Lomaptera, the metropolis of which is New Guinea, and which has its clypeus
deeply bifid, we pass possibly by one of the sections unknown, to the New Holland groupe
Schizorhina, which also has the clypeus forked. But Schizorhina is a sub-genus of the

Genus V. CETONINUS, Mihi.

The thorax of Cetoninus is never lobed behind, but rather emarginate. The mandibles are
membranaceous, and the maxille scarcely ever armed with corneous teeth, but merely furnished
with a pencil of hairs. The females always have the anterior tibie externally dentated ; and
both sexes almost always have the epimeron prominent between the angles of thorax and elytra.
The species of this genus are found in all quarters of the globe, but particularly in Africa. In
America they are comparatively rare, the sub-genus Gymnetis of the preceding genus
Gymnetinus assuming their place there in the economy of nature. The following are the

Sub-qenera,

B.—Males having the an- (Clypeus emarginate in both sexes. Mentum somewhat

terior tibie without | } Sc#izormrna, K. | emarginate.

teeth, except where ) 2 Coryput, G. P. Clypeus not emarginate. Mentum not emarginate.
the insects are ex-

tremely close to the (3 Gorrarnus, Lam. Clypeus of males horned. Mentum deeply emarginate.
normal groupe.

A.-—Males having the ante- (4 Iscunostoma, G. P. Mentum not sub-quadrate, but generally convex in front.
rior tibie externally
dentated. [5 Crronia, G. P. Mentum sub-quadrate, and almost emarginate in front.

56. They who study natural history philosophically, must have observed with Fries how
strongly marked are those analogies which exist between the corresponding points of the two
parallel divisions of a normal groupe. Here the genera Cetoninus and Gymnetinus form the
normal groupe of the family of Cetoniide, and the analogies between their sub-genera are as
follow :—

1 LoMAPTERA. Clypeus cleft in both sexes. 1 ScHIzORHINA.
2 AGESTRATA. Males with unarmed anterior tibie. 2 CoryYPHE.

3 PHILISTINA. Males with a horned clypeus. 3 GoLIATHUS.

4 Macronora. Thorax narrower than elytra; feet long. 4 IscHNOSTOMA.
5 GYMNETIS, Body depressed ; feet short. 5 CETONIA.

Again the Sub-genera of Cetoninus represents the five Génera of the Family, thus :

ScuizorHiInA by its cleft clypeus represents Lomaptera of GYMNETINUS.
CorYPHE is a part of and the very perfection of CETONINUS.
GoLiaATHUS by the epimeron of the Ince represents TRICHINUS.
Iscunostoma by the convex mentum of the Celocephale CryPToDINUS.
CETONIA in exterior form agrees peculiarly with MAcROMINUS.
Norr. Thus we learn that although Cetonia be a normal sub-genus of Cetoninus, it does not repre-

E 2

28 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

sent it in the genus. In fact, no insects of this genus have such a peculiarly cetonine aspect, if I may use
the expression, as the brilliant species of Coryphe. But I proceed to the discussion of the sub-genera.

Sub-genus 1. Scuizoruina, Kirby.

57. This is remarkably like Zomaptera, for the clypeus in both sexes is more or less cleft.
The mesosternum, in like manner, is often prominent and acute. The females have the anterior
tibie externally tridentate, but the males have them without teeth. The maxille are long, with
the terminal lobe also long and villose. The mentum is more or less emarginate ; and the groupe
is almost peculiar to New Holland and the adjacent islands. The species called Schizorhina
Brownii by Kirby is evidently the nearest to Lomaptera, as it presents vestiges of the lobate
thorax. There are five sections known, for which the following names may serve in want of
better :—

SECTIONS OF SCHIZORHINA.

(Cb cases oe eb Mesosternum produced, narrow, flat. Elytra spinose at

ce T S. B ii, K.
A.—Elytra broader at their SEES Pe mae
base. (Mesosternum broad, flat, lanciform. Elytra with subsi-
2 Puiniipsra, M‘L. nuated sides and spinose at apex.
Type, S. Phillipsti, Schreibers.

Mesosternum short, flat. Clypeus rather entire. Elytra
(3 IntEeRa&, M‘L. with sinuated sides and no spines at apex.

Type, S. frontalis, Don.

rca co

Mesosternum produced, flat. Cl . eus emarginate. Elytra
B.—Elytra not broader at : / ve : sf

base 4 GyMNoPLEeURz, M‘L. with sinuated sides and no spines at apex.

Type, S. punctata, Don.

Mesosternum produced, narrow, cylindrical. Clypeus emar-

LS Insuztarges, M‘L, ginate. Hlytra spinous at apex, and with parallel sides.

co ca

Type, S. cyanea, Oliv.

Nore. As none of the above sections occur in Africa, I shall say little of them, except that Gory
erroneously confounds the Cetonia carinata of Donovan with the C. Phillipsti of Schreibers. Being
in possession of the identical specimens described by the latter naturalist in the Linnean Transactions, I
have the means of judging; but I must confess that the two species come very near to each other.

The last section, which I have called Insutares because they are in general natives of Mada-
gascar or of the islands adjacent to New Holland, has a narrow advanced mesosternum —
elytra with parallel sides, and which are spinose at apex. The inner process of the maxilla
in these insects has no tooth, and their mentum is deeply emarginate. All these circum-
stances, and others, such as their peculiar colours, and the females having the anterior tibice
externally tridentate, show us how we may pass to the next sub-genus, which however will be
found to have the clypeus never cloven.

Sub-genus 2. CorypuE, G. P.

58. This, as I have already stated, is called the genus G'nathocera of Kirby, in the monograph
of Gory and Percheron. Now, as I have shown this to be an error borrowed from Dejean’s
Catalogue, and as the present groupe is an excellent one, which had previously been named
“ Coruphes’ by M. Gory, on account, as he says, of its carinated vertex, I think no one will
object to his first nomenclature, unless perhaps they may think it necessary to correct his

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 29

spellmg, which certainly ought to be Coryphe or Coryphea. I prefer the former word, as it
appears to be what M. Gory was aiming at; and, besides, means a lady’s ornament, for which
purpose, in fact, some of the brilliant species of this sub-genus serve in the Phillippine islands.*
It is true that Dr. Leach gave this name “ Corypha” to a groupe of Staphylinide ; but it has
never been adopted, so far as I know; and Gory has certainly the right to name a groupe of
which he first pointed out very nearly the true limits. It is distinguished from Schizorhina by
the porrected mesosternum diverging from the prothorax, by its often carinated vertex, and
clypeus always entire in front. From the sub-genus Goliathus, to which it is exceedingly
close, this sub-genus may be known by the maxille having the terminal process shorter and in
a line with the base, and by the mentum being more truncated, but, above all, by the horny
part of the mandibles being much longer than the square membranaceous part. The males
scarcely ever have any teeth on the external side of their anterior tibiee, and when they possess
such teeth it is merely because they belong to aberrant species.

SECTIONS OF CORYPHE.

{en having the inner process generally unidentate.

Cy Naricr#, Dup. Thorax not semicircular. ¢ Clypeus sometimes horned

B.—Mentum emarginate. @ or bifurcate. India. Type, Cetonia MacLeaii, K.
with anterior tibie exter- (Maxilla having the inner process unidentate. Thorax
nally bidentate, rarely tri-\ 2 Dicuros, G. P. semicircular. ¢ clypeus bifurcate. Indian Islands.
dentate. Type, C. bicornis, Lat.

Asiatic Insects. ( Maxilla having no tooth on the inner process. Thorax not
(3 Ruomporuina, H. 2 semicircular. ¢ with clypeus generally horned. Asia.
L Type, C. Hardwickii, G. P.
Maxilla with no tooth on the inner process. @ anterior
(4 Scuuppretiia, M‘L, < tibiz externally tridentate. Southern Africa.
A.—Mentum not emarginate. | L Type, C. suturalis, Fab.
African Insects. 4 ( Maxilla with its inner process unidentate. 9 anterior
| 5 CHLoRocALaz, K. 2 tibize without teeth. Tropical Africa.
L
L Type, C. Iris, Fab.

I have named one of these sections after a prominent species. Mr. Kirby indicated another
under the name of Chlorocala, as did Mr. Hope another under the term Rhomborhina. The
second section in the above list is what MM. Gory and Percheron term their genus
“ Dicheros.” And as for the first, M. Dupont has some right to name it, since one of the
imsects he calls “ Varycius” appears to belong to it.

59. With respect, then, to the section Narycrm of Dupont, I would observe, that it is
remarkable for its brilliant green colouring, which is sometimes rendered still more vivid by
spots of some different hue. The groupe is entirely Indian, and the Coryphe MacLeaii (the
Cetonia Mac Leai of Kirby) seems to be its best type. Here I may remark, that the Gnatho-
cera MacLeati of Gory is not the Cetonia MacLeaii of Kirby. In the latter species the black
discal spot of the thorax does not touch its hinder margin, and besides the clypeus of the
male has not two parallel horns proceeding from its sides, but only one short vertical horn,
something like that of the well-known insect Coryphe flavomaculata, Fab. The Gnathocera
MacLeaii of Gory ought therefore to retain the trivial name it originally received from its disco-
verer Eschscholtz, and be henceforth called Coryphe pretiosa. But this species, together with
the insect called Narycius olivaceus by Dupont, and the beautiful Cetonia guttata of Olivier,

* See Linn. Trans. vol. 12. p. 409.

30 ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

appear to be aberrant in the section, and to connect it with the following one called Diceros.
The following species indeed may perhaps represent so many sub-sections :—

{1 Cetonia elegans, Fab. Colour green. & Clypeus with no horn.
(2 Cetonia MacLeaii, K. Colour green with black spots. ¢ Clypeus with a short vertical horn.
[ 3 Cetonia pretiosa, Esch. Colour green with black spots. ¢ Clypeus with two lateral horns.
< 4 Cetonia guttata, Oliv. Colour green and red with white spots. ¢ Clypeus with two lateral horns.

5 Narycius olivaceus, Dup. Colour green. ¢ Clypeus with two lateral horns.

60. With respect to the section DiceRos, it is true that MM. Gory and Percheron have made
a genus of it; but except a slight difference in the form of the thorax, and the colour, we find
little to distinguish the groupe from the section Waricia, which I have founded on the badly
characterized groupe which has been called Narycius by Dupont. The organs of the mouth
are the same in both. However, there are as yet only two species described of the section
Diceros; namely, the Cetonia bicornis of Latreille, a Timor insect, which is figured in the
fourth volume of the first edition of Cuvier’s Regne Animal, and the Dicheros decorus of Gory,
which is a Javanese insect. The Cetonia bicornis of Latreille is called “ bicornuta’’ by Gory,
and, what is singular enough, is erroneously assigned by Mr. Kirby to his own genus Gnathocera.

61. The type of the third section RaomBorutna is the G'nathocera Hardwichii of Gory, a
Nepaul insect, which is horned, and comes very near to the Goliathus 4-maculatus of Africa.
The difference between them consists in both sexes of Coryphe Hardwichit having the clypeus
alike, and in the female having the anterior tibie externally bidentate. Although I am not
acquainted with the insect, I suspect that the Goliathus opalinus of Gory, which Mr. Hope
is said to have made the type of his groupe Zrigonophora, will eventually be found to form
a sub-section of Rhomborhine, where the female has a simple clypeus. And I have reason
to suspect, moreover, that the insect called “Jumnos Ruckert” in Mr. Hope’s Coleopterist’s
Manual, forms still another sub-section of the Rhomborhine, which comes yet nearer to the
sub-genus Goliathus than either of the former sub-sections, and osculates with it. All the
species of this section are Asiatic.

62. The fourth section, ScuiprELiia, is African, and may be easily known by the sharp
prominent sternum, and by the anterior tibie of the males being without teeth, while those of
the females have externally three. This groupe will admit of sub-sections, of which the
following insects appear to be types.

A, —Males without teeth on (1 Cetonia flavomaculata, Fab. & with clypeus horned.

the outer side of an-J 2 Cetonia tenia, P. B. $ with clypeus simple. Posterior tibiee without a tooth.
terior tibie. (3 Cetonia umbonata, Klug. & with clypeus simple. Posterior tibiz unidentate.

B.—Males having the ante- (4 Cetonia suturalis, Fab.
rior tibie somewhat
bidentate. [5 Cetonia * * * *

63. Dr. Smith has brought home the type of the first of the foregoing sub-sections, viz. :—

Sp. 17. (Cetoninus) Coryphe flavomaculata, Lad.
Gnathocera flavomaculata, G. P. p. 189. tab. 21. fig. 5.

Norr. MM. Gory and Percheron have only described the female. ‘The male has a short horn on the
vertex, and the apex of its clypeus is recurved and emarginate. The male has also its anterior tibice
without teeth. By the way, the trivial name of this common species ought to be “ demaculata,” for no
less an entomologist than Degeer originally described and figured it under this name. If this change be
adopted, the Oetonia bimacula, Wiedem., which if it be the same as the Gnathocera bimaculata of Gory,
appears to belong to some sub-section of Diceros, may then be called Coryphe Wiedemanni.

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 31

64. Of the second sub-section of Schiippellie, Dr. Smith has also brought home one
species, which M. Gory confounded with the Cetonia Tenia of Palisot de Beauvois. I
happen to possess both species, and find them to be quite distinct. In the true Coryphe Tenia
the margin of the thorax is not yellow, while the body is wider than that of the new Cape
species, and the colour more viridi-zeneous. I shall honour my new species with the name of
the distinguished philosopher to whom Dr. Smith’s expedition was so much indebted. It will
also commemorate his uncle, who was a meritorious entomologist, particularly attached to the
study of Coleoptera. I may here observe, that M. Gory has only described the male.

Sp. 18. Cetoninus) Coryphe Herschelii, 7. s.
Descr. Coryphe olivaceo-enea nitida, corpore subtus thoracisque margine rufescentibus, elytris
fascia emarginata flava notatis, tibiis tarsisque nigris.
Gnathocera tenia, G. P. p. 138. tab. 21. fig. 4.
Lone. 11 lines.

65. Of the third sub-section of Schiippelliz, Dr. Smith has collected the type.
Sp. 19. (Cetoninus) Coryphe umbonata, Klug.
¢ Gnathocera umbonata, G. P. p. 141. tab. 21. fig. 4.
@ Cetonia propinqua, G. P. p. 265. tab. 51. fig. 3.

Norr. Here MM. Gory and Percheron appear to have described the male and female as different
genera. The female has a simple quadrate clypeus, and the anterior tibie tridentate. According to
M. Gory, she comes from Mexico. However this may be, Dr. Smith has brought her also from the
Cape of Good Hope, from whence M. Verreaux has also brought me the male.

66. The fourth sub-section, as yet, has only been found in intratropical Africa. Its type is
Coryphe suturalis, Fab., which resembles C. umbonata exceedingly in colour and markings ;
but the body is narrower, and this insect leads us to the Coryphe bimacula, Wiedem., by the
affinity of transultation.

67. I now proceed with the sections of Coryphe, as the fifth, which Mr. Kirby has called
CuiLorocaL#, has not yet been particularly noticed. The Coryphe Africana, Fab., is a very
good type of this groupe, which is entirely African and intratropical. It comes very near to
the Asiatic section “ WVaricie,” and like it, is remarkable for its brilliant green colouring, only
here this colouring is pure and without spots. But we must now return to the aberrant section
“ Rhomborhine,” as it leads us to what may be deemed the principes Coleopterorum.

Sub-genus 3. GouiatHus, Lamarck.

As this is perhaps the most beautiful groupe of Coleoptera known, and as one of the sections
consists of the largest as well as rarest insects that can grace our cabinets, I shall give a briet
view of all the species of the sub-genus which are known to me. The males have the clypeus
always horned, but the thorax never; which, by the way, will distinguish Goliathus from Philis-
tina. The maxilla has rarely any corneous teeth, and its terminal lobe, crowned with a pencil
of hair, is always bent inwards at right angles toits back. The corneous lobe of the mandible
is very short, and rarely longer than the square membranaceous part. The mentum is deeply
emarginate or bilobed.* The males have the anterior feet elongated, while the females have
the anterior tibie always externally tridentate. The three species called by MM. Gory and
Percheron Goliathus heros, Goliathus Melly, and Goliathus opalinus, appear all to belong to
the last sub-genus Coryphe, although they undoubtedly approach very closely to that section

* Professor Klug describes it as trilobed in the female of his Goliathus regius, but this is probably a mistake.

32 ON THE CETONIIDEA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

of Goliathus, which I shall call Smithii, after my friend Dr. Smith. There is another species
mentioned by M. Schonnherr, and described in his appendix under the name of Cetonia geotru-

pina, which I am clearly of opinion belongs to the sub-genus Ischnostoma, and to the section
of it called by me Celocephale.

SECTIONS OF GOLIATHUS.

(Thorax semicircular and truncated behind. Body de-
1 Surrarr, ML ' pressed. ¢ anterior tibie internally multidentate, the
teeth very minute, sometimes evanescent.

Tropical Africa.
B.—Male having the anterior |

ne : (Thorax trapezoidal and truncated behind. Body depres-
tibize never like those | ge, §
2 Hoprneri, M‘L. sed. ¢ anterior tibie without any teeth.
of the female. , ;
1 North Tropical America.

Thorax sub-lobate behind. Body sub-convex. ¢ ante-

\3 Gicanter, M‘L. rior tibize without any teeth.

Tropical Africa.

Anterior femur with a spine on the inside at the extre-

mity. Epimeron not prominent between the angles of

A.—Male having the anterior the thorax and elytra.

tibie externally den-
tated like those of
female. |

fy Inca, Lep. & S.

South Tropical America.

Thorax circular. Body depressed. Anterior femur with
no spine on the inside at the extremity. Epimeron

prominent between the angles of thorax and elytra.

f
i
{Thorax rather circular, lobate behind. Body convex.
|
oy
|
U
(
L5 DicRoNOcEPHALI, H. J

Tropical Asia.

Section 1. SmrrHit.

68. This section inhabits intratropical Africa. It may be easily known by having the elytra
wider at the base, by having the body very depressed, by the thorax being nearly truncated
behind, or, at least, being only slightly emarginate, to receive the scutellum. In short, this
groupe comes very close to the general form and colouring of the sub-genus Coryphe, and
the female indeed, not having a horned clypeus, can with difficulty be distinguished from it.
The males have almost always the anterior tibia denticulated on the inside. The Goliathi
Smithit have a quadrate head, and admit of the following sub-sections, which I shall not name,
as my object is merely to shew their structure and affinities :—

Sub-sections. Types.
Wi. «Vidleg having the sauee? 1 ¢ Clypeus with a single porrected simple horn. G. torquatus, Drury.

rior tibie externally 2 ¢ Clypeus with three horns, the middle one diverging

tridentate. or bifid at the apex. rG@. Polyphemus, Fab.

(Mecynoruina, Hope.)
(3 ¢ Anterior tibie internally denticulated ; last joint of

the anterior tarsus with a brush on the inside above

G. micans, Fab.
the unguis.

B. — Males having the ante- (DicronorHina, Hope.)
rior tibie externally) 4 g Anterior tibie internally denticulated; last joint of @. Smithii, ML.
without teeth. the anterior tarsus without a brush.

5 ¢ Anterior tibie having no teeth externally or in-

G. 4-maculatus, Oliv.
ternally.

sy) NS Se

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 33

Sp. 20. (Cetoninus) Goliathus torquatus, Drury.

Descr. Goliathus velutino-viridis ; vertice, thoracis margine antico, vittis duabus triangularibus
anticis abbreviatis, elytrorum lineis duabus marginalibus interruptis maculisque octo sutura-
libus albescentibus, pygidio viridi maculis duabus albis, corpore infra viridicupreo, tarsis nigris.

g Capite albo, clypei cornu simplice porrecto subrecurvo apice acuto.
g Clypeo quadrato simplice.
Scarabeus torquatus, Drury, III. p. 60. tab. 44. fig. 1.
Cetonia collaris, Schonnherr, Syn. Ins. 1. 3. p. 127. 36.
Lone. 32. lines.

Nort. The original specimen was a female badly described and figured by Drury. It is now in my
cabinet. Drury says that it was received from Sierra Leone. Within these few days Mr. Strachan has
brought the male from that colony. It differs from all the other known males of Goliathus in not having
the horn of the clypeus bifid. I am ignorant of the grounds upon which Schénnherr assumed the right to
change Drury’s unobjectionable specific name.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Polyphemus, Fad.
Descr. Goliathus velutino-viridis, thorace quinque-lineato linea media abbreviata, elytris maculis
albis seriatim dispositis.
g Capite tricorni cornu medio porrecto apice bifido
2 Incognita.
Cetonia Polyphemus, Oliv. Ins. tab. 8. fig. 61.
Lone. 30 lines.

Nore. An unique specimen of this rare and valuable insect was for many years the chief ornament of
the Entomological Cabinet bequeathed by the late Sir Joseph Banks to the Linnean Society. It was the
male described by Fabricius and figured by Olivier. This specimen however appears to have been stélen
since the insects of the Banksian Cabinet were arranged in 1826 by the late Messrs. Bennett and
Haworth. MM. Gory and Percheron state that their figure of the male is from a specimen in their pos-
session. The above description of the species is compiled from the works of Fabricius, Olivier, and Gory.
There appears however to be more than one specimen known, for Mr. Melly of Liverpool assures me that
an insect of this species was lately exhibited for sale at Glasgow, and purchased by Sir William Hooker
the Professor of Botany. Mr. Hope, however, is of opinion that Sir W. Hooker's species is different.
Perhaps it is the male of G. torquatus. The above two normal sub-sections differ from the following
aberrant sub-sections in not having the vitreous lustre of these last, but on the contrary, having a

velvetty aspect.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus micans, Drury.
Descr. Goliathus viridi-nitens, antennis palpis tarsisque nigris.
g Clypeo lateribus unispinosis, cornu medio porrecto recurvo apice bifido.
Q Clypeo simplice quadrato.
Scarabeus micans, Drury, II. p. 59. tab. 32. fig. 3.
Lone. 25 lines.

Nore. Both male and female are in my cabinet. I may here observe that the species is truly African,
and that in Mr. Kirby’s Introduction to Entomology, 2d edit. vol. iv. p. 506, G. micans is erroneously
mentioned in place of G'. Inca.—I have lately seen another species of the same sub-section larger than
this, in the possession of Mr. Strachan who brought it from Sierra Leone. It is quite new, and differs
from Goliathus micans in a broader form and in the clypeus being entirely black. The horn of the male is
also quite different, approaching more closely to that of a Ooryphe. I believe that gentleman intends to
describe it.

34 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus splendens, x. s.
Desor. Goliathus viridi-nitens, thorace punctis duobus ceruleis, elytris vix striatis lined obliqua
humerali ceerulea.
g Clypeo lateribus bispinosis, cornu medio porrecto recurvo apice bifido.
2 Incognita.
Lone. corp. 24 lines.

The male is in my cabinet. It is a species that comes very close to G. micans, and belongs
to the same sub-section. Mr. Hope has given the name Dicronorhina to this sub-
section ; but for such minute groupes as the present, generic names are useless. Our grand
object ought to be to demonstrate their affinities.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Grallii, Buquet.
Desor. Goliathus viridi-micans, elytris flavo-circumdatis.
¢ Capite tricorni, clypei cornu medio porrecto recurvo ad basin brunneo, caule rufo bifido
ramis divergentibus extus arcuatis reflexis apicibus dentatis.
2 Incognita.
Goliathus Grallii, Aun. de la Soc. Ent. vol. vi. p. 201. tab. 5. fig. 3.
Lone. corp. 15 lines.

Note. This species I only know from the above description and figure of M. Buquet, who says that it
was brought, as he believes, from Western Africa.

Sp. 20. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Smithii, n. s.

Dusor. Goliathus vertice thorace scutelloque viridi-olivaceis, clytris testaceis sutura margine
maculisque duabus humeralibus duabus apicalibus abdominisque lateribus nigris; corpore
infra ano pedibusque rufis, femoribus anticis intus hirsutie obtectis.

¢ Capite tricorni, clypei cornu medio porrecto recurvo rufo apice bifido, ramis divergentibus
rectis.
¢ Capite quadrato simplice, clypeo rufo.
Lone. corp. 16 lines.

Nore. This elegant species is now for the first time introduced to the notice of entomologists. Dr.
Smith discovered it near the Tropic of Capricorn, and I have given it his name, as being that of a
naturalist to whom every department of Zoology is most deeply indebted.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Daphnis, Buquet.

Descr. Goliathus vertice thorace scutelloque viridi-micantibus, elytris aurantiis sutura viridi
margine maculisque duabus humeralibus duabus apicalibus nigris, corpore infra femoribusque
viridibus, tibiis brunneis, tarsis nigris.

$ Capite tricorni, clypei commu medio brunneo porrecto recurvo bifido ramis extus arcuatis.
Q@ Capite quadrato clypeo viridi.
Goliathus Daphnis, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. vol. iv. p. 186. tab. 2. fig. 3-4.
Lone. corp. 14 lines.

Nore. This species is a native of Senegal, and I only know it from the above description and figure.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus quadrimaculatus, Olie.
Dasor. Goliathus capite lato quadrato, thorace scutello corporeque subtus viridi-nitentibus,
clypeo elytris femoribusque supra viridibus fulvo-micantibus, elytris maculis duabus hume-
ralibus duabusque apicalibus nigris, pygidio fulvo.

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. 390

¢ Clypeo antice concavo, cornu medio brevi recurvo apice dilatato triangulum obversum
simulante.
Q Clypeo quadrato antice subsinuato.
Cetonia quadrimaculata, Oliv. tab. 8. fig. 73.
Gnathocera 4-maculata, G. P. p. 131. tab. 19. fig. 4.
Lone. corp. 12 lines.

Nore. Messrs. Gory and Percheron have figured the female from Mr. Hope's collection, taking it for a
Coryphe (or as they erroneously call it, Gnathocera) to which sub-genus all the females of the Smithian
section of Goliathi, so nearly approach. Olivier, Fabricius, and Schénnherr, seem also to have known
only the female. On the other hand I possess only the male, and as my specimen has lost the last joint
of all its tarsi, I cannot say whether the last joint of the anterior tarsus has a brush on the inside above
the ungues or not. The species comes close on the confines of the following sub-section, as may be seen
by the structure of the anterior tibize of the male, which are not multidentate on the inside, according to
the rule of. the Goliathi Smithii in general. My friend Mr. Hope says that this species is identical with
the Goliathus Daphnis of M. Buquet; but the last named entomologist is nevertheless right in consider-
ing the two to be distinct species, since the horns of the clypeus of the males are different as well as their
anterior tibie. Goliathus Daphnis in fact belongs to the same section as G. Smithiz, and beautifully
connects that species with the Goliathus 4-maculatus. So true it is, that while analysis is necessary for
correct synthesis, sometimes also synthesis conducts us to correct analysis.

Section 2. Héprnertt.

69. This section I only know by M. Gory’s description and figure of an insect from Mexico,
in the collection of the Count Dejean, and called by him Goliathus Hopfneri. It seems to
me to belong truly to the sub-genus Goliathus, differmg from the section of Smithii, in the
form of its head, and from the Gigantei in the form of its thorax, which is neither convex nor
lobated behind in the middle.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Hopfneri, Dej.
Descr. Goliathus clypeo nigro, corpore subtus thoraceque obscuris villo flavescente obtectis, elytris
rufo-brunneis nigro-carinatis, femoribus subtus fulvis.

g Clypeo porrecto dilatato bifido, vertice transverso elevato, ramisque divergentibus,

$

Goliathus Hopfneri, Dej. Cat. Ed. 3. p. 188.
Goliathus Hopfner, GP. p. 154. tab. 26. fig. 2.

Norse. An unique specimen of the male is said to be in the collection of M. Dejean, and from Gory’s
description of it I have ventured to compile the preceding character. Little value however ought to be
assioned to compilations of this kind, or indeed to any description which is not founded on actual inspec-
tion. I hope, therefore, that Comte Dejean will favour us soon with a detailed description and accurate

figure.

Section 38. G1GANTEI.

70. These of all insects are the most esteemed by collectors, because they are exceedingly
rare, and at the same time most conspicuous for their size and beauty. Even the rich
collection of M. Dejean contains no specimen according to the last edition of his catalogue.
I have known fifty guineas asked for Goliathus giganteus, and a specimen now in my col-
lection is known formerly to have cost 29/. This section of the sub-genus is distinct from all
the others, and, indeed, from all the other sections of the genus Cetoninus, in having the

F 2

36 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

terminal lobe of the maxilla armed on the inside at the middle with a corneous tooth. We
thus have a character which clearly proves that these gigantic insects are aberrant, and that
they pass off by the affinity of transultation to the genus Macrominus, of which the maxilla,
internally toothed, is an essential character. The gigantic Goliathi are, at first sight, easily
distinguished from the Hopfnerit by their back being convex, and they are known from that
other section of the sub-genus which MM. Lepelletier and Serville have called Inca by the
large and conspicuous axillary pieces or epimera of the mesothorax, (See Zool. Journal, vol. v.
p- 165.) which intervene between, what is, to speak accurately, the prothorax and the
shoulders of the elytra. The Goliathi Gigantei have a strong plantula* between the ungues
of the anterior feet, and probably it exists in all‘ the feet. Unfortunately, my specimens,
although good, are not in this respect thoroughly uninjured, and thus I am also ignorant
whether the plantule be attended or not with pseudonychia. The feet are all black, but the
four posterior tibiee are along the inside fringed with a close fulvous down, while the males
have the anterior tibie thus lined only half way. The abdomen beneath is more or less
covered with the same close down. The mesosternum is advanced, broad and pointed, some-
thing like a gothic arch. It is difficult to imagine how insects so large and weighty, can
possibly live on flowers; at least the corolla, which would receive in its bosom any species of
this section, must necessarily approach in size to that of the Raffiesta. These gigantic Goliathi
may possibly live therefore on the juices that exude from the wounds of trees. One thing is
sure, namely, that the penicilliform structure of the back of the terminal process of their
maxille proves that they do live on juices of some kind. This section is confined to intra-
tropical Africa, and, as far as I am aware, only two females of it have ever as yet been brought
to Europe. There are, indeed, only five species of the section, with certainty known; and of
all these five, I believe specimens may be seen in Great Britain. I shall now take the oppor-
tunity of distinguishing them, since some peculiar circumstances attending this magnificent
groupe, give me the means of communicating information that certainly no other person
possesses ; and because I have now before me the very specimens described by Drury and
Linneus, and upon which specimens the genus Goliathus of Lamarck was originally
founded.
Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Drurii, West.
Descr. Goliathus niger, capite thoracisque vittis quinque elytrorum ferrugineorum basi scutello-
que medio albis, vitteeque thoracicee marginalis macula nigra.
g Clypeo albo, lateribus unidentatis: dente laté emarginato, cornu medio porrecto bifido: ramis
nigris divergentibus arcuatis apice dilatatis oblique truncatis.
@ Incognita.
Scarabeus Goliathus, Drury, vol. i. tab. 31.
-, Linn. Syst. Nat. Mant. p. 530.
Cetonia Goliathus, Oliv. tab. 1. fig. 33.
Lone. 3 inches 6 lines.

Nors. The above synonyms of the male are, I believe, the only original ones founded on actual inspection
of the insect. The other writers who have touched on the subject, and they are not a few, have merely
known the species from the above figures. Now the original specimen, from which all the above notices
were taken, existed unique in Drury’s collection, and was the first species of the Gigantic section ever
published. I therefore consider it as the type. The specimen was found dead, and floating down the river

* Professor Klug and Mr. Hope, who have given us figures and descriptions of the only two females of the section
hitherto known, make not the slightest allusion to the existence of plantule.

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA. 37

Gaboon, which is nearly on the equator, in front of the Isla de Principe. It passed by the public sale of
Drury’s Cabinet finally into that of my father, so that I am now in possession of the original specimen of
this, as well as of the still more magnificent species Goliathus giganteus, with which it has in general
been confounded, I+ has long been labelled in my cabinet as Goliathus typus ; but I understand that in
a new edition of Drury, lately published, Mr. Westwood has called it G. Druri. I need scarcely say
that MM. Gory and Percheron are mistaken when they assert that ‘Les types origmaux du genre
Goliath ne se trouvent dans aucune collection.” Drury’s figure of G. Drurii is good, except that it is
coloured much too highly.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus regius, Klug.

Descr. Goliathus subtus nigro-olivaceus, supra nigro-piceus, elytris ad suturam late, margine,
scutello utrinque, thoracisque vittis quinque albis, harum media discali brevi tenui fusiformi,
reliquis marginem thoracis posticum attingentibus, vittis marginalibus macula nigra.

é Ineditus.
2 Capite nigro simplice subquadrato, angulis anticis rotundatis lunulisque ad basin duabus albis.
Goliathus regius, Klug. Catalogue of Animals and Plants collected by A. Erman in
his Voyage Round the World, p. 36. n. 87. tab. 15. fig. 7.
Lone. corp. 3 inches 6 lines.

Norte. Professor Klug of Berlin has given us, in a work published in 1835, an excellent figure and
elaborate description of the female of this new species, which was brought by Erman from the Isla de
Principe in the Bight of Benin, and is now deposited in the Royal Museum of Berlin. As far as my recol-
lection will now serve me, I believe it was a specimen of the male of this species which last year, under
the name of “ Goliathus magnus,” was exhibited to a meeting of the British Association by Mr. Frederic
Taylor of Liverpool. Goliathus regius comes exceedingly close to the next species Goliathus giganteus,
and indeed principally differs from it in being of less size, and in the markings of the thorax, which are
very distinct. ‘The elytra are wonderfully alike in both, but the pure white scutellum of G. giganteus,
and its white thorax, with six more or less abbreviated black longitudinal bands, may at once separate it
from the present species G. regius, where the scutellum is black, having only a white mark on each side,
and where the black thorax has five white longitudinal bands, of which the fusiform middle one neither
reaches to the neck on one side, nor to the scutellum on the other, but is placed exactly in the middle.
G. regius is at once to be known from G. Drurii, by the colour of the elytra. It is singular that Klug
should have accurately separated this species from Drury’s figure (vol. 3. tab. 40.) of G. giganteus, and
yet have erroneously confounded G. Drurit with G. giganteus, although these are far more distinct. We
may thus see, however, the advantage of the inspection of specimens over that of figures.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus giganteus, Lam.

Dezscr. Goliathus subtus nigro-olivaceus, supra rosaceo-albus, thoracis vittis sex, exterioribus bre-
vioribus, elytrorum vitta discali lata foveolaque minuta versus suturam mediam irregulari
nigris.

g Clypeo albo lateribus unidentatis ; dente laterali lato truncato, cornu medio porrecto bifido
ramis nigris divergentibus apice dilatatis posticé acuminatis.
2 Incognita.
Scarabeus Goliathus, var.? Drury, vol. iii. tab. 40.
Cetonia Goliathus, var. (3. Oliv. tab. 9, fig. 33.
Be Lone corp. 34 inches.

Note. According to Drury, the specimen now before me came from Sierra Leone. I have seen another
specimen of the male from that colony, of which a most wretched figure has been lately published in
London, under the title of “Cetonia Golianthus.” Drury’s figure, on the other hand, is excellent in every
respect. This entomologist suspected it to be a different species from that now called G. Drurii, by

38 ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

the editor of a late edition of Drury’s work. Fabricius, Olivier, Lamarck, and Klug, have all confounded
the two foregoing species, and made them one, although the two first entomologists must have seen both
specimens, although the original describer suspected them to be distinct ; and although they will to the
eye of any modern entomologist who inspects them, appear totally different from each other. The
bifurcation of the extremity of the clypeus in the male, is of a different form from that of Goliathus
Drurvi, masmuch as the latter is curved backwards so as to resemble the Greek letter Y, whereas in
G. giganteus it resembles more the letter Y. The marking, colour, and size, are also so different, that
one is really amused to find Klug, in a late publication,* gravely laying down a theory to account for the
two unique insects of Drury’s Collection forming only one species. It is true that he never saw them;
but he read in Drury’s work that the former of these species (Goliathus Drurii,) was found dead, and
floating on the surface of the river Gaboon. Catching at this fact, in the “ Verzeichniss von Thieren und
Pflanzen,” which were collected by Adolph Erman in his voyage round the world, Klug says that the
identity of the two species being fully proved by Drury’s figures, which represent the clypeus porrected
in both beetles, and the colouring of the thorax not essentially distinct, no regard ought to be paid
by us to the very different colouring of the elytra, since the specimen figured by Drury, vol. i. t. 31.,
having been found dead in the water, may have lost its original white covering, and may thus appear to us
now of a brown colour. Such reasoning is certainly ingenious, but the colouring of the thorax is very
distinct, and, I will venture to say, that the clypeus will be found bifid and porrected even in the male
of G. regius when known; and besides, I have pointed out sufficient differences to make it certain that
Drury was right when he suspected his two unique specimens to belong to different species. I am not
much inclined to adopt Lamarck’s trivial name “giganteus,” because he applied it to both species,
G. Drurit and this; nor can I adopt Klug’s trivial name “ dmperialis,” for, in fact this is in like
manner applied by its author to an imaginary being, made up of the two foregoing species united,
which, be it observed, neither he nor Lamarck ever saw. In my specimen of G. giganteus there are two
small black spots on the hinder part of the thorax which is quite white, the two middle vitte being
abbreviated. In the other specimen which I have seen, the two middle black vittee reach to the hinder
margin of the thorax, and the two small black spots above mentioned become connected with the other
vittee on each side. Mr. Kirby, in his Introduction to Entomology, vol. iv. p. 506, alludes to some
private letter of mine to him, in which mention was made of Goliathus giganteus. I suppose, there-
fore, that at the time of writing that letter, I assigned the name which Lamarck has given both to
G. Drurii and this, to the latter species alone.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Cacicus, Oliv.
Descr. G'oliathus niger, thorace flavescente vittis sex abbreviatis nigris, exterioribus brevioribus,
scutello flavo, elytris albido-glaucis margine maculaque humerali subtriangulari nigris.
$ Clypeo albo lateribus unidentatis, dente lato truncato, cornu medio porrecto bifido ramis nigris
divergentibus apice dilatatis obliqué truncatis.

¢ Incognita.
Scarabeus Cacicus, Voet. Col. tab. 22. fig. 151.
Cetonia Cacicus, Oliv. tab. 3. fig. 22.

Lone. corp. 3 Inches 6 lines.

Notr. This insect, like the last, is truly from Africa, as Professor Klug perceived. The first
describers of it, however, made it to be an American species, and so dubbed it “a Cacique.” The
original specimen is said to be at Glasgow in the Hunterian Museum. I believe Mr. Hope possesses one
in spirits, and I have seen another in the National Museum at Paris. Of this last we have an excellent
figure given by M. Gory. Groliathus giganteus comes exactly between this species and G. regius, for if
we look at the marking of the thorax, we find G. giganteus to agree with G. Cacicus, and if we look at

* Reise um die Erde ausgefuhrt von Adolph Erman.

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 39

the marking of the elytra, we find G. giganteus to agree with G. regius. The three species are very close
to each other; but G. Drurii is so different from them all, as almost to form another sub-section of
Gigantic Goliathe.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Princeps, Hope.
Descr. Goliathus nigro-piceus, thorace vittato etc. (Vide Hope's Coleopterist’s Manual.)
é Incognitus.

@ Clypeo simplice sub-quadrato anticé subsinuato, maculis duabus verticalibus fere mediis
fulvis.
Goliathus princeps, Hope, Col. Man. p. 117.
Lone. corp. 8 inches.
Note. Mr. Hope has given a figure and an excellent detailed description of this insect, of which an
unique female specimen exists in his collection. To his work I refer the reader for observations on the
section, as well as on the species. Although it remains doubtful whether this be not the female of C.

Cacicus, I am, for my part, inclined to believe Mr. Hope to be in the right when he considers it as the
female of a new species.

71. In concluding my remarks on this interesting section, I have to state that it corresponds
exactly with the limits which Professor Klug, in the Appendix to Erman’s Voyage, above
mentioned, has assigned to his genus Goliathus. Nevertheless, I consider the most typical
Goliathi, im other words, those species of Goliathus, which are most distinct from all other
species of their common genus Cetoninus, to be contained in the section Inca. Thus Inca is
aberrant when we refer to the sub-genera of Cetoninus, but on the other hand it is typical
when we are referring it to the sections of Goliathus.

Section 4. Inca, Lepell. et Serville.

72. This groupe has been most properly placed by MM. Latreille and Kirby, among the
Goliathi of Lamarck. But MM. Gory and Percheron have more lately, with a singular
taste for affinities, interposed between Inca and the other sections of Goliathus, not only the
sub-genera Platygenia and Cremastocheilus, but I know not what besides. The section
of Goliathus, called Inca by MM. Lepelletier and de Serville, has the back even more
convex than that of any of the gigantic Goliathi; but it may easily be known from all
the rest of the sub-genus by its proximity to the genus Zrichinus. Itis, in fact, the Trichinus
form of the sub-genus Goliathus, and by it the genera Cetoninus and Trichinus meet so as to
close that circle which constitutes the family of Cetoniide. The section may be characterized
by its labrum, which is almost lobate in the middle, by the subcircular convex thorax with
denticulated margin, by the convex elytra, by the internal spine of the fore femur, by the
epimeron not being prominent between the thorax and elytra, and, finally, by the bicornuted
clypeus of the male, although this last character is not to be considered by any means as
peculiar to the groupe. Here it may be noticed with respect to the whole sub-genus
Goliathus, that I consider the true clypeus of the groupe, that is, the clypeus of the female,
which is nearly of the same form and construction throughout the various sections, to be in
all essentially quadrate, having the anterior angles in general sharp, and the fore-margin
rather concave. This general form of clypeus becomes horned in two ways. In the section
of Gigantei, the trunk of the bifid horn proceeds from the middle of the emargination of
the anterior margin of the clypeus, and what are called the lateral teeth, are merely the angles
of the quadrate clypeus. In the section of Smithii, particularly in Goliathus Polyphemus,

40 ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

we see that in the male these angles of the clypeus project into horns on each side of
the large central horn. In the present section, Jnca, but still more in the next section,
which Mr. Hope has marked out under the name of Dicronocephalus, the male has no horn
proceeding from the middle of the margin of the clypeus, but only those horns which arise
from the angles of the clypeus. Jnca is a section entirely confined to South America. I
shall now content myself with the enumeration of the species described by authors, and
merely observe that my collection is in want of specimens of G. bifrons, rufipennis, and the
male of Goliathus Ynca, Fab.

Sp. (Cetonina) Goliathus Yunea, Mab.
Cetonia Ynca, Fab. Syst. Eleuth, vol. ii. p. 136.
Inca Ynea, G. P. p. 103. tab. 18. fig. 1.
Nore. This species possesses the thorax marked in that very peculiar way which so singularly charac -
terizes the Gigantic section.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus bifrons, Fad.
Cetonia bifrons, Oliv. tab. 12. fig. 117.
Inca bifrons, G. P. p. 107. tab. 14. fig. 2.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus barbicornis, Laz.
¢ Goliathus barbicornis, Cuv. Regne Animal, vol. iv. p. 187. tab. 13. fig. 1.
Inca barbicornis, G.P. p. 105. tab. 13. fig. 2.
2 Cetonia pulverulenta, Oliv. tab. 10. fig. 95.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus irroratus, G. P.
Inca irrorata, G.P. p. 106. tab. 14. fig. 1.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus fasciatus, Kirby.
¢ Goliathus fasciatus, Kirby, Linn. Trans. vol. 12. p. 407.
Q Inca serricollis, G. P. p. 108. tab. 14. fig. 3.
Norn. The Goliathus inscriptus of Kirby appears to be only a variety of this species.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus rufipennis, G. P.
Inca rufipennis, G.P. p. 109. tab. 14. fig. 4.
Norr. I am aware that MM. Gory and Percheron assign some of the above names to certain of their
private friends. But I find it convenient for quotation to consider the true namer of an insect to be that

person in whose work I find it for the first time described.

: Section 5. Dicronocernaui, Hope.

73. This section is Asiatic, and has the sides of the elytra nearly parallel. It agrees with
the last in having the anterior tibiee furnished externally with teeth in both sexes, but it differs
in having the epimeron more or less prominent between the angles of the thorax and elytra. It
agrees with the section of Smithii in its body being depressed, but then the male has never
the anterior tibize internally multidentate. Between the anterior ungues there is a plantula in
form of spine, which is armed at the apex with diverging pseudonychia. The mesosternum is
not much produced between the legs, and sometimes is barely visible. The horns of the
head seem, as I have said before, to be productions of the lateral teeth of the clypeus in the
Gigantic section, that is, of the angles of the female clypeus, and the bifurcated horn of the
middle of their clypeus is wanting. The section admits of the following sub-sections :—

ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA. Al

Sub-sections. Types.
1 * * * *

2 Horns of head dentated. Thorax sub-circular. Anterior tibie externally more or less tridentate. G. Wallichii, G. P.
3% **#*K *

4 * RK

5 Horns of head not dentated. Thorax sub-elliptical. Anterior tibie externally bidentate. G. opalus, Dup.

Sp. (Cetoninus) Goliathus Wallichii, G. P.
Descr. Goliathus glauco-flavidus, oculis, unguibus, ano, thoracis lineis duabus abbreviatis, litu-

risque elytrorum duabus humeralibus duabus apicalibus nigris.

g Clypeo antice cavo, bicornuto, cornubus resupinis supra dentatis apice bifidis, clypei linea

verticali pedibusque ferrugineis.

Q Clypeo antice bidentato, vitta verticali pedibusque nigris.

Goliathus Wellech 4.G.P. p. 154. tab. 26. fig. 1.
Lone. 12 lines.

Nore. It is but just to Dr. Wallich, after whom I suppose this insect was named, to correct the
mistake which M. Gory has made in the orthography of his name. I have both sexes in my col-
lection, from Nepaul. In one specimen of the male, the upper tooth of the anterior tibia is evanescent,
so as to make it appear externally sub-bidentate.

Se. (Cetoninus) Goliathus opalus, Dupont.
Duscr. Goliathus nitidus flavescens viridi-micans, thorace vagé punctato viridi-ignescente, tarso-
rum articulis apice unguibusque nigris.
g Clypeo antice cavo, bicornuto, cornubus productis triquetris supra haud dentatis apice
antrorsum arcuatis.

2 ————_—————
Narycius opalus, Dupont, Mag. Zool. Cl. ix. p. 128.

Nore. In Guerin’s Magazine, M. Dupont gives the figure and description of an insect from Madras,
which he places in a new genus, called by him Narycius and Naricius. He gives no distinct character
to the genus, but describes two species, of which, although they are exceedingly close to each other in
affinity, I suspect his Varycius olivaceus to belong rather to the sub-genus Coryphe. The present species (his
Narycius opalus) is curious, as being exactly intermediate between Goliathus Wallichii, G. P., and
those brilliant green Goliatht which form the beauty of the section which I have called Smithii.
Thus do we return to those Goliathi with the description of which we commenced our observations
on this rich and rare sub-genus. I must, however, before I leave the groupe, call attention to the
curious analogy that exists between Goliathus opalus and Lamprima enea, and remark how the clypeus
in one takes the form of the mandibles of the other, making Latreille fancy that they were annectent

genera. I need scarcely observe that the Goliathus opalus must not be confounded with the Goliathus
opalinus of Gory, which is a Coryphe.

74. Of true Goliathi, I consider that the above-mentioned species may be accounted as dis-
tinctly known. But we have now to return to the aberrant groupe of Goliathi Gigantei, and we
may observe a Cape insect, which M. Gory has described under the name of Diplognatha concava,
to present several points of structure held by it in common with those gigantic beetles. Like
them this insect has a three-horned clypeus, although the horns are here considerably modified,
particularly the central one, which is short and trifid. The anterior tibie are externally tri-
dentate, as in the females of the gigantic Goliathi, but here they differ, in being tridentate in
both sexes. The body is likewise convex. The thorax is rounded. The scutellum is sharp.
The epimeron is prominent between the elytra and thorax. The mesosternum is short, broad,

G

AQ ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

and subacuminate at apex. The pseudonychia are large and conspicuous. The mentum,
however, is here not deeply emarginate as in Goliathus, but, on the contrary, rather convex
in front, so that we have arrived at another sub-genus which has been called Ichnestoma, by
M. Gory; but as this gentleman has favoured us with the derivation of the word which he
intended to write, I shall correct his mistake, and call the

Sub-genus 4. Iscunostoma, G. P.

75. It is true, that taking a more extended view of natural affinities than M. Gory, I have
given greater latitude, than he has done, to the groupe here called Ischnostoma, but I do not,
on that account, conceive myself entitled to deprive that entomologist of the credit of naming
this curious sub-genus. Jschnostoma is distinguished from Goliathus, by the mentum never
being deeply emarginate, and from the sub-genus Cetonia, by the terminal lobe of the maxilla
being excessively small, and almost evanescent. This lobe, as may be expected, is largest in the
two aberrant sections which lead to Geliathus and Cetonia; but still is short, in proportion to
what we find it to be in those two sub-genera generally. The mandibles here are peculiarly
small and rudimentary, as is also the labrum, which is of a singular form in the typical
sections,—a form which indeed is different from that of the labrum in all other Cetoniide. The
mentum is never emarginate, but in general convex at the apex. All the known species are of
a black hue, that makes them little interesting except to the entomologist. From the grains
of sand which I have generally found adhering in quantity to the hair which covers the under
side of many of these insects, we may imagine that they are inhabitants of a sterile country.
Schéunherr, Latreille, and, more lately, Klug, have all placed certain insects which belong to this
sub-genus close to the genus Goliathus of Lamarck.

SECTIONS OF ISCHNOSTOMA.

1 C@LocerHaLa, M'‘L. Clypeus horned. Mentum convex in front.
B.—Epimeron distinctly visi-
ble between the elytra and } 2 XrpHosceripE”, M‘L.
thorax. Mentum never
with an acute apex. 2. Noe Agni ed i not horned. Thorax at base as wide as the elytra.
U ; Mentum sub-emarginate.

S Clypeus not horned. Thorax narrower than elytra. Men-
{_ tum broader in front.

(Sides of clypeus not sinuated. Mentum rather short and

A.—Epimeron not very con- ( 4 Hererociirz, M‘L, wide. Clava of antenne very short. Anterior tibie
spicuous between the elytra | tridentate externally.
‘and thorax. Mentum tri- | (Sides of clypeus sinuated. Mentum long, narrow. Clava
angular with acute apex. (0 CusprpaTm, M‘L. of antenne very long. Anterior tibie externally bi-
dentate.

76. The first of these sections, here called CanocEePrHAL”, contains two known species which
MM. Gory and Percheron have erroneously assigned to their genus “ Diplognatha.” The
Cetonia geotrupina of Schonnherr is possibly a third distinct species. The maxilla here, how-
ever, has no tooth on the inner process, like Diplognatha; and if there be any thing like a
tooth on the outer process, of which I am not quite sure, it appears to be merely the acute
corner of the horny part which stretches beyond the pencil of hairs. However, I think this
must be an approach in some degree to the structure of Diplognatha; and although I am not
prepared to say with M. Gory that it belongs to that sub-genus, I certainly consider it as
evidently serving to connect the genera Macrominus and Cetoninus by what is called the

ON THE CETONIIDA OF SOUTH AFRICA. 43

affinity of transultation. I conceive Macrominus to approach Cetoninus somewhere between
the gigantic Goliathi and the ccelocephalous Ischnostome. I shall now therefore place here
the following species brought home by Dr. Smith, and which is very curious, on account of its
mentum being something like that of a Cremastocheilus.

Sp. 21. (Cetoninus) Ischnostoma concava, G. P.
Diplognatha concava, G. P. p. 121. tab. 17. fig. 4.

Nore. This appears to be the insect alluded to by M. Latreille in the second edition of the Regne
Animal, as a Goliathus brought from the Cape by M. Verreaux. Diplognatha albopunctata of Gory,
which is also a Cape insect, is evidently to be placed in the same section. So also is the Cetonia
geotrupina of Bilberg, which both Schénnherr and Latreille consider to be a Gioliathus, (See Syn. Ins.
App. p. 46. 69.) Professor Klug has stated likewise his opinion that the Diplognatha albopunctata of
Gory, and the Cetonia geotrupina of Schénnherr come close to the gigantic Goliathi. They are, in
fact, only to be distinguished from them by their porrected clypeus, which, like that of Gloliathus, has a
central horn with a smaller lateral tooth on each side. Here, however, this middle horn is trifid, and the
maxilla is of a different structure.

77. The second section, X1PHOSCELIDE, has for its type an insect in my collection, which I
suspect to be from Swan River in Australia. It is remarkable for its small round thorax, long
arched posterior legs, incrassated femora, and for the apex of the posterior tibiee being produced
into a strong curved spine. The mouth agrees nearly with that of the following section.

78. The third section, ARcADE#, comes very close to the sub-genus Cetonia, so close indeed
as almost to make one suspect that it may form part of the Trichioid section of that sub-
genus; nevertheless, the smallness of the mandibles and of the terminal lobe of the maxille
induce me to place it here. It is a groupe peculiar to the Cape, and offers two sub-sections,

which completely agree in the organs of their mouth.
Types.

1*#** *
B.—Body convex. Thorax not horned. ~ 2 Ischnostoma sanguinipes.
U3 * * * %

(4 Ischnostoma cornuta.
A.—Body depressed. Thorax subcornute in the male. < Spaaha 3
Lb *# # R*

Both the above species have been brought from the Cape by Dr. Smith, and I shall there-
fore enumerate them.

Sp. 22. (Cetoninus) Ischnostoma sanguinipes, G. P.
Cetonia sanguinipes, G. P. p. 254. tab. 48. fig. 4.
Nore. This is an insect that is almost as much a Cetonia as an Ischnostoma. I am not sure whether
Cetonia sanguinipes and C. talpina of Klug, ought to be considered as distinct species, but I think
that they are not the same.

Sp. 28. (Cetoninus) Ischnostoma cornuta, ab.
Cetonia cornuta, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. vol. i. p. 1438.
Scarabeus Arcas, Oliv. tab. 9. fig. 83.
Cetonia cornuta, G.P. p. 252. tab. 48. fig. 2.

Norz. MM. Gory and Percheron say of Ischnostoma cornuta as follows: “Cette espece quoique tres
anomale par la forme ne nous a paru susceptible de former un genre propre; les parties de la bouche la
rapprochant tout a fait des vraies Cetoines.” This is quite correct; the only difference between this
species and the true Cetonie being the cornuted thorax, and the comparative minuteness of the terminal
lobe of the maxille. It is truly osculant, between Ischnostoma and Cetonia, and comes close to the

G2

AA ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Cetonia hispida of Olivier. There is no affinity to the genus Syrichtus whatever, or to any of the
Dynastide. The relation between them is one of analogy.

79. The fourth section is from the Cape, and is, like the fifth, typical of Ischnostoma. Ihave
called it Hntsrocuira, because I suspect the insect described by M. Gory as “ Ischnostoma
heteroclyta” will be found to belong to it. A species of this section has been brought home by
Dr. Smith ; but, like that of the Museum of Natural History at Paris, is in sad preservation.
I must here observe, that M. Gory’s figure of Ischnostoma albomaculata is singularly incorrect,
and therefore I am led to infer that the figure of I. heteroclita is incorrect also; the more so
as M. Gory’s description of the heads of these two insects does not agree with his figures.

Sp. 24. (Cetoninus) Ischnostoma spatulipes, x. s.
Descr. Lschnostoma atronitida, capite porrecto clypeo quadrato margine reflexo apice emarginato
lobis rotundatis, corpore valde conyexo, thorace subsemicirculari punctato marginato, scutello

magno, elytris sub-rugosulis apice subtruncatis, metasterno brevissimo truncato, tibiis anticis
extus tridentatis, calcaribus posticis spatuliformibus.

Lone. 10 lines.
Note. This species may be the C. cordata of Fabricius. It has an indentation in the centre of the
thorax, being the first vestige of the deep one that exists in Ischnostoma cornuta.

80. The section Cuspiparz is, like the last, singular for its trichioid form, but differs in the
body being more depressed, and in the clypeus being of a very peculiar form, owing to its
extreme length, and the sides of it being at the base deeply emarginate. The feet are also
longer and less strong; but both sections are remarkable for a long narrow labrum, which,
however, is exceedingly minute in proportion to the size of the insect.

Sp. 25. (Cetoninus) Ischnostoma pica, 7. s.

Descr. Ischnostoma atroviolacea velutina punctata, pilis nigris operta, thoracis vittis marginalibus
elytrorumque vitta marginali humerum nec suturam mediam attingente albis, corpore
infra atronitido, pygidio maculis duabus albis magnis, pedibus nigerrimis calcaribus posticis
acutis.

Lone. 10 lines.

Nors. This species 1s very close to the Cetonia cuspidata of Fabricius, but there are no “ puncta duo
cinerea inter autennas,” and the whole of the margin of the thorax is not cinereous. Whether Ischnostoma
pra be identical with the Melolontha albomarginata of Herbst, I know not; but certainly it is very
different from the Ischnostoma albomaculata of Gory, which is in my collection. But we now return to
the section of Arcadew, which, as I said before, comes so close to the Cetonia hispida of Olivier. By
this section we arrive at the

Sub-genus 5. Cutonta, G. P.

81. This groupe is typical of the genus Cetoninus, and contains perhaps more species than all
the rest of the family of Cetoniide put together. Cetonia may be distinguished from
Goliathus by the males not being horned, but having their clypeus of the same shape as that
of the females. The anterior tibie are also similar in the sexes, which distinguishes the sub-
genus from Schizorhina, to which it closely approaches. From Jschnostoma, Cetonia may be
separated by the sub-quadrate and emarginate mentum, and by the long penicilliform terminal
process of the maxille. In Cetonia the plantula between the ungues appears to be generally
present, only it is apt to be rubbed off by use. The pseudonychia do not seem always to be

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 45

present. This sub-genus has been left in disorder by Gory and Dejean, because it is very
difficult to be sub-divided. I offer the following rough approximation to the truth :—

SECTIONS OF CETONIA.

ee almost always entire. Elytra hirsute. Fore tibie

‘
a noe tridentate. Plantula with two pseudonychia.

B.—Pseudonychia apparent. ~ 2 Typicam, M‘L.

Clypeus entire. Elytra not hairy. Plantula with one
pseudonychion.

Clypeus more or less cloven, Elytra smooth and polished.

‘
i Plantula with two pseudonychia.

A.—Pseudonychia inconspi- 4 PoLYBAPHEZ, K. Fore tibie externally bidentate.

Caurs 5 CreMAstTocHEILipem, M‘L. Fore tibie often externally subtridentate.

82. Of the trichioid section of Cetonia, I believe no species comes from Asia or New
Holland. It represents the genus Trichinus, and therefore all the typical species of it have
the elytra, or at least the lower surface of the body, covered with hair. Fabricius placed one
species of this groupe in his genus Trichinus. The Tricnio1pE#, for the present, may be
sub-divided as follows :—

Sub-sections.

1 Capenses. Type, C. capensis, Fab.
A.—Body rather depressed.
(2 Europez. Type, C. stictica, Fab.
(3 Americano-boreales. Type, C. areata, Fab.
B.—Body rather convex. J 4k * eK OK ypesa® ate nae
(5 Americano-meridionales. Type, C. lurida, Fab.

83. We have principally to do with the first of these sub-sections, which contains a number
of Cape species brought home by Dr. Smith ; such as
Sp. 26. (Cetoninus) Cetonia pubescens, Oliv.
Cetonia pubescens, Oliv. tab. 11. fig. 100.
— G.P. p. 259. tab. 49. fig. 4.

Sp. 27. (Cetoninus) Cetonia hispida, Oliv.
C. hispida, Oliv. tab. 12. fig. 110.
———- G. P. p. 260. tab. 47. fig. 5.
Nore. The French give me the credit of calling this species “ ferrea.”

Sp. 28. (Cetoninus) Cetonia albopicta, G. P.
C. albopicta, G. P. p. 256. tab. 49. fig. 1.

Sp. 29. (Cetoninus) Cetonia capensis, Lin.
Scarabeus capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
Cetonia capensis, G.P. p. 257. tab. 49. fig. 2.

Sp. 30. Cetoninus (Cetonia) hirsuta, n. s.
Descr. Cetonia rufa, capite nigro punctato fascia hirsuto, thoracis albopunctati pilis vestiti vittis
marginalibus scutello elytroramque sutura nigris, scutello punctis duobus albis.
Thorax vittis marginalibus albopunctatis, vitta mediali rufa triangulari punctis duobus albis.
Llytra pilis raris albis vestita, Pygidiwm nigrum maculis intermediis duabus rufis, later-

46 ON THE CETONIIDZE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

alibus minoribus albis. Corpus infra nigrum hirsutie flava opertum. Abdomen vitta
mediali rufa. Pedes nigri.
Lone. 9 lines.

Sp. 31. (Cetoninus) Cetonia oculata, 7. s.
Descor. Cetonia rufa capite, scutello, scapulis, thoracis albopunctati maculis duabus, elytrorumque
sutura nigris, corpore infra hirsuto, abdominis rufi maculis lateralibus pedibusque nigris.
Lone. 9 lines.
Nor. This may possibly be the Cetonia Reupert of Dejean’s Catalogue. It comes very near to the
preceding species C. hirsuta, and may possibly even be only a variety of it. The place of both is
between C. capensis and C. signata, Fab.

Sp. 32. (Cetoninus) Cetonia signata, fab.
C. signata, Fab. Syst. Eleuth, vol. ii. p. 245. 42.
— G.P. p. 248. tab. 49. fig. 3.

Sp. 83, (Cetoninus) Cetonia tigrina, Oliv.
Cetonia tigrina, Oliv. tab. 12. fig. 111.
Nore. Schénnherr makes the Cetonia furcata of Fabricius to be synonymous with this, but I am far
from being sure of their identity.

Sp. 34. (Cetoninus) Cetonia bella, . s.

Descr. Cetonia atrovelutina, vertice albo bimaculato, clypeo quadrato argenteo bimaculato
antice vix emarginato angulis rotundatis, thorace albomaculato vitta laterali irregulari alba,
scutello albo-bimaculato, elytris albo maculatis maculis seriatim dispositis, ano albo-~
4-maculato maculis intermediis elongatis, corpore subtus atronitido abdominis lateribus albo-
bimaculatis, pedibus atronitidis, tibiis anticis vix tridentatis, femoribus posticis albo-lineatis.

Lone 54 lines.

84. We now proceed to the European sub-section of Trichioid Cetonie ; and here we find
two Cape species at the entrance.

Sp. 35. (Cetoninus) Cetonia funesta, Fab.
Cetonia funesta, Fab. Syst. Eleuth, 2. 155. 103.
Nore. This species is different from the Cetonia stictica of Fabricius, although confounded with it by
Gory.

Sp. 36. (Cetoninus) Cetonia melena, n. s.

Descr. Cetonia atra punctata, clypeo quadrato antice subemarginato, thorace subquadrato late-
ribus rotundatis cara media levi, elytris striis inter tres lineas elevatas leeves impressis,
tibiis anticis vix tridentatis.

Lone. 5 lines.

85. With respect to the section of Cetonia which I have termed CREMASTOCHEILIDEA, I may
safely say that it deserves the name ; for, in fact, these several sections of the sub-genus repre-
sent the five genera of the family; and thus the extraordinary similarity in colour and marking
that is found to exist between such insects as Cremastocheilus maculatus, G. P., and Cetonia
maculata, Fab., may be accounted for. This section of Cremastocheilidee is peculiar to Asia
and Africa, and offers various sub-sections, which for the present may be distributed as
follows :—

ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Sub-sections .

—_

: ae : >
Elytra spinous at apex. Fore tibie scarcely with three pine, Oh dediishatas Fate

B.—Fore tibie externally tri- teeth on the outside.
dentate.

in)

Elytra spinous at apex. Fore tibie with three distinct
Asiatic, teeth.

3 Elytra not spinous at the apex. Type, C. histrio, Fab.

: oC
he ste Gree ea cennntly bis | 4 a pe eee! sides. Clypeus quadrate, scarcely
} emarginate in front.
dentate.

5
foe C. erifera, M‘L.

or

47

Laype, C. alboguttata, Vigors.
J

inate ) _, -
African. | 5 Elytra narrower at apex. Clypeus elongate, acuminate pape CO. hemor iuidalis, Fab.

\ with emarginate apex.

86. Of the three first sub-sections, we have no species brought by Dr. Smith, as they are
typically Asiatic. I shall merely therefore take the opportunity of mentioning that M.
Schénnherr is wrong in stating C. acuminata to be a native of the Cape, and that MM. Gory
and Percheron are equally wrong in stating C. maculata to be a Cape species. The former
inhabits India, and the latter the Mauritius. Many insects are said to be natives of the Cape

of Good Hope, merely because they have been brought from thence.

87. Of the fourth sub-section of Cetonie Cremastocheilidee, we have several Cape species

in the collection ; such as,

Sp. 37. (Cetoninus) Cetonia numismatica, 7. s.

Descr. Cetonia clypeo anticé rotundato, capite thoraceque violaceo-zneis, scutello elytrisque
eneis fusco-maculatis, his striis punctorum tribus inter tres vittas leeves elevatas impressis,
corpore subtus nigro villoso, abdomine pedibusque fulvo-zeneis, ano nigro maculis

cinerascentibus.
Lone. 6 lines.

Sp. 38. (Cetoninus) Cetonia eerifera, 7. s.

Descr. Cetonia clypeo antice rotundato, capite thoraceque violaceo-zeneis, hujus margine postico
scutello elytrisque ferrugineis ; his striis geminatis impressis nigro-maculatis, scutello ad basin

scapulisque nigris, ano ferrugineo albomaculato, corpore subtus nigro-nitido villoso, femoribus

posticis ad tibias rufescentibus.
Lone. 54 lines.

Sp. 39. (Cetoninus) Cetonia puma, 7. s.

Descr. Cefonia antennarum clava elongata, clypeo elongato antice rotundo, capite thoraceque
obscuris subzeneis, thoracis vitté laterali albescente macula nigra, scapulis albis, scutello
elytrisque ferrugineis, his inter tres lineas elevatas leeves nigro-maculatis, lateribus
albomaculatis, corpore subtus eeneo squamis albis obsito pilisque hirsuto, ano rufo

albomaculato.
Lone 54 lines.

Sp. 40. (Cetoninus) Cetonia cinerascens, Fab.
Cetonia cinerascens, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 156. 104.
Scarabeeus cinereo-nebulosus, Degeer, vii. 643. tab. 48. fig. 7.

Nore. The Cetonia cinerascens of Gory is not that of Fabricius. Degeer’s original name for the

present species is too clumsy.

48 ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

88. Of the fifth sub-section, which is also peculiar to Africa, we have the following
species :—
Sp. 41. (Cetoninus) Cetonia adspersa, Weber.
Cetonia adspersa, Weber. Obs. Ent. p. 71. 8.
G.P. p. 297. tab. 57. fig. 7.

Sp. 42. (Cetoninus) Cetonia dysenterica, 7. s.

Descr. Cetonia clypeo elongato apice angustato recurvo emarginato, capite thorace scapulis
scutelloque nigro-nitidis, elytris viridibus nigro-lineatis, corpore subtus pedibusque nigris,
ano ferrugineo.

Lone. 5 lines.

Sp. 43. (Cetoninus) Cetonia hemorrhoidalis, Fad.
Cetonia hemorrhoidalis, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 154. 97.
G.P. p. 298. tab. 57. fig. 8.

Sp. 44. (Cetoninus) Cetonia ruficollis, Deg.
Scarabeus ruficollis, Degeer, vii. 642. tab. 48. fig. 5.

Sp. 45. (Cetoninus) Cetonia amethystina, 7. s.

Descr. Cetonia thorace supra punctato rufo, margine postico scutello scapulisque nigris, elytris
amethystinis nitidis striato-punctatis, corpore subtus nigro, prothorace anoque rufis, pedibus
nigris.

Lone. 5 lines.
Sp. 46. (Cetoninus) Cetonia rubra, Deg.
Scarabeus ruber, Degeer, vol. vii. 643. ai 48. fig. 6.
Cetonia rubra, G. P. p. 299. tab. 58. fig. 1.

89. Let us now return to that Asiatic sub-section, the type of which is C. histrio of
Fabricius. From it we may proceed to that section of the sub-genus Cetonia, which answers
nearly, though not exactly, to a groupe which Mr. Kirby has indicated under the name of
Polybaphes. If this learned entomologist had attempted to give his Polybaphes a character,
he probably would not have joined C. histrio with C. equinoctialis ; but nothing is so easy as
to follow the indolent plan invented by M. Dejean of giving to groupes generic names unac-
companied by descriptions. I hold in utter contempt that privilege of naming for which
naturalists are so much in the habit of squabbling; and, on the contrary, am always grateful
to those persons who kindly provide me with an unobjectionable word. Nevertheless, 1 am
bound to protest against any name that is published without. a character; since it ought not
to be of the slightest authority in the science. It certainly is not the individual placing two
Greek words barbarously in juxta-position who deserves the credit of discovering a genus,
but he who accurately distinguishes the groupe, to which that barbarous name is given, from
all others. With respect, however, to the beautiful groupe which Mr. Kirby has called
Poryzpapuss, I am disposed to retain the name, and shall perch, therefore say, in addition,
that I am acquainted with three sub-sections of it.

A.—Elytra spinose at ae rie Te akc

apex. 2 Head sub-quadrate. Clypeus emarginate. ‘Type, C. sanguinolenta, Oliv.
African. 3 Head triangular. Clypeus scarcely emarginate. Type, C. discoidea, Fab.
B.—Elytra without spines at f 4 ** KOK XR
the apex. 5 Head sub-quadrate. Clypeus emarginate. Type, C. marginicollis, G, P.
Asiatic. e

ON THE CETONIID OF SOUTH AFRICA. 49

The following Cape species belong to the third sub-section :—

Sp. 47. (Cetoninus) Cetonia balteata, Degeer.
Scarabeus baliteatus, Degeer, vii. 642. tab. 48. fig. 4.
Cetonia controversa, G.P. p. 246. tab. 46, fig. 6.

Nore. I do not allude here to Schénnherr, because his ‘Synonymia Insectorum” is altogether wrong
with respect to the species of this particular section Polybaphee.

Sp. 48. (Cetoninus) Cetonia discoidea, Fad.
Cetonia discoidea, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 158. 116.
Cetonia velutina, Oliv. tab. 12. fig. 114.
G.P. p. 246. tab. 46. fig. 5.
Cetonia flammea, Zool. Journ. vol. 2. p. 237. tab. 9. fig. 2.

90. As this last-mentioned section of the sub-genus Cetoninus bears a resemblance in form to
Diplognatha, and represents the genus Macrominus, so the section to which we now pass bears
a strong resemblance to Lomaptera in the genus Gymnetinus which is here represented. This
section I have therefore called GyMNETIDES, and it belongs typically to Madagascar, although
found also in New Holland. There are several known sub-sections; but as they present no
Cape insects, I need not detail them here. I shall only say, that the Cetonte Gymnetidee, by
their beautiful form and polished flat elytra, with serrated sides, by their often cloven clypeus,
long maxille, and emarginate mentum, close the circle of the genus Cetoninus by uniting them-
selves with the sub-genus Schizorhina, and thus forming the junction between it and the sub-
genus Cetonia.

91. By means of Cetonia cincta of Donovan, we arrive at the only remaining section of
Cetonia, which I have called Typicm, not because they are typical of the sub-genus, but
because they represent the genus Cetoninus, as it were, par excellence. This section is so
numerous as to offer sub-sections, which, however, as may be expected, depend on very
refined and even evanescent considerations. Perhaps, however, 1 have not yet been able to
seize the true characters of distinction ; and, indeed, it is of little consequence, provided I can
explain the series of affinity, which appears to me to be as follows :—

(1 Black. Type, C. morio, Fab.
B.—Typically European. 2 2 Viridizeneous. Type, C. fastuosa, Fab.
(3 Viridizneous spotted with white. Type, C. aurata, Lin.

ae ree S4 Green with white or Piet lines. Type, C. BUEEE Fab.
5 Yellow or black spotted with yellow. Type, C. sinuata, Fab.

92. As we have no species from the Cape of the three first sub-sections, I shall begin with
the one which is here numbered the fifth, and designated “ Nigre flavomaculate vel flave.”
To this beautiful African groupe belong the following described species :—1l. Cetonia punctato-
marginata, Degeer; C. impressa, G. P.; C. inscripta, G. P.; C. marginata, Fab.; C.
postica, G. P.; C. fimbriata, G. P.; C. monacha, G. P.; C. fasciata, Fab. (Savigny,
G. P.); C. olivacea, Ol.; C. interrupta, Fab., &c. &c.; and also the following species
brought from the Cape by Dr. Smith :—

Sp. 49. (Cetoninus) Cetonia sinuata, Oliv.

Descr. Cetonia nigrofusca, thoracis elytrorumque margine, thoracis maculis quinque, scutelli
duabus, elytrorumque quatuor flavis, thoracis maculis marginalibus elytrorumque duabus
nigro-fuscis, corpore subtus nigro.

H

30 ON THE CETONIIDZ OF SOUTH AFRICA.

Norn. This well known species is subject to very great variation in the discal spots of the thorax,
which are all five placed in a triangle thus s; the two reniform middle ones being the largest and
most constant, although even they will sometimes disappear.

Var. a. Thorax with only the two reniform middle spots. Cetonia sinuata, G.P. p. 182.
Nore. I do not here refer to Gory’s figure, because it wants these two thoracic yellow spots, although
they are expressly mentioned in his description.

Var. f. Thorax without any discal yellow spots. Cetonia sinuata, G. P. tab. 82. fig. 5.

Var. y. Thorax wanting the vertical yellow point, but having the four lower.
Nore. In this variety the triangular lower yellow spots of the elytra extend so as almost to meet the
corresponding enlargement of the marginal vitta, and thus to form as it were a band.

Var. 6. Thorax wanting the two lower spots, but having the three vertical ones.

Norr. I may here observe that the Scarabeus punctato-marginatus of Degeer, appears, as Schonnherr
thought, to be another variety of C. sinuata, Fab. It is in my collection, and may be easily known
by having no yellow points either on the thorax or scutellum. I am in possession of a series of specimens,
that makes me think the following species communicated by Mr. Hope to MM. Gory and Percheron,
may only be another variety ; although it is more in consonance with nature to imagine that all these
varieties are formed, like those of certain flowers, by the crossing of two very contiguous species, the
two parents of all the intermediate varieties being as it were, O. sinwata, as I have described it, and the
C. flaviwentris of MM. Gory and Percheron.

Sp. 50. (Cetoninus) Cetonia flaviventris, Hope.
Cetonia flaviventris, G. P. p.178. tab. 31. fig. 6.

Sp. 51. (Cetoninus) Cetonia leonina, 7. s.

Descr. Cetonia supra atro-viridis, thorace elytrisque flavo-marginatis, elytrorum limbo medio
dilatato bifurcato maculisque discalibus obliquis subinterruptis flavis, corpore subtus
ferrugineo, ano albomaculato.

Lone, 94 lines.
Nork. This species comes the nearest to Cetonia impressa of Goldfuss and Gory, but differs much in
the marking of the elytra. Being in possession of that species also, I have had no difficulty in deter-
mining the distinction that exists between the two.

Sp. 52. (Cetoninus) Cetonia carmelita, Mab.
Cetonia carmelita, G. P. p. 238. tab. 45. fig. 2.
Nore. This is the C. badia of Burchell; and most likely Schénnherr is right in considering it to be
the Scarabeus rufus of Degeer. It is easily known from other three species that come very close to it,
by the two large white anal spots.

Sp. 58. (Cetoninus) Cetonia bachypinica, Burchell.
Cetonia bachypinica, G. P. p. 287. tab. 45. fig. 1.

Nor. The testaceous or yellow colour of this species, passes off in some varieties to green. And I
wish to remark here, in general, that the black colour of some African species, such as C. marginata,
Fab. for instance, becomes brick red, as in C. carmelita, Fab. and passes off to ochry yellow, as in
C. bachypinica, which again passes into green, as in O. aulica, Fab., and so to the viridieeneous colour,
such as C. fastwosa, Fab. which returns to black, as in C. morio, Fab.

93. We shall now proceed to the last sub-section we have to allude to among the Cetonie
typice, that is, to those species which are generally of a green colour, and are marked with
white or yellow lines. Dr. Smith has brought the following :—

ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 51

Sp. 54. (Cetoninus) Cetonia semipunctata, Fab,
Cetonia semipunctata, G. P. p. 233. tab. 44. fig. 3.
Cetonia Stephensii, Zool. Journ. vol. 2. p. 513. tab, 19. fig. 2.

Sp. 55. (Cetoninus) Cetonia chalea, Herbst.
Cetonia chalea, G. P. p. 235. tab. 44. fig. 5.

Sp. 56. (Cetoninus) Cetonia aulica, Oliv.
Cetonia aulica, G. P. p. 286. tab. 44. fig. 6.
Nore. This species varies in the number of white spots on the elytra, but may always be known by
three that are placed in a transverse oblique line on each elytron, and by the two large triangular white
spots on the anal plate.

Sp. 57. (Cetoninus) Cetonia nympha, 2. s.

Descr. Céetonia viridis, nitida, capite quadrato vix emarginato, vertice ad oculos albo-bimaculato,
prothoracis punctati margine laterali, elytrorum vix striato-punctatorum macula humerali
longitudinali, aliis quinque marginalibus duabusque discalibus albis, elytris apice triangulari
depresso, scapulis macula alba, ano maculis duabus emarginatis albis, corpore subtus piloso,
prothorace mesothorace et metathorace subtus albo-bimaculatis, mesosterno viridi, abdominis
segmento ultimo bimaculato tribusque penultimis quadrimaculatis maculis albis, pedibus
viridibus.

Lone. 104 lines.

Sp. 58. (Cetoninus) Cetonia fascicularis, Linn.
Cetonia fascicularis, G. P. p. 255. tab. 48. fig. 6.
Nots. We thus return to Cetonia pubescens, and those other species having the elytra, or at least the
body covered with hair, and which form that section of the sub-genus Cetonia which I have termed
Trichioideew. Thus, therefore, the circle composed of the five sections of Cetonia is complete.

94, We have now gone through a complete revision of all the sub-genera composing the
family of Cetoniide, and which are as follow ; the sub-genera, in italics, being those by which
the passage is made from one genus to the other.

1 TRICHINUS. 2 CETONINUS. 3 GYMNETINUS. 4 MAcRoMINUS. 5 CRYPTODINUS.
1 Osmoderma. 1 Schizorhina. 1 Lomaptera. 1 Oplostomus. 1 Genuchus.

2 Valgus. 2 Coryphe. 2 Agestrata. 2 Anoplocheilus. 2 Cyclidius.

3 Trichius. 3 Goliathus. 3 Philistina. 3 Diplognatha. 3 Cremastocheilus.
4 Campulipus. 4 Ischnostoma. 4 Macronota. 4 Gnathocera. 4 Cryptodus.

5 Platygenia. 5 Cetonia. 5 Gymnetis. 5 Macroma. 5 Cymophorus.

Were nature to set before our eyes every one of these groupes in a state as complete, for instance,
as is that section of Cetonia which I have called Typice, we should, of course, have of the
Cetoniide 125 sections and 625 sub-sections, &c. &c. But this is not the case; since, from
some unexplained cause, each groupe of the same rank contains a different number of species,
and thus throughout the creation we see certain parts of the chain comparatively complete in all
their links, and others again offermg nothing but objects which appear to the superficial
observer at first sight to be insulated, and, in fact, require deep study on the part of the
naturalist before he is enabled to make out their accurate affinities. It is needless to repeat
that I, as well as others before me, haye imagined the cause of this imsulation of particular
objects to arise from the connecting species having been either lost or undiscovered.

95. The conclusion to which we tend by such an analysis as the foregoing, is, that the lowest

H 2

52 ON THE CETONIIDE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

groupe in which species combine will be found, provided all the species are known, to return
into itself, so as to form, as it were, a circle; and if we could suppose no species to be lost or to
remain undiscovered, we should further find five of these lowest groupes to form another circle, and
five of these last circular groupes to form another, and so on until we arrived at that grand
circular groupe which is called the Animal Kingdom. But setting aside this theoretical use of
the foregoing analysis, the practical entomologist will soon discover that in no other way have
we ever had the singularly complicated relations, that exist between the different species of the
natural family of Cetoniide, so well represented. It must not be supposed, however, that I
offer this essay as perfect and complete, or that I absurdly pretend, as some have most unjustly
laid to my charge, to have positively arrived at the Watural System. 1 merely publish this
paper on Cetoniide, as another, and perhaps closer approximation to that Divine plan, which,
every hour I have devoted to nature, whether in tropical forests or in the museums of Europe, has
shewn to be the branch of natural history most worthy of being studied by rational beings.
But the truth is, that this Divine plan is not one particular branch of natural history, but the
study of it necessarily includes the knowledge of every branch. It is the whole, of which each
branch of natural history is but a part, and which I shall ever regard with gratitude, as having

been the source of many moments of the purest pleasure while my residence was in an
unhealthy climate.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPOD CRUSTACEA.

BROUGHT FROM THE CAPE BY DR. SMITH.

Tue most interesting observations on Crustaceous animals which have of late years been
given to the public are those of Dr. Vaughan Thompson, relating to their metamorphosis.
It had been long recorded that many Entomostraca undergo metamorphosis ; but no naturalist
before Thompson ever ventured to affirm that crabs, lobsters, and the higher Crustacea
generally, pass through certain changes of form after leaving the egg. It is true, that in conse-
quence of the publications of Professor Rathke, some persons disputed the truth of Dr.
Thompson’s assertions; but so far as my own observations allowed me to form an opinion on
the subject, I was ever inclined to think that this gentleman merited well of science, which is far
- more than could be said of any of those persons who by crude inferences, but never by direct obser-
vation, ventured to attack him.* I have never myself lived sufficiently near the sea-side
to enable me conveniently to repeat Dr. Thompson’s experiments ; but looking merely to what
I have seen with my own eyes, I think it will eventually be found that the Ptilota of Aristotle
may be characterized by their change of form taking place during their last two or three stages
of ecdysis; while the metamorphosis of all other Annulosa only occurs during the first or
second moult after leaving the ege. When I come to treat of the Macrourous Decapods, I
shall return to this subject. At present my attention must be more particularly confined to
the classification of the Brachyura, as being the best known groupe of all Crustacea.

M. Latreille and Dr. Leach left systems behind them for the arrangement of Crustacea,
which were professedly artificial, although the former naturalist made several praiseworthy
attempts to arrange these animals naturally. Since the death of these eminent naturalists, two
authors have appeared with higher pretensions to acquaintance with the class. The first of
these, M. Milne Edwards, having previously made some ingenious observations on the
economy and internal anatomy of Crustacea, has lately, in the “ Suites de Buffon,” produced
a classification, of which I can only say, that it makes an approach to be a rare exception to
the well-known fact, that professed comparative anatomists are the persons, of all others, who
in general are the most incapable of using their own observations for purposes of natural
arrangement. And indeed this very arrangement of Edwards is not natural, since he unfortu-
nately conceives that every groupe he can invent, provided he can furnish it with a character,
must be therefore a good one. As, on the contrary, the true definition of a complete natural
groupe is, that it must be a series returning into itself, many of the groupes of Milne Edwards,
when weighed by this scale, will be found wanting. For instance, of his four grand groupes,
Oxyrhynques, Cyclometopes, Catométopes, and Oxystomes, perhaps only his Cyclométopes form a

* The credit of confirming Thompson’s observations belongs to my friend Captain Ducane, R.N., who has made at
Southampton most interesting observations on the Metamorphosis of Crustacea, which I trust he will soon give to the Public.

o4 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

complete natural groupe. Still the “ Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés” is a book full of facts,
which ought to be in the hands of every carcinologist. The second naturalist, above alluded to, is
Professor Dehaan of Leyden. He has treated the subject in another manner, and deserves to be
considered of a more philosophic stamp. What he has published on Crustacea in the Fauna
Japonica is a magnificent tribute to science. Milne Edwards rarely takes notice of any of the
maxille, except the external or fifth pair; and if any objection can be made to Dehaan’s
arrangement, it is that he likewise is not sufficiently eclectic, and appears to make too much
use of the organs of manducation. Nevertheless, as he rigorously follows the mode in which
these organs vary, and not that by which they might arbitrarily be combined, it is satisfactory
to find that the result, generally arrived at, very nearly approaches to the plan of nature.
Nothing further has been published on Crustacea of late years, unless we except some interest-
ing descriptions of new species by MM. Say, Guerin, Bell and others. As for M. Dehaan’s
system, it is not completely worked out ; so that I am obliged to offer the following arrange-
ment, provisionally, as being that by which I have been able to express the affinities which
exist among the Decapods of my own collection. It will at least serve to unite all those rela-
tions, whether of affinity or analogy, which have been recorded by Latreille, Milne Edwards,
and Dehaan, and will prove that, by means of a moderate exercise of patience, order may some-
times be made to arise out of an apparent chaos.

1. The modern art of describing is too often insufferably long, while human life remains short
as ever. I shall endeavour, therefore, as in the former paper, to condense my descriptions as
much as possible.

Order DECAPODA, Lat.

Cribes,
Normal Groupe. if Oral orifice broad in front. The afferent canals of the
1 TETRAGONOSTOMA. J branchial cavity opening behind the mouth. Epistome
Bracuyura, Lat. a distinct.
Abdomen having no appen-<
dages attached to the pen- f Oral orifice triangular and narrow in front. The afferent
ultimate segment. Internal | 2 TrrGoNnosroma. canals of the branchial cavity opening in front of the

antenne lodged in fossule. | e mouth. Epistome in general rudimentary.

Abdomen not furnished with false natatory feet. Abdo-
minal appendages not forming a natatorial tail. Bran-

Aberrant Groupe. 3 Anomura, M.E. chiz lamellate. Peduncle of external antenne not

covered by any moveable scale.

Macrovura, Lat. 2 3 ,
| Abdomen furnished with false natatory feet. Abdominal
L

Abdomen having appendages
attached to the penultimate
segment. No fossule for
the reception of the in-
ternal antennz. i

2 4 SAROBRANCHIA. appendages forming a natatorial tail. Branchie peni-
cilliform. Peduncle of external antenne with its scale

null or rudimentary.

Abdomen furnished with false natatory feet. Abdominal
appendages forming a natatory tail. Branchie lamel-

5 CaripEA, Lat.

late. Peduncle of external antenne covered by a large
moveable scale.

2. It is only with the normal groupe that we for the present have to concern ourselves. I shall
therefore proceed provisionally to arrange the Brachyura into Stirpes, merely observing, that in

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 53)

the following descriptions I shall rarely allude to colour, since experience has taught me that in
this respect dried specimens of Crustacea are not to be trusted. I would also observe, that as the
groupes of degree next inferior to families—namely, genera—have never been worked out in this
class, I have for the present considered almost all the various groupes under families to be sub-
genera, although some of them, such as Plagusia, may possibly be a true genus, and others again
may prove to be only sections of some sub-genus. I do not think that our collections, as yet,
possess a sufficient quantity of species to allow us to decide what are the genera and what are
the sub-genera of Decapod Crustacea. Professor Dehaan, however, has offered some valuable
hints on the subject, and to those I refer the reader. We appear to enter among the
Brachyura by the genus Mycteris, and to leave it by means of the genus Ranina. There are
ten Brachyurous stirpes, which may be placed in two columns, so as to shew those analogies
which by Milne Edwards and others have too often been taken for affinities.

TETRAGONOSTOMA. Analogies, TRIGONOSTOMA.
Mycteris .. PINNOTHERINA. Shell orbicular. Dromiina—Ranina.
GRAPSINA. Shell quadrilateral. Dortiprina.
CANORINA. Shell arcuated with feet often natatory. CorysTINA.
PARTHENOPINA. Shell uneven with crested feet. CALAPPINA,
INacHINA. Shell sub-triangular and generally spined. LEUCOSINA:

3. The analogy between certain Jnachina, such as Acanthonyz, and certain Leucosina, such
as Vursia, is so great as to have induced M. Latreille to imagine that a direct affinity existed
between the two groupes. In general, the above analogies appear reversed; but the Tetra-
gonostomous stirpes may be characterized as follows :—

Trine TETRAGONOSTOMA.
HDtirpres,

First joint of external antenne very large, forming the
greater part of the lower side of the orbit, and always

Normal Groupe. 1 InacHina,

Triangular Crabs.

OxyruyncHa, M.E.
soldered to the clypeus.

Epistome very large. Cly-

i First joint of external antennze small, not soldered to the
peus generally advanced in

2 PARTHENUPINA.

front.
Rocky Crabs.

3 CANCRINA.

Arched Crabs.

Aberrant Groupe.

4 GRAPSINA.

BRACHYRHYNCHA.
f Square Crabs.
Epistome short. Clypeus

rarely advanced in front.

. clypeus and not aiding to form the lower side of the
{. orbit of the eye.

Tigellus of external pedipalps always inserted at the inner
angle of their third joint. The scapes of the palpi
unidentated on the inside. Shell arched in front.

( Tigellus of external pedipalps inserted at the outer angle,
or at the middle of the third joint. The scapes of
palpi not dentated. Shell quadrilateral.

Tigellus of external pedipalps always inserted at the sum-

mit, or at the outer angle of their third joint. The

scapes of the palpi not dentated. Shell orbicular.

5 PINNOTHERINA.
Parasitical Crabs.

4, By Eurynome we pass from the Inachina to the Parthenopina ; by means of Arthra we pass
from the Parthenopina to the Cancrina; from these to the Grapsina by Thelphusa; from the

Grapsina to the Pinnotherina by means of Doto; and from the Pinnotherina we return
to the Inachina by means of Elamene. The following appear to be the families of Jna-

o6 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

china, which, as well as the Parthenopina, have the genital organs of the male hollowed out in
the first joint of the hind feet.

Stirps INACHINA, or Triancunar Crass.

Families.
Havondl Grote. Pi inatamen Wert pide bE cee pedipalps inserted at the outer angle of
L their third joint.
Macroropia, M. E. 5 : ‘ 3 ; f
Tigellus of external pedipalps inserted at the inner angle o
2 Euryropipa, M‘L. Bey” Sad /
Feet long and slender. their third joint.
(3 Eprattipa, M‘L. Eyes not concealable ; no orbitary groove.

b tG :
a tee (Eyes concealable in an orbitary groove. Clypeus bifur-

4M fi Bre
Maza, M. E. Sr i cate in the middle.
Feet of the ordinary size. [5 Huewipx, ML. ives geneenlate in an orbitary groove. Clypeus pointed
in the middle.

5. Of the two first families I have no species from the Cape to describe. I proceed therefore
to the third

Fam. EPIALTID, Mihi.

Sub-genus. Antinipinia, M‘L.

Cephalothorax short, convex, pear-shaped, as broad almost as long, with the sides dentated in

front, and the clypeus short, triangular, with a bidentated apex, having a smaller tooth
on each side.

Orbit without any distinct fossula.

Eyes minute, somewhat prominent, but scarcely moveable, and having a very short peduncle.

Exterior antenne longer than the clypeus, with their first joint reaching its middle, and being
three-sided at the apex, while the second and third joints are cylindrical, and the rest are
short and setaceous.

Internal antenne inserted at the base of the rostrum, and having their basilar joint obconical
and rather three-sided, while their second joint is shorter and cylindrical.

External pedipalpi, or fifth pair of maxille, with their outer palpus semifusiform, and the imner
palpus having the second joint elongated with parallel sides, the third joint subquadrate,
and the tigellus very small, inserted at its inner angle.

Feet, first pair twice as long as body, with the chele thick, having subacute digits, which are
serrulated on the inside. The hinder pairs of feet are more slender.

Abdomen wanting in my specimen, which is a male.

This groupe I have called Antilibinia, because it is in the family Epialtide exactly what
Libinia is in the family Mithracide. It is only analogous to Libinia, for it has no grooves or
orbit for the concealment of the eyes, which besides are neither moveable nor retractile. Lebinia
is a groupe peculiar to the New World; but whether it and Anéélibenia are sub-genera, or only
sections of sub-genera, remains to be proved.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. o7

Sp. 1. ( YeAteilhentie Gmithinriate: Pi ites
Descr. Antilibinia teste margine laterali anticé tridentato, clypeo bifurcato cornubus intus

pilosis.

Nore. The shell of this species is without hairs, almost circular, and has the regions in general
distinct. The clypeus is bifurcated with a tooth on each side of the base. The anterior lateral
margin of the shell has three teeth, of which the foremost is situated behind the eyes ; the
second or middle tooth is the greatest, and directed forwards, while the last is little more
than a tubercle. The digestive region has an eminence marked on each side. The branchial
region has five or more tubercles on each side. The cardial region has a tubercle in the middle
behind, and on each side of it there is an oblique portion of the shell scabrose. The horns of
the clypeus are pilose on the inside. The digits of the chele have seven or more teeth on the
inside. ‘The four pair of hind feet have their third joints thick, and are armed with long curved
claws. This crab resembles the Libinia spinosa of Milne Edwards so closely, that at first sight
it might be taken for it.

Sub-genus. ACANTHONYX, Lat.

Sp. 2. ( ) Acanthonyx dentatus, WM. H.
Acanthonyx dentatus, Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. 1. p. 343.
NE. de € ) Acanthonyx scutellatus, 7. s.

Duscr. Acanthonyx fere duplo longior quam latus, orbitee angulo externo unidentato, clypeo
ad basin tuberculis duobus setiferis supra instructo, testee margine laterali bidentato dente
posteriori minimo apice subsetifero.

Nore. The shell of this fine species, which is more than an inch long, is shaped like an heraldic
shield. It is depressed. The two horns of the clypeus are pilose at their apex, and have two
setiferous tubercles at their base. On each side of these horns, and at the external angle of
the orbits, there is a triangular tooth also pilose at the apex. The anterior lateral margins of
the shell are bidentated. The fore teeth on each side are large, triangular, and blunt. From
their points the sides of the carapace proceed towards the posterior margin, nearly parallel
to each other, until they arrive at the second tooth, which is rudimentary, and reduced to a
setiferous tubercle. The posterior margin of the thorax is rounded.

Fam. MITHRACIDZ:, Mihi.

Sub-genus. Denaantus, M‘L.

Cephalothorax subtriangular, with the lateral margins in front dentated, and behind rounded ;
the clypeus being quadridentate.

Orbit simple, with globose moveable eyes, thicker than their peduncles.

Exterior antenne with the basilar joint broad at the base, then narrower and reaching the
middle of the clypeus ; while the second joint is shorter and obconical.

Internal antenne with the basilar joint subcylindrical, and the second subtriangular.

External pedipalpt with the outer palpus falciform, and the inner palpus having its second joint
with subparallel sides, the third jomt sub-quadrate, emarginate at the apex, with the
tigellus conspicuous, inserted at its inner angle.

I

58 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DEGAPODS OF THE CAPR.

Feet, first pair thicker than the rest, and having the digits serrulated on the inside; the second
pair longer than the first, and, as well as the three posterior pair, it is furnished with a
subcheliform penultimate joint, which is truncated at the apex, and unidentated.

Abdomen of male has seven segments.

This groupe is in the family Mithracide exactly what Acanthonyz is in the family Epial-
tide. Both are analogous groupes in contiguous families ; but whether they ought to be con-
sidered as sub-genera, or only sections of sub-genera, remains yet to be discovered.

Op
) Dehaanius acanthopus, x. s. ie

Sp. 4. (
Duscr. Dehaanius testa glabra, margine laterali anticd pitcentates dente medio majore, clypeo
fossula inter dentes duos medios majores longitudinali.

Nor. Carapace pyriform and without hair, having the digestive, cardiac, and branchial
regions distinct. Anterior lateral margin tridentate, the middle tooth being much the largest.
Clypeus short, with four triangular divergent teeth, the two in the middle being the largest
and farthest advanced. From the middle bifurcation of the clypeus there is a deep groove
continued about half its length backwards. The feet are without hairs. The chele of fore-
feet are thick, and serrulated on the inside. The other four pair of feet have thick knees, and
subcheliform claws. The only specimen brought home by Dr. Smith has lost of the external
antenne all but the two first joints.

Sub-genus. Mirnrax, Leach.
SPs 00. i

Drscr. Mithrax cornubus rostri divergentibus ad apicem arcuatis, extus bidentatis dente apicali

) Mithrax quadridentatus, 7. s.

multo majore; testa triangulari supra granulosa, haud spinosa, marginibus lateralibus anticis
quinquidentatis.

Nor. Carapace and feet exactly like those of Mithraz dichotomus, Lat., to which this species
comes exceedingly close. The anterior lateral edges of the shell are armed on each side,
asin JM. dichotomus, with seven spiniform teeth; but the hinder two of these teeth are evanescent,
and are placed more on the back. There are, moreover, no points on the hinder edge of
the carapace, as in MZ. dichotomus. The eyes are globular, and larger than the base of the
pedicles. The antennary fossa has no tubercle at the posterior edge. The anterior feet are
long, having the third and fourth jomts covered with short spines: the fifth jot or hand is
slender and smooth, as is also the moveable finger without teeth. The other feet have no
tooth at the extremity of the third joint. The size is 14 inch.

6. By means of Hurynome we proceed to the PartaENnoPina ; but of this groupe no species
has been brought from the Cape ; so we avail ourselves of Cryptopoda to pass on to Atthra,
and so among the Cancrina, of which the families appear to be as follow. All these families are
distinguished by having the scapes of the palpi of the fifth maxille unidentated on the outside ;
and their males have the genital orifices hollowed out in the first joints of the hind feet.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 59

Stirps. CANCRINA, or ArcHED Crass.
Sanilies,

Outer lacinia of third maxille dilated at the apex. Shell
i. XANTHIDA, M‘L.

Aberrant Groupe. arched in front.

Outer lacinia of third maxille narrow at the apex. Shell
Canceria#, M. E. <2 Canoripa, M‘L. :
: : arched in front.
Hind feet with claws. Body |
thick.

( Outer lacinia of third maxille narrow at the apex. Shell

‘
3 alist a oe L quadrilateral, or at least but little arched in front.

Normal Groupe. Outer lacinia of third maxille with the inner apex emar-

te ginate. Last joint of hind feet more or less round.

(
4 Portunipa&, M‘L.
Portunia, M. E. |

Hind feet dilated, and formed Outer lacinia of third maxille with the inner apex entire.
for swimming. Body de- | 5 Carcinip#, Leach. Last joint of the hind feet more or less acuminate at the
pressed. L L apex.

I proceed to enumerate the following Cape species, which belong to this Stirps :—

Fam. XANTHID/A, Mihi.

Sub-genus. ATERGATIS, Dehaan.
SP. 6, ( ) Atergatis compressipes, 7. s.
Duscr. Atergatis testa rubra levi fulvo-maculataé clypeo vix quadrilobo ; chelis intus com-

pressis, digitis supra carinatis extus lineis elevatis duabus instructis, pedibus brevibus latis
compressis fulvé-maculatis.

Norz. The shell of this crab is about two inches long, and about twice as wide as long, of an
oval form, very convex, and having only the branchial regions distinctly marked. The surface is
quite smooth, of a dirty orange hue, marked with brick-red spots. Of these, one large spot, of
an irregular form, reaches over the genital region almost the whole width of the shell. Another
smaller spot marks the cardiac region, and the remainder of the shell is covered with small
round spots of the same hue, which are also found on the feet. The seven-jointed abdomen of
the female is also marked with small fulvous spots.

The margin of the clypeus is sinuated so as almost to show four rudimentary lobes. The
chele at their points are blackish ; on the fixed joint there are two elevated lines on the out-
side. The other feet are very much compressed and dilated. In other respects the characters

are those common to all the species of the groupe named Atergatis by Professor Dehaan.
This species is two inches long.

Sub-genus. Cutoropivus, Leach.
Sp. 7. (——— ) Chlorodius perlatus, 7. s.
Descr. Chiorodius testa rugis divisd, supra granulosa granulis albis, marginibus lateralibus

anticis quadrilobis ; clypeo quadrilobo manibus pedibusque crassis rugosis verrucosis, chelis
apice translucentibus, pedibus brevissimis.

Norz. This species comes very near the Chlorodius areolatus of Milne Edwards, but may be
1.2

60 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

distinguished from it by the anterior lateral margin being in this crab scolloped, instead of
having four triangular teeth. The whole of the feet also are granulose, which is not the case
in C. areolatus. The length is about eight lines. This is not the Chlorodius of Dehaan.

Sub-genus. Hatimepe, Dehaan.
Sp. 8. ( ) Halimede pisifer, 2. s.

Duscr. Halimede testa villosa antice tuberculata postice scabros4, clypeo subacuminato, manibus

pedibusque infra glaberrimis levissimis, hirsutie tuberculisque pisiformibus extus opertis,
chelis nigris.

Nors. This species is only seven lines long. The thorax is convex in the middle, having the
anterior lateral margins scolloped by four blunt tubercles. The front is sub-acuminate, with
the apex crenated. The chelz are unequal in size, but both large. The abdomen is covered
with hairs, except the last joint.

This species has affinity to the Polydectus cupulifer of Milne Edwards, agreeing with it, in
having three great tubercles surrounding each orbit, one occupying its external angle, and the
two others the lower edge of the orbit.

7, Of the family Cancripm we have no species ; we pass on therefore to the following—

Fam. ERIPHID, Mihi.

Sub-genus. Errpuia, Lat.
BEI. it ) Eriphia Smithi, 2. s.
Descr. Hriphia test posticé albopunctata regionibus distinctis, lateribus antice tuberculatis,
clypeo haud spinoso, lobis duobus mediis quinque-tuberculatis, manibus tuberculosis chelis

concoloribus, pedibus hispidis.

Norg. This species of Eriphia has its carapace well marked by the regions. The whole of it
towards the margin, except behind, is covered with tubercles ; the rest of the surface is granu-
lose. The lateral margin is strongly tuberculated, and the two last tubercles behind the orbits
are almost spines. The margin of the orbit is tuberculated. The margin of the two middle
lobes of the four-lobed clypeus has five tubercles for each. The fore-feet are one larger than
the other. The larger being marked above by tubercles sparingly scattered, and the smaller
being strongly verrucose above and below. The chele of the former has strong teeth; those
of the latter have scarcely any, and cross each other. The feet are spotted with white above,
are hispid, but have no tubercles. The length is more than two inches. The abdomen of the

male is seven-jointed.
SP; 10; af — ) Eriphia Fordi, x. s.

Descr. Eriphia test& postice fulvomaculata regionibus distinctis, lateribus anticé sub-sexspinosis,
clypeo haud spinoso, lobis duobus mediis 6-tuberculatis, manibus levibus chelis nigris,

pedibus hispidis.

Nore. This species also, like the Hriphie in general, has the regions well marked out. The fore
margin of the carapace is tubercled, but not so much so as in the Eriphia Smithii. The Test
of the surface is very finely granulose. The lateral margin has six distinct teeth or spines

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 61

before, and some minute tubercles behind. The margin of the orbit is also tuberculated, four
of the tubercles becoming almost teeth. The margin of the two middle lobes of the four-lobed
clypeus has six tubercles for each. The fore-feet are one larger than the other. Both are
almost smooth, although the smaller presents some vestiges of tubercles. The digits of the
chele are black; those of the larger hand have three teeth above and below; those of the lesser
hand being almost without teeth. The feet are without spots or tubercles, but are very hispid.
The length is two inches. The abdomen of the female has seven joints.

The two foregoing species of Eriphia both come close to their congeners, the Gegarcinus
hirtipes of Lamarck, and the Eriphia levimana of Milne Edwards. But these last species are
natives of the Isle of France.

Sub-genus. Curtonotus, Dehaan.
) Curtonotus vestitus, Dehaan.

SPvll. ¢
Curtonotus vestitus, Faun. Jap. tab. 5. fig. 3.

This last groupe appears to be the same as that which is named Pseudorhombida by Milne
Edwards.

Fam. PORTUNIDA, Mihi.

Sub-genus. AcuELous, Dehaan.

Sp. 12. (
Duscr. Achelous testa glabra regionibus distinctis lateribus antice dentatis, clypeo sexdentato,

— ) Achelous crassimanus, 7. s.

orbitis subtus unidentatis, manibus articulo tertio intus tridentato extus bidentato, quarto
supra ad apicem bidentato adque basin unidentato.

Nors. This large crab has a shell which is about five inches long by seven wide. The teeth of
the cephalothorax are triangular, sharp, and nearly equal. The fore feet are nearly equal in size.
The abdomen of male has seven joints. It has been only known, as yet, to occur in deep
holes, which it makes in the mud islands near the mouth of the Zwartkops River,—islands that
are only visible at low water.

Sub-genus. Cuaryspis, Dehaan.
Sp. 13. ( ) Charybdis Smithii, n. s.
Duscr. Charybdis testa glabra, regionibus indistinctis, lateribus antic sexdentatis, clypeo

8-dentato, orbitis haud dentatis, manibus articulo secundo intus tridentato, quarto supra

bidentato intus et extus lineis tribus granulatis longitudinaliter carinato, digitis sulcatis.

Nors. Although I have here placed Charybdis as a sub-genus, I suspect that when the family
Portunide is worked out, it will be found that the Charybdis of Dehaan is only a section of
some sub-genus of the genus Portuninus. M. Dehaan is here splitting very fine ; for between
the groupes named by him Oceanus, Charybdis, and Thalamita, the differences are very
minute. Our crab comes between Oceanus crucifer of Dehaan and his Charybdis 6-dentatus.
The cephalothorax has no transverse granulated lines like the latter, nor are the teeth of the
clypeus blunt like those of Oceanus crucifer. The six teeth of the anterior lateral margin are

62 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

equal, the tooth nearest the eye being sharp. So are the teeth of the clypeus, and the four
middle of these teeth are scarcely separated from the lateral ones by a deeper incision. The
fore-feet are equal in size, having two apical teeth on the upper margin of the fourth joint. The
length is about two inches. The abdomen of the female has six joints.

Fam. CARCINID, Leach.

Sub-genus. Anisopus, Dehaan.

Sp. 14. ( ) Anisopus trimaculatus, Dehaan.

Anisopus 3-maculatus, Faun. Jap. p. 13.
Platyonychus bipustulaius, M. Ei. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. i. p. 487. tab. 17.
fig. 7. 10.
Nore. This crab has a strong relation to the Corystide, which Professor Dehaan has pointed
out with his usual acumen. By Anisopus, in fact, we pass off to the Corystina among the
Trigonostomous Brachyura.

Sub-genus. Xatva, M‘L.

Cephalothorax rather depressed, as broad as long, but narrower behind, being broadest in the
middle, and having the sides in front arched with a five-toothed margin; the tooth behind
the eyes being broad and truncated. The sides behind are entire, rather concave, and
with a margin. The shell behind is also entire and margined. The clypeus is triangular,
advanced with an acute point, and having the sides undated, while it is furnished above
on each side at its base with an orbital tooth.

Orbit with two teeth below, the outer one of which is triangular, and larger than the other.

External antenne inserted within the orbit, and having their basilar joint short and sub-
triangular.

External pedipalpi, with the second joint, almost twice as long as the third, which is sub-
quadrate, carinated at the base, with the point obliquely truncated, acummated on the
outside ; the inner margin having a piece cut out,as it were, above its middle.

Feet, first pair with the chele bicarinated above; second, third, and fourth pair with slender
nails, while the hind pair has the nails or ungues dilated and pointed as in the genus
Carcinus.

Abdomen of male has seven segments; but the third, fourth, and fifth appear soldered together.

Xaiva is the Spanish name for all crabs which have the posterior feet natatory. This will
be seen on referring to the curious work of Parra on the natural history of the Gulf of Mexico.
The present sub-genus comes close to Carcinus of Leach; but is easily distinguished by
the third joint of the external pedipalpi.

Sp. 15. ( ) Xaiva pulchella, 2. s. fe. Tr,

Duscr. Xaiva test margine anteriore subreflexo, tuberculis quatuor in regione stomachali, linea
utringque elevata in tuberculum lateralem desinente, chelis supra bicarimatis et extus
tricarinatis.

Nore. The stomachal region in this pretty little crab is marked by four tubercles, which are
situated on an elevated ridge, stretching on each side towards a lateral tubercle, which is almost
on the middle tooth of the anterior lateral margin of the shell. The genital region is marked by

~~

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 63

two minute tubercles at the base of a longitudinal carina. An irregular transverse carina
stretches out on each side from the last lateral marginal tooth towards the middle of the shell,
marking out the upper limit of the branchial region. The chele are marked above with five
keels on the fixed digit, and three or four longitudinal furrows on the middle finger. The
second, third, and fourth pair of feet, are compressed, having their third and fourth joints
bicarinated, and their ungues furrowed. The fifth pair of feet are less bicarinated, and the
last joint or claw is like the posterior claw of Carcinus menas, Leach, only more broad.
The length is less than an inch.

8. We now return to the aberrant family Evriphide, by means of which we pass to Thelphusa
among the Grapsina. It becomes therefore necessary to point out the families of a stirps
which is very common in warm climates, and the study of whose manners afforded me much
amusement whilst I resided in the West Indies. Dr. Milne Edwards calls them Catamétopes,
and says that some of them are “complétement terrestres.” This is an error, however; for all
these crabs must lay their eggs in water, must pass their infant state in water, and must,
during their future life, return periodically to the vicinity of water. The land-crab par excel-
lence, G'egarcinus ruricola, Lat., in this respect, does not differ in economy from other
Brachyurous Decapods, nor does it retire many leagues from the sea. In our small West
India islands it may be found all over them ; but in Cuba it has its limits, which are confined
to a certain distance from the shore.

Stirps. GRAPSINA, or Seuare Crass.
Families.

Ocular peduncles short. Tigellus of external pedipalps
1 TorLpHusip2#, M. E.

Aberrant Groupe. Fresh Water Crabs. never inserted at the outer angle of third joint. Scape

of the palpi unidentated on the inside.
Tigellus of external pedipalps Ocular peduncles long. ‘Tigellus of external pedipalps in-
: , 2 GonopLacip#, M. E.
never inserted at the mid-<

Deens serted at the inner angle of third joint. Scape of the
dle of the apex of third eep Shore Crabs.

(palpi unidentated on the inside.

joint. oe CsA { Ocular peduneleslong. Tigellus of external pedipalps al-
L bee ae i ways inserted at the outer angle of third joint. Scape
Ae a of the palpi not dentated.
f
Normal Groupe. 4 Grapsips”, M. E. Shell depressed, and the whole structure such as to render
Salt Water Crabs. these crabs unable to retire far from the sea.
Grapsi, Dehaan.

Tigellus of external pedipalps4 -

inserted at the middle of
erapen af eee ene 5 Gucarcrnipm, M. E. ee convex in order to contain a certain quantity of water,

Palpi never dentated True-Land Crabs- enabling these crabs to travel great distances on land.

9. Dr. Smith has brought specimens of all the above families of Grapsina except of the
Gegarcinide. ‘The first family Thelphuside has the genital organs of the male placed nearly
as in the last stirps Cancrina, with which it is osculant. But the other families of Grapsina
have the genital orifices of the male placed in a transverse groove hollowed out on the
sternum. Both the Thelphuside and Gonoplacide being aberrant families, agree with the
Cancrina in having the scape of their palpi unidentated on the inside.

64 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

Fam. THELPHUSIDA, M. E.

Sub-genus. THELpuusa, Lat.

SP. 16. 1

) Thelphusa perlata, W/. £.
Thelphusa perlata, M. EH. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 13.

Norz. This crab is common in all the rivers of southern Africa, and grows to the size of nearly
three inches long. The male has a much more convex shell than the female, and in aspect
resembles much a Gegarcinus. The pearly tubercles of the anterior margin of shell are also
still more small and evanescent than in the female. I may take this occasion to observe, that
in my cabinet I separate those species of Thelphusa, which, like the present, have a transversal
crest in front of the shell, and call them Potamonautes. They are easily distinguished from
true Thelphuse, of which the type is the European species Thelphusa fluviatilis. —

Fam. GONOPLACIDA, M. E.

Sub-genus ? Cuzistotom4, Dehaan.

Sel]. '( ) Cleistotoma Edwardsii, n. s.
Descr. Cleistotoma oculis magnis, testa levi haud pilosa lateribus integris nec granulosis nec
postice divergentibus, manibus brevibus; pedum pari tertio longiori, femoribus infra

leevibus.

Nor. This species comes very near to the Cleistotoma Leachii of Milne Edwards; but
differs from it in the surface being altogether smooth. ‘The length is four lines.

Fam. OCYPODIDZ:, Leach.

Sub-genus. Ocypopx, Fab.

SP 13; ) Ocypode cordimana, Lat.

Ocypode cordimana, M. EK. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 48.

Norz. The Ocypode cordimana of Dehaan appears to be a very different species.

Sub-genus. CERATOPHTHALMA, Dehaan.

SEU ) Ceratophthalma cursor, Herbst.
Cancer cursor, Herbst. vol. i. tab. 1. fig. 8 and 9.
Sub-genus. GeLasimus, Lat.
Sp. 20. ( ) Gelasimus chlorophthalmus, M. E.

Gelasimus chlorophthalmus, M. BE. His. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 54.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 65

Fam. GRAPSID, M. E.

Sub-genus ? Gnatuocuasmus, M‘L.

Cephalothorax sub-quadrate, with the back convex, and entire sides which are arched towards
the eyes; the clypeus between the eyes is plane, entire, truncated and deflexed.

Exterior Antenne produced as far as the middle between the eyes, and having the first joint
transverse.

External Pedipalpi very distant from each other; with the second joint very oblique at the
base, at the point sinuated, and of the same length as the third joint, which is concave in
the middle, and has a bearded crest continuous along its inner edge as far as the outer
part of the base of the second joint.

Feet; first pair with thick and equal chele.

Abdomen in both sexes has seven segments.

10. Dehaan has noticed the affinity between the two groupes, which he names Chasmagnathus
and Pachysoma. By them he passes from the family Ocypodide to the family Grapside.
The sub-genus or sub-section which I have just characterized under the name of Gnathochasmus
comes exactly between Chasmagnathus and Pachysoma. It agrees with both in the remark-
able elevated crest, which stretches down obliquely from the inner angle of the third jomt of
the external pedipalp to the outer angle of the base of its second joint. It has the thorax with
arched sides, like those of Chasmagnathus ; but then these sides are entire, like those of
Pachysoma. I may here observe, that Dehaan’s name Pachysoma ought to be changed, as it
was assigned, long ago, by Mr. Kirby, to a division of the genus Scarabeus. See Hore
Entomologice, part 2, p. 507.

Spr 2G ) Gnathochasmus barbatus, n. s. (C,2m0
Descr. Gnathochasmus testa levi, utrinque ad oculos deflexa regionibus sub-distinctis, lateribus
clypeoque marginatis integris ; manibus leevibus glaberrimis crassis chelis sub-concoloribus
latis convexis, pedibus leevibus sub-compressis nigro-punctatis tarsis sulcatis.

Nore. This crab is about an inch and a quarter long.

Sub-genus. SESARMA, Say.
Sp. 22. (——— ) Sesarma reticulata, Say.

Grapsus cinereus, Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. i. p. 204. tab. 6. fig. 1.
Sesarma reticulata, Say, Trans. Acad. Phil. vol. i. p. 73. tab. 4. fig. 5.
Norr. It is singular that I can find no good character whereby to separate this Cape crab from
the American species described by Bose and Say. The latter, however, I only know from descrip-
tion. It is six lmes long, whereas the Cape crab is more than aninch. Both are distinguished
from the Sesarma quadrata by their epistome being covered with granulations, so as to appear
finely reticulated. I dare say if we could compare the two crabs together we should be able
to discover a specific difference. The Cape crab has not the slightest vestige of granulation on
the shell of the cephalothorax. I have found in Cuba the species of Sesarma to live generally
under stones on the banks of the muddy mouths of rivers. Say’s name, Sesarma, is adopted
K

66 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

by me instead of Pachysoma. It distinguishes a groupe which is the most quadrilateral form
of the family Grapside, and easily known from the true Grapsus by its sides deflexed verti-
cally, being parallel to each other from the eyes. In the Cape species the clypeus has four
lobes, the two middle ones being separated by a deep furrow.

Sub-genus. Puaausta, Lat.

Sp. 23. ( ) Plagusia tomentosa, M. #.

Plagusia tomentosa, M. Ki. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 92.

Nors. In the younger specimens of this species the feet are wholly tomentose; butin the more
adult specimens we find the two ridges of the upper side of the second joints of the feet appear-
ing white, from the tomentum being worn off.

Sp. 24. (
Drsor. Plagusia testa subtomentosa valde depressa, longiore quam lata, lateribus arcuatis anticé

) Plagusia spinosa, 7. s.

quadridentatis, clypeo medio angusto quadridentato dentibus mediis porrectioribus, clypel
lateribus bidentatis, manibus brevissimis gracilibus, pedibus articulis secundis extus spinosis,
pari secundo longiore.

The length of this Plagusia is about three quarters of an inch. It comes very near to the
Plagusia clavimana of Desmarest.
Sub-genus. Goniorsis, Dehaan.

Sp. 25. (——-— ) Goniopsis strigosa, Herbst.
Cancer strigosus, Herbst. tab. 47. fig. 7.

Sp. 26. (
Descr. Goniopsis testa glaberrima nitida nigrolivida lateribus antice bidentatis, epistomate

) Goniopsis flavipes, n. s.

brevissimo cristaé utrinque transversd tuberculaté, manibus sanguineis bicarinatis, pedibus
flavis nitidissimis.

Norte. This species is nearly three inches long, and very handsome. The manners of the vari-
ous species of Goniopsis are very interesting. There are no crabs more active, more vigilant, or
more beautiful. The type of this genus is the Grapsus ruricola of Degeer, a crab whose
manners are detailed by me in the first volume of the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
The name, Grapsus ruricola, Deg., was wrongly altered from my manuscript by some person
who superintended the press during my absence at the Havana, and changed the name to
Gegarcinus ruricola, Desm. The Grapsus ruricola, Deg., is the Grapsus eruentatus of Latreille,
and the true Crabe des Paletuviers of French travellers, although Milne Edwards erroneously
makes this to be the Goniopsis picta, a species which on the contrary is always found on reefs,
and which is therefore by Parra called “ Cangrejo de Arrecife.”

Sub-genus. Nautitocrarsus, M. E.

Sp. 27. (

Descr. Nautilograpsus testa depressiuscula longiore quam lata, amticé leevi, lateribus postice

) Nautilograpsus major, m. s.

rugis transversis, margine antico pone oculos subemarginato, clypeo lato ultra laterum angulos
porrecto.

Norz. This species is ten lines long by seven wide ; whereas the true Vautilograpsus minutus,

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 67

the Cancer minutus of Fabricius, of which I have taken abundance in the Atlantic ocean,
adhering to the gulf-weed, is only three lines long.

Sp. 28. (
Descr. Mautilograpsus testi convexd levi, tam lata quam longa, margine laterali antico pone

) Nautilograpsus Smithii, 7. s.

oculos vix emarginato, clypeo lato vix ultra laterum angulos porrecto.

Norz. This species is seven lines long, and as broad as long. I believe that many species
of this sub-genus are confounded with the Cancer minutus of Fabricius. Vautilograpsus is
an excellent groupe, which appears to have escaped the notice of M. Dehaan. It is in general
found in the wide ocean, adhering to chelonian reptiles or masses of floating sea-weed. The
feet therefore are almost natatorial. Grapsus pusillus of Dehaan appears to be a species of
the sub-genus near to Wautilograpsus major above described.

Sub-genus. Grapsittus, M‘L.

Cephalothorax heart-shaped, depressed, with the back plane and the sides arched, almost form-
ing the quadrant of a circle; the clypeus is broad, truncated, and sinuated in front.

Orbits placed at the fore angles of the shell, with great depressed eyes.

Exterior Antenne placed without the orbit towards the middle of the clypeus.

Internal Antenne rather thick.

External Pedipalpi with the second and third joints quadrate, almost equal, the third being a
little shorter; the third joint also has its inner apex rounded off, the tigellus is thick, and
the outer palpus has its sides almost parallel.

Feet; first pair almost twice as long as body with very large jomts; the chele being without
teeth and the other feet being short with hairy tarsi.

Abdomen in males has five segments, in females it has six.

11. This groupe is very distinct from any described one with which I am acquainted. It
approaches in many respects to Mautilograpsus, and appears to connect that groupe with
Plagusia. It is remarkable for the large size of the fore feet.

Sp. 29, (
Descr. Grapsillus testaceus ; thoracis lateribus versus medium vix emarginatis ; clypeo medio

) Grapsillus subinteger, 7. s.
emarginato denteque utrinque ad oculos obtuso; manibus articulo secundo intus tridentato,
chelis apice purpureis ad marginem unistriatis.
Note. This species is about four lines long, and rather broader than long.
Sp. 30. ( ) Grapsillus dentatus, n. s. LL TI

Duscor. Grapsillus rafo-testaceus ; thoracis lateribus medio unidentatis, dente acuto ; clypeo medio
sub-bilobo denteque distincto utrinque ad oculos obtuso; manibus articulo secundo intus

septem-dentato, chelis apice sub-purpureis ad marginem unistriatis.
Norz. This species is about halfan inch long, and about the same width.

— ) Grapsillus maculatus, 2. s.

Sp. 31. (
Descr. Grapsillus testaceus supra et infra rufo-maculatus maculis rotundis; thoracis lateribus medio
unispinosis, spind brevi acuta; clypeo medio sub-bilobo utrinque ad oculos emarginato ;

K 2

68 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

manibus articulo secundo intus quinque-dentato, chelis apice concoloribus ad marginem
haud striatis. }

Nors. This beautiful little species is four lines long, by more than five broad.

12. The above great number of Grapsid@ at the Cape shews that the carcinology of South
Africa agrees with that of itratropical climates more than it does with that of the temperate
zones in general. But we now proceed to the stirps Pinnotherina, and for that purpose we
must return to the family Ocypodide. Milne Edwards has shewn that a small crab of the
Red Sea, called by him Doto sulcatus, makes the passage from the Ocypodide to the
Pinnotherina.

Stirps. PINNOTHERINA, Dehaan, or ParasiticaL Crass.

13. This stirps contains so few known species, that I shall not attempt its arrangement at
present, more particularly as Dr. Smith has only brought home one species, which has long
been known as a native of the Cape of Good Hope. M. Dehaan makes the distinguishing
characteristic of this stirps, which he calls Pinnotheridea, to consist in the sixth joint of the
fourth pair of maxille being inserted at the base of the fifth jomt. The groupe consists of
singular crabs, among which we find the last pair of feet to be sometimes evanescent, as in the
genus Hexapus of Dehaan.

Fam. HYMENOSOMID.
Genus. HY MENOSOMA, Leach.

Sub-genus. Leacutum, M. E.

Sp. 82. (Hymenosoma) Leachium orbicula: >, Leach, MSS.
Hymenosoma orbiculare, Desm. Cons. p. 163. tab. 26. fig. 1.
Norz. Milne Edwards has shewn that the Hymenosoma Leachii of Guerin belongs to

another sub-genus.

14. Perhaps when the attention of collectors shall have been more directed to these small,
though curious crabs, we may discover their natural arrangement. The difficulties pomted out
by Milne Edwards, who complains that his genera are so distinct from each other, evidently pro-
ceeds from almost every one of his genera belonging to a distinct family. Perhaps indeed, if we
consider his arrangement in this light—in other words, that most of his genera represent fami-
lies—the table he gives (vol. 2, p. 29) may not be found so far wrong. But however this mary
be, I shall now return to the stirps Cancrina and family Carcinide. From these we pass
directly to the osculant stirps Corystina, belonging to the interesting tribe of Trigonostomous
Brachyura, which may be displayed to view in the following manner :—

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 69

Tribe. TRIGONOSTOMA.
Stirpes.

ff External antenne long. Hind feet of the more usual struc-

1 CorystTINa. t : : ‘
f te ture, and serving for locomotion. Oral orifice triangular.

Aberrant Groupe.

Nixcuuoune ( External antenne long. Hind feet eats up i
< 2 Doriprina. <back and serving for organs of prehension. Oral orifice
External antenne long, or at f

; triangular.
least conspicuous.

(External antennz moderate. Hind feet raised up over
(3 Dromuna. 5 the back and serving for organs of prehension. Oral

orifice not always triangular.

Normal Groupe.
ee P f [ Anterior feet not elevated into a crest. No branchial

4 LEUCOSINA.
BRACHYCERA. iC afferent apertures in front of the fore feet.

External antenne more or4 '
1 ec ontar tarde ol 5 C Anterior feet compressed and elevated into a crest. Bran-
ess rudim :

: : ; L co saap oa bal tu chial afferent apertures in front of fore feet.
ways inconspicuous.

15. From the Corystina we pass to the Calappina, by means of Matuta. By Oreophorus we
leave the Calappina for the Leucosina. The passage from the Leucosina to the Dromiina is
not so clear; but these last are close to the Dorippina, which last again are approximated
naturally to the Corystina. Still the tribe has never been worked out, and I think it more
than’ possible that the Dromiina which I have here considered to be an aberrant groupe of
Trigonostomous Brachyura, will, in the end, be found to be an aberrant groupe of Anomurous
Macroura. Nay, this last is the position assigned to it by Milne Edwards, and the arguments
for such a location of Dromiina are their rudiment , abdominal appendages, and the oral orifice
being rarely triangular. On the other hand, however, they differ from all Macroura in having
fossulee for the reception of their internal antennze. The question therefore of their true place can
only be determined when the groupe shall have been worked out, which I fear cannot be done at
present, on account of the paucity of species which are known to belong to this essentially tropical
tribe. One thing, nevertheless, is established, namely, that the Dromiina are osculant, or, in other
words, they stand on the limits of the Trigonostomous Brachyura and Anomurous Macroura.
Into which of these circles the stirps truly enters, must be left for future investigation ; but
I shall provisionally consider it as belonging to the Brachyura. As for the families of
Trigonostomous Brachyura, I shall not at present attempt to indicate them, but proceed at
once to characterize the sub-genera brought from the Cape, which are only three.

Stirps. CORYSTINA.

Of the stirps Corystina we have no species from the Cape; but the following is very close
to it, being aberrant in the next stirps.

70 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

Stirps. CALAPPINA.
Fam. MATUTID-.
Genus. MATUTINUS.

Sub-genus. Maruta, Fab.

Sp. 83. (Matutinus) Matuta Victor, Fab.
Matuta victor, M. E. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. 1. p. 115. tab. 20. fig. 3 and 6.

Nore. I agree entirely with my lamented friend Dr. Leach in thinking, that there are many
species confounded together under the name of Matuta victor. Ido not consider the above
names of the family and genus to possess any authority, and merely publish them in order that
the reader may understand the relation which the sub-genus bears to the stirps Calappina.

Stirps. LEUCOSINA.

Here likewise I shall not pretend to characterize the families, or to describe the genera of a
stirps in which so few species are as yet known; but shall merely content myself with the
following description of the only sub-genus of the groupe which is known to be found at
the Cape of Good Hope :—

Sub-genus. Leveisca, M‘L.

Body in front slender and compressed, but behind thick.

Cephalothoraz smooth, plane, depressed, sub-elliptical, broader than long, and having a thin
reflexed margin; while the clypeus is advanced with a round sub-reflexed apex, which is
scarcely emarginate.

Orbits small, sub-circular, and hidden under the clypeus; while the eyes are deeply set, very
minute and globose.

Exterior Antenne very small and rather tri-articulate.

Interior Antenne hidden under the clypeus in transverse reniform fossule.

External Pedipalpi very large, and closing a triangular buccal cavity; their second joint is
oblong, quadrate, and broader in front than the third, which is an ane with a sharp
point, while the external palpus is lunate.

Feet; first, second, and third pairs have been lost in the only specimen before me; but the
two remaining pair are short, and all are inserted under the margin of the cephalothorax.

Abdomen of the female with four segments.

The nearest crab to this is one from the Red Sea, which is described by Riippell under the
name of Oreophorus horridus. Both come near to Calappina.

Sp. 34. ( ) Leucisca squalina, 7. s. L., LF
Descr. Leucisca alba, dorso medio convexiusculo, oculis glaucis, pedipalpis externis palpisque

margine externo granulatis, pedibus articulo quarto extus sulcato, unguibus longis acutis.
Norg. The length of this curious little crab is only about three lines; and my specimen is
much injured, having lost the chele, and several other of the feet. The abdomen also is

in a damaged state.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 71

Stirps. DROMIINA.

Sub-genus. Dromia, Fab.

Milne Edwards has described the form of this sub-genus in one of its early stages of meta-
morphosis, and has also very distinctly pointed out the various points in which the adult state
of Dromia differs from that of the Brachyura in general.

Sp. 35. ( ) Dromia hirtissima, Lam.
Dromia hirtissima, Lam. Hist. Nat. des An. sans Vert. vol. v. p. 264.
Sp. 36. ( — ) Dromia rotunda, n. s.

Descr. Dromia villosa, minime tuberculata, tam longa quam lata, globosa regione hepatica fos-
sula obliqua utrinque munita, lateribus anticis haud dentatis, clypeo antice bidentato.

Norte. This species comes very near one from the Red Sea, described by Ruppell under the
name of Dromia unidentata; but the anterior sides of the shell have not an unidentated margin.
The crab is all, except the tips of the fore feet, covered with a close, short, brown tomen-
tum. The shell is round, with a convex globular back. Besides the two middle triangular
teeth of the clypeus, there is a short blunt one above the inner side of the orbit, and
vestiges of another blunt tooth above the outer side. The length is about sixteen lines.

Dr. Smith has brought no species of the stirps Dorippina from the Cape.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS.

Tue addition of a new species to. so rare a genus as Cerapterus will confer entomological
fame on Dr. Smith’s expedition. The genus Cerapterus is so little understood by entomolo-
gists, that ere I describe this new species I conceive myself called upon to make a few remarks
on the groupe, particularly as those hitherto made have either been extremely inaccurate, or
have been accompanied by bad figures.

The genus Cerapterus was founded by Swederus fifty years ago, and the insects having
immediate reference to it remain to this day of the utmost rarity; so much so, indeed, that
I believe there is no specimen in any Continental Museum. There are only five specimens
in England, and each of these belongs to a distinct species. Of these five specimens, three
are in my collection, one in that of the East India Company, and one in that of Mr. John
Curtis. Having the first four species now on the table before me, I consider myself enabled
to distinguish the species accurately; and I shall take the opportunity of stating some
interesting particulars observed by my brother, Mr. George MacLeay, in New South Wales,
which agree with the observations made by M. Verreaux on the economy of the Pausside in
general,—a family of which he has brought home a very extensive collection.

Being in possession of a fine series of undescribed Pausside, and finding some very
curious forms among them, I shall probably hereafter treat of the family at large in some other
work. My object for the present must be confined to a satisfactory description of Dr. Smith’s
new species. I shall therefore in this place merely remark, that if we watch that chain of
affinity which is most visible in the family of Paussid@, some genera that are usually included
in it will seem, so far as we are acquainted with the groupe, to be more properly excluded.
For instance, beginning with the true genus Paussus, we pass, by an easy transition, to the
groupe called Platyrhopalus by Mr. Westwood, and to that interesting insect Platyrhopalus
Mellyi, which appears to be the type of a new sub-genus leading us on directly to Cerap-
terus latipes of Swederus; and by the New Holland form of Cerapterus which I call Arthrop-
terus, we pass to Pentaplatarthrus, from which we return to Paussus. Now, as this returning
into itself is the essential characteristic of a natural groupe, it follows that the genus Aylo-
torus of Dalman, as well as the Trochoideus of Westwood, are osculant groupes, leading off
from the Pausside, since if inserted in the above circular series, they appear to interrupt it.
If indeed Dalman’s name Hylotorus be correctly applied, this insect cannot enter into the
groupe of true Pausside, which, according to the observations of M. Verreaux, never attack
wood. As to the genus Trochoideus, which, by the way, is strangely named; for the insects
are as like to Hercules as to a wheel; it certainly leads off to the parasitical Myrmecoxenus of

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS. 73

Chevrolat, and other genera, such as Cryptophagus, of the groupe which I have called Wecro-
phaga. Mr. Westwood seems to have been the first to suspect the affinity of Cryptophagus to the
Pausside, but he has not expressed himself very clearly on the subject. With respect to the
true affinities of Hylotorus, having never seen the insect except as figured by Schonnherr in
his appendix, [ am unwilling to offer an opinion; although, if Dalman’s name has been given to
the genus on account of its habits, I suspect that good reasons may hereafter be found for
this last entomologist’s assertion, that it bears some kind of relation to Platypus. One thing,
however, is sure, namely, that the Pausside have a strong relation of analogy to the Pselaphide ;
so strong indeed, that I at one time suspected immediate affinity. But I shall return to this
subject anon. | .

I have taken care that figures of the greatest accuracy, and made under my own superin-
tendence, should be executed by Mr. C. Curtis, an artist whose skill in such subjects is only
rivalled by that of his brother. I wished also to render the following observations still
more complete, by presenting entomologists with the anatomy of the mouth; but as I hope
soon to have several specimens at my disposal for dissection, I am unwilling to sacrifice
valuable insects, which are, so far as I know, at present unique in my cabinet.

Those persons who may wish to possess some notion of the actual state of our knowledge
with respect to Cerapterus, will do well to cast their eye over a paper on Pausside, published
in the 16th volume of the Linnean Transactions. It would be unjust to a clever entomologist,
Mr, Westwood, did I not praise the industry with which he has there brought together
almost every word that has been written on these rare insects. I trust he will now confer a
further favour on the entomological world, by condensing the materials he has so laboriously
compiled, and by arranging his own valuable observations in a lucid order. His reasoning,
however, ought all to be unsparingly expunged ; for Mr. Westwood, when he draws an infer-
ence, is even more awful than when he names his Pauss?.*

In the Cerapterus of authors I can clearly discern two very distinct sub-genera. But I shall
first state the external characters common to both. They are as follow :—

Antenne pubescentes capitis fronti inserte, 10-articulate articulo primo augustiore com-
presso apice emarginato reliquis sub-perpendiculari, articulo ultimo apice semicircu-
lari antenne totius partem fere quartam plerumque constituente articulorumque inter-
mediorum latitudine gaudente, his equalibus brevibus compressis latissimis sub-
parallelis. Caput subtriangulare collo cylindrico instructum. Oculi globosi valde
prominuli. Thorax planiusculus immarginatus. Scutellum triangulare. Elytra
oblongo-quadrata. Pedes valde compressi, lati. Tarsi tetrameri, filiformes articulo
ultimo longiore simplice. Ungues simplices.

Such insects are peculiar to the tropics of the Old World and to New Holland, and I
distribute them as follows :—

Sub-genus. CERAPTERUS, Swederus.

Caput thorace angustius, collo brevi, oculis mediocribus. Thorax latior quam longus
lateribus dilatatis rotundatis. Scutellum mediocre. -Elytra abdomine vix breviora

* For instance, he has attempted to prove, although I know not how, that the Paussi presented to Latreille by my father,
were given to the latter out of the Linnean Collection by its purchaser, Sir J. E. Smith. Mr. Westwood accord-
ingly vents a great deal of virtuous indignation, which however is all wasted, as my father never received an insect in his
life from Sir James Smith ; and I must say it is rather hard that the late President of the Linnean Society should be so
unjustly attacked in the Transactions of an Institution which he founded.

L

74 ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS.

lata, apice subrotundata. Tibie lateribus parallelis apice truncatis haud bispinosis.
Tarsi intra tibiarum apices excavatos retractiles.

This groupe is found in Asia and Africa, within the tropics.

NE. 16 ) Cerapterus latipes, Seed.
Descr. Cerapterus piceus, elytris macula apicali flavescente subrotunda antice quadridentata
postice lobata, antennis rufis articulo ultimo in tuberculum ad. basin elevato.

Caput piceum. Thorax capite duplo latior, medio posticéque utrinque foveolatus.
Antenne lateribus convergentibus serratis, articulo ultimo quatuor precedentibus simul
sumptis longiore. H/ytra thorace vix latiora. Tibiw rufee, latissime, apice haud spinosee.

C. latipes, Swed. K. V. Acad. vol. ix. p. 203. tab. 6. fig. 1.

Nore. The original specimen which General Davies sent to Swederus for description is now
in my collection, my father having purchased it at the sale of the General’s museum. It is
supposed to be a native of the East Indies, which is more than probable, as it comes very close
to the Javanese species hereafter described.

Sp. 2. (— ) Cerapterus Horsfieldii.
Descr. Cerapterus piceus, thorace antice emarginato, elytris macula apicali flavescente haud
rotundata literam Y quodammodo simulante.
Caput nigropiceum antennis rufo-ferrugincis lateribus parallelis vix serratis, articulo basilari
lobato, ultimo quinque precedentibus simul sumptis longiore. Thorax capite triplo
latior, postice utrinque subfoveolatus. Hiytra thorace latiora. Tibie@ rufee apice haud

spinosee.
C. latipes, West. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 682. tab. 38. fig. 52—56.
C. Horsfieldii? West. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 672.

Norte. The only specimen known of this insect was brought by Dr. Horsfield from Java, and
deposited by him in the museum of the East India Company. It was first described by Mr.
Westwood, who imagined it to be a variety of Cerapterus latipes. He proposed, however, if it
should eventually be proved different, that it should be called C. Horsfieldit; and this
proposal I have had great pleasure in adopting, out of respect for the profound entomological
science of Dr. Horsfield. The figure given in the Linnean Transactions of this interesting
insect is so incorrect, that I have, with Dr. Horsfield’s kind permission, employed Mr. C. Curtis
to make an accurate one for the satisfaction of entomologists. The size is that of the former
species, that is, rather more than five lines.

Sp. 3. ( ) Cerapterus Smithii, 7. s.
Descr. Cerapterus nigropiceus subnitidus, elytris macula fulva lunari, tibiis intus spina apicali

instructis.

Caput piceum subpunctatum. Antenne nigropicee lateribus convergentibus vix serratis,
articulo ultimo plano tribus precedentibus simul sumptis haud longiore. Thorax capite
haud duplo latior. Mytra oblongo-quadrata thorace latiora et fere quintuplo longiora
apice rotundata abdomine haud breviora. Pedes nigropicei.

Nore. For an unique specimen of this African species I am indebted to the kindness of Dr.
Smith, who found it within the tropic of Capricorn. It is by far the largest of the Pausside
known, and differs from the two former species of Cerapterus in having a spine at the extremity
of the tibia. It seems to form a distinct section of Cerapterus.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS. 75

Sub-genus. AntHROPTERUS, M‘L.

Caput thorace haud augustius, collo conspicuo, oculis magnis. Thorax longior quam
latus, sub-quadratus. Scutellum minimum. Elytra angusta parallela, apice truncata
abdomine breviora. Z%bie lateribus haud parallelis apice bispinosis. Zarsz intra
tibiarum apices excavatos haud retractiles.

This groupe inhabits New Holland.

Sp. 1. Arthropterus MacLeaii, Don.
Descr. Arthropterus rufo-brunneus; thorace subconvexo posticé augustiore, augulis anticis rotun-
datis, disco medio vix canaliculato.

Caput subpunctatum thorace latius. Antenne lateribus parallelis haud serratis, articulo
ultimo plano tribus precedentibus simul sumptis vix longiore. Thorax angustus, antice latior
angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis acutis. Hlytra thorace latiora, et non triplo longiora,
oblongo-quadrata lateribus parallelis. Pedes rufo-brunnei.

Cerapterus MacLean, Don. Ins. of New Holland, pl. 8.

Norz. The only specimen known of this species was purchased by my father at the sale of Mr.
Francillon’s museum. None of the authors who have written on the species ever saw it,
except Donovan, who was its first describer in his work on the “Insects of New Holland.”
There is another species of Arthropterus, which I have seen in the valuable collection of my
friend Mr. John Curtis, and which differs from A. MacZLeaii in the form of the thorax, and in
the body being more depressed. I am ignorant which of these two my brother, Mr. George
MacLeay, has lately found, or whether his discovery may not prove, on comparison, to be still
a third species. But I learn, by a letter from my father, that my brother, “in one of his late
excursions into the terior of New South Wales, discovered several specimens of ‘ Cerap-
terus MacLeazi’ in the nests of ants, and, moreover, remarked, that when alive they had the
power of exploding, after the manner of Brachini.’”’ The first of these observations with
respect to the economy of Arthropterus agrees perfectly with what M. Verreaux noticed of the
Paussi of the Cape ; and my brother’s second observation accords with that of M. Dupont’s
correspondent on the Senegal species, Paussus excavatus. I hope, however, as I am about to
visit Australia, soon to be able to make myself master of the economy of these interesting
insects, and also to publish a correct representation of the parts of their mouth.

Can parlipus Horstieldww.

Anoplochetlits spimtarsis.
Ip

( Invertebrata Plate 1.)

Coton leoviniin,

Goliathiis Smuathar.

Tschnostotwy pucw,

Lschnostoma spatutipe

Lig. w, hind leg.

>

PA :
; ratinte 1
: chit bie ie

4

s

Re eras

sa

OSH

DIESEL Ah

LES L

LU

‘TTEIOD £9 6D Y IAPTa TIES Aq paysyquy ‘uopioT

Z eel ~ ererqeizeauy

‘“HYVULG CAG

Grapsillus dentatus ,

(Invertebrata Plate 3.)

Gnathe chiswva.s barbatiis

Fig. a. Leucisca squalina magnified.

Fig. b. Under surface ef head.

G. Cirlis, det.

Pub.

fished by Smith Bilder & C® G5, Cornhill.

Lig. a. Dehaanius ACOURCPUS HULOTaNLCM

Fiat. Under surtace cf héad, Tig.e Abdomen

a Male.

Bs

(Cijverietrata. Plate 4)

Fig 1. w.

Cerapterus Horsficldu.

Cerapterus Swathi.

Fig. a antennc fig b wing OQ

Ns % weer

tig.c fore foot. i
t Le

ig. a. rere

ary

res

Arthropterus Macleaw.

Cerapterus latipes. Lig. a antenna

\.

a

Deere at BCA)
it Ret eh

i

Ba.
}

PROSPECTUS. 0° 2 0 eam

\

Tue Cape of Good Hope is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest avenues as yet opened for the

researches of the Naturalist. Our Colony in that part of Southern Africa is the key to a large portion of |
an extensive continent which is still but very partially explored; and the field to which it admits the
eae scientific traveller is rich to exuberance in the variety and novelty, both of animal and vegetable life.

i: Ha S| es Stimulated by the prospect of Discovery in a quarter so fertile in interest, “ Zhe Cape of Good Hope
Hage ap Association for Exploring Cental Africa” was established in 1833; and in 1886, an Expedition fitted
out by that body, consisting of thirty-four persons, and directed by Dr. Smith, after an absence of
nineteen months, and penetrasing as far as 23° 28' South latitude, returned to Cape Town laden with

al SE fe Sk

a variety of curious and important specimens in Natural History, &c.

Previously to this period little mformation has been furnished, in a shape calculated to enable the
public to form accurate ideas of the various animated begs by which these regions are inhabited. The
splendid publication of Le Vaillant, no doubt, should be mentioned as forming an exception, pro tanto ;
but this includes only a portion of the Birds of the most southern extremity of the country, and a work
‘us . . therefore extensive enough to comprehend the various departments of Zoology is still a desideratum.

The Members of The Cape of Good Hope Association for Kxploring Central Africa found themselves,
on the return of the recent Expedition, in a situation to supply at least some portion of the- existing
} deficiencies ; but their funds, even if it had been possible to divert them to such an object, were altogether
=| inadecuate to defray the expense of laying the result of their labours before the world. Under such
. . circuinstances, it was decided that Dr. Smith, the director of the Expedition, should be authorised, on
ce his arrival in England, to wait upon Lord Glenelg, for the purpose of making him acquainted with
4 the position and views of the Society, in the hope that Government might be induced to assist in the
; publication of their materials. . ‘

Sate! i an! - This hope has not been disappointed, At the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the

3 Colonial Department, the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury have been pleased, by a ~
pecuniary grant, to enable the Society to publish the result of its labours, without infringing upon the -

_ funds raised solely for the purposes of discovery ; and in a form which, while it places the work
within reach of most of the friends and promoters of science, will not, it is hoped, be found inconsistent
with the interest and importance of the subject.

The materials for the work now offered, under such patronage, to the public, will consist of pictorial
kad illustrations of between three and four hundred subjects of the animal Kingdom, all of ator have been

i oy tl } collected to the south of 23° 28’ South latitude; and will comprise,

ik First, and principally, unknown animals ; aah

Secondly, animals known, but not yet figured ; and ; et Wee

Lastly, such as have been imperfectly figured ; but. of w hich the Society is in possession of accurate ; te
drawings. .

The Entomological portion of the work will be from the pen of W. S. Macleay: Ksq., who has
kindly undertaken that department. The rest of the descriptions will be furnished by Dr. Smith, who
will add a summary of African Zoology, and an inquiry into the Geographical ranges of species in. that

quarter of the Globe. : y

Conditions of Publication.

The Work will appear periodically ; and it is estiinated that the* whole will be completed in
about thirty-four parts. As it will be necessary that the plates be published promisenously, they —
will be arranged in five divisions, viz. Mammania, Avus, Piscms, Repritia, and INVERTEBRATE.
The plates of each of these divisions will bo numbered independently, and the letter-press deseriptions left ti aoe ae
unpaged, so that on the worl being completed, they may be arranged either agreeably to the general classified
order which will accompany the last number, or ace ording to the particular views of the purchasers,

PARAL A LIE LL POLED LL EAE PEPE CLEP ED PLP

The whole of the Plates will be engraved in the highest style of Art, from Drawings. taken expressly
( for this Work, and beautifully coloured after Nature.

NUMBERS ONE AND TWO CONTAIN TEN COLOURED ENGRAVINGS.
| Price Ten Shillings Hach Number.

hi

7 iin

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