j 4O	IRON AND  STEEL  IN  BRITAIN
In 1883 the average costs of conveying minerals per ton of pig
iron for the various districts in England were:
s	d,	s     d.                       ^	s,	d.
S» Wales          16	o	Lincolnshire	9   6	Scotland	7	2
Lancashire      15	i	Northants	8   6	S. and W. Yorkshire	7	o
Cumberland    14	8	Cleveland	86	S. Staffs.	5	o
In 1884 Bell stated that the cost of transport of the materials
consumed per ton of pig iron was los. gd. in Great Britain as com-
pared with 255. 8d. in the U.S.A. He drew attention, however, to
the difference in loading charges in this country, quoting 6d. per
ton at Middlesbrough against 35. for Scotland and South Wales.
In 1900 assembly costs per ton of iron were said to be from 45. to
75. and freight rates in Britain twice as much as for journeys of
similar length abroad.
Jeans, in 1904, illustrated the importance of transportation of
iron-making materials by quoting a blast furnace consuming 3,500
tons of ore, 1,500 tons of coke, and 500 tons of limestone per week
to produce 1,500 tons of iron and 1,500 to 2,000 tons of slag.
More slag was produced than iron yet the total material had to
bear the high freights which at that time for an average haul of 20
to 30 miles were:
Average rates in 1904
Great Britain	ijd. to i Jd. per ton-mile
U.S.A.	less than Jd.    „
Germany	Jd. to |d.         „       „
Belgium	o-4d.	J?       „
The freight from Stafford to coast was 8s., Pittsburgh to New
York, 6s, 6d. to 8s.; Westphalia to Antwerp, 75. 6d.
Assembly costs were greatest in South Wales and Lancashire,
and least in Middlesborough and Scotland.
As regards water-borne transport, however, the freight from Spain
to English ports (800-1,000 miles) was 45. to 55., compared with 6s.
per ton from Lake Superior to Pittsburgh (1,000 miles). Jeans
emphasized that France, Germany and Belgium had low internal
water transport rates.
In America freight charges on ore remained high in spite of
specialization in transport methods. The freight on fuel was also
appreciable, although coke was being made nearer to the point of
consumption than before* In Germany the coke freight was low,