M on het) Se it Sah SET pee is E eier Te FRAN T I Ob xo D MINERALOGY, MANUAL | | | Or MINERALOGY: CONTAINING * AN ACCOUNT OF SIMPLE MINERALS, AND ALSO A DESCRIPTION AND ARRANGEMENT $ | E SUP MOUNTAIN ROCKS. D BY” ^ . . ROBERT JAMESON, | . . REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY, LECTURER ON MINERALOGY, AND KEEPER OF THE MUSEUM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH $ FELLOW OF THE ROYAL AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH j PRESIDENT OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND: PHYSICAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH 5 HONORARY MEMBER OF THE : ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, AND OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY j FELLOW OF THE | LINNEAN AND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON j OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL A e SOCIETY OF CORNWALL, AND OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY j OF | / THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF COPENHAGEN; OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF- SCIENCES OF BERLIN $ OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF NAPLES 3 OF THE IMPERIAL NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MOSCOW 3j OF THE IMPERIAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF PETERSBURGH j OF THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY OF WETTE- RAU; OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF JENAj OF THE ROYAL MINERALOGI- CAL SOCIETY OF DRESDEN; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE LITERARY AND PHILO SOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORKS OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY $ OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, &cC. ‘ EDINBURGH: = ‘ PRINTED FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO. EDINBURGH ; AND HURST, ROBINSON & CO. LONDON. b. g — 192K ^ " E z "EE P. Net, Printer, Edinburgh. ER bir Pales. game TO THOMAS MACKENZIE, Esa. MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE COUNTY OF ROSS$ FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH$ OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, d'r, THIS WORK eg IS INSCRIBED, : IN TESTIMONY OF THE RESPECT AND ESTEEM OF HIS FAITHFUL AND SINCERE FRIEND, ROBERT JAMESON. Cotseg, Epinsurcn,~ ` April 2. 1821. : | CORRIGENDA. Page xxx. line 12, for Prismatoidal read Prismatic 3. line 3. for 1.1, read 1.0, 9. — 5. after Without smell or taste. add, Sp. gr. = 1.0. 3. — 15. after Sensible smell and taste. add, Sp. g. = 1.0269. 20. — 10. for Sp. g. = 2.2,— 2.3. read Sp. gr. = 2.2,—3.3. 4l.— 3. for naturally read named P xam TL for Prismatoidal Baryte, read Prismatic Baryte, 96. for Prismatic Olivenite. read Prismatic or Acicular Olivenite, —— 117. for GRAPHITE. read GRAPHITE OR Brack Leap. —— 136. Here add the analysis of Arvedson, which is as follows : Si. lica, 65.40; Alumina, 25.30; Lithina, 8.85; Oxide of Tron, 1.45. —— 232. line T. delete is —— 250. for 3, Prismatic Iron-Ore. read 3. Prismatic or Brown Irons Ore. —— 324. for Lievrite, read Lievrite or Jenite, —— 869. The reference to the Island of Skye to be erased. MAL. —————— pt E INTRODUCTION. Tars Manual of Mineralogy contains an account of Simple Minerals, and of Mountain Rocks. The rocks are arranged according to their geognostical relations, and the descrip- tions and history are given in such a manner, as will enable the student, by them, to determine the nature of the strata and veins of a country. The views and system of my distin- guished friend Mons are adopted in the arrangement, and in the specific characters, of the simple minerals; while the de- scriptions of the subspecies and kinds are given in the same ` form as in my larger treatise on Mineralogy. Those who wish for an explanation of the language used in the descriptions of the mineral species, may be referred to my Treatise on the Characters of Minerals, 3d edition ; and . the following details from Mons * will remove every difficul- ty in understanding the To of arrangement, and the spe- cific characters. The Sezcrrrc CHARACTER consists principally of three Characters, which, if the properties of the species would allow * Mous, Die Characteristik des Naturhistorischen Mineral Systemes. Dresden, 1820. See also English translation, published at Edinburgh, 1820; View of Mons’ System in Edinburgh eae Journal; and article Mi- neralogy in Edinburgh Encyclopedia. a il INTRODUCTION. it, are given in all instances. These are the Crystalline forms (including cleavage), the degrees of Hardness, and the Specific Gravity. The Crystalline forms may be reduced in all cases to one of four sYsTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION ;—the Ruom- BOIDAL, or that which is derived from a rhomboid; the PYRAMIDAL, or that which is derived from an isosceles four- sided pyramid; the PmrswaTIC, or that which is derived from a scalene four-sided pyramid; and, lastly, the Txssu- nar, or that which is derived from the hexahedron. ‘The forms of the three first are indicated by initial let- ters, with. or without numbers or signs; those of the tessu- lar are expressed at large. The letter R refers always to the Rhomboidal System, and means, without any exception, a rhomboid. The letter P may refer to either of the three first systems; and though it always means a pyramid, it has different significations. The specific character indicates to which system it refers, and determines its signification. If this system be the Rhom- boidal, P will be an isosceles six-sided pyramid; if it be the pyramidal, P will be an isosceles four-sided pyramid; and if it be the prismatie, P will be a scalene four-sided pyramid. All compositions of these. letters with numbers or signs, refer to the same system to which the simple letters refer. Thus R + 1, or more generally R + n, design also rhomboids, which bear o R. (the angles of which, if known, are given in the specific character)acertain relation, of which theexplanation will be given in the Elements of Crystallography, to be pub- lished afterwards. R — œ denotes a plane perpendicular to. the axis of a rhomboid, or of any form belonging to the rhomboidal system, and is considered as a rhomboid of an in- finitely short axis, the side of its horizontal projection remain- ing a finite line. R + oo is a regular six-sided prism, in such Afri aa ali AOE i mi EE a A J INTRODUCTION. ! i a position that it cuts the faces of the rhomboid in horizontal lines or edges, or, which is the same, in edges parallel to the horizontal diagonals ‘of this form; and is considered. as a rhomboid of an infinite axis. ‘Those two forms (R— © and . R+ c), represent the limits of the series of rhomboids, of which Nature (for instance in Rhomboidal Calcareous-spar) presents many members. 2 R denotes a combination of two rhomboids equal and similar to each other, in such a position, that they assume the appearance of an isosceles six-sided py- ramid ; and it is called a DIRHOMBOID. ` ` . In the Rhomboidal System P +1 or P +n are isosceles six-sided pyramids, whose difference. from the dirhomboid will be explained in the Crystallography. P— c is a plane perpendicular to the axis of a rhomboidal form, which, since it cannot be distinguished from R — œ, is not noticed in the Manual. P+ o is a regular six-sided prism, distinguished from R + œ by its position, and is therefore | not to be confounded with it. The faces of P+ œ do not - eut the faces of the rhomboids in horizontal lines or edges, or, which is the same, in such as are parallel to the horizontal diagonals; but in such a manner, that their faces remain rhombs; or, in other words, the section is parallel to their edges. The same applies to the dirhomboids, when they are resolved into simple forms. P— oo and P + œ, are the li- mits of the series of isosceles six-sided pyramids. - In the Pyramidal System, P + 1, or in general P +n, are isosceles four-sided pyramids, deduced from P. P— o means, in like manner, a plane perpendieular to the axis of an isosceles four-sided pyramid, or of some other form con- nected with it, and is looked upon as an isosceles four-sided pyramid of an infinitely short axis; whereas P+ oo, a rec- a 9 e IN INTRODUCTION. tangular prism, is considered as an isosceles four-sided pyra- mid, of an infinite axis. These two forms are also the limits of the series of isosceles four-sided pyramids. But there is, in respect to the prisms, a distinction to be made. If the faces of the rectangular prism cut the faces of the pyramid P in such a manner as to produce edges parallel to the edges at the base of this pyramid, the prism is called the PARALLEL prism, and keeps the sign given above. But if the faces of the prism intersect the faces of P, so that the lines or edges of intersection are parallel to those edges of the pyramid which end in the apex of its axis, the prism is called the prAcoNAL prism (the intersections being in this case parallel to the diagonals of the base of P), and it has | P + œ] for its sign. In the Prismatic System, P has different significations, which are determined by numbers and other signs. The single P is a scalene four-sided pyramid, and represents the fundamental form of a species. P+ 1, or P +n, are also scalene four-sided pyramids, of the same base with P, and only distinguished from it by the proportions or lengths of their axis. P — œ is again a plane perpendicu- lar to the axis of a prismatic form; and P 4 oo, an oblique angular prism, of similar base with P: these two last are the limits of. that series which is formed by substituting for n in the expression P + n, whole numbers, in their na- tural order. But, moreover, there exists still two kinds of scalene four-sided pyramids, also connected with P, but having bases which are not similar to the base of P. The ` first kind contains those, in the bases of which, one dia- gonal of P ; the other those, in the bases of which, neither of the diagonals of P remains unaltered. Still, however, INTRODUCTION. ` M the diagonals, consequently the angles of the base, depend . On those of P. The first are denoted by the general ex- pression (P + am ; the second by (Pr + n)”. This designation, however is not yet sufficient. It is Necessary to express also the relation between these two kinds of forms and P, so that by the sign it may be seen which of the diagonals of the base of P remains in the first kind unchanged ; and in the second is to be changed, accord- ing to a certain determined proportion. This is done in the following manner. In the first kind (P +)" signifies, that in the base of this scalene four-sided pyramid, the longer diagonal re- mains unchanged, whilst (P + nym, signifies that in the base of this scalene four-sided pyramid (different from the for- mer), the shorter diagonal of P remains unchanged. In the second kind (Pr + n)”, likewise denotes that the longer dia- gonal of P must be altered in a determined proportion. On ` the other band (Pr + nym signifies that the shorter diagonal of P must be altered in the same determined proportion which is found from the value of m; but still so, that neither in the first case the shorter, nor in the second the longer diagonal, remains unchanged. The forms of these two kinds are said to belong to that diagonal of P, which in the first remains unchanged, and in the second is changed in that determined proportion to which the sign refers. The letter m is a number determined by experience, and has an influence in the dimensions or angles of these pyra- mids, | | ! The Manual contains no example of the forms just now described, but of those oblique angular four-sided - prisms which. limit the series of the pyramids with which vi INTRODUCTION. \ the prisms have consequently the same bases. Thus (P+ a)", (P+ ois, (Pri c)", (Pr+ o)", substi- tuting for m the numbers determined by experience, as the examples in the Manual shew, represent oblique angular four-sided prisms, which differ from each other, and from P + œ, by the dimensions or angles of their bases. If, ina species, the dimensions or angles of P are known, those of the oblique angular four-sided prisms, occurring in that species, are also given. All the prisms hitherto mentioned, are VERTICAL ones, or in other terms, such, that their axes are vertical, if those forms, in the combination of which they appear, are in an upright position. In the Prismatic system there occur, however, prisms whose axes have a horizontal direction. When the combinations in which these prisms enter are in an upright position, these are named HORIZONTAL prisms. The general expression for a Horizontal prism, is Pr +n; where n, as in all former general expressions, may be any whole number, even —0, or = œ, Pr + 1 are therefore also such horizontal prisms, and Pr — œ, Pr+ œ, the li- mits of the series, obtained by substituting for n, whole num- bers in their natural order. If P + œ bea Vertical prism, the faces of Pr + n be- ing a finite number, will appear as Bevelments on its extre- mities, and the planes of these bevelments will be set upon the edges of P+ œ. But, as these edges may be the acute, as well as the obtuse ones, or what comes to the same, as between them the longer, as well as the shorter diagonal, may be contained, this must be shewn by the signs. In the first case, the sign will be Pr + n, whereas in the second, Pr+n. If n=— œ, the faces of the bevelment fall into’ one plane, perpendicular to the axis of P + oo, and as this INTRODUCTION. Vil plane is the same with P — œ, no notice is taken of it in the Manual. If n=-+ œ, the faces of the bevelment become parallel to’ the axis of P+ 0»; or they appear a5 truncations on the Gg edges of this oblique angular four-sided prism. Pr-+ o and Pr + c combined together, produce evidently a rectangular prism, the termination of which, in the direction of its axis, depends upon other forms, which may be contained in the combination. A full explanation of this matter being intimately cori- nected with the theory of the scalene four-sided pyramid, would require more room than can be here spared. But for the application of the method, what has been said will be found sufficient, and no doubts will remain, if the reader will merely recollect, that, in the prismatic system, P, the funda- mental form of a species, and also P + m, the derivations from P, are scalene four-sided pyramids, and P + œ, a ver- tical oblique-angular four-sided prism, all having the same base; whereas (P + œ)”, (P + o)", (Pr + 9)", and (Pr + 0) are also vertical oblique-angular four-sided prisms, distinguished from each other, and from P + œ, by their bases; and at the same time that Pr +n, Pr + n, signify horizontal prisms, or bevelments on the ends at P + œ, the faces of the first set on the acute, the faces of the latter on : the obtuse edges of P +o; and lastly, that Pr +o and Pr A op effect truncations, the ‘first of the acute, the second of the obtuse edges of P+, or that they are in general faces which pass sig ad the axis and the diagonals of the basis of P. By means of these signs, not only the crystalline forms, but also the cleavage, have been expressed; and there re- Vill INTRODUCTION. mains only to point out the manner in which this has been done. In the specific character, the first character given is the system of Crystallisation ; to this the form and cleavage of the species belong. Then follows, together with its dimen. sions (if known), the Fundamental form, from which all other simple and compound forms are derived. In rhomboids, that edge which ends in the apex of the axis is given ; for instance, in rhomboidal Calcareous-spar, R — 105° 5’; in isosceles four sided pyramids, both edges, first that which passes through the apex of the axis, and then that on the base, are mention- ed ; for instance in pyramidal Zircon, P = 123° 19 ; 84° 90 ; and in scalene four-sided pyramids, first, both of those edges which cut the axis, then that at the basis, are given; thus in prismatic Topaz P =141°'7’; 101° 5% ; 909 557. In this system, besides the dimensions of the finite forms, those of the infinite ones, or of the limits, are mentioned, as in the last example P + oo = 194? 10. and so on; which is very conve- nient, as the cases in which these can be examined, occur more frequently than those in which the edges of pyramids can be measured. - With respect to CERAVAGE, the expression “ Cleavage, “ R,” for instance, in rhomboidal Calcarcous-spar, means, that this mineral has its cleavage parallel to the faces of a rhomboid, similar to. the fundamental form of this species ; “Cleavage, P — œ, P+ c, [P + of in pyramidal Gar- net, means, that this mineral has its cleavage parallel to the faces of two rectangular prisms, and at the same time per- pendicular to their axis; “< Cleavage, Pr +” in prismatic Chrysolite, indicates, that the cleavage of this mineral passes D ` a INTRODUCTION. ix at the same time through the axis and the short diagonal of the prism P Lo»; and “ Cleavage, (Pr +0)* HI 4%, Pro. Pr 0o," expresses, for instance, in pyramido-pris- matic Augite-Spar (Augite), that the individuals of this spe- cies can be cleaved, first, parallel to the faces of an oblique angular four-sided prism, of the given dimensions ; and se- condly, parallel to planes which pass through the axis and both-diagonals of the prism P +00; or, what comes to the same, parallel to the faces of a rectangular prism. There ocurs in the prismatic system, without, however, being peculiar to it, a very remarkable appearance, relating to form and cleavage. It very often happens, that of the faces of one or more forms, contained in a combination, not the whole number, but only half of them, are to be found ; for instance, instead of eight faces of a scalene four-sided pyramid, only four; or instead of four faces of an oblique- angular four-sided prism, only two; and that, if such a form be the form of crEgAvAGE, the same takes place. Pyramido- prismatic Augite-Spar shews an example of it, where the two faces of the pyramid P, which meet under an angle of 120°, appear often as faces of crystallization, and sometimes as faces of cleavage, while the others are wanting. Combina- tions or cade of this kind, are called HEMIPRISMATIC, and their. -sign is in the above mentioned instance, . E- e From this explanation it is easy to understand what is "em in prismatoidal Gypsum, (common gypsum,) by the sign © Ae In like manner the expression TETARTO PRISMATIC is E plied, in the prismatic system, to combinations, in which, in- stead of the eight faces of a scalene four-sided pyramid, only two of them appear. EEN rte, INTROD UCTION. Cleavage is termed PRISMATOIDAL, if its planes pass through the axis of a vertical four-sided prism, and are at the same time parallel, either to one of its faces, or to one of its diagonals. This expression is used’ in cases where a more accurate determination cannot be obtained. Cleavage is said to be DIPRISMATIC, if its planes have the direction of the faces of a vertical, and at the same time of a horizontal prism; and it is termed AXOTOMOUS, if it appears in a single plane, perpendicular to the axis of any form which does not belong to the tessular system. The degrees of HARDNESS, or (if not constant) their li- mits, are expressed by numbers, and these numbers refer to the following scale : 1. denotes the degree of hardness of a variety of PRISMA- tic Tauc-Mica, known by the name of Common Talc, and Venetian Talc. 2. of a variety of PRISMATOIDAL Gypsum, of imperfect, cleavage, and not perfectly transparent. Varieties perfectly transparent and crystallised, are commonly too soft. of a cleavable variety of RHOMBOIDAL CALCAREOUS- SPAR. — . of OCTAHEDRAL FLUOR. . of APATITE. . of PRISMATIC FELsPAR. of RHOMBOIDAL QUARTZ. . of PRISMATIC ToPaAz. of RHoMBOIDAL CORUNDUM. - of OCTAHEDRAL DIAMOND. is necessary for practical purposes, to have in our pos. session a set of wellselected specimens, of the different mem- INTRODUCTION. Xl bers of the scale. If we wish to determine the hardness of a mineral by their assistance, we first try which of the members of the scale can be scratched by one of the angles or corners of a fragment of the given mineral We begin with the highest, and proceed downwards, until we reach that member of the scale which is scratched by the mineral we are examin- ing. We next compare the hardness of the given mineral _ with that which it scratches, and that next higher in the scale which it does not scratch, by drawing equally shaped angu- lar pieces across the surface of a hard and fine file. If the specimens used in the experiment agree in shape, the resist- ance which they offer to the file, and the noise they emit, al- low us to estimate their relative hardness. The degree of hardness is expressed, by referring to the numbers on the scale; but if it is not exactly that of any particular degree, it must be between two subsequent degrees; and the space be- tween each degree being supposed to be divided into ten equal parts, we are thus enabled to mark minute shades of hardness. Thus the hardness of a variety of Prismatoidal Antimony-glance, being found equal to that of Prismatoidal Gypsum ; the hardness of a variety of Rhomboidal 'Tourma- line, lying between that of Rhomboidal Quartz and Prisma- tic Topaz ; the former, if we designate hardness in general by the letter H, will be represented by H —2; the latter by H—'7.5. In the character of the species, the limits of the . degrees of hardness are given in the mode shewn by the cha- racters given in the body of the Work. SPECIFIC, GRAVITY is determined by the hydrostatic ba- lance, the hydrometer, or more easily and conveniently by Mr Aidie's instrument described in the 3d volume of the Me- moirs of the Wernerian Society, just published. INTRODUCTION. Corouz and LUSTRE are sometimes used in the charac- ters of the species, genera, and orders, but most frequently in the descriptions of the species and subspecies. The expres- sion METALLIC, refers to a perfect metallic appearance, and includes PERFECT METALLIC LUSTRE: Examples, Galena or Lead-glance, and Copper-pyrites. NoT-METALLIC, means | every appearance except the perfect metallic, and includes therefore also the imperfect metallic lustre, or semi-metallic ; ; Examples, T'antalum-ore, and Uranium-ore. The faces of crystals, and the surface of the cleavage be- longing to different forms of crystallization or cleavage, can sometimes be distinguished by the kind of their lustre. The consideration of the lustre can also assist in deter mining to which system of crystallization belongs a rectangular four- sided prism. In simple minerals, the pearly lustre occurs only on the faces of crystals, or in the planes of cleavage. When, therefore, in the Manual, this kind of lustre is men- tioned, it implies the existence of such faces and planes. If a mineral is to be determined, first its Fon must be made out, at least so far as to know the system to which it belongs; then HARDNESS and sPECIFIC Gravity must be tried with proper accuracy, and expressed in numbers. It is sufficient, however, to know the latter to one or two decimals. ‘The specific character requires these data; and they are also of use in the characters of the genera, orders, and classes. This being done, the method may be applied, and it will at the same time point out what other characters are wanting ; so that a mere inspection of the mineral, or a very easy experiment, for instance, to try the streak upon.a file, or still better, upon a plate of porcelain biscuit, will be sufficient. Having advanced in this manner to the character ory i in a a M eet INTRODUCTION. | xin of the species, it will in some instances be necessary, and in all cases advisable, for the sake of certainty, to have recourse to the dimensions of the forms. This is particularly neces- sary, if the Genus to which the mineral belongs contains se- veral Species, having forms of the same system, as is the case in the genus Augite-Spar. This determination of the di- mensions of the forms may be effected by the common Goni- ometer, the differences in the angles being in general so great, that they cannot easily be missed, even by the application of this instrument. It will seldom be necessary to read ve the whole of any character of a class, order, genus, or species, excepting those which comprise the individual; one part that does not agree, sufficing for its exclusion. Thus even the characters of the orders, though the longest, will not be found troublesome. The application of the method will become very easy and expeditious, by taking particular notice of some cha- racters, which may be termed PROMINENT. Such are a me- tallic appearance; a high degree of specific gravity, parti- cularly if the appearance is not metallic; and a high degree "of hardness. The observation of these will immediately decide whether an individual can belong to any particular class, order, genus, or species. It is understood, that if it be not thereby excluded, the other characters must next be-exa- mined, till either an excluding one be found, or if not, the individual may be considered as belonging to that class, or- der, &c. with which it has been compared, and found to agree. In illustration of this, let us take the following example: Let the form of an unknown mineral be a combination of a scalene eight-sided pyramid, of an isosceles four-sided XIV INTRODUCTION. pyramid, and of a rectangular four-sided prism; the clea- vage parallel to the faces of two rectangular four-sided prisms, in a diagonal position to each other; form and clea- vage therefore PYRAMIDAL, or belonging to the pyramidal system. Let HARDNESS be — 6.5; SPECIFIC GRAVITY pem 6.9. In this case, both hardness and specific gravity are pro- minent characters, and exclude the individual at once from the first and third, but not from the second class; with the character 6f which, its other properties also perfectly agree. Hence the individual belongs to the second class. Comparing the properties of the individual with the cha- racters of the orders in the second class; hardness and spe- cific gravity will be found too great for the order Haloide ; hardness too great for the orders Baryte and Kerate; both of them too great for the orders Malachite and Mica; and specific gravity too great for the orders Spar and Gem. But in the character of the order Ore, both hardness and specific gravity fall between the fixed limits, and cannot ex- clude the individual from this order. The other parts of this character are now to be taken in consideration. If the appearance of the individual be metallic, its colour must be black, otherwise it cannot belong to the order Ore. But the appearance is not metallic; therefore the colour of the individual is quite indifferent: that is, this condi- tional part of the character does not affect the individual, and consequently cannot decide. Since the appearance is not metallie, the individual must exhibit adamantine or imperfect metallic lustre. The first will be found, particu- larly in the fracture. "The next part of the character re- fers to minerals of a red, yellow, brown, or black streak ; and as the individual gives neither of these, its streak being n————— d INTRODUCTION. XV D grey or white, m part of the character does not come mto consideration. Hardness keeps between the limits. Should it be — 4.5 and less, the streak must be yellow, red, or black ; but hardness is — 6.5, therefore the colour of the streak is indifferent. If hardness be — 6.5 and more, and streak grey or white, then specific gravity must be — 6.5 and more. Now this condition takes place; hardness is = 6.5; streak is grey or white. But also the conditioned character takes place, specific gravity being = 6.9, which is greater than 6.5. Lastly, specific gravity keeps within the limits. | As respects the individual which is to be determined, . all the characters in the Character of the order Ore may be divided into two parts. The first part contains those which refer to the individual; the second those which do not; the last are not decisive. But with the first all the properties of the individual concur. These properties agree consequently with the whole character of the order, as far as it is applicable to the individual, and determine it to belong to the order Ore; or, in shorter terms, to be an Ore’ ^ Beginners may also compare the characters of the re- maining orders. Sometimes they find, as I have occa- sionally observed, one individual belonging to two orders, in which case there must evidently be a mistake in the com- parison, which would perhaps not have been discovered had they stopt at the first not excluding order. In the present case, the not-metallic appearance excludes the individual from the orders Metal, Pyrites, and Glance; hardness from the order Blende ; and hardness and specific gravity from the or- der Sulphur. 'The individual can therefore be nothing else "Xvi r INTRODUCTION. than an Ore; and the characters of the genera of the order’ Ore may now be examined. Considering again hardness and specific gravity as pro- minent, the individual will be immediately excluded from the genera Titanium-Ore, Zinc-Ore, and Copper-Ore, but not from the genus Tin-Ore; and the form being pyra- midal, and the streak grey or white, also agrees with this genus. From the genus Schelium-Ore, it is excluded by its too great hardness, and too little specific gravity; from the genera Tantalum, Uranium, Cerium, Chrome, Iron, and Manganese Ore, by hardness and specific gravity, both of them being too great; as also by its grey or white streak, which only agrees with that genus from which the individual differs most, by its hardness and specific gravity. The form also does not agree with any in these genera; consequent- ly the individual can belong to no other than to the genus Tin-Ore. - | This genus contains but one species. The conclusion that the individual must belong to this species, might, nevertheless, be erroneous. There could exist a second spe- cies of this genus. ‘The dimensions of the form must now be accurately considered. If these coincide with the angles given in the character, the highest degree of certainty that the individual belongs to, or is Pyramidal Tin-Ore, will be obtained. The perfect determination of an individual depends, as the above example has shewn, upon the possibility of making out correctly those three properties, viz. Form, including cleavage; Hardness, and Specific. Gravity. In Botany it is the same. The characters must be observable, other- wise the species cannot be determined. In Mineralogy, the INTRODUCTION. " xvi method affords sometimes more: it leads to a correct deter- mination, even if the knowledge of the form remains imperfect. But such a determination is not perfectly satisfactory ; and for this reason it will be an useful rule for beginners to occu- py themselves at first with the determination of such indivi- duals as present properties which can be easily and fully in- vestigated. The rest will come of itself, when their know- ledge of the mineral kingdom, and particularly of the pro- perties of minerals, increases, and when they have, by expe- | rience, acquired the skill to judge properly of form and clea- vage, at least so far as is necessary for the determination of the system of Crystallization, even in those cases where form and cleavage are somewhat difficult to be observed. Optical Characters of Minerals. — To Dr Brewster Mineralogists are indebted for an important discovery, namely, the number and position. of the axes of double refraction of minerals. By means of this character, we are enabled to determine mineral spe- cies; "and even in those cases where neither form nor cleavage are present, to refer the mineral to its system of crystallization. We have no hesitation in considering it as a far more certain and useful aid to mineralogists than chemi- cal analysis. It ought to be introduced. into all systems of wineralogy ; but we have delayed using it until some more ` simple and easy mode than the present of employing it shall be laid before the public; and Dr BrewstER, we trust will, ere long, by the contrivance of an appropriate instrument, and the publication, for the use of the student, of a few rules for observation, render the application of the Optical Cha- racter as easy and satisfactory as that of specific gravity or form. b (xx). \ oe — With the view of facilitating the use of the System to the the student, we lay before him the following characters ot -the Classes and Orders *. CHARACTERS or rus CLASSES. | tC Cy Age T If solid, às ett. No bituminous smell. Specific gravity ‘under 3.8. : CLASS II. Insipid. Specific gravity above 1.8. ' | CLASS III. If liquid, the smell is bituminous. , If- solid, is tasteless. Specific gravity under 1.8. CEE —— CHARACTERS or roe ORDERS. CLASS I. l Order I.—Gas. .— . Elastic. Not acid. Sp. gr. — 0.0001 — 0:0014. : Order II.— W ATER. 1 Liquid. Tasteless, or with sensible smell and taste. Sp. gr. — 1.1, — 1.0269. Order III.—A ci». Acid. Sp. gr. = 0 0015 — 8.7. Order IV.—Sarr. Solid. Not acid. Sp. gr. — 1.9 — 2.9. b 9 * Vid. Mous’ Characteristic. CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS. —— CLASS II. Order I. —Háaroipr. No metallic lustre. Streak white or grey. If pyramidal, or prismatic, the hardness — 4.0, and less. If tessular, the hardness = 4.0. If single highly perfect faces of uw d the Sp. gr. — 2.4, and Ex. : _ Hardness = 1. a — 5.0. If under 2.5, the Sp. gr. = 2.4, and less. Sp. gr. = 2.2 — 3.3. If 2.4 and less, he hardness is un- der 2.5; and no resinous lustre. Order II.—-BARYTE. . No true metallic lustre. If adamantine, or imperfect me- tallic lustre, the Sp. gr. — 6.0 and more. Streak white and grey, or orange-yellow. If orange-yellow, the Sp. er. = 6.0 and more; and the hardness — 3.0 and less. Hardness = 2.5 — 5.0. If 5.0, the Sp. gr. is under 4.5. Sp. gr. = 3.3 — 7.2. If under 4.0, and the hardness — 5.0, the cleavage is diprismatic. Order III.—Krnarx. No true metallic lustre. Streak white or grey. No single distinct cleavage. Hardness — 1.0 — 2.0. Sp. gr. — 5.5. * Order IV.—MALACHITE. No true metallic lustre. Colour blue, green, brown. If brown in colour or in streak, the hardness — 3.0 and less ; and the Specific gravity above 2.5. If white in the streak, the Sp. gr. = 2.2 and less ; and hardness under 3.0. . No single distinct cleavage faces. Hardness — 2.0 — 5.0. Sp. gr. = 2.0 — 4.6. * The other limit of the range of specific gravity unknown. CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS. xxi Order V.—— MICA. If metallic lustre, the Specific gravity is under 2,2. Ifno metallic lustre, the spécific gravity is above 9.9, If the streak is yellow, it is pyramidal. Single, perfect cleavage. Hardness — 1.0 — 4.5. If above 2.5, it is rhomboidal. _ Sp. gr. = 18 — 5.6. If under 2.5, it is metallic. If above ` AA the streak is white or grey. — & Order VI.—S»an. No perfect metallic lustre. Streak white or grey,...... and brown. If rhomboidal, the Sp. gr. — 2.2, and less, or the hardness = 6.0. Hardness — 9.5 — 1.0. If 4.0 and less, there is a single highly perfect cleavage. If above 6.0, the Sp. gr. is under . 2.5, or above 2.8; and the lustre is pearly. : Sp. gr. = 2.0 — 3.7. If above 3.3, it is hemi-prismatic ; or the hardness — 6.0; and no adamantine lustre. If 2.4 and less, there are traces of form and cleavage: ` Order VII.—Gem. ; : ag No metallic lustre. Streak white or grey. Hardness = 5.5 — 10.0. If 6.0 and less, the Sp. gt = 2.4 and less; and no traces of form or cleavage. Sp. gr. —19—4.7. If under 3.8, there is no pearly lustre. Order VIII.—Onx. If the lustre is pure metallic, the colour is black. If the ` lustre is not pure metallic, it is adamantine, or imperfect or semimetallic. — — . S : If the streak is yellow or red, the hardness’ = 9.5 and more; and the Sp. gr. = 48 and more, If the streak is brown or black, the hardness = 5.0 and more, or perfectly prismatoidal. XXI CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS. Hardness — 2.5 — 7.0. _ If 4.5 and less, the streak is red, yellow or black. If 6.5 and more, the streak is white or: rey, and the Sp. gr. — 6.5 and more. Sp. gr. = 3.4 — 7.4, e F be Order IX.—Narive. METAL. Lustre metallic.. Not black. “If grey, itis malleable, and: the Sp. gr. = 7.4 and more. Hardness — 0.0 — 4.0, or malleable. Sp. gr. —5.7 — 90.0. Order X.— Pvnirzs. Metallic lustre. Hardness = 3.5 — 6.5. If 4.5 and less, the specific gras vity is less than 5.0. Sp. gr. — 4.1 — 7.7. If 5.3 and less, the colour is yellow or red. Order XI.—GLance. Lustre metallic. Grey, black. Hardness = 1.0 — 4.0. l | Sp. gr. — 4.0 — 7.6. If under 5.0, and single perfect clea- vage, the colour is lead-grey.. If above 7.4, the colour is. lead-grey. ; Order XIIL.—Brxxprz. If the lustre is metallic, the colour is black. If the lustre is not metallic, it is adamantine. If the streak is brown, white, or grey, the Specific gravity is between 4.0 — 4.2; and the form tessular. If the streak is red, the Sp. gr. = 4.5. and more; and the hardness — 9.5 and less, -. Hardness- — 1.0 — 4.0. Sp.gr.—9.90— 8.9. If 43 and more, the aUi streak is red. Order XIII —Surrnun. No metallic lustre. Coloured red, yellow Prismatic. Hardness = 1.0 — 9.5. » oF brown.. CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS. xxiii Sp. gr. = 1.9 —3.6. If above 2.1, the streak is yellow or red. CLASS III. Order L-—RzsriN. Liquid. Solid. Streak white, grey, yellow, brown, and black. Hardness = 0.0 — 2.5. Sp. gr. = 0.7 —1.6. If 1.2 and more, the streak i is white . or grey. Order II. Pies Solid. Streak brown and black. Hardness = 0. 1 mt 2B. Sgt. 1.9 — 1.5. €— vn EE — P TEE ——————— P (xxx) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page INTRODUCTION, containing account of Mons’ System, i—xvili Characters of the Classes and Orders, - - xix—xxiii SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY. CLASS I. Order I.—Gas. ' Genus I. Hyprocen Gas. 1. Pure Hydrogen Gas, . em ; 1 2. Carburetted Hydrogen Gas, - ib. 3. Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas, - 2 4. Phosphuretted Hydrogen Gas, - "HSC, Genus II. ATMOSPHERIC ATR. i = 1. Pure Atmospheric Air, s HDI Order II.—W ATER. Genus I. ATMOSPHERIC WATER. 1. Pure Atmospheric Water, e E: . Genus II. Spa WATER. 1. Common Sea Water, = - ib. CONTENTS, Order III.—A cip. — Genus I. Carzontc Acrp. s ; 1. Aëriform Carbonic Acid, Genus II. Moriaric Act. 1. Aériform Muriatic Acid, Genus III. Sutenuric Aen. 1. Aériform Sulphuric Acid, 2. Liquid Sulphuric Acid, Genus IV. Bonacic Acın. 1. Scaly Boracic Acid, Genus V. Arsenic ACID. . 1. Octahedral Arsenie Acid, Order IV.—Saur. Genus I. Natron. 1. Prismatic Natron, = 1st Subsp. Common Natron, 2d —— Radiated Natron, Genus II. GLAUBER SALT. 1. Prismatic Glauber Salt, Genus III. Nitre. 1. Prismatic Nitre, Genus IV. Rock Sarr. 1. Hexahedral Rock Salt, 1st Subsp. Rock Salt, E . 1st Kind, Foliated Rock-Salt, 2d —— Fibrous Rock- Salt, 2d ëch Lake-Salt, - Genus V. SAL AMMONIAC. 1. Octahedral Sal Ammoniac, . > 1st Subsp. Volcanic Sal Ammoniac, 2d —— Conchoidal Sal Ammoniac, * Mascagnine, or Sulphat of Ammoniac, es ——————— CONTENTS. Genus VI. Vrreror. 1. Hemi-prismatic Vitriol, or Green gënt, ` 2. Prismatic Vitriol, or Blue Vitriol, WW 3. Pyramidal Vitriol, or White Vitriol, - : * Red Vitriol, or Sulphat of Cobalt, Genus e Epsom SALT. . Prismatic Epsom Salt, — - Genus VIII. Avvo. | 1. Octahedral Alum, - * Rock Butter, A - - TEES IX. Borax. 1. Prismatic Borax, = » = X. GLAUBERITE. 1. Prismatic Glauberite, E CLASS II. Order I.—H ALOIDE. os I. GypsuM. 1. Prismatoidal Gypsum; : s 1st e Sparry Gypsum or Selenite;. Sé Foliated Granular Gypsum, 3d —— Compact Gypsum, à 4th —— Fibrous Gypsum, «c 5th ‘Scaly Foliated Gypsum, 6th — Earthy Gypsum, : .* Montmartrite. - 2. Prismatic Gypsum, or Anhydrite, - 1st Subsp. Sparry Anhydrite, - 2d —— Scaly Anhydrite, - gd —— Fibrous Anhydrite, . - 4th —— .Convoluted Anhydrite, 5th —— Compact Anhydrite, - * Vulpinite, - = XXV Page 18 14 15 ib. -46 17 18 ib. ` 19 20° ar 9g 23 ib. 24 ib. 25 ib. ib. 26 ib. 27 ib. ib. xxviii CONTENTS. " Genus II. CnvorirE. 1. Prismatic Cryolite, Genus III. AtumstTone. 1. Rhomboidal Alumstone, Genus IV. Fruor. i , 1. Octahedral Fluor, _ st Subsp. Compact Fluor, 2d Foliated Fluor, 3d — Earthy Fluor, Genus V. APATITE. 1. Rhomboidal Apatite, Ist Subsp. Foliated Apatite, 2d Conchoidal Apatite, 3d —— Lamellar Apatite, 1st Kind, Common, - 2d —— Earthy Phosphorite, Genus VI. Limestone. 1. Prismatic Limestone, or Arragonite. 1. Subsp. Common Arragonite, E Coralloidal Arragonite, 2. Rhomboidal Limestone, . Ist Subsp. Foliated Limestone, 1st Kind, Calcareous-Spar, 37 2d —— Granular Fol. Limestone, 38 2d —— Compact Limestone, - 39 lst Kind, Com, Comp. Limestone, ib. 2d —— Blue Vesuv. Limestone, 41 2d. -—— Roestone, - 42 3d —— Chalk, — 43 4th —— Agaric Mineral ` = 44 Sth Fibrous Limestone, > 45 Jet Kind, Common Fibrous Lime- stone, or Satin-Spar, ib. 2d —— Fibrous Calc-Sinter, ib. 6th —— Tufaceous Limestone,or Calc-Tuff, 46 7th —— Pisiform Limestone, or Peastone, 47 CONTENTS. T XXIX Page i 8th Subsp. Slate-Spar, WG 48 4 . 9th —- Aphrite, - a eo E 10th —— — Lucullite, Ge * 49 H ist Kind, Compact Lucullite, ib. E | | | u. Common Com. Lucullite, ib. | j d 8. Stinkstone, . - EI li 2d Prismatic Lucullite, © 51 i I i 3d Foliated Luculiite, 52 | 11th —— Marl, - ib. i 1st Kind, Earthy Marl, © - ib. d 2d . Compact Marl, -. 63 1 19th Bituminous Marl-Slate, £ 54 d 3, Macrotypous Limestone, ^. - EE 3 i j 1st Subsp. Dolomite, - ib. | lst Kind, Granular Dolomite, - ib. o, White Granular Dolomite, ib. 8. Brown. Dolomite 56 2d Columnar Dolomite, 57 3d Compact Dolomite, ib. lil 2d —— Miemite, : - e | Ji 1 1st Kind, Granular Miemite, ib. 2d Prismatic Miemite, ib. | 3d Brow n-Spar, or Pearl-Spar, ` E? | 1st Kind, Foliated Brown- Spar, ib. . ad —— Columnar Brown-Spar, 60 A Brachytypous Limestone or Rhomb-Spar, 2 Order II. —BAnRYTE. Genus I. Sparry Inox. 1. Rhomboidal Sparry Iron, - 61 Genus II. Rep MANGANESE. 1. Rhomboidal Red Manganese, - 63 Let Subsp. Foliated Rhomb. Red Manganese, ib. 2d Fibrous Rhomb. Red Manganese, 64 D 3d —— Compact Rhomb. Red Mauganese, ib. mn D | apt di Hr { i dh I 3 H In Hn lid in HE E i iMi dh A HE aT d "E [ H i M. 8 IH CONTENTS. Genus III. CarawrNE. 1. Prismatic, or Electric Calamine, 2. Rhomboidal Calamine, Ist Subsp. Sparry Rhomboidal Calamine, 290 .—— Compact Rhomboidal Calamine, $d —— Earthy Rhomboidal Calamine, Genus IV. TUNGSTEN, or ScHEELIUM. 1. Pyramidal Tungsten, Genus V. BARYTE. 1. Pyramido-Prismatic Baryte, or Strontianite, 2. Diprismatic Baryte, or Witherite, 3. Prismatoidal Baryte, or Heavy-Spar, Ist Subsp. Earthy Heavy-Spar, 2d Compact Heavy-Spar, a 3d —— Granular Heavy-Spar, - 4th —— Curved Lamellar Heavy-Spar, 5th —— Straight Lamellar Heavy-Spar, . ist Kind, Fresh, 2d Disintegrated, 3d —— Fetid, ` 6th —— Fibrous Heavy-Spar, 7th —— Radiated Heavy-Spar, 8th —— Columnar Heavy-Spar, 9th — Prismatic Heavy-Spar, 4. Prismatoidal Baryte, or Celestine, Ist Subsp. Foliated Celestine, 2d —— Prismatic Celestine, 3d —— Fibrous Celestine, 4th —— Radiated Celestine, 5th —— Fine Granular Celestine, Genus V1. Leap-Spar, | 1. Di-Prismatic Lead-Spar, 1st Subsp. White Lead-Spar, 2d —— Black Lead-Spar, 3d —— Earthy Lead-Spar, ` ib. 82 83 84 Ist Kind, Ind. Earthy Lead-Spar, ib. ad Friable E. Lead-Spar, 85 CONTENTS. i XXXI Page 2. Rhomboidal Lead-Spar, on I wo D “Ist Subsp. Green Lead-Spar, SCH ib. 2d —— Brown Lead-Spar, 3 86 3. Hemi-Prismatic Lead-Spar, or Red Lead-Spar, 87 4. Pyramidal Lead-Spar, or Yellow Lead-Spar, 88 5. Prismatic Lead-Spar, or Sulphate of Lead, 89 Order III.—K ERATE. €——————— Genus I. ConNEous SILVER. 1. Hexahedral Corneous Silver: oe, 90 Genus Il. ConNEous MERCURY. £ -I ian Corneous Mercury, - 91 Order IV.—MALACHITE. | Genus I. CorrEx GREEN. 1. Uncleavable Copper Green, ` Kë ses 92 1st Subsp. Conchoidal Copper Green, we gd La Earthy Ironshot Copper-Green, 93 3d —— Slaggy Ironshot WE ib. Bou II. LIRICONITE. /———————— — - — —— e 1. Prismatic Liriconite, - - Of 2. Hexahedral Liriconite, - SEN | Genus III. OLIVENITE. l 1. Prismatic Olivenite, — " A S 96 | -~ 1st Subsp. Foliated Acicular Olivenite, ib. 2d —— Fibrous Acicular Olivenite, ` 97 3d Earthy Acicular Olivenite, - 98 2, Di-Prismatic Olivenite, - jb. Genus IV. BLUE MALACHITE, or BLUE COPPER. 1. Prismatic Blue Malachite, - ib. 1st Subsp. Radiated Prismatic Blue Malachite, or Blue Copper, = ib. — —— mtm ` 7 e SEN = T7 COME chew atm GE e gap gef ` NAT tege e ono. dE = - mm t CONTENTS. Page ` 2d Subsp. Eartliy Prisenatic Blue Malachite, or Earthy Blue Copper, Genus V. EMERALD MALACHITE. 1. Rhomboidal Emerald Malachite, Genus VI. GREEN MALACHITE. 1. Prismatic Green Malachite, S 101 2. Di-Prismatic Green ym or Common Ma- lachite, - 102 1st Subsp. Fibrous Common Malachite, ib. 2d — Compact Common Malachite, 103 * ATACAMITE. 1. Prismatic Atacamite, 104 1st Subsp. Compact Atacamite, = 105 2d — Arenaceous Atacamite, or Copper Sand, - : ib. Order V.—Mica. Genus I. Correr-Mica. 1. Hemi-Prismatic Copper Mica, Genus II. Uran-Mica, or URANITE. 1. Pyramidal Uran-Mica, * Uran-Ochre, i a. Friable Mao b. Indurated Uran-Ochre, Genus III. CosArTr-Mica, or Rep Cosarr. 1. Prismatic Red Cobalt, e. ist Subsp. Radiated Cobalt-Mica, or Cobalt- Bloom, - ib. 2d. —— . Earthy Cobalt-Mica, or C. Crust, 110 3d —— Slaggy Cobalt Mica, i CopaLtT-OCHRE. 1. Black Cobalt-Ochre, a. Earthy Black Cobalt-Ochre, b. Indurated Black Cobalt-Ochre, — —— CONTENTS. ` ` Ku. SH Page - 2. Brown Cobalt-Ochre; - - 112 : 3. Yellow Cobalt- Ochre; — — s rd SEU - Genus IV. —Ayrimowy-Muca, or WHITE ANTIMONY. m Er Prismatic White Antimony, n ib. e. Antimony Ochre, ` Ee: 114 Genus V. Burr Inox, or Inox-Mica.. "sd Gs t. Prismatic Blue Iron, | Bw titel xe 115 © ` 1st Subsp. Foliated Blue Tos E s 2d —— Fibrous Blue Iron, ` a 116 3d — Earthy Blue Tron; _ E ib. Genus VI. "Qaae CP 1. Rhomboidal Graphite, — Se 117 |. Ist Subsp. Scaly Graphite, o ` Bie. 2d —— Compact Graphite, T 74 7 ee eins VII. Msc Mice LX HS qu SE 1. Prismatie Talc-Mica; co S 119 ` ist Subsp. Chlorite, | E ist Kind, Foliated Chlorite, a in. - 9d —— Slaty Chlorite, — 120 3d —— Common Chlorite, "bh, Ach Earthy Chlorite, 121 5th—— Compact Chlorite, ib. E — Tale, Jm - ; 122 1st Kind, Common Tal, ` db. 2d —— Indurated Tale, 123 ; 39d Y _ Potstone,or Lap. Ollaris, 124 * Nacrite, - $ - ib. ** Steatite, or Soapstone, SE - =. % ee Figurestone, or Agalmatolite, ^ - — 126 2. Rhomboidal 'Talc-Miga.v admo S 197 1st Subsp. Common Talc-Mica, or Com. Mica, ib. 2d Lepidolite, ^ ^ ~ : 128 Genus VIIL Prarr-Mica: m : I. Rhomboidal Pearl-Mica, —€— "uc doc MB CONTENTS. D Order VI.~—Spar. H Genus I. SCHILLER-SPAR: 1. Diatomous Schiller-Spar, e 2." Axotomous Schiller-Spar, or Green Diallage, 3. Hemiprismatic Schiller-Spar, or Bronzite, e 4. Prismatoidal Schiller-Spar, or Hypersthene, ' ! 5. Prismatic iir pat ne or Anthophyllite, Genus IL KraxrrE. 1. Prismatic Kyanite, Genus ITI. SPODUMENE. 7 . Ł Prismatic Spodumene,. : Gene IV. PREHNITE. ' 1. Axotomous Prehnite, Let Subsp. Foliated Prehnite; - 2d Fibrous Prehnite, Genus LM Da TOLITE. n Prismatic Datolite, : 139 -. Ist Subsp. Common Datolite, - ib. He e Botryoidal Datolite, or Botryolite, 140: ist Kind, Fib. Botryoidal Datolite, ib. 2d — Earthy Botry. Datolite, ib. ` Genus VI. ZEOLITE. ; d "Trapezoidal Zeolite; er Leucite, § -` yay : Dodeecahedral Zeolite, or Sodalite, 142: - Hexahedral Zeolite, or Analcime; [wc 7 - JN . Pyramido-Prismatic Zeolite, or Cross-stone, 143. . Rhomboidal Zeolite, or Chabasite, - «145 . Diatomous Zeolite, or Laumonite, . - 146: . Prismatic Zeolite, or Mesotype, <=. S ib, ist Subsp. Fibrous Zeolite, ` = 147 9d. Natrolite, TA ib. 3d. Mealy Zeolite, Ee 148 ` . Prismatoidal Zeolite, or Stilbite, 149 . Hemiprismatic Zeolite, 150 0. Pyramidal Zeolite, or Apophyllite, s 151 € —— à CONTENTS: | Genus VI. Beratung, T Prismatic Petalite, UM cu Genus VIL Er ee Aah, 1. Rhomboidal leas ot A coil - 2. Prismatic Felspar, ^ - 1stSubsp.Adulariàj; - A ‘gaz m. usi ricus; Felspar, — | - PA 3d — Adae / bth 1st Subsp. DS Genus VIII. MES ad Ice-Spar, ` ieee rd Common Felspar, - Labrador Felspar, = —— - ~ Compact: Felspar, - Slaty Felspar, or. Clinkstone, | -Earthy Common Felspar, e ;Porcelain-Earth, or Kaolin, rz TRE Ee Felspar, - Claystone,. SC GEN Meionite,- ` tw EA Scapolite, .- Sit = Ist End -Radiated Seapalite: . Foliated Scapolite, ag —— Eee - m ch Pyramido-Prismatic Augite, Latuséi Ast Subsp. Foliated Augite, e od ——- Granular Augite, — TI $a 3d —— Conchoidal Augite, - 4th —— Common Augite, - 5th ——- Coccolite, - 6th ——- Baikalite, ^ - = 7h x. Omphacite; « ^ - ee ` ` eee: qud a dE ‘oth —— Diopside, ^ — E 10th Sahlite ~ E 2: Hemipriansdt Augite, eoe ecco 1st Subsp.. Carinthine, FUSE geese 2d Calamite, — - vu | c3 E, o * — m RET CONTENTS. Page 8d Subsp. Hniblende, : - 170 ist Kind, Common Hornblende, ib. 2d —— Hornblende-Slate, 171 3d ——— Basaltic Hornblende, 172 Actynolite, - ib.. 1st Kind, Asbestous Actynolite, ib. 2d Common Actynolite, 173 > 3d Glassy. Actynolite, ib. 5th —— Tremolite, - Š 174 . Ist Kind, Asbestous Tremolite, ib. 2d . Common Tremolite, ib. 3d —— Glassy Tremolite, 175 Asbestus, - ib. 1st Kind, Rock-Cork, - ib. 2d — Flexible Asbestus, 176 3d —— Rigid, or Com. Asbestus, ib. 4th Roek-Wood, or L. Asbest.177 3. Prismatoidal Augite, ` - i 1st Subsp. Epidote, or Pistacite, 2d . Zoisite, - ist Kind, Common Zoisite, 2d Friable Zoisite, A ' Prismatic Augite, or Tabular-Spar, Genus IX. Azurz-Spanr. 1. Prismatic Azure-Spar, * e Prismatoidal Game, or Blue Spar, Order VII.—Gx M ! Genus I. ANDALUSITE. S. de Prismatic Andalusite, - 1st Subsp. Common Andalusite, 2d Saussurite, Genus II. Corunpom. 1. Dodecahedral Corundum, Let Subsp. Ceylanite, ad Spinel, ——EÁ rd è CONTENTS: . xxxvi | 9d —— Lydian Stone, - 2. - skis Csi or Autonialite 184 3. Rhomboidal Corundum, D ib. Ist Subsp. Sapphire, == - A m -2d — Emery, up im) P 185 3d —— Corundum, - : 186 4. Prismatic vom m or OMEN c. o Eb s TII. DrAMOND. yp 1. Octahedral Diamond; «—— 187 Genus IV. Topaz. 1, Prismatic Topaz, - à DES Ah E 1st Subsp. Common Topaz, SE, ib. "vi Sé Schorlite, or Schorlous Topaz, 189 3d —— COMOROS: or Se 190 Genus Y, EMERALD. | TES 1. Prismatic Emerald, or Kan Fos ib. 2. Rhomboidal Emerald, sees 191 1st Subsp. Emerald, - ib. 2d den , SE 192 Genus VI. ga age, ji 1. Prismato-Rhomboidal Quartz; or Iolite, 193 2. Rhomboidal Quartz, ; = : . db. Ast Subsp. Amethyst, => = 104 Let, Kind, Common PAE ib. H»c ad —— Thick Fib. Amethyst, 195 `- gd —— Rock or Mountain Crystal, ib. y Bd — < Rose or Milk Quartz, e 196 4th —— Common Quartz, à ib, 5th —— Prase, : E dots 197 6th —— Fibrous Quartz, ge 8 ib. “th —— Cat’s-Eye, - E 198 sth —— lron-Flint, : Wë ib. oth —— Hornstone, $ a .199 1st Kind, Splintery Hornstone, ib. |. gd — Conchoidal Hornstone, ib. Li or aac eg Woodstone, += 200 40th —— Flinty-Slate, - . SE E 2 Ist Kind, Common Flinty-Slate, ib... > XXXvil E ^ CONTENTS, ; Page 11th Subsp. Flint, 201 12th ~iMaleedony, | .. - 202. ro “Ist: Kind, Common Calcedony, ib. (2d: —— Chrysoprase, - 203 W br8do- Plasnia, i Ath Carnelian, 13th —— Heliotrope, __. ~ = 24th. Jasper, = D , Ast Kind, Egyptian jaa, a. Red Egyptian Jasper, S Brown Egyptian Jasper,205 2d —— Striped. Jasper, > a Bdo Porcelain-Jasper, 24th —— Common Jasper, X &th- Agate-Jasper, .— - | 15th —— Floatstone, or Spong- Quartz, 207 k Agate. n d z i 3. Uncleavable Quartz, — — E ^ | 1st Subsp. Quartzy or Siliceous Sinter, - ib. 1st Kind, Com. Quartzy or Sil. Sinter, ib. a e Opaline Quartzy or, Sil. Sinter, ib. | 5; we Pearl-Sinter, or Fiorite, 209 2d —— Hyatite, ...- - Fs ib. 3d —— Opal. - | 1st Kind, Precious Opal 2d —— Common Opal, 28d —— Fire Opal, x. Ath! ee Mother-of-Pearl Opal, "Ath ——- Semi-Opal, - 212 6th ‘Jasper-Opal, or Ferrug. Opal, ib. WE —— Wood-Opal ` ` - ib. 4th —— Menilte ^ e S ' 213 Ist Kind, Brown Menilite, eee ^ 2d AE "Grey 1 Menilite, E 214 4. Fusible Quartz," "ët Ga S ib. chc Tst Subsp. Obsidian, ^. - ib. RRV SE Kind, e EE Obsidian, ib. 2d ——. Transparent Obsidian, ad ——L— - Pitchstone, - = ib. 3d —— “Pearl-Stone, —! Genus VII. AXINITE. CONTENTS. 4th Subsp. Pamios phat LZ. .Ast Kind, Glassy Pumice, - Genus VIII. CanYsoLITE, ^ ‘Genus IX. BonacrrE. Genus X. TOURMALINE. Genus XI. GARNET. ET Common Pumice, 3d _ Porphyritic Pumice, L Prismatic Axínite, , 5 ay at = A ‘Prismatic Chrysolite, KR: zx AM | Ast Subsp. Chrysolite, So e 8d — Olivine, | MNA ~ 1. Octahedral Boracite, t Labieno E .1. Rhomboidal Tourmaline, ttr de ia 1st Subsp. Tourmaline, ~ = 2d —— , Common Schor ae As Pyramidal. Garnet, ‘or Vesuvian, | HL 2. "Ketrahedral Garnet, or Helvine; SE 3. Dodecahedral Garnet, .-- ` - ast Subsp. ` Grossulare, E EN 9d -—— Pyreneite, : - < ad —— Melmite en, x 4th —— Allochroite, - e OCXXxXiX Page ` op ib e $ 4911 ib. ap 219 "pth —— Colophonite, or Resinous s Garnet, ib. 6th - — Garnet, : NS 4 dst Kind, Precious ee 2d - Common Garnet, "th —— Pyrope;. - NEE E 4. Prismatic Garnet, or Cinnamon- Stone, - 5. Prismatoidal Garnet, or Grenatite, vic Genus XIL. ZARCON. Ge d ag ) EAS 1. Pyramidal Zircon, Lë IE 1st Subsp. Common Zircon, ` WW 2d . Hyeciith, | = — Se i -— "oes "iz AOE ad veer en Augen mee" pore emer mee eege | H q nu vÍ > U I a Í d E H y P i d iE EA H " 1 Al | |j i ` i H är i | b xl ONCE. - CONTENTS. . Genus XIII. GADOLINITE. 1. Prismatic Gadolinite, Order VT. Ons, : Genus I. TITANIUM-ORE. 1. Prismatic Titanium-Ore, or Sphene, 1st Subsp. Common Sphene, 2d Foliated Sphene, A Prismato-Pyramidal Titanium-Ore, 1st Subsp. Rutile, S o POOR. ox . 2d —— Nigrine — d 4. RO 3. Pyramidal Titanium-Ore, or Qeinherrite, Genus II. Zrxc-Onz. D 1. Prismatic Zinc-Ore, ` Genus put Rep Corrzz-Onz. . Octahedral Red Copper-Ore, | Ge, 1st Subsp. Foliated Red Copper-Ore, 2d Compact Red Copper-Ore, 3d — Capillary Red Copper-Ore, 4th —— Tile-Ore, ^ - ist Kind, Earthy Tile-Ore, 2d Indurated Tile-Ore, Genus IV. Try-Ore. : 1. Pyramidal Tin-Ore, $ à 1st Subsp. Common Tin- Ore, or Tinstone, 2d Cornish Tin-Ore, « or Wood-Tin, Genus’ V: AN aM ERE: 1. Prismatic Wolfram, Badu VI. 'TANTALUM-ÜRE, i Prismatic Tantalum-Ore, Genus VII. Uranium-Ore. 1. Uncleavable Uranium-Ore, ‘CONTENTS: — — | áli - Genus VIII. CERIUM-ORE. ; S vB Uncleavable Ceriam-Ore, PME RA E $ 242 ` Gnus IX. Choke ee 1. Prismatic n ram ie, or Chroma ai Tron, . 843. | Genus X. Inon-Ore. 1. Octahedral Yeon-Qre;- d ed -' 944 1st Subsp. Common Magnetic Iron-Ore, = ib. 2d Granular Magnetic Iron-Ore, . dh. 2. Bhanbardal Iron-Ore, apis - 245 Ist Subsp. Specular Iron-Ore, ^ ^ - ib. ) — = Ast Kind, Com. Spec. Iron-Ore, _ ib. ad Micac. Spec.. Iron-Ore, 246 2d —— Red mun : - 247 — „Ist age Scaly Red Iron-Ore, ib. ad —— Ochry Red Iron-Ore, ib. . gd —— Compact Red Iron-Ore, 248 agr in 005 4th oa Fibrous Red Iron-Ore, ib. 8d —— Red Clay Iron-Ore, e 249 > 1st Kind, Ochry Red Clay Iron-Ore, ib. * "2d Columnar Red Clay Iron-Ore, ib. '..8d —— Lenticular Red Clay Iron-Ore, ib. Ach Jaspery Red Clay Iron-Ore, . 250 E Prismatic Iron-Ore, .. E e ib. ist Subsp. Brown Iron-Ore, KA at eo. 1st Kind, Ochry Brown ENA ib: 2d - Compact Br. Iron-Ore, 351 3d —— - Fibrous Brown Iron-Ore, ib: ES —— Brown Clay Iron-Ore, = © 259 : Ist Kind, Common Br. Clay Iron-Ore, — ib. 2d —— Pisiform Br. Clay Iron-Ore, "bh, "E geg, ` Reniform, or Kidney-shaped gis Brown Clay Iron-Ore, 253 -4th —— Granular Br. Clay Tron-Ore, ib. voc Mh aee Umbet, — . o ~ ib, * Bog Iion-Ore, — SET | 254 ist Kind, Morass-Ore, or Friable Bog bone ib; ` ad —— Swamp-Ore, or Indurated Bog Iron-Ore, ib: „3d —— Meadow-Ore, or Conchoidal ze Iron-Ore, ib. E ) CONTENTS, | \ | Page Genus XI. MaANGANEsE-Onx. 1. Prismatic Manganese-Ore, at 255 * Scaly Brown Manganese-Ore, = 256 2. Prismatoidal Manganese-Ore, - ib. * Earthy Grey and Brown ORRE or Wad, 257 Cader IX. —Nanive Mera, onus I. AnsENIC. 1. Native Arsenic, Genus II. TELLURIÙM. 1. Native Tellurium, Genus III. ANTIMONY. 1. Dodecahedral Antimony, ^ ` 9. Prismatic Ce, or Antimonial Silver, Genus IV. BIsMUTH. ` . Le Octahedral Blength. ; Genus V. Ee AD Liquid Native Misc, x 2 Dodecahedral Mercury, or Native Amalgam, Genus VI. Sitver. | 1. Hexahedral ies i X _ Ist Subsp. Common Native Silver, - 2d —— -Auriferous Native Silver, Genus VII. Gor». 1. Hexahedral Gold, Š jet Subsp. Gold-Yellow Gold, z 2d » — Brass-Yellow Gold, Ss. Le . Greyish-Yellow Gold, . - AH oe Argentiferous Gold, or Electrum, 264 “Genus VIII. PLATINA. | i | 1. Native Platina, ib. CONTENTS: Clo o "7 x Page Genus IX. Inox. ; = ge ie : 1. Octahedral. ny ES asa. = : ib. t 1st Subsp. Terrestrial Native Iron, iow 265 ado Meteoric Native ei ee . Genus X. Cars, ! dE sch Octahedral CORRE uad c 2 c S : x Order X Prunes. Genus I. NickEL PYRITES,: or Corse Nieren, | A | 1. Prismatic Nickel Pyrites, TNT. SÉ 266 * Nickel Ochre, - - = 267 ee Black Nickel, e GE 5, Genus IL. ARSENIC Pemirs 7 77777 E 1, Axotomous Arsenic Pyrites, OPUS , 268 | 2. Prismatic Arsenic Pyrites, Ul ^w o MN Genus nt. COBALT-PYRITES. SE (V ‘Hexahedral Cobalt-Pyrites or Silver-White [cs due s 269 2. Octahedral Cob. oe or Tin White Cobalt, ib. * Grey Cobalt Pyrites, ` PR gee Moe E as 270 xe Cobalt-Kies, ese - E A *** Radiated Tin-White Cobalt Pyrites, XO. ct ` Genus IV. Inox-PynrTESs. 1. Hexahedral Iron-Pyrites, — BEL eos EE st Subsp. Common Iron-Pyrites, - o. - BL US Cellular Peiter 9272 . Prismatic Iron Pyrites, a eU IE es ib., 3st Subsp-. Radiated. Pyrites, | f34 2 2d —— Hepatic Pyrites, AS Lx m “8d —C— Spear-Pyrites, = Se e He 4th Cockscomb. Pyrites, “AAS P BUR 3. Rhomboidal oer or. nde Vase ib. — - Genus V. Corrrn-PnrfEs. ` deis] ag 1. Pyramidal E or Yellow Copper- "iess as CONTENTS. Order XI —GLANCE, Ps I. CorPER-GLANCE. 1. Tetrahedral:Copper-Glance, | - 276 1st Subsp. Grey Tetrah. Copper-Glance, ib. . 9d Black Tetrahedral Copper-Glance, eT] E Prismatoidal Copper-Glance, xt ib. 3. Prismatie Copper-Glance, or Vitreous Copper, 278 * Variegated Copper, E . ib, | Genis II. Sirver-Giance, or VITREOUS SILVER. 1. Hexahedral Silver-Glance; d Genus III. GALENA, or LgAp-GrANcE, 1. Hexahedral Galena, or Lead-Glance, . ~ 1st Subsp. Common Galena, or Lead-Glance, ib. 2d — Compact Galena, or Lead Glance, ib. * Blue Lead, - E x 281 Genus IV. TELLURIUM-GLANCE, or Brack TELLURIUM. “1. Prismatic Tellurium-Glance, Dt. ib. Genus v. MOLYS3DENA, or MoLYBbENA-GLANCE.- . 1. Rhoniboidal Molybdena, et .* Molybdena Ochre, Genus VI. BISMUTH-GLANCE. _ 1. Prismatic Bismuth-Glance, * Bismuth-Ochre, . . Genus VII. ANTIMONY-GLANCE; 1. Prismatic Antimony-Glance, n E he 2. Prismatoidal Antiniony-Glance, or Grey Antimony, 285 3. Axotomous Antimony-Glance, or Bournonite, ae Genus VIII. MELANE-GLANCE. . 1. Diprismatic Melane-Glance, 2. Prismatic Melane-Glance, Te CONTENTS.. xly ^ Order XIL—BLENDE. Genus I. MaxcAxEsE-BLENDE. 1. Prismatic Manganese-Blende, mew 288 ia II. Zixc-Brexps, or GanxET-BLENDE. : - 1. Dodecahedral Zinc-Blende, — - ~~ ib 1st Subsp. Yellow Zinc-Blende, = - 289 2d Brown Zinc-Blende, ES ib. sd -—— Black Zinc-Blende, RM UE Genus III. AxTIMONY-BLENDÉ, or Rep Antimony. 1. Prismatic Antimony-Blende, or Red Antimony, ib. : da IV. Rusy-BLEN DE. 1. Rhomboidal Bet Blende or Bed Silyer, it 991. L^ Prismato-Rhomboidal Ruby-Blende, or Cinnabar, 292* 1st Subsp. Common Cinnabar, Bee NE 2d —— Hepatic dere l T ib. ES Order XIIL—SULPHUR. | Genus I. SvrPHUE, 1. Prismatoidal Sulphur, or Yellow- ipsnm. . 998 4 | 9. Hemi-Prismatic Sulphur, or Red Orpiment, . 2904 3. Prismatic Sulphur, wo v ur em » M 1. oe e Common Sulphur, eet t Hs 9d Volcanic umi - | ib. loui CDLASS III. E Order I—HResx. Genus I. MELLILITE, or HoxEY-SToNE. m : 1. Pyramidal Mellilite, or Honeystone, —— - . 296 ` ist oi ipium : Y POMS QI R E CN el GE eu NA a ihe " i P UON ii we : " : = = - = E ——— te = " zz CH por po eege e : AE o Ecc codi - LOT gen A S z ~ ie - e — À E d ` E Z SAA Ae ARN CABIN toii eem + met . Ge t A mM LS ` - : GE Se Dee I u " UA E - a A iie ea s > ——« on S: SS - EE eer 7 eg - — : V— iem; - e o? ee - - -— EMT — Bos - DO ege PI ` xlvi $ CONTENTS. ES s Page Genus II. MINERAL RESIN. 1. Yellow Mineral-Resin, or Amber, 297 2. Black Mineral-Resin, - 298 ist Subsp. Naphtha; =- - uc ib. 2d ———- Mineral-Oil, or Petroleum, | 299 8d — Mineral-Pitch, or Bitumen, ib. Ist Kind, Earthy Mineral-Pitch, ' ib. 2d ——- Slaggy Mineral-Pitch, 300 3d Elastic Mineral-Pitch, ib. \ Order II—Coar. Genus I. Mine RAL-COAL. 1. Bituminous Mineral-Coal, Siod lst Subsp. Brown Bituminous Coal; ~ Let Kind, Bituminous Wood, 2d —— Earth Coal, - ib. 3d —— Alum-Earth, - 802 Ach ——-- Common Brown Coal, ib. 5th ——-Moor-Coal, - 2d —— Black Bituminous Coal, 1st Kind, Slate Coal, 2d — Cannel-Coal, 3d | Foliated Coal, i Ath Coarse Coal, 2. Glance-Coal, | . - is ‘Ast Subsp. Pitch-Coal, or Jet, . 24 —— Glance-Coal, - - ib. 1st Kind, Conchoidal Glance-Coal, 306 2d Slaty Glance-Coal, . ib. 3d Columnar Glance-Coal, 307 4th —— Fibrous Glance-Coal, ib. CONTENTS. © cee "xlvii APPENDIX. LS Descriptions of such Minerals as do not occur geen A Cri Ys- tallized, and cannot be GC refieres: to any Ser im the ue SH ` 3 o -Fage Se Lithomarge, ) E BE - 1st Kind, Friable P MENT. - ib. J 9d Indurated Lithomarge, a: x a. Mountain Soap, =o rp 2+ $12 s 3. Yellow Earth, e B] : | 4. Cimolite, - = See ent AS. ` S19 pos . 5. Kollyrite, o = ib. Cia = -~ TN 3Í4 ^ o7. Sphragide, or Lémnian Earth; Ce bh. . 8. Aluminite, - : - ib. o Magnesite, e - 315 . 10. Meerschaum, - St] n ib.. a vem € CH mi Descriptions of Minerals, whose Specific Characters have not —— : : j H been completely determined. ‘ : | i TE | 1. Allophane; 2 | m me 910. i | dde c ae \ | 3. Aplome, . - im s KE ib vU l ! ^. A Azure-Stone, or Lapis Lazuli, ; œ ET — d | 3 5. Bergmannite, ^ ^ - E cux VEN A 8" _ 6. Bismuthic Silver, - EE e sét 318 ` 7. Calaite, or Mineral Torquois, Se ri pee Mh. 8. Chiastolite, OE E pum sm ib. 1 9. Cerine, : - E ‘2 Big ea CONTENTS. ` 10. Crichtonite, 11. Comptonite, i Conite, 3. Fossil Copal, df. en Argentiferous Ge 15. Plumbiferous Copper-Glance, 16. Diaspore, 17. Elaolite, .18. Eudialyte, 19. Fibrolite, . 20. Gehlenite, . 91. Gieseckite, 22. Hauyne, 23. Iserine, 24. Karpholite, 25. Lievrite, 26. Manganese-Spar, 47. Mellilite, +. . - . 28. Menachanite, - 29. Menac Ironstone, or Titaniferous Iron-Ore, 30. Molybdena-Silver, - 31. Native Nickel, 32. Needle-Ore, i 33. Nephrite, . .— à 34, Nickeliferous Grey Antimony, 35. Phosphat of me e 36. Dote, ^ 37. Pyrosmalite, 38. Radiated Acicular Olivinite, 39. Skorodite, =- ` - A0. Spak, 41. Spherulite, ` 42, Spinellane, . 48. Stilpnosiderite, 44, Tantalite, 45. Tennantite, 46. Tin-Pyrites, 47. Velvet-Blue Copper, p i ame CONTENTS. . e V Page 48. Wavellite, SE one 333 49. Yellow Gold-Glance, or Yellow delito. ib. 50. ix 7 à à - . 334 ` Description and Arrangement of Mountain Rocks. I. Structure of Mountain Rocks, oJ. vos c 8g Simple Aggregated Structure, - |. 888 Double Aggregated Structure, - —— MÀ | Il Stratified Structure ; : ‘Seamed’ Structure ; and Structure — . . »of Veins, > à ee 341 o. Stratified GE e d Ee ib. b. Seamed Structure, EE 342. "fh Structure of ca © À : Jeu AE B44 - I.. Description of Rocks, . : p Class I. Primitive Rocks, ~. ah yore 345 - 1. Granite, oos. tai A vow | 2. Gneiss, nef CH 35 8; Mica-Slate, p abn d. - 888 A Clay-Slate, - 9510 » cs eee 5. Primitive Limestone, wi " 365 Primitive Gypsum, ager PORA 3866 6. Primitive Trap, a = -367 ` 7. Serpentine, ix , - 369 8. Euphotide, or Sek a ere ) | 1. Paris Formation, «rio: = 411 1. Plastic Clay md Sand, d AS 412 2. Coarse Limestone, with Sand and Sandstone, ib. 3. Siliceous Limestone, — AS Met < 418 4. Gypsum, . a amet lentes = ib. ` 5. Marl, enha o M 6: Sand and Sandstone, i e db. T. Fresh-Water Limestone, with Millstone or Buhrstone ` - ers 415 ‘Observations on the Paris Formation, - . 416 2. Brown Coal, associated with Rocks that lie above -€ halk; ais do mosis: ib. Class IV. Alluvial Rocks. . 7 gs Mountain Alluvial Formation, E R. AT B x6 Summits of Mountains, e — À ib. 2 b. In Valleys, - a ib. c. At the Foot of Mountain Ranges, uaire MS 2 Alluvial Substances of Low and Flat Countries, db. a. Conglomerates: and Sandstones, ` - (db. b. Rolled Blocks or Boulders, ana” a 1b. < e. Sand, Lë poin m — 4g d. Mal, ` Ha fas =. 420 e. Clay and Loam, MT T a Doc A f. Calcareous Tuff, ee EE AE g. Bog Iron-Ore, . WW s del h. Ores, Metals, and Gems in Cains, d 422 i. Common Salt, - = db. n Subterranean and Submarine Forests, "b |. Peat, : S ie d aes 423 3. Formations of Alluvial Rocks, a 12 3b. Class V. Volesnie Rocks, ZE E 20. 484 1. Pseudo Volcanic Rods Hab) 425 a. Volcanic Rocks, ` MC XII teh. 496 1. Ignigenous Voleánir Rocks, or True Volcanic NN 5 aut ib. E. D & Ki U | P t m" € à a E Eg M Sg: ki $ | b. b Ug | "n D ! T" i 1 : E. 1 CONTENTS: ip Page Rocks of Extinct and Ancient Volcanoes, 427 1. Trachyte, - - E ib. 2. Tuffa of the Trachyte Formation, — - 428 3. Basaltic and. Greenstone Lava, and. their Tuffa, Scoria, and Slag, i ib. 2. Thermal Rocks, or those formed from the Water ; of Hot Springs, "Y e 429 3. Rocks formed by doalremts of Mud flowing from Volcanoes, . e . = = IV. Description of: Veins, Metalliferous Beds, and Eire Imbedded Masses. 1. Description of Veins, -= 1. External Relations of Veins, S 2. Structure and Internal Relations of Veins, 2. Metalliferous Beds, - == ae 3. Irregular Imbedded Masses, - V. Arrángement of Mountain Rocks. depending ` on their Structure ^ : > E 440 Tabular View of Rocks arranged SEDES ia to Struc- ture; dim 3 - 441 Short Characters of the Uni Mountain Rocks, 442 VI. Petrifactions, or Fossil Organic Remains found in Moun: tain Rocks, ` - = 444 Systematic View of Petrifactions. Division I. —ANIMALS. - Class I. ferte deor Class II. MAMMALIA, Order I.. Chiroptera, ` Order II. Digitata, Order III. Marsupialia, Order IV. Solidungula, Order V. Bisulca, — D Gi Ge Tentamen Classificationis Sijchonistion $ Plantarum Pii" S CONTENTS. © | aes Jm | : Page Order VI. Multungula, = uo e. Eg d Order VII. Palmata, : Ge Ee | UE 458 Order VIL Cetacea, < ‘~~. . - (454 - Class III. Aves. : sana adil (Cc db Class IV. AMPHIBIA, © : S be ae í c: 4557 Class V. Prsces, —— ee ARI, nag 458 ` Class VI. Iessen, 00 : Ou 2 Class VII. MoLrusca, EX pri ae les VIII. CRUSTACEA,. xi 3 s : D wë ib. Class IX. CORALLIA, i E - 5 S 461 | -Division IL—PLANTS. 1 : 1. Dendrolites, - - E E ib. -2. Botanolites, Dux PN D MR 3. Phytolites, . SN eg ME SELES di 4. Carpolites, se - TM ib. x — | "d UM ER M ` dialium. ! Familia I. Lepidodendron, ~- 468 Tribus I. Lepidote squamis convexis, ue ib. A Scutatis, — MEET un ib. . B. Squamis escutatis, os DS Tribus IL Alveolarie squamis subconcavis : ib. Fam. II. Variolariz, (HE RN die ur ug 465 Fam. III. Calamite, - o ib. Fam. IV, Syringodendron, - - 466 ef RENE —p d r3 l j " | "i || | P 21 a A $ U |j 7 ! 8 LB ` H Bo: E AGH Ab M ! | H ER | Kä : | i - CONTENTS. Descriptions Omitted. 1. Adhesive Slate, 2.. Arsenical Silver, | 3. Native Magnesia, ; x Corneous Lead, . Arseniate of Lead, sel ae 1. Reniform Arseniate of Lead, 2. Filamentous Arseniate of Lead, 3. Earthy Arseniate « of m 6. Tripoli, | - ^ 7. Native Minium, or Native Red Oxide of Lead, mme Inpex to Simple Minerals, English Names, - German and French Names, . IupEx to Mountain Rocks, ^ ' i f i | i | 1 | E f ` f amaii ni CAE ALCO GARGS Nase EE SYSTEM MINERALOGY. W^ i 1 i | | Í : ; | E =” W ; * "ai / R 2 v ei e | TM r D d | phd y Z: g oi j 1 f ae? ps * - SYSTEM MINERALOGY. CLASS I. Ir solid, is sapid. No bituminous smell. Specific gravity under 3.8. Onpzn Jj. GAS. Elastic. Not acid. Sp. gr. = 0.0001,— 0.00014. Genus I. HYDROGEN Gas. Evident smell. Sp. gr. = 0.0001, — 0.00014. 1. Pure Hydrogen Gas. Specific Character —Hydrogenous smell. Sp.gr.—0.00012. Constituent Parts.—Nearly pure hydrogen gas. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Rises from rocks of various kinds, as from limestone, coal-formations, &c. in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. he perpetual fires met with in Italy, north of Asia, and other countries, are nearly pure hydrogen gas, in a state of inflammation. 2. Empyreumatic or Carburetted Hydrogen Gas. . Specific Character —Empyreumatic smell. Sp.gr.=0.0008. Constituent Parts.—Is a nay compound of Carbon and Hydrogen.— Thomson. A t ; De EA ORD. I, GAS. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—-Rises from marshes and volcanoes; is also met with in great quantities in coal- mines, forming the fire-damp of miners. Frequent in many places in Great Britain. 3. Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas. Specific Character.—Smell of putrid eggs. Taste nauseous and bitter. Sp. gr. = 0.00135. Constituent Parts.—-Hydrogen, 6.244 Sulphur, 93.756 100 Berzelius. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Rises from sul- phureous springs; also from marshy places; and is met with in mines. Frequent in many places in Great Britain, and also on the Continent. 4. Phosphuretted Hydrogen Gas. Specific Character —Smell of putrid fish. Sp. gr. unknown. Constituent Parts.—Phosphorus, : 92.3 Hydrogen, - - TA 100.0 Geog nostic Sittuation.—Rises from marshy and other places where organic substances are in a state of decomposition. Genus II. ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Without smell or taste. Sp. gr. = 0.001,—0.0013. I. Pure Atmospheric Air. Specific Character.—Respirable, and without smell or taste. Constituent Parts.—Azotic Gas, . S 15.55 Oxygen Gas, - D 23.32 Aqueous Vapour, 1.03 Carbonic Acid Gas, 0.10: 100.00 Forms the atmosphere which surrounds the earth. ORD. II. WATER. : 9 Onnzn I. WATER. Liquid. Tasteless, or with sensible taste e and DPI Sp. gr. = 1.1,—1.0269. Genus I. ATMOSPHERIC WATER. Without smell or taste. 1. Pure Atmospheric Water. . Specific Character.— Without smell or taste. Constituent París.—Oxyge, - - - 883 ; Hydrogen, - - 11.7 —À 100.0 This is common rain, river and spring water. Mineral wa- ters may be considered accidental varieties of pure atmosphe- | ric water. Genus II. Sra Water. Sensible smell and taste. 1. Common Sea Water. Specific Character—Bitter nauseous ees and disagree- able smell. Constituent Parts.—Muriate of Soda, 170.2 grains. Magnesia, - . 80.6 - Lime, ’ - - 5.8 Sulphate of Soda, 21.9 e — 228.5 ina Pint of Wa- d ter, Murray. Is the water of the ocean. : t Orver III. ACID. Acid. Sp. gr. E 0.0015, —3.7. Genus I. CARBONIC ACID. Spiritus Lethalis, Pliny.—Gas Sylvestre; Spiritus Sylvestre, Paracelsus and Van Helmont.—Fixed Air, Black. Taste slightly acid. Sp. gr. = 0.0018. A2 ORD. III. ACID. 1. Aériform Carbonic Acid. Specific Character.—Elastic. 'Taste acidulous and pungent. Constituent Parts.—Carbon, 1 S 27.4 Oxygen, ` 72.6 ; 100.0 Gay Lussac. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in consi- derable abundance in marshy places ; rises from acidulous wa- ters, and abounds in many caves, as in that of DelP Cane, near Naples, and of Aubenas in Ardeche. ` Kei Lei 7 CREE | | hap ferka Ze Ani A V T anus IT. Muriatic Aerm, Smell of saffron, and strong acid taste. Sp. gr. = 0.0023. 1. Aériform Muriatic Acid. Muriatic Acid Gas of Chemists. Specific Character. Elastic. Smell pungent and suffocating. Geognostic Situation.—Emanates from volcanoes. Genus III. SULPHURIC ACID. If gaseous, the smell is sulphureous. If liquid, the taste is strongly acid. Sp. gr. 0.0025,—1.5. 1. Aériform Sulphurie Acid. Sulphurous Acid of Chemists. Specific Character.—Elastic. Sp. gr. = 0.0088. Geognostic Situalion.— Emanates from volcanoes, and some- times in considerable quantity. 2. Liquid Sulphurie Acid. Specific Character.—Liquid. Sp. gr. = 1.4,—1.5. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs near Aix in Savoy; trickles from the roofs of caves in /Etna, and in other places in Italy. Also in similar situations in America, and in the island of Java. Genus IV. Boractc Acip. Solid. Sp. gr. under 3.0. ORD. IV. SALT. 5 1. Scaly Boracie Acid. Sassoline, or Native Boracic Acid. Specific Character.—QOccurs in scaly crusts. Taste first sourish, or subacid, then bitter and cooling, and lastly sweetish. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.— Found on the . edges of hot-springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence; and also in Volcano, one of the Lipari islands. | Genus V. ARSENIC ACID. AA Solid. Sp. gr. above 3. 1. Octahedral Arsenic Acid. - Arsenic oxyde, Haiiy. E Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage, octahedral. "Taste sweetish-astringent. — Hardness unknown. Sp. gr. = 3.6,—3.7. — External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive, in thin crusts, stalactitic, small reniform, and botryoidal; and frequently in delicate capillary shining crystals; which are sco- piformly or stellularly aggregated. Lustre shining and pear- ly. Translucent or opaque. Soft. | Chemical Characters.—Soluble in water. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs as a se- condary formation in veins, at Andreasberg in the Hartz, as- sociated with native arsenic, red silver, galena, and red orpi- ment. e ` : Onpzn IV. SALT. Solid. Not acid. Sp. gr. = 1.2,—2.9. Genus I. Natron. Prismatic. ‘Taste pungent and alkaline. Hardness = 1.0, —1.5.° Sp. gr. = 1.5,—1.6. | 1. Prismatic Natron. | Prismatisches Natron-Salz, Mohs.—Natürliches Mineral-Alkali, p Werner.—Soudé carbonatée, Hain. Speci ic Character. —Prism —199 60? P yramid unknown. Cleavage prismatic. s D ORD. IV. SALT. ‘This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Common Natron and Radiated Natron. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Natron. Gemeines Natron, Werner. Description.—Eaternal Characters.—Colours white, grey and yellow. When fresh, compact granular, or radiated ; lustre glistening and vitreous, and more or less translucent : when weathered, is loose, dull and opaque. Chemical Characters.—Effervesces with acids. It is easily soluble in acids, and its solution colours blue vegetable tinc- tures green. Easily fusible before the blowpipe. Egyptian Natron. D Constituent P. arts,—Dry Sub-carbonate of Soda, Dry Sulphate of Soda, 20.8 Dry Muriate of Soda, 15.6 Water, ; 31.6 f mene, arth. 100.00 E^ d v Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs as an efflorescence on the surface of soil, —on decomposing rocks of particular kinds, — on the sides and bottoms of lakes that become dry during the summer season,—also on the walls and bottoms of caves,— and dissolved in the water of lakes and springs. ' Geographic Situation.—It abounds in Hungary ; occurs in Bohemia, Italy, and other countries in Europe: in great quantity in the famous natron lakes in Northern Africa; in many lakes in Asia, and also in those of Mexico, and of other regions in the new world. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Radiated Natron. Strahliches Natron, Klaproth. External Characters.—Colours greyish and yellowish white. Occurs in crusts, in radiated distinct concretions, and crystal- lized in capillary or acicular crystals. Lustre glistening and vitreous; and translucent. Chemical Characters.—Same as those of common natron. ORD. IV. SALT. o E Radiated Natron. Constituent Parts.—Water of Crystallization, 22.50 —. Carbonic Acid, c 38.00 Pure Soda, - - 37.00 Sulphate of Soda, Pg A “700.00 Klaproth Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Mr Bagge, Swe- dish Consul at Tripoli, gives the following information re- specting this interesting subspecies of natron. ** The na- tive country of this natron, which is there called Trona, is the province Sukena, two days’ journey from Fezzan. It is found at the bottom of a rocky mountain, forming crusts usually the thickness of a knife, and sometimes, al- though rarely, of an inch, on the surface of the earth. It is always crystalline: in the fracture it consists of cohering, longish, parallel, frequently radiated crystals, having the as- pect of unburnt gypsum. Besides the great quantity of trona which is carried to the country of the negroes:and to Egypt, | fifty tons are annually carried to Tripoli. It is not adulte- rated with salt. The salt-mines are situated on the sea-shore; but the trona occurs twenty-eight days journey up the coun- try? According to Mr Barrow, it would appear also to oc- ‘cur im the district of Tarka, in Boshieman's Land, in Sou- thern Africa. Uses.—It is principally employed in the manufacture of glass and soap, in dyeing, and for the washing of linen. It is sometimes purified before it is used, but more frequently (particularly that from Egypt) it is used im its natural state. Genus II. GLAUBER SALT. Prismatic. "Paste first cooling, and then saline and bitter. Hardness = 1.5,—-9.0. Sp. gr. 2.2,—2.8. à; 1. Prismatic Glauber Salt. Prismatisches Glauber Salz, Mohs.—Natiirliches Glauber Salz, Werner.—Soude sulphatée, Hay. Specific Character —Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage P+ oo = 105° (nearly). ORD. IV. SALT. External Characters.—Colours white. Occurs in the form of mealy efflorescences; in crusts; seldom stalactitic, small botryoidal, reniform ; in small and fine granular distinct con- cretions ; and crystallized in prisms, which are often acicular. Internally shining, and lustre vitreous. Fracture conchoi- dal, or uneven. ` Brittle, and easily frangible. More or less transparent and translucent. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it is affected in the same manner as Epsom salt, but its solution does not, like that of Epsom salt, afford a precipitate with an alkali. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—1t occurs in diffe- rent parts of Europe and Asia, along with rock-salt and Ep- som salt, on the borders of salt-lakes, and dissolved in the wa- ters of lakés; in efflorescences on moorish ground; also on sandstone, marl-slate, and on old and newly built walls. Uses.—It is used as a purgative medicine; and in some countries as a substitute for soda, in the manufacture of white glass. Genus III. NITRE. Prismatic. Taste, cooling and saline. Hardness — 9.0. Sp. gr. 1.9, 2.0. 1. Prismatic Nitre. Prismatiches Nitrum-Salz, Moks.—Natiirlicher Salpeter, Werner. —Potasse nitratée, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 132° 29’; 91° 15 ; 107° 48’. Cleavage, P + o» = 190. More distinct Pr + oc. External Characters—Colour white. . Occurs in flakes, crusts, and in capillary prismatic crystals. Dull, glimmering, or shining, and lustre vitreous. Alternates from translucent to transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Deflagrates when thrown on hot coal. Constituent Parts.—Vhe natural nitre of Molfetta, accord. ing to Klaproth : M À "5 ORD. IV. SALT. 9 Nitrate of Potash, ^ - 42.55 Sulphate of Lime, E = . 2545 Carbonate of Lime, - - 30.40. Muriate of Potash ? - - 0.20 Loss, - - = 1.40 i 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—1t is usually found in thin crusts on the surface of soil, and sometimes also covering the surface of compact limestone, chalk, and calc-tuff. In many coun- tries it germinates in certain seasons out of the earth, and when this earth is accumulated in heaps, so as to expose a large surface to the atmosphere, it is found to produce it an- nually. Geographic Situation.—lt is found in great quantities in many places in Spain; in Hungary; and uncommonly abun- dant in India; and plentiful in limestone caves in the United American States. = ee Uses.—1n Hungary, Spain, and the East Indies, consi- derable quantities of natural nitre are collected; but most of that- used in commerce, is obtained by working artifi- cial nitre beds. These consist of the refuse of animal and ` vegetable bodies, undergoing putrefaction, mixed with cal- careous and other earths. Its principal use is in the fabrica- tion of gunpowder: itis also used in medicine, and in many of the arts. Genus IV. Rocx-Sarr. Steinsalz, Werner and Mohs. Tessular. Cleavage, hexahedral. Taste saline. Hard- ness = 2.0. Sp. gr. = 2.2, 2.3. a 1. Hexahedral Rock-Salt. Hexaedrisches Steinsalz, Mohs.—Natürlich Kochsalz, Werner.— Soude muriatée, Hauy. Specific Character.—"Yessular. Cleavage, hexahedral. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Rock-Salt and Lake-Salt. ORD. IV. SALT. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Rock-Salt. Steinsalz, Werner. . This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Foliated Rock-Salt and Fibrous Rock-Salt. First Kind. Foliated Rack Salt. Blattriches Steinsalz, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, yellow, red, blue, and green. Occurs massive, disseminated, in minuteveins, in crusts, plates, and stalactitic; also in distinct concretions, which are fine angulo-granular, and these sometimes incline to prismatic, and also crystallized. On the fresh fracture shining or splendent, lustre resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Fragments cubic. In general strongly translucent, some- times semitransparent and transparent. Feels rather greasy. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. í Cheshire Rock-Salt. Constituent Parts.—Muriate of Soda, Sulphate of Lime, Muriate of Magnesia, . Muriate of Lime, Insoluble Matter, Second Kind. Fibrous Rock-Salt. Fasriges Steinsalz, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white and grey; more rare- ly it is marked with stripes of red and blue. Occurs massive ` and dentiform ; also in distinct concretions, which are straight and curved fibrous. Internally shming and glistening, and lustre resinous. Fragments splintery. Strongly translucent, verging on semi-transparent. In other characters it resembles the preceding kind. Chemical Characters.—1t decrepitates briskly He exposed to the action of the blowpipe, or when laid on burning coals. ORD. IV. SALT. 11 Geog'nostic S'ütuation.—Occurs in transition rocks in Swit- zerland, and in secondary rocks in Germany, England, and South America. Geographic Sütuation.—The wël deposite of salt in this island is that in Cheshire, where there are several beds that vary in thickness from four feet to upwards of one hun- dred and thirty fect, and alternate with clay and marl, which contain compact, foliated, granular, and radiated gypsum. Rock-salt also occurs at Droitwich in Worcestershire. Uses.—Its uses are very various and important. We em- ploy it daily as a seasoning for our food : vast quantities are employed for the preservation of animal flesh, butter, Ee, ; it is also used in the manufacture of earthen-ware, soap-making, and in many metallurgic operations. It affords muriatic acid and soda by certain chemical processes. It is sometimes em- ployed in its — state, but 1 is more = purified. E. 4 d ` d'St T4 NO 7 Af. 25. Za E 2s j es Va. P Gh. dalt Pied € SECOND SUBSPECIES. d. P eae MEE WR. MATERA Lake-Salt. Seesalz, Werner. External Characters.—Colour greyish-white. Occurs in coarse and roundish grains. Internally shining or glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture imperfect foliated. In other characters it agrees with the preceding subspecies. | Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—It is found on the en bottoms and sides of salt-lakes. In Egypt, Asia, and also in Africa and America. Genus V. SAL AMMONIAC. Tessular. "Taste pungent and urinous. Hardness = 1.5, —2.0. Sp. gr. 1.5,—1.6. bea 1. Octahedral Sal Ammoniac. Octaedrisches Salmiac, Mohs.—Natürlicher Salmiac, Werner.— Ammoniaque muriatée, Hauy. Specific Character—Tessular. Cleavage, octahedral. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Volcanic Sal Ammoniac and Conchoidal Sal Ammoniac. "` "geg nei era - ` | | ‘| | | SR hme LE Se one pn rE e E E R sz SE EE ag TÉ ORD. IV. SALT. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Volcanic Sal Ammoniac. Vulcanischer Salmiac, Karsten. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, yellow, and sometimes apple-green and brownish-black. Occurs in effo- rescences, crusts, stalactitic, small botryoidal, tuberose, cor- roded, also in granular concretions, and crystallized in octa- hedron and in leucite forms. Externally dull or glistening ; internally shining and vitreous. Alternates from transparent to epaque. Slightly ductile and elastic. Chemical Characters.—W hen moistened, and rubbed with quicklime, it gives out a ee ammoniacal odour. : Sal Ammoniac of Vesuvius. Constituent Parts. -Münte of Ammonia, — - 99.5 Muriate of Soda, 0.5 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.— As its name implies, it is a volcanic production, occurring in the fissures, or on the surface of vol- canic or pseudo-volcanic rocks. Geographic Sttuation—It occurs in the vicinity of burn- ing beds of coal, both in Scotland and England; and in many Wank districts in different parts of the world. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Conchoidal Sal Ammoniac. Muschlicher Salmiak, Karsten. External Characters —Colour white. Occurs in angular pieces. Surface uneven. Externally glimmering ; internally shining and vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Semi-transpa- rent or transparent. Malleable. Soft. Constituent Parts.—Muriate of Ammonia, 97.50 Sulphate of Ammonia, 2.50 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is said to occur, along with sulphur, in rocks of indurated clay, or indurated clay-slate, in the country of Bucharia. T^ Oé T V | i ORD. IV. SALT. 18 Uses.—Sal ammoniac is employed by coppersmiths, to pre- vent the oxidation of the surface of the metals they are co- vering with tin. It renders many metallic oxides volatile, and is frequently used to separate metals from each other. = * Mascagnine, or Sulphate of Ammonia. Mascagnin, Karsten. External Characters.—Colours grey and yellow. Occurs in mealy crusts, or stalactitic. Internally dull or glistening. Fracture uneven or earthy. Semi-transparent or opaque. Taste pungent and bitter. Chemical Characters.—It is easily soluble in water ; partly volatilised by heat ; and becomes moist on exposure to the air. : Geogrnostic and Geographic Situations.—It occurs among the lavas of /Etna and Vesuvius. Genus VI. VITRIOL. Pyramidal, prismatic. Taste astringent. Hardness = 2.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. = 1.9,—2.8. 1. Hemi-prismatic, Vitriol, or Green Vitriol. Hemiprismatisches Vitriol Salz, Mohs.—Eisen Vitriol, Werner. d _ —Fer sulfatée, Hai. Specific Character.—Hemi-prismatic. Pyramid unknown. | Cleavage in the direction of a prism. Green. Hardness = 2.0. Sp. gr. = 1.9,—2.0. External Characters.—Colour green, but on exposure to the air becomes yellow, and yellowish-brown. Occurs pul- verulent, massive, disseminated, stalactitic, tuberose, botryoi- - dal, reniform, in fibrous distinct concretions, and crystallized. Shining, both externally and internally, and the lustre vitre- ous, with exception of the fibrous varieties, which are pearly. Fracture flat conchoidal. Alternates from semi-transparent to opaque. Refracts double. Chemical Character.—Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it becomes magnetic, and colours glass of borax green. «3 ae Ën ——— ME re e E TRI S NERA s = a ge I y Ee ae cc ces ee ee e S ee ri e eee met aen 14 : ORD. IV. SALT. Constituent Parts.— Oxide of Iron, Sulphuric Acid, Water, 5 : 100.0 Berzelius, Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is always asso- ciated with iron-pyrites, from which it is formed by decompo- sition. Occurs in several coal-mines in this country, and in many iron and coal mines on the Continent of Europe, and also in America and Asia. Uses.—It is employed to dye linen yellow, and wool and silk black ; in the preparation of ink ; of Berlin-blue; for the precipitation of gold from its solution; and sulphuric acid can be obtained from it by distillation. The residue of the latter process (colcothar of iron) is used as a red paint, and, when washed, for polishing steel. 2. Prismatic Vitriol, or Blue Vitriol. Prismatisches Vitriol-Salz, Mohs.—Kupfervitriol, Werner.— Cuivre sulfatée, Haiiy. Specific Character.—T'etarto-prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, two faces, one more distinct than the other; in- cidence 124° 2^ Hardness = 2.5. Sp. gr. = 9.9, 99. External | Characters. — Common colour dark sky-blue, which sometimes approaches to verdigris-green. On exposure to the air it becomes yellow. Occurs massive, disseminated, stalactitie; and dentiform, and crystallized. Externally and internally shining and vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Trans- lucent. Chemical Characters.—When a portion of it is dissolved in water, and spread on the surface of iron, it immediately covers it with a film of copper. ; Constituent Parts.—oxide of Copper, 32.13 Sulphuric Acid, 31.57 Water, - 36.30 100.00 Berzelius. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—It occurs along with copper-pyrites, in Pary's mine in Anglesea; and also in the copper-mines in the county of Wicklow in Ireland. ORD. IV. SALT. 15 Uses.—1t is used in cotton and linen-printing; and the oxide separated from it is used by painters. 3, Pyramidal Vitriol, or White Vitriol. Kee Vitriol-Salz, Mohs.—Zink-vitriol, Werner.—Zinc sulfatée, Hai. Specific Character.—Pyramidal. Pyramid = 120°; 90°. Cleavage unknown, and imperfect. White. Hardness un- known. Sp. gr. = 2.0. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive, sta- lactitic, reniform, botryoidal, in crusts; also in radiated, fi- brous and granular distinct concretions ; and crystallized. It is shining, translucent, brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters —It intumesces before the blowpipe, but does not phosphoresce; it dissolves in 2.285 parts x boiling water. From Rammelsberg. Constituent París.—Oxide of Zinc, S . S Oxide of Manganese, = 0.5 Sulphuric Acid, - - 22.0 Water, H - - 56.0 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in reposi- tories that contain blende, and appears to be formed by the decomposition of that mineral. Occurs at Holywell in Fliat- shire; and it is said also in Cornwall. Uses.—It is used as a medicine; is employed in great quan- tities by varnishers to make oil drying; ; and a fine white co- lour named Zinc-white, which is more durable than white- lead, is prepared from it. To prepare this colour, the salt is dissolved in water, and the white oxide, which is the zinc- white, is precipitated from it by means of potash or chalk. * Red Vitriol or Sulphate of Cobalt. Kobaltvitriol, Werner. External Characters.—Colour red. Occurs EE stalactitic, in crusts; also in granular distinct concretions. Surface rough, and longitudinally furrowed. Dull, and sel- dom shining.on the surfaces of the distinct concretions, and lustre pearly. Fracture earthy. Opaque. Affords a yel- ASS aoe ene Teale gna Ec RR red 16 ORD. IV. SALT. lowish-white streak. Easily friable, and brittle. Taste styp- tic. | : Chemical Characters.—Its solution affords, with carbonate of potash, a pale-bluish precipitate, which tinges borax of a pure blue colour. Constituent París.—Oxide of Cobalt, 38.71 Sulphuric Acid, 19.74 Water, H 41.55 : 100.00 Koppe. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—QOccurs in mining- heaps in Biber, along with lamellar heavy-spar, earthy cobalt, and grey cobalt ; and has been also found in the Leogang at Salzburg. Genus VII. Epsom Satz Prismatic. Taste bitter and saline. Hardness unknown. Sp. gr. unknown. 1. Prismatic Epsom Salt. Bittersalz, Mohs.—Natiirlicher Bittersalz, Werner.—Magnésie sulfatée, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- - vage very perfect prismatoidal. External Characters.—Colours white ‘and grey. Occurs in farinaceous crusts, flakes, small botryoidal, reniform, and crystallized. Prisms acicular and capillary. The farinaceous variety is dull, the others shining, glistening, and pearly. Varies from transparent to opaque. Brittle, and easily fran- gible. | Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it dissolves very easily by the assistance of its water of crystallization, but M is difficultly fusible. Its solution gives a precipitate with lime-water. : Constituent Parts.—The constituent parts of purified Ep- som salt, the sulphate of magnesia of chemists, are, according to Kirwan, Sulphuric Acid, e 29.46 l Magnesia - - 17.00 Water of Crystallization, 53.54 100.00 I.—onn. IV. SALT. 17 ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—1t occurs as an efflorescence at Hurlet, near Paisley, along with natural alum ; and sometimes on old walls. TN Uses.—When purified, it is used as a purgative medicine ; and it is valued by chemists on account of the magnesia which can be obtained from it. Ka Gen VIII Arva. ët yel Aa Tessular. Taste sweetish astringent and acidulous. Hard. / ness = 2.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. = 1.7,—1.8. 1. Octahedral Alum. Octaedrisches Alaun, Mohs.—Natiirlicher Alaun, Werner. Specific Character.—'Tessular. Cleavage octahedral. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs as a farina- ceous efflorescence, stalactitic, in delicate curved and parallel fibrous concretions. "The varieties with fibrous concretions have a pearly lustre; others are glistening and vitreous. When the fracture can be observed, it is conchoidal. Chemical Characters.—It is soluble in from sixteen to twen- ty times its weight of water. It melts easily by means of its water of crystallization; and by continuance of the heat, it is converted into a white spongy mass. Natural Alum of Freinwald. Constituent Parts.—Alumina, S - 1525 Potash, «i-r = 935 Oxide of Iron, - - 7.50 » Sulphuric Acid, and Water, 77.00 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation—It generally occurs as an efflores- cence on aluminous minerals, as alum-slate, alum-earth, alum- stone, aluminous coal, aluminous slate-clay, and bituminous- shale, and also encrusting lavas. Geographic Situation.—It occurs as an efflorescence on the surface of bituminous-shale and slate-clay at Hurlet near Pais- ley; also encrusting alum-slate near Moffat, in Dumfriesshire; Ferrytown of Cree, in Galloway; and at Whitby in York- shire. - ) bs! jezi i B 18 I.—onrD, IV, SALT. Uses.—It is employed as a mordant in dyeing; also in the manufacture of leather and paper; as a medicine ; for pre- serving animal substances from putrefaction ; and it is some- times mixed with bread, in order to give it a whiter. colour. * Rock-Butter (a). Bergbutter, Werner. External Characters,—Colours white, grey, and yellow. Occurs massive, and tuberose. Internally strongly glimmer- ing, and resinous. Fracture straight foliated. Translucent on the edges. Feels rather greasy. Easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—It is Alum, mixed with Alumina and Oxide of Iron. Geog nostic Situation.—Oozes out of rocks that contain alum, or its constituents, as alum-slate, bituminous-shale im- pregnated with iron-pyrites, or alum-earth. Geographic Situation.—Occurs at the Hurlet alum-work, near Paisley ; oozing out of rocks of alum-slate in the island of Bornholm, i in the Baltic; and in other places. ee IX. Borax. Borax-Salz, Mohs. Prismatic. ‘Taste sweetish, and feebly alkaline. "SS? ness = 2.0,- —2.5. Sp. gr. = 1.5,—1.7. 1. Prismatic Borax. Prismatisches Borax-Salz, Mohs.—Soude boratée, Haiiy. Specific Character—Hemi-prismatic. P = 152° 9; 120° P t 99'; 67° 8’. 5= 120° 23’. P + œ= 52°53’. Cleavage (Pr m ae 88° 9. More distinct Pis + c. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, and green. Occurs crystallized ; and the following are some of its secon- dary forms: 1. Irregular. six-sided prism, with alternate broad and nar- row lateral faces, and oblique terminal faces. 2. Irregular six-sided prism; sometimes bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on the smaller lateral planes. 3, Irregu- l.—onn.:v.sALT. . 19 lar eight-sided prism. Internally shining and resinous. Frac- 31 Min ture flat conchoidal. Semi-transparent. Refracts double. D 4 Chemical Characters.—Intumesces before the blowpipe, and melts into a transparent glass. nm Constituent Parts.—Boracic Acid, - —- — 31.00 i Soda, - - - | 14.50: Water, - - E 47.00 ` 98.50 Klaproth. ! ie Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs dissolved i in the water of springs, and in the ‘soil, of different districts | | in Persia; and in Thibet, it is found-in similar situations. i i i | Uses.—It is employed. as a flux: for metals, and. as an in- i | gredient in artificial gems; but its principal use is in facilitat- ` | ing the soldering of the more precious metals... Genus X. GLAUBERITE. to DAT; | | - Brithyn Salz; Mohs. Prismatic. Taste saline and feebly astringent. Hard- ness = 2.5,—3.0. Sp. gr. = 2.7,—2.9. 1, Prismatic Glauberite. ! |.3 7 | Prismatisches Brithyn Salz, Mohs.—Glauberite, Haüy. —— * Specific Characters. —Hemi-prismatic. Pyramid unknown. l Cleavage — Pr > perfect. Indistinct P + oo = 104° 28’. pea Characters.—Colours white and yellow. Occurs crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms. Shining. Frac- ture conchoidal. Transparent. Brittle. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates before the blowpipe, and melts into a white enamel. Becomes opaque in water, and is partly soluble in it. — Constituent Parts.—Dry Sulphate of Lime, — 49.0 RE: , A Dry Sulphate of Soda, 51.0 pes " 100.0 Brongniart. j n und Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded | in rock-salt at Villaruba, near Ocana in New Castile i in Spain, S i e g E li B2 : Ab I].—orD. I. HALOIDE. CLASS II. Insipid. Specific gravity above 1.8.. Orver I. HALOIDE *. No metallic lustre. Streak white or grey. If pyramidal, or prismatic, the hardness = 4.0, and less. If tessular, the hardness = 4.0. If single highly perfect faces of cleavage, the sp. gr. = 2.4, and less. Hardness — 1.5,—5.0. If under 2.5, the sp. gr. = 2.4, and less. 2 Sp. gr. — 2.2,—%.3. If 2.4 and less, the hardness is under 2.5; and no resinous lustre. Genus I. Gypsum. 4-5 Prismatic. Hardness = 1.5,—3.5. Sp. gr. = 2.2,—8.0. oi Tf above 9.5, there are cleavages in three directions, perpen- dicular to each other, and one less distinct than the others. | 1. Prismatoidal. Prismatoidisches Gyps-Haloid, Mohs.—Chaux sulfatée, Hauy. Specific Character.—Hemi-prismatic. Pyramid = 149° 33’; 135° 8%; 64° 52. e = 149° 33’. P+ oo — 110* 30. Clea- EE to Pr + 0 = 112? 6. More distinet and perfect, Pr + oc. Hardness — 1.5, —2.0. Sp. gr. = 9.9, —9.4. This species contains six subspecies, viz. Sparry or Sele- nite, Foliated, Compact, Fibrous, Scaly Foliated, and Earthy, * Montmartnte. vage, as Pr +œ (inclination of * From XAG salt ; and EIN the appearance, (habitus.) IL—oR»D.1. HALOIDE. S al . .. ,. FIRST SUBSPECIES. 53 z — Sparry Gypsum or Selenite/ ^,^ Meo : Fraueneis, Werner. V. External Characters.—Colours grey, white, yellow, and brown. Some varieties display iridescent colours. Occurs massive, coarsely disseminated, also in distinct concretions, which are large and coarse granular, and sometimes inclining to thick lamellar; and crystallized. The following are some of the secondary figures : | l. Six-sided prism, in which the terminal faces are some- times conical, or spherical-convex, or, are bevelled or acumi- nated with four planes. 2. Lens. 3. Twin-crystals. ‘These twin-crystals are formed, either by two lenses, attached by their ^ faces, or by two six-sided. prisms pushed into each other in the direction of their breadth, in such a manner, that the united » summits at one extremity form a re-entering angle, but at the other a salient angle, or four-planed acumination. When two such twin-crystals are pushed into each other in the di- rection of their length, a Quadruple crystal is formed. . Lateral planes of the prism sometimes smooth, sometimes longitudinally streaked, and shining; the convex terminal faces, and faces of the lens, rough and dull. Internally, © lustre splendent and pearly. Alternates from semi-transpa- rent to transparent. Refracts double. Sectile. Very easily frangible. In thin, pieces flexible, but not elastic. . Chemical Characters. —Exfoliates before the blowpipe, and,” if the flame is directed towards the edge of the folia, it melts into a white enamel, which, after a time, falls into a white powder. ; Constituent Parts.—tLime, ~- - - 339 v Sulphuric Acid, E 43.9 Water, - ` SL Loss, - - - 2.1 pd 100.00 . — Bucholz. _Geognostic Situation.—Occurs principally in secondary gypsum: less frequently in rock-salt; more rarely as a con- . stituent part of metalliferous veins ; but in considerable quan- tity in the Blue or London Clay. en ca iI ey AP metier 909 IL-—onb. 1. ILALOIDE. Geographic Situation.—1t is not unfrequent i in the blue clay in the south of England, as at Shotover Hill, near Ox- ford, and occurs in the secondary gypsum around Paris. Uses.— At a very early period, before the discovery of glass, selenite was used for windows; and at present it is employed for the finest kind of stucco, and the most delicate pastil co- lours. When burnt, and. perfectly dry, it is used for cleans- ing and polishing precious stones, work in gold and silver, am also pearls. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Foliated Granular Gypsum. Blettriger Gyps, Werner. Regie Characters.—M ost common colours-white, grey, and red; seldomer yellow, brown, and black. Occurs mas- sive, also in granular and prismatic distinct concretions. Some- times crystallized in small conical lenses, in which the surface is rough. ‘Lustre passes from shining through glistening to glimmering, and is pearly. Fragments very blunt-edged. Translucent. Sectile, and very easily frangible. Geognostic Situation. —Occurs in beds in primitive rocks : in a similar repository in transition limestone and clay-slate ; but most abundantly in beds in rocks of the secondary or fleetz class. Geographic | Sütuation.—Oceurs in Cheshire and Derby- shire; at the Segeberg, near Kiel, and at Lüneburg, and in both places it contains crystals of boracite, and sometimes of quartz. Uses.—The foliated and compact subspecies of gypsum, when Re and capable of receiving a good polish, are by ar- tists named simply Alabaster, or, to distinguish them from calc-sinter, or what is called Calcareous Alabaster, Gypseous Alabaster. The finest white varieties of granular gypsum are selected by artists for statues and busts: “the variegated kinds are cut into pillars, and various ornaments, for the interior of halls and houses; and the most beautiful variegated sorts are cut into vases, columns, plates, and other kinds of table fur- niture. ‘Those varieties that contain imbedded portions of. selenite, when cut across, exhibit a beautiful iridescent ap- 7 " Aa IJ.—oxD. I. HALOIDE. 28 pearance, and are named Gypscows Opal. 'Yhe pure white varieties are used as ingredients in the composition of earthen- ware and porcelain; and the glaze or enamel with which porcelam is covered, has the purest gypsum, or even selenite, as one of its ingredients. Its most important use is in the preparation of stucco. 7 E fg d Ee Lë m. A) Mair Ph an Sn te, sutédwe e J ptr Ad Ay HAGUE ope NANGKE iy kas, eels fee Le e y E C "b A p. fi THIRD SUBSPECIES. ` 2 7 7 7 Visio Y Compact Gypsum. ` SS / net Dichter Gypsum, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, blue, red, and sometimes yellow. Occurs massive. Generally dull, seldom feebly glimmering. Fracture fine splintery, passing on the s one side into even, on the other into fine-grained uneven. Fragments indeterminate angulár, and blunt-edged. Trans- lucent on the edges. i Chemical Characters.—All the different varieties of gyp- sum, when exposed to heat, are deprived of their water of crystallization, become opaque, fall into a powder, which, ^ when mixed with water, speedily hardens on exposure to the air. They are difficultly fusible before the blowpipe, without addition, and melt into a white enamel: when heated with charcoal, they are converted into sulphuret of lime. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds, along with granu- lar gypsum, selenite, and stinkstone, in the secondary class of rocks. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the Campsie Hills; Der- byshire ; Ferrybridge in Yorkshire ; and in Nottinghamshire, and other distriets in England. qs i FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Gypsum. Fasriger Gyps, Werner. External Characters.—Principal colours white and grey; * also occurs red and yellow. Occurs massive, and dentüform; a e also in fibrous distinct concretions, which are parallel, gene- rally straight, and sometimes curved. Lustre passes from glistening, through shining to splendent, and is pearly. Frag- ments are long splintery. ‘Translucent. é } (e | tt} KM Hi rt i| T! LG f ! ja i |. i i i | { EI P | ] | A: H H ? 1 i | TAR i | EN E a RK HEI ; z mn " Eë D L H $ x e E, \ Kà i $. 1 ne d i $ h bk tbe RK 3 H i f f | Ni H Í H Lo. E { ^ i $ T d M i {i EH HI F t i pis if H f P PHN i | ti * F E + t 24. IL-—o0on». 1. HALOIDE. ` Constituent Parts.—tLime, <- . - 33.00 . Sulphuric Acid, 44.13 Water, - 21.00 98.13 Buchols; Geognostic Sttuation—-Occurs along with the other sub- species of this species. ; Geographic Situation.—Occurs in red sandstone near. Mot. fat; in red clay, on the banks of the Whitadder in Ber- wickshire; in Dunbartonshire; also in Cumberland, York- shire, Cheshire, Worcestershire, Derbyshire, Somersetshire, and Devonshire. Uses.—When cut en cabochon, and polished, it reflects a light not unlike that of the cat’s-eye. It is also cut into neck- laces, ear-pendents, and crosses. — FIFTH SUBSPECIES. Scaly Foliated Gypsum. Schaumgyps, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive and disseminated ; also in distinct concretions, which are small and scaly granular. Internally glistening and pearly. Frac- ture small scaly foliated. Fragments blunt-edged. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Sectile, and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.~—Occurs with sele- nite and compact gypsum at Montmartre, near Paris. SIXTH SUBSPECIES. Earthy Gypsum. Gyps-erde, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white and grey. Com- posed of fine scaly or dusty particles, which are more or less cohering. Feebly glimmering. Feels meagre, and rather fine. Soils slightly. Light. . Geognostic Situation.—It is found immediately under the soil, in beds several feet thick, resting on gypsum, and also in nests or cotemporaneous masses imbedded in it. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in Saxony, Switzerland, Salzburg, and Norway. IL-—oR».1. HALOIDE. : 25 i * Montmartrite. Chaux sulfatée calcarifére, Lucas 4; Haiiy.—Gypsum of Mont- martre. External Characters.—Colour yellowish. Occurs massive, but never crystallized. Soft. Effervesces with nitric acid. The Montmartrite is composed of gypsum and carbonate‘of lime. This carbonate is converted into quicklime in the fur- nace, and thus a kind of mortar is formed : it is on this ac- count, that the plaster made of this mineral may be used m ` work exposed to the weather ; while that of pure gypsum, on exposure, soon yields to the action of rain. The montmar- trite contains, about Sulphate of Lime, "ug SS 2 ^ Carbonate of Lime, - x DE | “100 Geognostic and Geographic Situations. — Occurs along with gypsum at Montmartre near Paris. 2. Prismatie Gypsum, or Anhydrite. Prismatisches Gyps-Haloide, Mohs—Muriacit, Werner.—Chaux anhydro-sulfatée, Haüy. Prismatic. Pyramid = 121° 32’; 108° 35’; 99* T. Clea- vage, P— œ. More perfect Pr- o. Pr+o. Traces of P + œ = 100^ 8. Hardness = 3.0,—3.5. Sp. gr. = 2.7, —9.0. — ; It is divided into five subspecies, viz. Sparry, Scaly, Fi- brous, Conchoidal, and Compact. * Vulpinite. ` FIRST SUBSPECIES, CH e ee | Sparry Anhydrite, or Cube-Spar. Wurfelspath, Werner. External Characters.—Chief colour white, which passes on the one side into blue, and on the other into red. Occurs massive; also in distinct concretions, which are thin and straight lamellar, collected into others which are large granular. Some- times crystallized in the following figures: 1. Rectangular four-sided prism, which is sometimes so low as to appear as a four-sided table. 2. Broad six-sided prism. =e un. we me RM m -—— ————— n Kin Il.—oRD. I. HALOIDE. 9, Eight-sided prism. 4. Broad rectangular four-sided prism, acuminated on the extremities with four planes, which are set on the lateral edges, and the apex of the acumination deeply truncated. Externally shining or splendent, and pearly : internally splendent and pearly. Fracture conchoidal. Fragments cubi- cal. Alternates from transparent to strongly translucent, and refracts double. Brittle, and very easily frangible. = “Chemical Characters.—YW hen exposed to the blowpipe, it does not exfoliate, and melt like gypsum, but becomes glazed over with a white friable enamel. o From Tyrol. Constituent Parts.—time, e ALTA Sulphuric Acid, 55.00 Muriate of Soda, ` 1.00 97.55 Kéaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in the gyp- sum of Nottinghamshire, in the salt-mines of Hall in the Ty- rol, and in other countries. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Scaly Anhydrite. Anhydrite, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, smalt-blue, and rare- ly grey. Occurs massive, and in small granular concretions. Lustre splendent and pearly. Translucent on the edges. Easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is found in the salt-mines of Hall in the Tyrol, 5088 feet" above the level of the sea. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Anhydrite. Fasriger Muriacit, JVerner. External Characters.—Colour red; also blue and grey. Occurs massive, and in coarse fibrous concretions, which are straight or curved, and sometimes stellular. Internall y glim- mering and glistening, and pearly. Fragments long splin- I],—orp. 1. HALOIDE. : gi tery. Translucent on the edges, or feebly transluceat. Ra- ther easily frangible. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the salt-mines of Upper Austria, at Hall in the Tyrol, and in Carinthia. : Uses.—The blue varieties are sometimes cut and polished for ornamental purposes. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Convoluted Anhydrite. Gekróstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colour dark milk-white. Occurs massive; intestinally convoluted or contorted ; also in distinct concretions, which are thick lamellar, and thin prismatic. In- ternally glistening or glimmering, and lustre pearly. Fracture splintery. ‘Translucent on the edges, or translucent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in the salt- mines of Bochnia, and at Wieliczka in Poland. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. Compact Anhydrite. Dichter Muriacit, Werner. External Churacters.—Colours bluish-white, and tile-red. Sometimes with spotted delineations. Occurs massive; also in granular distinct concretions. Feebly glimmering, or dull. Fracture small splintery, passing into even and flat conchoi- dal. Alternates from translucent to translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in beds in the salt-mines of Austria and Salzburg; and also in secon- dary gypsum, on the eastern foot of the Hartz mountains. * Vulpinite. External Characters. —Colour greyish-white, and seat with bluish-grey. Occurs massive, and in granular concre- tions. Internally splendent. Translucent on the — Brittle. Easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—It melts easily before the blowpipe into a white opaque enamel; and becomes feebly phospho- rescent when thrown on glowing coals. og II.—on». I. HALOIDE. Constituent Parts.—Sulphate of Lime, 92.0 Silica, - - 8.0 100.0 Vauquelin. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with granular foliated limestone and quartz, and occasionally with sulphur. It is found at Vulpino in Italy. Uses.—It takes a very fine polish, and is employed by the statuaries of Bergamo and Milan for making slabs, chimney- pieces, &c. Genus IL. Cryonire. Jegi ( QU Kryon-Haloide, Mos. Prismatic. Cleavage in three directions, perpendicular to each other, of which one is more perfect than the others. Hardness = 2.5,—3.0. Sp. gr. = 2.9,—3.0. 1. Prismatic Cryolite. Kryolite, Werner.—Prismatisches Kryon-Haloid, Mohs.—Alumine fluatée alcaline, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P — c. Less distinct, Pr +o. Pr+o. Traces of P. External Characters.—Colours white, brown, and red. Oc- curs massive, disseminated, and in straight lamellar concre- tions. It is shining, inclining to glistening, and lustre vitre- ous, inclining to pearly. Fracture uneven. Fragments cu- bical or tabular. Translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—It becomes more translucent in wa- ter, but does not dissolve in it. It melts before it reaches a red heat, and when simply exposed to the flame of a candle. Before the blowpipe, it at first runs into a very liquid fusion, then hardens, and at length assumes the appearance of a slag. Constituent Parts.—Alumina, x S9 Soda, - D 3 36.0 Fluoric Acid and Water, 40.0 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations: This curious and rare mineral has been hitherto found only in West Greenland, where it occurs in thin layers in gneiss- Wh fll. Ze ne TL.—orp. I, HALOIDE. ^, 7 A. US UE ALUMSTONE. Alaun Haloide, Mohs.—Alaunstein, Werner. Rhomboidal. Hardness = 5.0. Sp. gr. = 2.4,—2.6. 1. Rhomboidal Alaunstein. | Rhomboedrisches Alaun Haloide, Mohs. Specific Character —Rhomboidal. Rhomboid unknown. Cleavage. R—o. R. e a External Characters.— Colours white, red, and more rare- ly grey. Sometimes several of these colours occur together in spotted, striped, and veined delineations. Occurs massive, sometimes porous, or in vesicular cavities, of which the walls are lined with small crystals. Internally dull, or feebly glim- mering. Fracture uneven, which passes into splintery, earthy, and flat conchoidal. Feebly translucent on the edges. Brittle and easily frangible. Alumstone from Tolfa, Constituent Paris.—Alumin, | - - - 43.92 ; Silica, i 345 -- 24.00 Sulphuric Acid, - - 2500 Potash, - - - 3.08 Water, RH - - 4.00 l 100.00 Vauqueltn. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs at Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia, in nests, kidneys, and small veins in a se- condary rock. The Hungarian varieties are found in beds in the country of Beregher in Upper Hungary. Uses.—Alum is obtained from this mineral, by repeatedly roasting it, then lixiviating it, and crystallizing the solution thus obtained. (argo Zéif Alea en TY) Genus IV. Fivors Tessular. Hardness = 4.0. Sp. gr. = 3.0, 3.1. 1. Octahedral Fluor. ` Flus, Werner.—Octaedrisches Flus Haloide, Mohs.—Chaux fluatée, Hauy. Specific Character.—Tessular, Cleavage octahedral. Ne Zi — €—— cir re MN It nn UT xm —— ge 30 II.—on»b. I. HALOIDE. It is divided into three subspecies, Compact, Foliated and Earthy. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Compact Fluor. Dichter Fluss, Wi Ser, External Characters.— Colours grey, white, red, green, and greenish-black. Occurs massive. Externally and inter- nally dull, or feebly glimmering. Fracture even, passes on one side into splintery, on the other into conchoidal. More or less translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—The chemical characters same às in the following subspecies. $ Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Found in veins, associated with foliated fluor, at Stolberg in the Hartz. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Foliated Fluor. Flus-Spath, Werner. External. Characters.—Most common colours white, yel- low, green, and blue, seldomer red, grey, brown, and rarely black. ` Colours of all degrees of intensity, and sometimes pieces occur spotted or striped. Green cubes occur with blue angles, &c. Some colours, as sky-blue, fade by keeping, E particularly in warm places. Occurs massive, disseminated, _ „also in distinct concretions, which are granular, sometimes ^7" prismatic, which latter are traversed by others that are curved lamellar. Occurs crystallized in the following figures : ]. Cube. 2. Cube, truncated on all the edges. 3. Rhom- boidal dodecahedron. 4. Cube, with truncated angles. 5. Octahedron. 6. Cube, with bevelled edges. "7. Cube, in which all the angles are acuminated with three planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 8. Cube, in which all the angles are acuminated with six planes, which are set on the lateral planes. Surface smooth and splendent, or drusy and rough, as in the rhomboidal dodecahedron, and some octahedrons, Inter- 11.—orD. I. HALOIDE. 81 nally lustre specular-splendent, or shining and vitreous. Frag- ments octahedral or tetrahedral. Alternates from translu- cent to transparent, and refracts single. Brittle, and easily frangible. ` . Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it generally decrepitates, gradually loses its colour aud transparency, and ` melts without addition into a greyish-white glass. When two fragments are rubbed against each other, they become lumi- nous in the dark. When gently heated, or laid on glowing coal, it phosphoresces, (particularly the sky-blue,‘violet-blue, and green varieties,) partly with a blue, partly with a green light. When brought to a red-heat, it is deprived of its phosphorescent properties. ; Northumberland. Constituent París.—Lime, - =- - 67.34 Fluoric Acid, - 32.66 © i ERATES : i 100.00 Thomson. _ Geognostic Situation.—Occurs principally in veins that tra- verse primitive, transition, and sometimes secondary rocks ; also in beds, associated with other minerals ; in kidneys in se- condary limestone; and in drusy cavities 1n trap-rocks. i Geographic Situation.—1t is a very rare mineral in Scot- land, but is abundant, and in great variety, in England. Uses.—On account of the variety and beauty of its colours, . its transparency, the ease with which it can be worked, and the high polish it receives, it is cut into vases, pyramids, and other ornamental articies. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Earthy Fluor. External Characters.—Colours greyish-white, and violet- blue. Occurs generally in crusts, investing some other mine- ral Dull. Earthy. Friable, passing into very soft. ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins, along with foliated fluor, at Beeralston im Devonshire; in limestone, along with foliated fluor and arragonite, in Cum- berland, — 32 II.—on». t. -HALOIDE. 4 Í f $ Fi Genus V. Apatite. (fesil t.d wi € f ! Rhomboidal. Hardness = 5.0. Sp. gr. = 8.1, 3.9. LG 1. Rhomboidal Apatite. - Rhomboedrisches Flus-Haloide, Moie A patt, Werner.— : Chaux phosphatée, Haüy. Specific Character.—Di-rhomboidal. 2. R — 131° (E 111° 90. Cleavage R — œ.. P+ oc. This species is divided. into three subspecies, viz. Foliated, Conchoidal, and Lamellar. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Foliated Apatite. Gemeiner Apatite, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, green, blue, red, yellow, and brown. Occurs massive and disseminated, also in distinct concretions, which are angulo-granular, and some- times lamellar. Its secondary figures are the six-sided prism, and six-sided table, variously modified by truncations, be- velments, and acuminations. ‘The lateral planes of the prism are seldom smooth, generally longitudinally streaked ; the truncating and acuminating planes are smooth. Externally splendent or shining; internally glistening, and lustre resi- nous. Fracture intermediate between uneven and imperfect conchoidal. Generally translucent; seldom nearly transparent, when it refracts single. Brittle, and easily frangible. Physical Characters,—It becomes electric by heating, and also by being rubbed with woollen cloth. Chemical Character.—When thrown on glowing coals, it emits a pale grass-green phosphoric light. It dissolves very slowly in the nitric acid, and without effervescence. It is in- fusible without addition. Constituent Parts.—time, à Eg) Si) 388 ; Phosphoric Acid, and trace of Manganese, x - 45 100 Klaproth. and Earthy. IL—oR». 1. HALOIDE. E Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in tinstone veins, and so imbedded in talc. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in "ox foliated tale, and, along with fluor-spar, in the mine called Stena-Gwyn, i in St Stephen's, in Cornwall, also at Michael's Mount, Godolphin- bal in Breage, also in Cornwall; and in various distriets on the Continent of Europe. E SECOND SUBSPECIES.. Conchoidal Apatite or Asparagus Stone. Spargelstein, Werner. External. Characters.— Colours green and yellow; also blue, grey, and brown. Sometimes massive and disseminated, also in distinct concretions, which are granular; but most frequently crystallized, and in the following figures : 1. Equilateral, longish, six-sided prism, SEEN with. six planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 2. The same figure, truntated on the lateral edges of the T Externally crystals splendent opd vitreous ; internally shin- ing, and resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Alternates from transparent to translucent. Tn other characters agrees with foliated apatite. Chemical Characters.—Some varieties e this subspecies do not phosphoresce when exposed to heat. * - From Zillerthal. Constituent París.—Lime, — - - - 5845 Phosphoric Acid, - 46.25 100.00 . Kéaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded in gneiss, near Kincardine in Ross-shire; in the same rock in the Shetland islands; and in veins in greenstone, along with hypersthene, in the island of Rume. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Lamellar Apatite, or Phosphorite. Phosphorit, Werner. This Subspecies is divided into two ee viz, Common € L].—-oORD. I. HALOIDE. First Kind. Common Lamellar Apatite. External Characters.—Colour yellowish-white. Occurs massive, and in distinct concretions, which are thin and curved lamellar. Surface uneven and drusy. Internally dull or glis- tening. Cleavage imperfect curved, and generally floriform. Fracture uneven. Opaque, or feebly translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs near Lei- grosan, in the province of Estremadura in Spain, where it forms whole beds, that alternate with limestone and quartz. : Second Kind. Earthy Phosphorite. External Characters.—Colours greyish-white, greenish- ` white, and pale greenish-grey. Consists of dull dusty. par- ticles, which are partly loose, partly cohering, and which soil slightly, and feel meagre and rough. Chemical Characters.—Phosphoresces.when laid on glow- ing coals. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in a vein, in the district of Marmarosch in Hungary. Gents VI. LIMESTONE. Kalk-Haloide, Mohs. Rhomboidal, prismatic. Cleavage, rhomboidal, prismatoi- dal. Hardness =3.0,—4.5. If above 4.0, sp. gr. = 2.8 and 4nore. Sp. gr. = 2.5,—3.2. 1. Prismatic Limestone or Arragonite. Prismatisches Kalk-Haloide, Mohs.—Arragon, Werner.—Arra- | gonite, Haüy. Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid = 113° 44’; 93° 4; 12% 10. P+ oo — 105° 23’. Cleavage, Pr —1— 109° 9g. (Pr de 64° A. More distinct Pr + o. Hard- ness = $.5,—40, Sp. gr. = 2.6,—3.0. ORD. I. HALOIDE. . 85 > = This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Common and Coralloidal. | FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Arragonite. . Gemeiner Arragon, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, green, and violet-blue. In some crystals, green and blue colours occur together, and sometimes also grey. Occurs massive, and in distinct concretions, which are prismatic, and sometimes sco- piformly diverging. Frequently crystallized. The following are some of its secondary figures: l. Irregular six-sided prism, frequently with four lateral edges of about 116°, and two of 128°; or with three lateral edges of 128°, two of 116°, and one of 104°. These are form- ed by the grouping of several oblique four-sided prisms, bee ` v velled on the extremities. Sometimes this prism is so flat, that it appears like a table. 9. Six-sided table. When, on ` | the contrary, the long six-sided prism becomes acicular, there is formed, 3. Long, and generally acicular double six-sided 4 E pyramids. Lateral planes of the dach sometimes smooth, more fre- quently more or less deeply streaked or grooved. ‘Terminal planes seldom smooth, generally uneven and rough, and some- times also deeply notched. External lustre varies from dull md to shining, and is vitreous; internally shining and glistening, © and vitreous, inclining to resinous. Fracture conchoidal, passing into uneven. Translucent, passing into semi-trans+ parent, and refracts double. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical. Characters.—If we expose a small fragment. to the flame of a candle, it almost immediately splits into white | particles, which are dispersed around Che flame. This change takes place principally with fragments of transparent crystals, | fragments of the other varieties becoming merely white and friable. Fragments of caleareous-spar, when placed in a si. milar situation, undergo no alteration. Completely soluble, with effervescence, in the nitric and muriatic acids. C2. up e. Jn dralh Cas "— M - G — r9 Kä SE 26 II.—on».1. HALOIDE. From Molina in Arragon. - Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Lime, 94.5751 Carbonate of Strontian, 3.9662 ‘Hydrate of Iron, - 0.7062 Water of Crystallization, 0.3000 99.5489 Stromeger. Geagnostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with galena in the lead-mines of Lead-hills, and in secondary trap- rocks in different parts of Scotland. S SECOND SUBSPECIES. . . Coralloidal Arragonite. External Charazters.—Colour white. Occurs massive, re- niform, tuberose, coralloidal, imperfect globular; in distinct concretions, which are fibrous, generally straight, seldom curved, and stellular, and scopiform, sometimes also in reni- form curved lamellar, and angulo-granular concretions. Lustre glimmering, or glistening and pearly. Fracture fine splintery: Translucent, or translucent on the edges. In other charac- ters, agrees with the preceding subspecies. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is found in Dufton Fell in Cumberland, also in the iron-mines of Stiria and Carinthia, and at St Marié aux Mines. 2. Rhomboidal Limestone. - . Rhomboedrischer Kalk-Haloide, Mohs. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid — 105° 5’. . Cleavage, R. Hardness = 3.0. Sp. gr. = 2.5,—2.8. This species is divided into twelve subspecies, viz. 1. Fo- hated Limestone ; 2. Compact Limestone; 3. Chalk; A Aga- ‘ric Mineral ; 5. Fibrous Limestone; 6. Tufaceous Limestone or Cale-Tuff; 7. Pea-stone; 8. Slate-Spar; 9. Aphrite; 10. Lueullite; 11. Marl; 12. Bituminous Marl-Slate. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Foliated Limestone. Blüttriger Kalkstein, Werner. This subspecies is divided into two TER viz. Calcareous- spar, and Foliated Granular Limestone. e ka? [].—oxD. I. HALOIDE. First Kind. Caleareous-Spar or Cale-Spar, Kalkspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, Ss blue, green, yellow, yellowish-brown, and greyish-black. White and grey varieties occur more frequently in the massive ; yellow, green, and red, in those which are crystallized. Oc- curs massive, disseminated, globular, botryoidal, reniform, tuberose, stalactitic, tubular, cellular, and curtain-shaped ; - also in distinct concretions, which are angulo-granular ; some- times prismatic, and these are always straight, sometimes pa- rallel, and occasionally scopiform ; and these are intersected by lamellar concretions. Is very frequently crystallized. Besides the — rhom- boid of 105° 5’, there are some other rhomboids which are obtuser and acuter. Depending on these rhomboids, there are series of isosceles six-sided pyramids. Lastly, these rhom- boids and isosceles six-sided pyramids have depending on them ` ` equiangular six-sided prisms, which differ from each other solely by their position. In calcareous-spar, therefore, the chief forms are rhomboids, or what are sometimes termed double three-sided pyramids; isosceles six-sided pyramids ; and re- gular six-sided prisms. Frequently twin-crystals occur. The lateral planes of the prisms and pyramids are general- ly shining, splendent and smooth; the acuminating planes fre- quently streaked or drusy, seldom granulated. Sometimes it occurs in extraneous external forms of shells, &c. Internally generally specular splendent, or shining, sometimes glistening, and lustre vitreous, inclining sometimes to resinous, and more rarely to pearly, Fracture perfect conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged, or rhomboi- dal. Occurs transparent, semi-transparent, and occasionally only translucent. Refracts double*. Brittle, and very easily frangible. Y. * The double geste power of pec we was first observ ed by Erasmus Bartholin; X 88 II.—orb. 1. HALOIDE. Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the blowpipe, but becomes caustic, losing by complete calcination about 43 per cent. ; effervesces violently with acids. A Iceland-Spar. Iceland-Spar. Constituent Parts —tLime, |. | 56.15 55.50 Carbonic Acid, 43.70 44.00 Water, 2 “ 0.50 Oxide of Manganese, with trace of Iron, 0.15 100.00 100.00 Stromeyer. Phillips. Geognostic Situation.—Never occurs in mountain-masses, but venigenous in almost every rock, from granite to the new- est secondary formations. Geographic Situation.—Calcareous-spar is so common in every country, as to render any account of its geographic dis- tribution unnecessary. Second Kind. Granular Foliated Limestone. geng SES Korniger Kalkstein, Werner. eeng Characters.—-Colours white, grey, red, yellow, and green. Has generally but one colour; sometimes, how- ever, it is spotted, dotted, clouded, striped, and veined. Oc- curs massive, and in angulo-granular distinct concretions. In- ternally alternates from shining to glistening, and glimmering ; lustre intermediate between pearly and vitreous. Fracture foliated, but sometimes inclines to splintery. More or less translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Sp. gr. 2.71. Chemical Characters. ~Generally gtt when pound- ed, or when thrown on glowing coals. Constituent Par 15.—Lime, x - 56.50 Carbonic Acid, 43.00 Water, - 0.50 100.00 Buchols. bmi Sifuation.—Occurs in beds, in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, syemite, greenstone, grey-wacke, and rarely in some of the secondary rocks. II.—oR». I. HALOIDE. 39 — Geographic Situations.—Occurs in all the great ranges of primitive rocks that occur in Europe, and in such as have been examined in Asia, Africa, and America. Uses.—All the varieties of this subspecies may be burnt ` ` into quicklime; but it is found, that in many of them, the `... / concretions exfoliate and separate during the volatilization of ` their carbonic acid, so that by the time when they are render- ^ ' ed perfectly caustic, their cohesion is destroyed, and they fall into a kind of sand,—a circumstance which will always ren- — der it improper to use such varieties in a common kiln. But E the most important use of this mineral is as marble. These marbles have been known from a very early period ; and an- cient statuaries have immortalised their names, by the master- | pieces of art which they have executed in them. Of the an- cient_marbles, the most celebrated are those of Paros, Pente- licus, and Carrara, Marbles of different descriptions occur in Scotland, England, and Ireland. SECOND SUBSPECIKS, Compact Limestone. Dichter Kalkstein, Werner. This Subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Common Compact Limestone, Blue Vesuvian Limestone, and Roe- stone. First Kind. Common Compact Limestone. Gemeiner Dichter Kalkstein, Werner. External Characters.—Most frequent colour is grey; it also occurs greyish-black, yellow, and red. Frequently exhi- bits veined, zoned, striped, clouded, and spotted coloured de- lineations ; and sometimes also black and brown coloured ar- borisations. It very rarely exhibits a beautiful play of co- lours, caused by intermixed portions of pearly shells. Oc- curs massive, corroded, in large plates, and in various extra- neous external shapes, of — unus and multivalve f K j EL E LU P d d $ R 4 D 1 Y ii | 4 EF — PA s i 40 II.—onrp. I. HALOIDE. shells, of corals, fishes, and more rarely of vegetables, as of ferns and reeds. Internally dull, seldom glimmering, which is owing to intermixed calcareous-spar. Fracture small and fine splintery, which sometimes passes into large and flat con- choidal, sometimes into uneven, inclining to earthy, and it oc- casionally inclines to straight and thick slaty. Fr agments in- determinate angular, more or less sharp-edged, but in the slaty variety they are tabular. Generally translucent on the edges, sometimes opaque. In general rather softer than gra- nular foliated limestone. Brittle, and easily frangible. Streak generally greyish-white. Sp. gr. 2.67. Chemical Characters.—It effervesces with acids, and the greater part is dissolved; and burns to quicklime, without falling to pieces. : Rudersdort. Constituent París.—tLime, —. 53.00 ` Carbonic Acid, 42.50 Silica, 2 1.12 Alumina, 1.00 Iron, - 0.75 Water, - d 1.03 100 Simon. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in vast abundance in nature, principally in secondary formations, along with sandstone, gypsum, and coal; also, but in small quantity, in primitive mountains. Geographic Situation.—lt abounds in the sandstone and coal formations, both in Scotland and England; and in Ire- land, it is a very abundant mineral in all the districts where clay-slate and red sandstone rocks occur, On the Continent of Europe, it is a very widely and abundantly distributed mineral; and forms a striking feature in many extensive tracts of country in Asia, Africa, and America. Uses.—W hen compact limestone joins to pure and agree- able colours, so considerable a degree of hardness that it takes a good polish, it is by artists considered as a Marble ; and if it contains petrifactions mineralized, it is named shell or łu- machella, and coral or zoophytic marble, according as the or- e / em mes, Il.—onp. Í. HALOIDE. ^" A ganic remains are testaceous or coralline*. In some com- pact marbles, the surface presents a beautiful arborescent appearance, and these are naturally arborescent or dendritic marbles, — ` ios Nias The Florentine Marble, Ruin Marble, or Landscape Marble, as it is sometimes called, is a compact limestone. To the same compact limestone may be referred the variety called Cotiam Marble, from being found at Cottam, near Bristol. It is sometimes used as a building stone, and, in want of better materials, for paving streets, and making highways. ‘When, by exposure to a high temperature, it is deprived of its carbonic acid, and converted into quicklime, it is used for mortar; also by the soap-maker, for rendering his alkalies caustic ; by the tanner, for cleansing hides, or freemg them from hair, muscular substance, and fat; by the farmer, in the improvement of particular kinds of soil ; and by the metallur- gist, in the smelting of such ores as are difficultly fusible, owing to an intermixture of silica and alumina. : Second Kind... | u Blue Vesuvian Limestone. Blauer Vesuvischer Kalkstein, Klaproth. External Characters.—Colour dark bluish-grey, partly veined with white. Externally it appears as if it had been rolled; and the surface is uneven. Fracture fine earthy, pass- ing into splintery. Opaque. Affords a white streak. Constituent Paris—Lime, - - - 58.00 SR Carbonic Acid, E 28.50 Water, which is somewhat. ammoniacal, — - 11.00 Magnesia, - - 0.50 Oxide of Iron, E 0.25 tion,” HUM äs Sikes, ——-—L-.—— .- ae p 99.75 Klaproth. wë CH ——. e The name marmor, is derived from the Greek pagpag, to shine, or glit- fer, and was by the ancients applied, not only to limestone, but also to stones AIAR et C e ma tm m enit met, 42 II.—oRn».1. HALOIDE. From this analysis, it appears, that the Vesuvian limestone differs remarkably in composition from common compact lime- stone. In common compact limestone, 100 parts of lime are combined with at least 80 parts of carbonic acid; whereas in the Vesuvian limestone, 100 parts of limestone are not com- bined with more than 50 parts of carbonic acid. Secondly, In common limestone, independent of the water which adheres to it accidentally, as far as we know, there is little or no water of composition ; but in the Vesuvian limestone, there are 11 parts of water of composition. Geographic Situation.—'This remarkable limestone is found in loose masses amongst unaltered ejected minerals in the neighbourhood of Vesuvius. Observations.—It is known to collectors under the name Compact Blue Lava of Vesuvius; and is sometimes employed by artists in their mosaic work, in representing the sky. Third Kind. ^ Roestone or Oolite *. d Roogenstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colours brown and grey. Occurs massive, and in disünct concretions, which are round granu- lar; the larger concretions are composed of fine spherical granular, and sometimes of very thin concentric lamellar con- cretions. Internally dull. Fracture of the concretions fine splintery ; but of the mass round granular in the small, and slaty in the large. Fragments in the large blunt-edged. Opaque. Rather brittle, and very easily frangible. Sp. gr. 2.68, 2.61, Kopp.—2.58, Breithaupt. Chemical Characters.—Dissolves with effervescence in acids. Geognostic Situalion.—Occurs along with red sandstone, and lias limestone., ? NES possessing agreeable colours, and receiving a good polish, such as gypsum, jas- per, serpentine, and even granite and porphyry. * Roestone, so named on account of its resemblance in form to the roe of fishes. : X IL.—onrp. 1. HALOIDE. E Geographic Situation Dis rock, which, in England, is- known under the names Bath-stone, Ketton-stone, Portland- stone, and Oolite, extends, with but little interruption, from Somersetshire to the banks of the Humber in Lincolnshire. Uses.—The Oolite, or Roestone, particularly that of Bath and Portland, is very extensively employed in architecture ; it can be worked with great ease, and has a light and beauti- ful appearance ; but it is porous, and possesses no great dura- bility, and should not be employed where there is much car- ved or ornamental work, for the fine chiselling is soon effaced by the action of the atmosphere. On account of the ease and sharpness with which it can be carved, it is much used by the English architects, who appear to have little regard for futu- rity. St Paul'sis built of this stone, also Somerset-House. Roestone is also used as a manure, but when burnt into quicklime, the marly varieties afford rather an indifferent mor- tar; but those mixed with sand a better mortar. DE THIRD SUBSPECIES. Chalk. Kreide, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. ` Sometimes marked with yellowish-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, in crusts, and in extraneous external shapes. Dull. Fracture coarse and fine earthy. Fragments blunt-edged. Opaque. Writes and soils very much. Soft, and sometimes very soft. Ra- ther sectile, and easily frangible. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Feels very meagre, and rather rough. Sp. gr. 2.31, Kirwan.—2.22, Breithaupt. — | Chemical Characters.— Kffervesces strongly with acids. Constituent Parts. l Chalk from Gallicia. Lime, - E E 41.00 Lime, - Aë Carbonic Acid, 43.0 Carbonic Acid, 33.00 Carbonic Acid, 42 Water, | - 0.5 ` Silica, E 7.00 Alumina, 2 "vtm Alumina, - 2.00 "Water, * 3 Buchols. Magnesia, - 8.00 . CES Iron, S 0.05 100 — Hacquet. Kirwan: 44 II.—o2». I. HALOIDE. Geognostic Situation.—It constitutes one of the newer se- condary or fletz formations; is usually found in low situa- tions, and frequently on sea-coasts. It is stratified, and the strata in general are horizontal. It often contains flint, which is disposed either in interrupted beds in the chalk, or in glo- bular, tuberose, or tabular masses imbedded in it. It abounds in organic remains, and these are principally of animals of the lower orders, such as echinites, belemnites, terebratulites, pin- nites, See, ` yt TC j yor e Geographic Situation.—It abounds in England, but has not been met with in Scotland. | Uses.—The uses of this mineral are various. ‘The more compact kinds are employed as building-stones: it is burnt into quicklime, and used for mortar in different countries * : it is also employed in great quantities in the polishing of glass and metals, and whitening the roofs of rooms, in the state of whiting +; in constructing of moulds to cast metal in; by carpenters and others as a material to mark with. , j MEDA FOURTH SUBSPECIES. / Agaric Mineral, or Rock Milk. « («^ isot: Berg-Milch, Werner. > am. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs frequently p^ in crusts, also in loosely cohering tuberose pieces. Dall. ` Composed of fine dusty particles. Soils strongly. Feels meagre. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Very light, almost supernatant, Chemical Characters.—It. effervesces with acids, and is completely dissolved in them. ; Constituent Parts.—It is pure Carbonate of Lime. e According to Smeaton, it makes as good lime as the best limestone or marble. + In the preparation of whiting, chalk is pounded, and diffused through water, and the finer part of the sediment is then dried; by this means, the si- liceous particles are separated, which, by their hardness, would scratch the surface of metallic and other surfaces, in the polishing of whick whiting js used.—Aikin’s Chem. Dictionary. [I.—oRD. I. HALOIDE. E Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is found on the north side of Oxford, between the Isis and the Cherwell, and near Chipping-Norton, also in Oxfordshire, and near Edin- burgh. ef. ex FIFTH SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Limestone. Fasriger Kalkstein, Werner. : This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Common Fibrous Limestone, or Satin-Spar, and Fibrous Calc-Sinter. First Kind. Common Fibrous Limestone, or Satin-Spar. dr . Gemeiner fasriger Kalkstein, Werner. ` L External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive, also in distinct concretions, which are coarse and fine fibrous, and either straight or curved. Lustre glistening or shining, and pearly. Fragments splintery. Feebly translucent. As hard as calcareous-spar. Easily frangible. Sp. gr. 2.70, Pepys. Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Lime, - 95.75 e Carbonate of Manganese, 4.25 ae 100.00 Holme. Stromeyer says that fibrous limestone contains some per cents. of gypsum. . ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It occurs in thin layers in clay-slate at Aldstone Moore in Cumberland; in layers and veins in the middle district of Scotland, as in Fife- shire. — e Useg.—It is sometimes cut into necklaces, crosses, and other ornamental articles. Second Kind. Fibrous Cale-Sinter *. | Fasriger Kalksinter, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, yellow, brown, # * This is the Alabaster of the ancients, and is by the moderns named Calca- reoue Alabaster, to distinguish it from another mineral, gypsum, which they name Gypseous Alabaster. 3 46 II.—o0Rpb. 1. HALOIDE. grey, red, green, and blue. Sometimes concentrically and _ reniformly striped, or it is spotted or clouded. Occurs mas- sive, stalactitic, globular, tubular, claviform, fruticose, cur- tain-shaped, cock’s-comb-shaped, coralloidal, reniform, and tuberose ; also in distinct concretions, which are fibrous, and these are straight, seldom curved, and sometimes scopiform or stellular ; also in reniform curved lamellar concretions. Sur- face generally rough, and seldom fine drusy. Internally glimmering, which passes on the one side into dull, on the other into glistening ; and lustre pearly. Fracture fine splin- tery. ‘Translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Constituent Parts.— ime, a uix. 260 Carbonic Acid, - 43.0 Water, A 2320 | 100.0 ^ Bueholz. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is found. en- crusting the roofs, walls, and floors of caves, particularly those situated in limestone rocks. It is formed from water holding carbonate of lime in solution. Caves lined with this mineral occur in almost every country. Maccallister’s Cave, in the island of Skye, and those in the limestone hills of Derbyshire, are the most striking appearances of this kind hitherto obser- ved in Scotland and England. But the most celebrated sta- lactitic cave is that of Antiparos in the Archipelago, which: has been particularly described by 'Tournefort. 3 Uses.-—Calc-sinter or calcareous alabaster, is used for the same purposes as marble, and is cut into tables, columns, vases, drapery for marble figures, and sometimes also in- to statues. It was also used by the ancients in the manu- faeture of their unguentary. vases, : SIXTH SUBSPECIES. 'fufaceous Limestone or Calc-Tuff *. Kalk-Tuff, Werner. External Characters.— Colours. grey, yellow, and brown. — D 7 D De > * The term tufa appears to be derived from the verb 7v», which, in its original signification, is appropriate to voleanic productions. especially to such as are of a spengy or porous texture,——K7d, 3 Il.—oR». X. HALOIDE. E: Oecurs massive, perforated, ramose, spongy, tabular, clavi- form, botryoidal, globular, cellular, and in crusts; inclosing vegetable stems and leaves; also enveloping bones of animals, as of elephants and rhinoceroses, and land shells; and frequent- ly contains impressions of leaves, mosses, and roots. 'T'he globu- lar variety is sometimes composed of curved lamellar concre- tions. Internally dull or very faintly glimmering. Frac- ture fine-grained uneven, inclining to earthy; and sometimes splintery. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Sometimes semi-hard, sometimes soft, and is frequently soft, inclining to friable. Rough. Brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Parts. —It is nearly pure Carbonate of Lime. Geognostic Situation.—It occurs in beds, generally in the neighbourhood of lakes and rivers: also encrusting rocks, and enveloping animal and vegetable remains in the vicinity of cal- careous springs. PPS e Geographic Situation.—lt is a frequent mineral in the neighbourhood of all the calcareous springs in this country, as in those at Starly Burn in Fifeshire, and other places; and on the Continent of Europe it is also a frequent mineral. — Uses.—'The hardest kinds are used for building-stones, and are also burnt into quicklime. It is sometimes used as a fil- termg-stone. : SEVENTH SUBSPECIES. Pisiform Limestone, or Peastone. Erbsenstein, JVerner. External Characters.—Colours white, pea-yellow, and pale - yellowish-brown. Occurs massive; also in distinct, concretions, which are small spherical round granular, composed of others which are very thin and concentric lamellar. In the centre there is either a bubble of air, or a grain of sand, or of some mineral matter. Internally dull, or very feebly glimmering. Frac- ture even. Opaque, or feebly translucent on the edges. Soft, approaching to semi-hard. Brittle, and very easily frangible. Sp. gr. 2.58. 48 II.—oRD. J, HALOIDE. Constituent Parts.—It is Carbonate of Lime, slightly co- loured with Iron. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in great masses in the vicinity of the Hot Spee at Carlsbad in Bo- hemia. Uses.—1t is sometimes cut into plates for ornamental pur- poses « EIGHTH SUBSPECIES. Slate-Spar. Schieferspath, Werner. External Characters. —Colour white. Occurs massive, al. so in distinct concretions, which are generally curved lamellar, and sometimes coarse and large granular. Lustre interme- diate between shining and glistening, and is pearly. Feebly translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Soft. Inter- mediate between sectile and brittle. Easily frangible. Feels rather greasy. Sp. gr. 2.61, Breithaupt. Chemical Characters.—It effervesces very violently with acids: but is infusible before the blowpipe. Bremsgriin. Constituent Parts.—Lime, > x 55.00 Carbonic Acid, a 41.66 Oxide of Manganese, 3.00 99.66 — Bucholz. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in metalliferous beds and veins in primitive limestone. Geographic Situation.—Occurs ‘imbedded in marble in Glen Tilt, Perthshire; in Assynt in Sutherland: in Corn- wall; and near Granard in Ireland. NINTH SUBSPECIES. Aphrite. Schaumerde, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs either friable or compact. Friable varieties composed of glistening or glim- mering particles, in which the lustre is pearly. “Particles are fine scaly, feel fine, but not greasy. Either loose, or loosely E I].—orp. 1. HALOIDE. 49 cohering. Compact varieties are massive, disseminated, or in lamellar concretions, with a shining lustre, which is pearly, sometimes inclining to semi-metallic. Fracture foliated or slaty. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged in the great, but tabular in the smal]. Opaque. Soils slight- ly. Very soft, passing into friable. Sectile, and uncommonly easily frangible. Feels very fine, but not greasy. Soils slightly. | Chemical Character.—Effervesces most violently with acids. Constituent Partie 020 PB Carbonic Acid, | - 39.0 Silica; — .- - - 5.715 Oxide of Iron, - - 3.285 Water, - - - 1.0 i 100.5 Bucholz. Geog nadie Situation.—Occurs in nests, disseminated, or in small veins, in floetz or secondary limestone, and gypsum. Geographic Situation.—Found in Thuringia and Hessia. e TENTH SUBSPECIES. Lucullite. This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. bs. Prismatic, and Foliated, -First Kind. ong Se 2e Compact Lucullite. d xe cs 3a Dichter Lucullan, John. ` This kind is divides into Common Compact Lucullite or Kë Black Marble, and Stinkstone. a. Common Compact Lucullite or Black Marble. External Characters.—Colour greyish-black. Occurs mas- sive. Internally glimmering, inclining to glistening, Frac- ture fine-grained uneven, and large conchoidal. Opaque. Semi-hard. Yields a dark ash-grey coloured streak. Brittle, and easily frangible. | When two pieces are rubbed against each other, a fetid Kä 50 II.—o0R». 1. HALOIDE. urinous odour is exhaled, the intensity of which is increased when we at the same time breathe on them. Chemical Characters.—Dissolves with effervescence in acids, and during the solution and escape of the carbonie acid, a smell resembling that of sulphuretted hydrogen is evolved. Constituent Parts.—ls Carbonate of Lime, with a slight intermixture of Carbon, and Sulphureous Matter. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds in transition and secondary rocks. Geographic Situation.—Hills of this mineral occur in the district of Assynt in Sutherland. Varieties of it are met with at Ashford, Matlock, and Monsaldale, in Derbyshire: at Kil- kenny; at Crayleath, in the county of Down; at Kilerump, in the county of Waterford; at Churchtown, in the county of Cork ; and in the county of Galway, in Ireland. Uses.—The finer varieties of this mineral have been highly prized and used as marble from a very remote period. It was so much admired and esteemed by the Consul Lucullus; that he gave it his own name. The finest varieties of lucullite met with in trade in this island, are the black. marbles of pei and Galway. alae d Getters or Gwinestone. Stinkstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, black, yel- low, and brown. Sometimes dendritic on the surface, or elouded with greyish-black. Occurs massive, disseminated, also in distinct concretions, which are granular, and concen- trie lamellar. Internally dull or glimmering. Fracture some- times small splintery, sometimes imperfect conchoidal, and fine-grained uneven, which passes into earthy, or straight slaty. Fragments indeterminate angular, or slaty. Opaque, but the “eream-yellow varieties are translucent on the edges. Affords a greyish-white coloured streak, and when rubbed emits a fetid urinous odour. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Nearly the same as in the preceding kind. Il--on».r. HALOIDE. . SL 4 | Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds, in —" lime- 8 i stone, and occasionally alternates with secondary gypsum, and — 4 i b beds of clay. In some places, the strata are quite straight, q | in others have a zig-zag direction, or are more or less deeply : 4 waved, and they are occasionally disposed in a concentric m | manner like the concentric lamellar concretions of greenstone. : ' Some strata contain angular pieces of stinkstone, which at first sight might be taken for fragments; and even whole beds oc- . eur, which are composed. throughout of angular portions, ei- - ther connected together by means of Bis or. rimedio joined without any basis. ; ! Al Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the vicinity of North i ia Berwick in East Lothian, resting op red sandstone; and in ` i the parish of Kirkbean in Galloway. . Uses.—1t is principally employed as a limestone, d when a 1 burnt affords an excellent lime both for mortar and manure, - EM | | Second Kind. : ` S H: Prismatic Lucullite. Stinglicher Lucullan, John. | External Characters.—Colours black, grey, and brown. | AE aR i Occurs massive, in balls, also in distinct concretions, which are Wi Ger (H stellular and scopiform prismatic. Internally shining and all splendent, and the lustre intermediate between vitreous j and resinous. Fragments. indeterminate angular, sometimes _ | j / inclining to rhomboidal. ‘Translucent on flibcedges er. iji HE | j f H opaque. Affords a grey-coloured streak. Brittle, and ea- ERR PE aa sily frangible. When rubbed, it emits a strongly fetid uri- © ^ pee 5 E nous smell. Sp. gr. 2.653, 2.688, 2.703, John. . : a | Chemical Gans —Nearly same as preceding kind. | i i Constituent Parts.—Same as the preceding kind. S 3 4 Geognostic and Geogr aphic Situations.—Occurs in balls, 4 i varying from the size of a pea to two feet in diameter, in LE brown dolomite, at Building-Hill near Sunderland. At Stavern E in Norway, it appears to occur in transition-rocks ; in alum- x : | slate at Garphytta in Nericke in Sweden ; ; and in Greenland. it e Lë IL pn. I. HALOIDE. Third Kind. Foliated or Sparry Lucullite. Spathiger Lucullan, John. External Characters.—Colour white; also grey and black. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in small granular concretions. Internally alternates from glimmering to shining. Fragments generally rhomboidal. Translucent, or translucent on the edges. Semi-hard, approaching to soft. Brittle, and easily frangible. When rubbed, it emits an urinous smell. Sp. gr. 9.650, John. 3 Chemical Characters.—Same as the preceding. Constituent Parts.—Nearly as in preceding kind. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations—Occurs in veins, and also in small cotemporaneous masses, in a bed of lime- . stone in clay-slate, at Andreasberg in the Hartz: in veins of silver-ore in hornblende-slate at Kongsberg in Norway : also in transition alum-slate in larger and smaller elliptical masses, the centre of which is of iron-pyrites, and the periphery sparry . lucullite, at Andrarum in Schonen, Garphytta in Nericke, and Christiania in Norway. ELEVENTH SUBSPECIES. Marl. Mergel, Werner. This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Earthy and Compact. ` First Kind. Earthy Marl. Mergel Erde, Werner. External Characters —Colour grey. Consists of fine dusty particles, either loose or feebly cohering. Dull. Particles feel fine, or rather rough and meagre. Soils slightly. Is light. Chemical Characters.—Effervesces strongly with acids; emits a strong urinous smell when first dug up; but after ex- posure to the air, it loses this quality. PY II.—oE». 1. HALOIDE. EE E Constituent Parts.—It is said to be composed of Lime, | Alumina, Silica, and Bitumen.—Friesleben. a | ^ Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds in q Í secondary limestone and gypsum formations, along with stink- m stone, in Thuringia and Mansfeld. Hu Second Kind. ^^ Compact or Indurated Marl. MW Verhürteter Mergel, Werner. | ; External Characters.—Colour grey. Occurs massive, in blunt angular pieces, vesicular, in flattened balls; and fre- i j quently contains petrifactions of fishes and crabs, also of gry- | phites, belemnites, chamites, pectinites, ammonites, terebratu- | | | lites, ostracites, musculites, and mytulites. Dull both ex- 32 ternally and internally, and only glimmering when intermix- ed with foreign parts. Fracture generally earthy, which | approaches sometimes to splintery, sometimes to conchoidal; LIE in the great inclines to thick and straight slaty. Fragments indeterminate angular and blunt-edged, and sometimes ta- bular. Yields to the nail. Is opaque. Affords a greyish- white streak. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Feels meagre. Sp. gr. 2.365, 2.550, Breithaupt. : AN Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it intumesces, - H i and melts into a grcenish-black slag. Effervesces briskly with acids. | H G D , D 5 1 E onstituent Farts.—-Carbonate of Lime, - 50 a Silica, E E alba 12 3 Alumina, = -> ~ 32 Iron, and Oxide of Manganese, 2 i 96 Kirwan | A Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds in secondary lime- "ui stone and coal formations; also in the new secondary forma- tions that rest upon chalk. - : Geographic Situation.—F requently occurs in the coal , for- | mation in Scotland and England, and in the secondary for- ` dr |: mations which rest upon chalk in the south of England. i | Uses.—Several different kinds of compact marl occur in nature: these are Caleareous Marl, in which the calcareous earth predominates: Clay Marl, in which the aluminous earth E — ——— MERI CHLOE iod. vocatum ONERE 54 II.—onp.1i. HALOIDE. is in considerable quantity ; and Ferruginous Marl, in which the mass contains a considerable intermixture of oxide of iron. The latter kind occurs in spheroidal concretions, called sep- taria or lud? Helmontii, that vary from a few inches to a foot and a half in diameter. When broken in a longitudinal di- rection, we observe the interior of the mass intersected by a number of fissures, by which it is divided into more or less regular prisms, of from three to six or more sides, the fissures _ being sometimes empty, but oftener filled up with another substance, which is generally caleareous-spar. From these septaria are manufactured that excellent material for building under water known by the name of Parkers Cement *. The calcareous and aluminous marls are used for improving parti- cular kinds of land; also for mortar; in some kinds of pot- tery ; and in the smelting of particular ores of iron. TWELFTH SUBSPECIES. . Bituminous Marl-Slate. Bituminéser Mergelschiefer, Werner. , £xternal Characters ——Colour intermediate between grey- ` ish-black and brownish-black. Occurs massive, and frequent- ly contains impressions of fishes and plants. Lustre glimmer- ing, glistening, or shining, and resinous. Fracture straight, or curved slaty. Fragments slaty in the large, but indeter- minate and rather sharp angular in the small. Opaque. Shin- ing and resinous in the streak. Soft, and feels meagre. "Ra - ther sectile, and easily frangible. Sp. gr. 2.631, 2.690, Breit- haupt. ut Constituent Parts.—It is said to be a Carbonate of Lime, united with Alumina, Iron, and Bitumen. Geog nostic Sttuation.—Occurs in secondary limestone. Fre- quently contains cupreous minerals, particularly copper-py- rites, copper-glance, variegated copper-ore, and more rarely, ative copper, copper-green, and blue copper. It contains “a Thess marly septaria abound in the Isle of Shepey, in the Medway, and often contain in their interior globular portions of heavy-spar, having diverging fibrous concretions. Similar septaria occur in Derbyshire, and in the county of Duraam, in wl ich latter district the internal fissures are filled with quartz. Il. —onrD. I. HALOIDE. | 55 abundance of petrified fishes, and these are said to be most numerous in those situations where the strata are basin-shaped. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in abundance in Hessia, and other countries in Germany. ` EX 3. Macrotypous * Limestone. . , Macrotypes Kalk-Haloid, Mohs. Specific Character —Rhomboidal. Rhomboid = 106° 18. Cleavage, rhomboidal. Hardness = 9.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 9.8,—9.95. | | This species contains three subspecies, viz. 1. Dolomite ; 9, Miemite ; 3. Brown-Spar. FIRST SUBSPECIES. » d [?. d Ff Dolomite., U^ 1? / d : " AT F | A P Dolomit, Werner. e Coto toe Cr This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Granular, Columnar, Compact. > First Kind. Granular Dolomite. This is again divided into White and Brown Granular Do- lomite. Se a. White Dolomite. External Characters.—Colours white, and rarely pale ash- grey. Occurs massive ; also in small and fine granular dis- tinct concretions, frequently so loosely ageregated that they’ can be separated by the mere pressure of the finger. Inter- ` nally glimmering, approaching to glistening, and lustre pear- ly. Fracture in the large imperfect. slaty, in compact varie- ties small splintery, which passes into uneven. Faintly trans- lucent, or only translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily ` As pn Zi dughm FUY frangible. 4Ch4 re ! Chemical and Physical Characters.—Effervesces very feebly with acids, —a character which distinguishes it from granular ]imestone. * From uaxens, long, and TVxes, the type, (fundamental form). Pind ony vo hath es ee 56 II.—on»n. 1. HALOIDE t Iona. Constituent Parts.—Carbonic Acid, ` 48.00 ` Lime, : 31.12 Magnesia, - 17.06 Insoluble Matter, 4.00 Tennant. Geognostic Situation. — Occurs principally in primitive _ mountains. - Geographic Situation.——Beds of dolomite, containing tre- molite, occur in the island of lona; and it is found in many countries on the Continent of Europe. . Uses.—1t appear to to have been used by ancient sculptors in their finest works. Observations.—It is named Dolomite, in honour of the ce- lebrated French geologist Dolomieu. b. Brown Dolomite, or Magnesian Limestone of External Characters.—Cólour "brown. Occurs massive, and in minute granular concretions. Internally glistening or glimmering, and lustre between pearly and vitreous. Frac- ture splintery, and sometimes flat conchoidal. Translucent, or translucent on the edges. Semi-hard ; is harder than calca- reous spar. Is brittle. Sp. gr. of the crystals, 2.823, Ten- nant.—2.777, 2.820, Berger—2.791, Thomson. Chemical Characters.—Dissolves slowly, and with but feeble effervescence, in nitrous acid. i 7 ; Building Hill, near Sunderland. Constituent Paris.—Corbonate of Lime, E : 56.80 Carbonate of Magnesia, 40.84. Carbonate of Iron, 0.36 Insoluble Matter, 2.00 l 100.00 Thomson. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—In the north of England it occurs in beds of considerable thickness, and of great extent, and appears to rest on the Newcastle coal-forma. tion: but in the Isle of Man, it occurs in a limestone which rests on grey-wacke, and contains imbedded portions of quartz, - rhomb-spar, and sparry-iron. i II.—oz5. 1. HALOIDE. 51 Uses.—Like common limestone, it is burnt and made into mortar, but it remains much longer caustic than quicklime from common limestone; and this is the cause of a very im- portant difference between magnesian and common limestone, with regard to their employment in agriculture: Lime, from magnesian limestone, is termed hot, and when spread upon land in the same proportion as is generally practised with common quicklime, greatly impairs the fertility of. the soil ; and when used in a greater quantity, is said by Mr 'Tennant to prevent all vegetation. Obseroations.— A. flexible variety occurs about three miles from Tinmouth Castle, in the north of England, Second Kind. Columnar Dolomite. Stinglicher Dolomit, K/aproth. — External Characters.—Colour pale greyish-white. Occurs massive, in thin, long, and straight prismatic concretions. Fracture uneven. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly. Breaks into acicular-shaped fragments. Feebly translucent. Brittle. From the Mine Tschistagowskoy. Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Lime, - - 51 Carbonate of Magnesia, - Aq Carbonated Hydrate of Iron, 1 99 Klaproth. Geognostic und Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in serpen- tine in the mine "Tschistagowskoy, on the river Mjafs, in the Government of Orenburg in Russia. Third Kind. Compact Dolomite or Gurhofite. Gurhofian, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour snow-white. Occurs mas. sive. Dull. Fracture flat conchoidal, passing to even. Frag- ments indeterminate angular, and sharp-edged. Slightly trans- lucent on the edges. Hard, bordering on semi-hard. Brittle, and rather difficultly frangible. ) mE - : É ^ MUTA - zl EDAM ho cat MD add — a 58 II-——oxnpn. i. HALOIDE. Chemical Characters.— When pounded, and thrown into diluted and heated nitrous acid, it is completely dissolved, with effervescence. S Constituent Parts.—carbonate of Lime, 70.50 Carbonate of Magnesia, 29.50 100.08 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs m veins in serpentine rocks, between Gurhof and Aggsbach, in Lower Austria. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Miemite, Klaproth. This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Granular Miemite, and Prismatic Miemite. First Kind. Granular Miemite. passes into grobntel Witte: Occurs massive, i in ELCHE! lar distinct concretions ; crystallized in flat double three-sided pyramids, in which the lateral planes of the one are set on the lateral edges of the other. Internally splendent and pearly. Translucent. Semihard. Brittle. Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Lime, 53.00 Carbonate of Magnesia, 49.50 Carbonate of Iron, with a little Manganese, d A 3.00 ——— 98.50 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—ls found at Mie- mo in Tuscany, imbedded in gypsum. Second Kind. Prismatic Miemite. Li Stánglicher Bitterspath, Klaproth. External Characters.—Colour green. Occurs in prisma- tic concretions, and crystallized in flat rhomboids, which are IL—on». 1. itaLoiDE.. 59 deeply truncated on all the edges. Internally shining and vitreous. Fracture splintery. Strongly translucent. Chemical Characters.—1t dissolves slowly, and with but feeble effervescence, in nitrous acid. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations. Letz m cobalt veins that traverse sandstone at Glücksbrunn in Gotha, and at Beska in Servia, on the frontier of Turkey. THIRD SUBSPECIES. ` Brown-Spar, or Pearl-Spar. Braunspath, Werner. ' This species is divided into two See viz. Foliated and Columnar. First Kind. Foliated Brown-Spar. Blattriger Braunspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colours flesh-red and brownish- red. Often occurs massive, also disseminated, seldom globu- lar, stalactitic, reniform, with tabular and pyramidal impres- sions; also in distinct concretions, which are granular, and rarely lamellar; and frequently crystallized in rhomboids. Internally alternates from shining to glistenmg, very rare- ly splendent, and lustre pearly. Generally translucent on the edges, rarely translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Specific gravity, 3.0,—3.2, Mohs. Chemical Characters.—Hardens, and becomes dark brown- ish-black before the blowpipe; and effervesces feebly with acids. Constituent Parts.—Lime, A x 43.0 i Magnesia, T 10.0 . Oxide of Iron, Ge 8.0 Manganese, E^. 3.0 Water and Carbonic Acid, — 26.5 d —— Berthier. Geographic Situation.—Occur s, along with galena, and other ores of lead, in the lead mines of Lead-Hills and Wan- lockhead in Lanarkshire ; in the mines of Cumberland, North- umberland, and Derbyshire. —— — DIT pen o TRIN A IIl.—orp. 1. HALOIDE. Second Kind. Columnar Brown-Spar. Stanglicher Braunspath, Klaproth. External Characters.—Colours reddish-white, rose-red, and pearl-grey. Occurs in distinct concretions, which are prismatic, and have glimmering and longitudinally streaked surfaces. Internally splendent, and appears pearly on the fracture-surface. Has an imperfect cleavage. . Translucent. Brittle. Easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Lime, é 51.50 Carbonate of Magnesia, ` 32.00 Carbonate of Iron, - 7.50 Carbonate of Manganese, 2.00 Water, = - 5.00 98.00 Klaproth. Geographic Sttuation—Is found in the mine named Segen Gottes at Gersdorf in Saxony; and in that of Valenciana at Guanauxuato in Mexico. 4. Brachytypous* Limestone or Rhomb-Spar. Brachytyper Kalk-Haloid, Mohs.—Rautenspath, Werner,— Chaux Carbonateé Magnesifére, Haüy. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid -- 107° 22”. Cleavage Rhomboidal. Hardness = 4.0,— 4. 5. Sp. gr. = 3.0, —3.2. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, and yellow. Occurs massive, disseminated, and crystallized in rhomboids. These rhomboids are sometimes rounded or truncated on the edges. The surfaces are sometimes smooth, sometimes rough, and either shining or glimmering. Internally lustre splen- dent, between vitreous and pearly. Fracture imperfect conchoidal. Fragments rhomboidal. Easily frangible and brittle. Chemical Character.—Before the blowpipe it is infusible, without addition; even when pounded it effervesces but fee- bly ; and dissolves slowly in muriatic acid. * From Beas; short, and Turos, the type, or fundamental form. IL.—onR». 1. HALOIDE. 61 Constituent Parts.—Carbonatg of Lime, Za 56.60 ` Carbonate of Magnesia, - 42.00 ; 98.60 Or by another result ; Carbonate of Lime, = 56.2 Carbonate of Magnesia, - 43.5 98.9 With a trace of Manganese and Iron, Murray. Geog nostic Situation.—Occurs imbedded in chlorite-slate, talc-slate, limestone, and serpentine; in the salt forma- tion, where it is imbedded in anhydrite and gypsum ; in dru- sy cavities in compact dolomite, and in metalliferous veins. - Geographic Situation.—Occurs imbedded in chlorite-slate on the banks of Loch Lomond ; in a vein in transition rocks, along with galena, blende, copper-pyrites, and calcareous- spar, near Newton-Stewart in Galloway ; in compact dolomite in the Isle of Man and in the north of England. Orver TI. BARYTE. No true metallic lustre. If adamantine or imperfect metal- lic lustre, the Sp. gr. — 6.0 and more. Streak white and grey or orange-yellow. If orange-yellow, the Sp. gr. — 6.0 and more; and the hardness = 3.0 and less. Hardness = 9.5 — 5.0. If 5.0, the Sp. gr. is under 4.5. Sp. gr. — 9.8, — 1.9. If under 4.0; and the hardness — 5.0, the cleavage is diprismatic. Genus I. Srarry Inox. Rhomboidal. Hardness = 3.5,—4.5. Sp. gr. = 3.6,—3.9. 1. Rhomboidal Sparry Iron. Brachytyper Parachros Baryte, Mohs.—Spath Eisenstein, ` ` Werner.—Fer Oxydé Carbonaté, Hai, Specific Character —Rhomboidal. Rhomboid =107. Cle vage rhomboidal. à External Characters.— Colours yellow, white, brown, and black. Occurs massive, disseminated, with pyramidal im- pressions; also in granular distinct concretions; and cry- 69 IL—-onp. 11. BARYTE. n stallized. . The following are some of. the principal crystalli- zations: e b 1. Primitive rhomboid. a. Pertect, with straight or sphe- rical convex lateral faces: &- Truncated on the apices. c. Truncated on the terminal edges. d. Rounded off on the apices and edges. When the truncating planes in the variety l; c. become so Jorge dat the original planes disap- pear, there is formed 2. A still flatter rhomboid. From the variety 1. d. there arises 3. which is a spherical lenticular form. From the rhomboid with curved faces there is formed 4. The saddle-shaped lens. We sometimes observe the pri- mitive form arranged in rows, so as to form an 5. Equian- gular six-sided prism, flatly acuminated with three planes, which are set on the alternate lateral planes. The: faces of the lens are delicate drusy, but of all the other forms general- ly smooth; and the lustre varies from splendent, through shining to glistening. Internally lustre pearly, generally glistening, sometimes inclining to shining, and even to splendent ; but the black variety is only glimmering. | Frac- ture in compact varieties splintery. Fragments rhomboidal in the foliated varieties, but rather sharp-edged in the compact. Generally translucent on the edges, also translu- cent; but the black varieties are opaque. The pale varie- ties afford a white, the darker varieties, which are those in a state of alteration, a yellowish-brown streak. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—It blackens, and becomes magne- tic before the blowpipe, but does not melt: it effervesces with | muriatic acid. It dissolves with ebullition in glass of borax, ` and communicates to it an olive-green colour. ; à Steinheim. Constituent París.—Oxide of Iron, ^ . 6375 Carbonic Acid, - 34.00 Oxide of Manganese, 0.75 Magnesia, - 0.25 Loss, = 1.25 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostic Siiuation.—Occurs in vems 1n. granite, gneiss, GG Y 2 T{.—onp. It. BARYTE. 65 mica-slate, clay-slate, and grey-wacke, and in these it is associated with ores of lead, cobalt, silver, and seldomer with nickel and bismuth; more frequently with galena, grey copper, iron-pyrites, and grey antimony. In other veins it 1s accompanied. with brown, red, and black iron ore, cal- -careous-spar, and quartz. But the most extensive forma- tions of this mineral are in limestone, by some referred. to primitive, by others to secondary. rocks, in which it is arran- ged in thick beds. It also occurs fillmg up amygdaloidal cavities in trap-rocks. Geographic Situation —Europe.—Occurs in small quan- tities in different places in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; but very abundant in Hessia, Carinthia, and other countries « — ^ on the continent of Europe. ue, 24 DM P Uses.—It affords an iron which is excellently suited for. j steel making. ‘The black variety is said to afford. the best kind of iron. £ l Genus II. Rep Macttex RR: Rhomboidal. Hardness — 3.5, Sp. gr. = 3.3, — 9.6. 1. Rhomboidal Red Manganese. Macrotyper Parachros Baryte, Mohs.—Rother Braunstein, Werner.—Manganese Oxidé Carbonaté, Haüy. Specific. Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid = 106° 51’. Cleavage Rhomboidal. ^ This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. 1. Folia- . ted, 2. Fibrous, and 3. Compact. FIRST SUBSPECIES. . Foliated Rhomboidal Red Manganese. External Characters.—Colour bright rose-red, slightly in- clining to flesh-red. Occurs massive, disseminated, small re- niform, globular, with tabular and rhomboidal impressions, and in granular distinct concretions. Internally shining, in- clining sometimes to glistening, sometimes to splendent, and lustre pearly. Fragments indeterminate angular, and ra- ther sharp-edged, or rhomboidal. Generally translucent on A 3 64. II.—on». rr. BARYTE, the edges; in some rare varieties translucent, Brittle, and rather easily frangible. | ‘Chemical Character.—Before the blowpipe, without addi- tion, it first becomes dark-brown, and then melts into a dark reddish-brown bead. l Constituent Parts.—oxide of Manganese, 52.60 Silica, - E 39.60 Oxide of Iron, - 4.60 Lime, - k 1.50 Volatile ingredients, 2.15 101.5 Berzelius, Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds of specular iron-ore and magnetic iron-ore, along with com- pact garnet and calcareous-spar, in the gneiss hills at Lang- banshytta, in. Wermeland in Sweden; also at Catharinen- burg in Siberia, and in Saxony. Uses.—The Siberian varieties are cut and polished, and worn as ornamental stones, SECOND SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Rhomboidal Red Manganese. External Characters.—Colours rose-red and flesh-red, in- chning to grey and brown. Occurs massive, and in prisma- tic fibrous concretions, which are straight, scopiform and lular. Internally glistening and pearly. ry and wedge-shaped. Feebly translucent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive and transition rocks. stel- Fragments splinte- It is a rare mineral, and is principally found at Kapnik in Transylvania, and at Schem- nitz in Hungary. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Compact Rhomboidal Red Manganese. External | Characters. — Principal colour pale rose-red, which sometimes passes into dark reddish-white.. Occurs mas- sive, disseminated, and sometimes imperfectly reniform. In- ternally dull or glimmering. Fracture even sometimes inclin- IL.—on». II. BARYTE. 65 ing to splintery. Fragments indeterminate angular, and ra- ther sharp-edged. Brittle and easily frangible. | Chemical Character.—It is fusible before the blowpipe, but becomes black by ignition. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Manganese, 61 | filica, e eo mg ae Oxide of Iron, - 5 Alumina, - E 3 Tas Lampadius. Geognostic and Geog raphic Situations.—Occurs at Kapnik in Transylvania; at Langbanshytta, in Wermeland in Swe- den; and Catharinenburg in Siberia. Genus III. CALAMINE*. Zink-Baryt, Mohs. ` " ` Rhomboidal. Prismatic. If rhomboidal, the Sp. gr. = 4.0. Hardness = 5.0, Sp. gr. —9.9,—45. —— 1. Prismatic Calamine, or Electric Calamine. Prismatischer Zink-Baryt, Mohs.—Zink Oxidé, Hauy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 154 50’; 99° pp. 96 56. P+0118°29. Cleavage, Pr = 120°. More distinct (Pr + cw)? = 80° 4 Hardness = 5.0. Sp. gr. = 3.3,—3.6. External Characters—Most common colours white and yellow ; it also occurs green, grey, yellow, and brown ; and sometimes with curved striped colour delineations. Occurs massive, disseminated, in crusts, stalactitic, reniform, botry- oidal, cellular, corroded ; also in distinct concretions, which are scopiform radiated and fibrous, granular, and cu rved la- mellar. Sometimes crystallized. The following are some of its secondary forms : 1. Six-sided prism. 2. Flat six-sided prism, bevelled on the terminal planes ; the bevelling planes set on the broader late- ral planes. This prism is sometimes so flat, that it appears like a longish rectangular four-sided table bevelled on the * Agricola says, that because the cadmia (calamine) in the furnace, at- taches itself to the iron bars in forms like a reed (calamus), it was named Ca- lamine. E : 66 IJ,—onrp, IL BARYTE. terminal planes. 3. Acute double four-sided pyramid, some- times perfect, sometimes truncated on the summits. 4. Acute double four-sided pyramid, acuminated on both extremities, with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes, and sometimes the summits are truncated. Internally it alternates from glistening to dull, and lustre pearly, inclining to adamantine. Fracture small and fine- grained uneven. Alternates from transparent to translucent on the edges, and opaque. Crystallized varieties as hard as apatite; the massive and opaque softer. Dark-coloured va- rieties afford a yellowish-grey streak. Physical «Characters. —When gently heated it becomes strongly electric. Chemical Characters.—t loses, according to Pelletier, about 12 per cent. by ignition ; it is soluble in muriatic acid without effervescence ; and the solution gelatinises on cooling. Rezbanya. Constituent Parts.—0Oxide of zinc, 68.30 Silica, - 25.00 Water, = 4.40 97.70 Smithson. Geognostic Sitwation.—Occurs in small quantities. in me- talliferous veins, principally along with ores of lead, in grey- wacke, grey-wacke-slate, and clay-slate; but most frequently in secondary or Betz limestone, in imbedded masses, and ir- regular beds. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the lead-mines at Wan- lockhead ; also in Leicestershire and Flintshire, and in seve- ral countries on the Continents of Europe and Asia. 2. Rhomboidal Calamine. Rhomboedrischer Zink-Baryt, Mohs.—Galmei, Werner.—Zink Carbonaté, Haii y. Specific Character.—RBhomboidal. Rhomboid == 110° (nearly). Cleavage, Rhomboidal. Hardness = 5.0. Sp. gr. = 4,.2,—4.6. This species is divided into T subspecies, viz. Sparry, Compact, and Earthy. L].—oxp. IT. BARYTE. Se FIRST SUBSPECIES. Sparry Rhomboidal Calamine. Spathiger Galmei, Karsten. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, green, and brown. Occurs massive, botryoidal, reniform, stalactitic, ta- bular, cellular ; also in distinct concretions, which are prisma- tic, granular, and curved lamellar; and sometimes crystalli- zed. Internally shining and pearly. Fragments rhomboidal. Alternates from semitransparent to opaque. Chemical Characters.—Dissolves with effervescence in mu- tiatic acid; it is infusible; loses about $4 per cent. by igni- tion. a Derbyshire. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Zinc, - 0. 652 Carbonic Acid, pee 8 - 34.8 100 Smithson. fet SECOND SUBSPECIES. Compact Rhomboidal Calamine. Gemeiner Galmei, Karsten. i External Characters.—€Colours grey, yellow, and yellow- ish-brown. Ocours massive, disseminated, corroded, reni- form, stalactitic, and, cellular; also in concentric curved la- mellar coneretions. Rarely in supposititious crystals, or in- crusting other crystals. Internally dull, or very feebly glim- mering and resinous. Fracture coarse-grained uneven, fine splintery, even, and flat conchoidal. Opaque, or feebly trans- lucent on the edges. Chemical Characters.—Same as in the preceding subspe- cies. ‘THIRD SUBSPECIES. Earthy Rhomboidal Calamine. Zink-blüthe, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour. white, sometimes with a m Pe Re TNT a qur er geg EP TELE EE 68 }¥I.—oxD. II. BARYTE. yellowish-brown exterior. Occurs massive, disseminated, bo- tryoidal, flat, reniform, and with impressions. Internally dull. Fracture fine earthy. — Yields to the nail. Adheres to the tongue. Chemical Characters.—Same as in the first subspecies. Geognostic Situation of the Species.—Occurs in beds, veins, nests, filling up or lining hollows, in transition lime- stone, and in secondary or Bretz limestone, and conglomerate rock. Geographic Situation of the Species.-—Occurs in the Men- dip Hills, at Shipham, near Cross, Somersetshire ; at Allon- head in Durham ; at Holywell, and elsewhere in Flintshire ; and in Derbyshire. Uses.—Both prismatic and rhomboidal calamine, when pu- rified and roasted, are used for the fabrication of brass, which is a compound of zinc and copper; and the pure metal is al- . so employed for a variety of other purposes. Genus IV. Tunesten *, or ScHEELIUM +. Pyramidal. Hardness = 4.0,—4.5. Sp. gr. = 6.0, —6.1. . 1. Pyramidal Tungsten. amine Scheel-Baryt, Mohs.—Schwerstein, Werner.—Schee- lin Calcaire —Haiiy. Specific Character.—Pyramidal. Pyramid — 107° 26’; 113° 36’. Cleavage, P. P+ œ= 100° 8’; 130° ag P — œ. External Characters.—White is the principal colour of this mineral. The following varieties of colour also some- times occur, viz. brown, which sometimes inclines to orange- yellow and hyacinth-red. Occurs massive, disseminated, also in distinct concretions, which are granular, seldomer wedge- shaped prismatic, and these latter traversed by others, which * The name Tungsten was given to this mineral on account of its great weight. + Werner gave the name Scheele to this genus, in honour of the illustrious. chemist Scheele, who discovered the peculiar metal which characterises it. I].—onrp. II. BARYTE. 69 are curved lamellar. Sometimes crystallised. The follow- ing are the secondary forms: E l. The primitive figure, in which the angles of the com- mon base are flatly bevelled, and the bevelling planes set on the edges. 2. Flat double four-sided pyramid. Externally shining and splendent, and lustre inclines to adamantine. Internally shining, lustre resinous, sometimes inclining to adamantine. Fracture coarse, or small-grained uneven, passing into imperfect conchoidal. More or less translucent, seldom semitransparent. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. | Chemical Characters.—Crackles before the blowpipe and becomes opaque, but does not melt; with borax it forms a transparent or opaque white glass, according to the propor- . tions of each. à CAU X Cornwall. ; Constituent Parts.—oxide of Tungsten, = 15.25 Lime, - - - 18.70 Silica, - E - 1.56 Oxide of Iron, - - 1.25 Oxide of Manganese, - 0.75 97.45 Klaproth Geognostic Situalion.—Occurs along with tinstone, wol- fram, magnetic iron-ore, and brown iron-ore, in primitive rocks. Geographic Situation.—Occurs along with wolfram and tm-ore at Pengily in Breage in Cornwall: at Bispberg in Sweden, in a bed of magnetic iron-ore. | Genus v. BARYTE. Prismatic. Hardness =8:0,—3.5. Sp. gr. 3.6,—4.6. Pyramido-Prismatic Baryte, or Strontianite. Pyramido-prismatischer Hal-Baryt, Mohs.—Strontian, Werner.— Strontiane Carbonaté, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, Pr.P4 oc 11719. Pr4 œ. Hardness =3.5. Sp. gr. 8.6,—3.8. D 70 II.—oR»p. 11. BARYTE. External Characters.—Colour pale asparagus-green, which} | sometimes inclines to apple-green, sometimes to yellowish- white and greenish-grey. "Phe greenish-grey varieties some." times pass into milk and yellowish white, and pale straw- yellow. Occurs massive, in distinct concretions, which are scopiform radiated and fibrous, and crystallised. Its second- ary figures are the following: 1. Acicular six-sided prism, acutely acuminated with six planes, which are set on the late. ral planes. 2. Acicular acute double six-sided pyramid. Crystals are sometimes scopiformly and manipularly aggre- gated. Lustre of the distinct concretions shining or glisten- ing; fracture glistening and pearly. Fracture fine-grained uneven. Fragments wedge-shaped or sphntery. More or less translucent, and sometimes semi-transparent. Brittle and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the blowpipe, but becomes white and opaque, and tinges the flame of a dark purple colour. Soluble, with effervescence, in muriatic or nitric acid ; and paper dipped in the solutions thus produced, burns with a purple flame. Constituent Parts.—strontian, 61.21 Carbonic Acid, 30.20 Water, - - 8.50 eee 100.00 Hope. Geognosiic and Geographic Stéwations.—Occurs at Stron- tian in Argyleshire, in veins that traverse gneiss, along with galena or lead-glance, heavy-spar, and calcareous-spar. 2. Diprismatie Baryte, or Witherite. Js / . Di-prismatischer Hal-Baryt, Moh s.—Witherit, Werner .— Baryte Carbonaté, H ai. Specific Character—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. 9 > R ; Cleavage, Pr.P + œ —120* (nearly). Pr} o. Hard- ness = 9.0,— 8.5. Sp. gr. = 4.2, —4.4. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, and yellow. Occurs, massive, disseminated, in crusts, cellular, corroded, large globular, reniform, botryoidal, stalactitic;. also in di- i IlL-—oRD.iL BARYIE. 41 stinet concretions, which are wedge-shaped, sometimes scopi- form radiated, and occasionally pass into coarse granular. More rarely crystallized. The following are the secondary forms : x J. Six-sided prism. 4. Truncated on the terminal edges. b. Acutely acuminated on the extremities with six planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 2. Acute double six- sided pyramid, in which the lateral planes of the one are set on the lateral planes of the other. Externally glistening ; internally shining on the cleavage, and glistening on the fracture, and the lustre resinous. Prin- cipal fracture uneven, inclining to splintery. Fragments wedge-shaped, or indeterminate angular. Translucent, rare- ly semi-transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. | Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it decrepitates slightly, and melts readily into a white enamel ; it is soluble, with effervescence, in diluted muriatic or nitric acid. Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Barytes, — - 96.3 Carbonate of Strontian, 2 1.1 Sulphate of Barytes, - 0.9 Silica, - - - e" 145 Alumina, and Oxide of Iron, 6.25 i z 99.05 Akin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in Cum- berland and Durham, in lead veins that traverse secondary limestone, which rests ‘on red sandstone, and in these it is as- sociated with coralloidal arragonite, brown-spar, earthy fluor, heavy-spar, and galena or lead-glance, white lead-spar, green - lead-spar, copper-pyrites, blue copper, malachite, iron-pyrites, sparry-iron, calamine, and blende. 9. és or legt AE. Uses.—1t is a very active poison, and in some districts, as in Cumberland, it is employed for the purpose of destroying rats. When dissolved by muriatic acid, the solution thus obtained, is said to prove serviceable in scrofula. 3. Prismatoidal Baryte, or Heavy-Spar. Prismatoidischer Hal-Baryt, Mohs.—Schwerspath, Werner.— Baryte Sulphaté, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 128° 54’; m a EE, 28 II.—onrp. 11. BARYTE, 91° 20’; 110025. P+ o —101*59. Cleavage, Pr — 1898. Pr+ o. Less distinct, P—o. Pr4 o Hard. ness = 9.0,—3.5. Sp. gr. = 41,—4.6. This species is divided into nine subspecies, viz. 1. Earthy, 2. Compact; 3. Granular; 4. Curved Lamellar; 5. Straight Lamellar; 6. Fibrous; 7. Radiated ; 8. Columnar ; and, 9. Prismatic. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Earthy Heavy-spar. Schwerspath Erde, Werner. External Charazters.—Colours yellowish and reddish white. Of friable consistence, and consists of feebly glim- mering, nearly dull, particles, which are intermediate between scaly and dusty, soil feebly, and are generally loose, or but feebly cohering. Feels meagre, and rather rough. Specific gravity, 4.0. Constituent Parts.-—Is sulphate of barytes. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in drus cavities in veins of heavy-spar, in Staffordshire and Derby- shire. ` e rimta Gen Së Ba SECOND SUBSPECIES. Compact Heavy-spar. Dichter Schwerspath, Werner. External Characters—Colours white and grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, reniform, ssmi-globular, tuberose, with cubic impressions ; and in curved lamellar concretions. In- ternally glimmering. Fracture intermediate between coarse earthy, and fine-grained uneven, which sometimes passes in- to imperfect foliated, and more rarely into splintery. Frag- ments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Rather sectile, and easily fran- gible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is found in the dm II.—on». 11. BARYTE. 179 mines of Staffordshire and Derbyshire, where it is named Cawk. ; THIRD SUBSPECIES. Granular Heavy-Spar. Körniget Schwerspath, Werner. External Characters. —Colours white, and sometimes ash- grey. Occurs massive, and in fine granular concretions, which are sometimes so minnte as scarcely to be discernible. Internally glistening, approaching to shining, and pearly. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. Feebly translucent. Soft. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs principally in beds along with galena, blende, copper-pyrites, and iron-pyrites. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in beds, along with galena, blende, copper-pyrites, and iron-pyrites, at Peggau in Stiria ; also in the Hartz, in beds, along with copper and iron pyri- tes, galena, and blende. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Curved Lamellar Heavy-Spar. Krummschaaliger Schwerspath, Werner. External Characters.—Principal colours white, grey, and red. Sometimes several colours occur together, and arranged in broad stripes. Generally occurs massive, more frequently reniform, and long globular, with a drusy surface; the drusy surface is formed of very small, thin, and longish four-sided tables; also in reniform curved lamellar concretions, which are frequently floriform, and these are again composed of pris- matic concretions. Is rarely marked with cubical impressions. Internally intermediate between shining and glistening, and lustre pearly, inclining to resinous. Fracture curved fo- liated, which sometimes inclines to splintery, and thus ap- proaches to the compact subspecies. Fragments indetermi- nate angular, and rather blunt-edged. Translucent on the edges. Brittle and easily frangible. P " a NET ewe Tn 74 i].—onb. II. BARYTE. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is one of the most common subspecies of heay-spar. In Scotland, it occurs in trap and sandstone rocks: in Derbyshire, it occurs in secon- dary limestone: it characterises a particular venigenous for- mation at Freyberg in Saxony, where it is associated with ra- diated pyrites, argentiferous galena, brown blende, calcareous- spar, and fluor-spar. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. Straight Lamellar Heavy-Spar. - It is divided into three kinds, viz. Fresh, Disintegrated, and Fetid. ` « = d EE Let — First Kind. Fresh Straight Lamellar Heavy-Spar. Geradschaaliger Schwerspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, black, blue, green, yellow, red, and brown. Occurs generally massive; also in distinct concretions, which are straight aad thin lamel- lar; and again collected into others which are coarse granu- lar; and also crystallized. The following are the secondary figures it exhibits: l. Rectangular four-sided table. 9, Oblique four-sided table. 3. Longish six-sided table. 4. Eight-sided table. Externally smooth and splendent ; internally shining and splendent, and lustre intermediate between resinous and pearly. Fragments tabular and rhomboidal. Translucent, or-transparent, and refracts double. Brittle, and easily fran- gible. | ; ‘Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates brisk] y before the blow- pipe, and, by continuance of the heat, melts into á hard white enamel. Constituent Parts.—Sulphate of Barytes, 97.60 Sulphate of Strontian, 0.85 Water, D . 0.10 Oxide of Iron, 0.80 Alumina, 0.05 EAS eee Klaproth. ll.—omn»n.11I. BARYTE. 75 Geognostic Situation.—1s found almost always in veins, which occur in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, grey- wacke, limestone, and sandstone. It is often accompanied with ores, particularly the flesh-red variety, and. these are, native silver, silver-glance or sulphuretted silver, copper-py- rites, lead-glance, white cobalt, light red silver, native ar- senie, earthy cobalt, cobalt-bloom or red cobalt, antimony, and manganese. It occurs sometimes in beds, and encrusting the walls of drusy cavities. Geographic Situation.—In this island, it occurs in veins in different primitive and transition rocks, and also in secondary limestone, sandstone, and trap. Beautiful crystallized varie- ties are found in the lead-mines of Cumberland, Durham, and Westmoreland. | Second Kind. Disintegrated Straight Lamellar Heavy-Spar. Mulmicher oder mürber geradschaaliger Schwerspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive. Glistening and pearly. Opaque, or faintly translucent on the edges. Very easily frangible. Other characters same as the preceding. . Geognostic and Geographic Sütuations.— Was formerly - met with in considerable quantity at Freyberg in Saxony, in a mixture of galena, blende, and iron-pyrites. Third Kind. | Fetid Straight Lamellar Heavy-spar or Hepatite. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, and black. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in globular or elliptical pieces, from an inch to a foot and upwards in diameter ; also in lamellar concretions, which are generally straight, some- times curved and floriform ; sometimes there is a tendency to wedge-shaped and radiated concretions. Externally feebly glimmering ` internally shining, and intermediate between pearly and resinous. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. Opaque; or translucent on the edges. Near- "6 II.—onp. 11; BARYTE. ly as hard as straight lamellar heavy-spar. Affords a greyish- white coloured streak. : = e Chemical Characters.—Burns white before the blowpipe ; and when rubbed or heated, gives out a fetid sulphureous odour. Constituent P a7ts.—Sulphate of Barytes, 85.25 Carbon, H 0.50 Sulphate of Lime, 6.00 Oxide of Iron, 5.00 Alumina, à N x 1.00 Loss, including Moisture and Sulphur, qo rs = 9.25 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs at Buxton in Derbyshire; at Kongsberg, and Andrarum in Norway. SIXTH SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Heavy-Spar. Fasriger Schwerspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colour pale yellowish and wood brown, which sometimes passes into yellowish-grey. Occurs massive and reniform ; also in distinct concretions, which are scopiform prismatic or fibrous, sometimes collected into others which are curved lamellar, and sometimes coarse angulo-gra- nular. Internally shining, and lustre resinous. Fragments splintery, and wedge-shaped. Translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations—Found at Neu- Leiningen in the Palatinate; also in an ironstone mine in clay- slate, at Chaud-Fontaine, near Luttich, in the Ourthe depart- ment; and at Miess in Bohemia. SEVENTH SUBSPECIES. Radiated Heavy-Spar, or Bolognese Spar. Bologneser Spath, Werner. External Characters.—Colour grey. Occurs in roundish pieces, which have a lenticular aspect and uneven surface; also in distinct concretions, which are parallel and scopiform gr IL-—o0RD.1II. BARYTE. TF radiated, and also granular. Internally shining or glisten- ing, and lustre pearly, inclining to resinous. Fragments splintery, or wedge-shaped. ‘Translucent. In other charac- ters it agrees with the preceding. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded in marl at Monte Paterno, near Bologna; also at Rimini ; and in Jutland. EIGHTH SUBSPECIES. Columnar Heavy-Spar. Stangenspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs crystallized, ` in acicular oblique four-sided prisms, which are always co- lumnarly aggregated, and intersect each other. Externally frequently invested with iron-ochre, but when unsoiled, shin-_ ing and pearly. Cleavage the same as that of lamellar heavy- spar. Translucent. i - Geognostic and Geographic Situations—It was formerly found in the vein of Lorenzgegentrum, near Freyberg in Saxony, along with ores of different kinds, and also fluor- spar, quartz, and straight and curved lamellar heavy-spar. NINTH SUBSPECIES. Prismatie Heavy-Spar. Saulenspath, Werner. External Characters.—P rincipal colours grey, white, olive- green, flesh-red, and indigo-blue. Seldom occurs massive, or in angulo-granular and promiscuous prismatic concretions, generally crystallized, and in the following figures : 1. Slightly oblique four-sided prism, rather acutely bevel- led on the extremities, and the bevelling planes set. on the acuter lateral edges. 2. Oblique four-sided prism, rather acutely acuminated on the extremities with four planes, which are set on the lateral edges. 3. Unequiangular six-sided prism, with two opposite acuter lateral edges, and with the same terminal bevelment and acuminations as in figures 1. and 2. 4. Flat double four-sided pyramid, in which the la- y 4 i a A A GË Ze e £g US 78 II.—on». tr. BARYTE.. teral planes of the one are set on the lateral planes of the other. Surface of crystals splendent, and lateral planes transverse- ly streaked. Internally shining or splendent, and lustre pear- ly, inclining to resinous. Alternates from translucent to semi- transparent. Geognostic Situation. c Men in veins, along with fluor- spar, and ores of silver and cobalt; in gneiss, mica-slate, and other primitive rocks. Is rare in clay-slate, and very rare in secondary rocks. Geographic S?tuation.—ÜOccurs at Kongsberg in Norway ; Mies in Bohemia; and Freyberg, PR a Ehren- Ee in SNR. A Se A or Celestine, Prismatoidischer Hal-Baryt, Mohs.—Ccelestin, Werner. —Stron- tiane sulphatée, Haüy. J 4 | Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 128° 14; 113° 26’; 90° 57. P+ œ=115° 49. Cleavage, Pr = 104° 48°. More distinct, Pr- œ. Less distinct, P— o. Pr. o. Hardness = 3.0,—3.5. Sp. gr. = 3.6,—4.0. This species is divided into five subspecies, viz. Foliated, Prismatic, Fibrous, Radiated, and Fine Granular. , FIRST SUBSPECIES. Foliated Celestine. Blattricher Celestin, Karsten.—Shaaliger Colestin, Werner. External Characters.—Colours milk-white, blue, and red. Occurs massive; also in lamellar distinct concretions; and crystallized in the following figures: 1. Rectangular four- sided table, in which the terminal planes are bevelled, and the lateral planes are truncated. 2, Rectangular four-sided table, bevelled on the terminal edges. Externally shining and splendent ; internally shining, and lustre pearly, inclining to vitreous. Fracture uneven. Fragments rhomboidal, or ` indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged. Translucent, ə, ; e rote: II.—oR». 11. BARYTE. 79 semi-transparent, or transparent. Rather sectile, and very easily frangible. ' Chemical Characters.—It melts hefore the blowpipe into a white friable enamel, without very sensibly tinging the flame: ' after a short exposure to heat it becomes opaque, and has then acquired a somewhat caustic acrid flavour, very different from that of sulphuretted hydrogen, which heavy-spar ac- quires in similar circumstances. These characters apply also ` to the other subspecies. Constituent Parts.—Strontian and Sulphuric Acid, 97.601 Sulphate of Barytes, D 00.975 Silica, H DE 00.107 Oxide of Iron, and intermixed Hydrate of Iron, - 00.646 - Water, - -= - 00.248 m — - ES 99.577 Stromeyer. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in trap- tuff in the Calton Hill at Edinburgh *, and in red sandstone at Inverness. Is frequent along with some of the other sub- species at Aust Passage, and elsewhere in the neighbourhood of Bristol, and in the islands in the Bristol Channel, particu- larly in Bary Island, on the coast of Glamorganshire; also in amygdaloid at Becheley in Gloucestershire +; and it has been found on the banks of the Nidd, near Knaresborough, Yorkshire. | SECOND SUBSPECIES, Prismatic Celestine. Saulenférmiger Celestin, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white and blue. Occurs massive, also in prismatic distinct concretions, but most fre- quently crystallized. The following are the most frequent crystallizations: 1. Long oblique four-sided prism, flatly be- velled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on the ob- tuse lateral edges. Sometimes the angles between the bevel- * It was discovered in the Calton Hill by Mr Sivright of Meggetland. + Ht was discovered in the Becheler amygdaloid by Dr Daubeny. ech 80 II.—onpn. Il. BARYTE. ling and lateral planes are more or less deeply truncated, and thus form a four-planed acumination, in which the acumi- nating planes are set on the lateral edges. 3. Sometimes the acute edges of the preceding figure are truncated, and thus a six-sided prism is formed. Externally smooth, splendent, and resinous. Internally glistening, and lustre pearly, inclining to resinous. Fracture uneven. Fragments wedge-shaped and indeterminate angular. Translucent, or transparent. In other characters agrees with the preceding subspecies. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in drusy cavities in a bed of sulphur, which is associated with gypsum and marl, in the valleys of Noto and Mazzara, in Sicily. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Celestine. Fasriger Coelestin, Werner. External Characters.—Colours blue, grey, and white. Oc- curs massive, also in distinct concretions, which are straight, parallel, and sometimes curved, fibrous. Internally glisten- ing and pearly. Cleavage indistinct. Fragments splintery. Translucent. In other characters it agree with the preceding subspecies. . Constituent París.—Strontian, — - bs dn Sulphuric Acid, - - 42.0 —— 98.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs in the red - sandstone formation near Bristol; imbedded in marl, which is probably connected with gypsum, at Frankstown in Pennsyl- vania; and at Bouveron, near T'oul, in the department of Meurthe in France. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Radiated Celestine. Strahliger Coelestin, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive ; also in prismatic concretions, which are scopiformly radiated, collected into others which are wedge-shaped, and these again : 2 T1.—orp. I. BARYTE. S1 into very large and angulo-granular concretions. Internally shining and splendent, and lustre pearly, slightly inclining to. vitreous. -Fragments wedge-shaped and splintery. Trans- lucent or semi-transparent. In other characters agrees with the other subspecies. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. Fine Granular Celestine. Fein Kórniger Ceelestin, Werner. External Characters.—Colours grey, and olive-green. Oe- . curs massive, in fine granular concretions, in spheroidal or re- niform masses, which are often traversed by fissures that di- vide its surface into quadrangular pieces, which are sometimes lined with minute crystals of celestine. Towards the sur- face it has a marly aspect. Internally dull, glimmering, and pearly. Fracture fine splintery, passing into uneven. Frag- ments blunt-edged. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. In other characters it agrees with the preceding subspecies. Constituent Parts.—sulphate of Strontian, - DIAS / =- Carbonate of Lime, ^ 8.33 Oxide of Iron, ^ ^ 0.25 d 100.00 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded in marly clay, with gypsum, at Montmartre, near Paris; and is said to form a whole bed in Champagne. Gen. VI. Leap-Spar. Blei-Baryt, Mohs. mn x Rhomboidal, pyramidal, prismatic. Hardness, 2.5,—4.0. If above 3.5, the sp. gr. is equal to 6.5, and more. Sp. gr. =6.0;——72. 1. Di-Prismatie Lead-Spar. — Di-prismatischer Blei-Baryt, Mohs.—Plomb carbonatée, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 130°; 108° 28; 98° 19. P+ o —108 16. Cleavage, Pr—117° 19. (Pr + cy = 69°20. Hardness = 8.0,—3.5. Sp. gr. = 63, —6.6. : ! 3 F iac 82 JI.—oRD. II. BARYTE. This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. White Lead-Spar, Black Lead-Spar, and Earthy Lead-Spar. FIRST SUBSPECIES. - A White Lead-Spar. à Weiss Bleierz, Jerner.—Plomb carbonatée, Hauy.—White Lead-ore, Jameson, 3d edit. External Characters.—Principal colour white; occurs also yellow, brown, and grey; and sometimes with a tem- pered-steel tarnish. It is sometimes coloured externally yellow or brown, by yellow or brown iron-ochre ; occa- sionally green, by earthy malachite; and blue, by earthy blue copper. Occurs massive, disseminated, in membranes, seldom reticulated; and crystallized in the following forms: —]. Unequiangular six-sided prism, in which the terminal edges are truncated. 2. Unequiangular six-sided prism, acutely acuminated with six planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 3. Acute double six-sided pyramid, which | is perfect. 4. Unequiangular six-sided prism, acuminated with four planes, two of which are set on the lateral planes, bounded by the obtuse lateral edges, but the other two are set on the acuter lateral edges. 5. Long acicular and capillary cry- stals, columnarly aggregated. J. Occurs also in twin and triple crystals. Crystals occur superimposed, and either single or in druses ; more frequently columnarly and scopiformly, or pro- miscuously aggregated. Externally, alternates from specular- splendent to glistening. Internally, alternates from shining to glistening, and lustre adamantine, sometimes inclining to semi- metallic, sometimes to resinous. Fracture small conchoidal, which sometimes passes into uneven and splintery. Alternates from translucent to transparent ; and refracts double in a high degree. Brittle, and very easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Ynsoluble in water. Dissolves with effervescence in muriatic and nitric acids. Before the blowpipe it decrepitates, becomes yellow, then red, and is soon reduced to a metallic globule. IL-—omp: ty BARYTE. - SOS Lead-hills. "t ` : Constituent Parts.— Oxide of Lead, KON uS Carbonic Acid, - rais 16 Water, - - - a a j H è 100 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs m vems, and sometimes al- so in beds, in gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, foliated granular limestone, grey-wacke, grey-wacke-slate, and secondary lime- stone. Geographic Situation.—Occurs at Lead-hills in Lanark- shire, in veins that traverse transition rocks, in which it 1s as- sociated with galena or lead-glance, earthy white lead-spar, green lead-spar, lead-vitriol or sulphate of lead, sparry iron, iron-pyrites, brown hematite, calamine, and blue copper ; and the vein-stones: are quartz, lamellar heavy-spar, calcareous- spar, brown-spar, and ynountain-cork: It is found along with galena or lead-glance at Allonhead and. Teesdale in Durham ; with the same ore at Alston in Cumberland, and Snailback in Shropshire. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Black Lead-Spar. Schwarz Bleierz, Werner. External Characters.—Colour black, which sometimes t passes into ash-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, corroded, cellular, and seldom crystallized, in small six-sided prisms. Externally generally splendent, and sometimes shining. In- ternally only. shining, sometimes passing into glistening, and lustre metallo-adamantine. Fracture small.grained un- even, which sometimes passes into imperfect conchoidal. Alternates from translucent to opaque. Streak whitish-grey. In other characters agrees with the preceding. MEER LLL liaud Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Lead, DU PP EE Carbonic Acid, - D 18 Carbon, | - - - 2 99 Lampadius. Geognostic Situation.—Generally occurs in the upper part of veins, associated with white lead-spar, and galena or lead- glance. | F2 84 II.—onp. Il. BARYTE. Geographic Situation.—Occurs at Lead-hills; at Fair Hill and Flow Edge, Durham. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Earthy Lead-Spar. Bleierde, Werner. This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Indurated - and Friable. -First Kind. Indurated Earthy Lead-Spar. Verhirtete Bleierde, Werner. External Characters.—Colours grey, yellow, and brown. Occurs massive. Internally glimmering, inclining to glisten- ing; and lustre resinous *. Fracture small and fine grained uneven, which passes on the one side into fine splintery, on the other into earthy. Usually opaque, or extremely faintly translucent on the edges. Yields a brown coloured streak. Chemical Characters.—It is very easily reduced before the blowpipe ; effervesces with acids, and becomes black with sul- phuret of ammonia. : Tarnowitz. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Lead, 66.00 Carbonic Acid, 12.00 Water, 2.25 Silica, 10.50 Alumina, - “ o 4.75 Tron, and Oxide of Maganese, 2.25 97.75 John. Geog nostic Situation.—The yellow-coloured varieties oc- cur in a bed in primitive limestone in the Bannat; the grey- coloured varieties occur sometimes in veins, sometimes in beds, and either in transition or secondary rocks. Geographic Situation.—Found in the lead-veins of Wan- lockhead and Lead-hills ; also at Grassfield Mine near Nent- head in Durham, and in Derbyshire. * This lustre is accidental, and appears to be owing to intermixed white lead-ore, or lead-vitriol. T].—orD. II. BARYTE. E... t Second Kind. Friable Earthy Lead-Spar. Zerreibliche Bleierde, Werner. External Characters.—Colours grey and yellow. Occurs dusty particles, which are fecbly cohering. Soils feebly. Is meagre, and rough to the feel. Is heavier than earthy heavy- spar. : Geognostic Situation —Occurs on the surface, or in the hollows of other minerals, and is usually accompanied with galena or lead-glance, and lead-spars. : Geographic Situation. —\t is found at Wanlockhead and Lead-hills, and Zellerfeld in the Hartz. 2. Rhomboidal Lead-Spar. | . Rhomboedrisches Blei-Baryt, Mohs.—Plomb Phosphaté,—Haity. Specific Character —Di-rhomboidal. Rhomboid = 117 Q9. Cleavage, P + 1=141° 47’; 81° 46. Hardness = 3.5, —A40. Sp. gr. = 6.9,—-7.2 : This species contains two subspecies, viz. Green Lead-spar and Brown Lead-spar. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Green Lead-Spar. Grün Bleierz, Werner.—Plomb Phosphaté, Hau, External Characters —Colour green; also yellow and white. Seldom occurs massive, sometimes stalactitic, reniform, and nular or prismatic; but most commonly crystallized. The following are the secondary forms :—1. Equiangular six-sided prism. 2. Six-sided prism, truncated on all the lateral edges, thus forming a twelve-sided prism. 3. Six-sided prism, flatly acumimated on the extremities with six planes, which are set on the lateral planes. Sometimes they form velvety or moss- like drusy crusts. - Externally smooth and shining, or splen- | dent; internally glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture 2 small grained uneven, passing on the one hand into splintery, massive, disseminated, and in crusts. It is composed. of dul ' botryoidal, sometimes in distinct concretions, which are gra- tege L o seil TZ es 86 IL.—onn.tr BARY TE. on the other into conchoidal. More or less translucent, sel- dom nearly transparent, and sometimes only translucent on J the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Dissolves in acids without efferves- cence. ? y 3 Wanlockhead. Constituent Parts.—oxide of Lead, ` 80.00 Phosphoric Acid, 18.00 Muriatie Acid, : 1.62 Oxide of Iron, —a trace. 99.96 ` Klaproth. * Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in veins and beds in primi- üve, transition, and secondary rocks. : Geographic Situation.—Occurs along with galena or lead- glance, and other ores of lead, at Lead-hills and Wanlock- head. In England, it is met with at Alston in Cumberland, Allonhead, Grasshill, and Teesdale, in Durham, and Nithis- dale in Yorkshire. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Brown Lead-Spar. Braun Bleierz, JVerner.—Plomb phosphaté, Haüy. - External Characters.— Colour Clove-brown, of different degrees of intensity, rarely approaching to liver-brown, some- tunes so pale that it inclines to white. Occurs massive, also in distinet concretions, which are thin prismatic, and curved lamellar; and crystallized in the following figures :—1. Equi- angular six-sided prism, which is sometimes bulging. 2. Six- sided prism, converging towards both ends, and thus inclining to the pyramidal form. 3. Acute double three-sided pyramid, ` in which the lateral planes of the one are set on the lateral planes of the other, and in which the common basis is sometimes more or less deeply truncated. The erystals sometimes short and acicular, oceasionally singly imbed. ded, or scopiformly or globularly aggregated. Surface of the crystals is sometimes blacksih or yellowish brown, and rough. Internally glistening, and lustre resinous. Frac. ture small and fine-grained uneven; and sometimes passes in- [].—onpD. Il. BARYTE. 87 to small splintery. Feebly translucent, or translucent on the edges. Streak greyish-white. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. | Geognostic Situation. —Oceurs in veins that traverse gneiss, clay-slate, and porphyry: The veins generally contain lead and silver ores, also native silver, iron and copper pyrites, green malachite, blende, ochry ironstone, heavy-spar, and quartz. Geographic Situation.—1s found at Miess in Bohemia ; near Schemnitz in Hungary; Saska in the Bannat ; Zschop- pau in Saxony; Huelgoët: and Poullaouen in Lower Brit- tany. 3. Hemi-Prismatic Lead-Spar, or Red Lead-Spar. Hemi-prismatischer Blei-Baryt, Mohs.—Roth Bleierz, Werner. —]Plomb chromaté, Ho, Specific Character-—Hemi-prismatic- Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, P+ % = 90° (nearly) Pr o. Pra o. Hard- |. ness = 2.5. Sp. gt. = 6.0,—6.1. ! | External Characters.—Colour hyacinth-red. Seldom oc- curs massive, generally in flakes; and crystallized in the fol- lowing figures: 1. Long slightly oblique four-sided prism. 9. Prism acutely and obliquely bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on the lateral edges. 9. Prism-acu- minated with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes. .. Internally shining or splendent, and lustre adamantine. Fracture small-grained uneven, sometimes passing into imper- fect and small conchoidal. More or less translucent. Streak in- | i termediate between lemon-yellow and orange-yellow. Almost . sectile, and easily frangible. Chemical Character — Before the blowpipe it crackles and melts into a grey slag. With borax is partly reduced. Does not effervesce with acids. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Lead, L4 mes. MIB ; ‘Chromic Acid, 4D eee 100.36 Vauquelin. | .. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.— Occurs in veins m gneiss, in the gold-mines of Beresofsk, in the Uralian Moun- 88 Il.—onp. tr. BARYTE, tains, where it 1s associated with brown iron-ore, cubes of iroti- pyrites, native gold, green lead.spar, galena, and quartz, ya) E - Ful. me TAL A. Pyramidal Lead-Spar, or Yellow Lead-Spar. Pyramidaler Blei-Baryt, Mohs.—Gelb Bleierz, Werner, . Plomb molybdaté, Daun, Specific Character. Pyramidal. Pyramid = 99° 40’; 131° 35. Cleavage, P — œ. p. Hardness — 3.0. 6.5,—6.9. Eternal Characters.—Most frequent colour wax-yellow. Occurs massive, in crusts, cellular; and crystalhzed in the following figures :—1, Pyramid truncated on the angles and summits. 2, Pyramid so deeply truncated in all the angles, and on the common base, that the original faces disappear, when there is formed a regular eight-sided table, which is sometimes so thick as to appear as an eight-sided prism. Sometimes four of the terminal edges are truncated, when a twelve-sided table is formed. 3, Pyramid deeply truncated on the summits, and on the common base, and the angles of | the common base bevelled, which gives rise to the rectangular four-sided table, bevelled on the terminal edges. 4. Pyramid truncated on the lateral edges, which gives rise to the double eight-sided pyramid. When this figure is deeply truncated on the summits, there is formed, 5. A regular eight-sided table, bevelled on the terminal planes. Tables usually broad and thin; fre other, and are often closely aggregated. Externally general- ly splendent or shining ; internally shining or glistening, and the lustre resinous, inclining to adamantine. Fracttire small and fine grained uneven, or small conchoidal, Generally translucent, or only translucent on the edges; some rare erys- tals are semi-transparent. Rather brittle, and easily fran- gible. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates before the blowpipe, and then melts into a dark greyish-coloured mass, in which the globules of reduced lead are dispersed, / Lë Sp. 1mm quently intersect each II.—onp. 1t. BARYTE. Constituent P artsS.—Oxide of Lead, ^ iw 58.40 Molybdic Acid, - - 38.00 Oxide of Iron, - - 2.08 Ce e. eor sor UNE 96.66 Hatchett: Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs at Blei- E ` berg in Carinthia, in a compact limestone. | i 5. Prismatic Lead-Spar, or Sulphate of Lead. | 1 Prismatischer Blei-Baryt, Mohs.—Vitriol Bleierz, Werner.— | j Plomb sulphatée, Hai. e i : Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 122° 95; 94° 95°: 112° 37. P-ro-109 928. Cleavage, Pr = 78° 28’. More distinct Pr +o. Hardness =3.0. Sp. gr. = 6.2,— GH. External Characters.—Colours yellowish and greyish- white, occasionally stained pale yellowish, from brown iron- ochre. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in angulo-granu- lar distinct concretions, but most frequently crystallized, and of the secondary forms, the most common resembles an elon- gated octahedron. ` Externally splendent and shining; internally shining, and lustre adamantine. Fracture small conchoidal. Alternates from transparent to translucent. Streak white. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates before the blowpipe, then melts, and is soon reduced to the metallic state. Wanlockhead. Constituent Parts.—oxide of Lead, d 10.50 | Sulphuric Acid, i 25.15 | Water of Crystallization, 2.25 i KS? E Ri pun 98.0 Ki laproth. p^ Geognostic and Geographic Situations.~-Occurs in veins, | `~ along with galena and lead-glance, and different spars of lead, 3 LE at Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire, and Lead-hills in Lanark- $ ` Sé at Pary’s Mine in Anglesea, and Penzance in Corn- wall, Spe 4 fi = ` ta | e ee $ SEN / ; ; 7, ^ d e Kata n kee Je, V JR hit. Lotto ^ d oT A t Ge é f eee gece I[.—oRD. n1. KERATE. Orpen III KERATE *. No metallic lustre. Streak white or grey. No single distinct cleavage. Hardness — 1.0,—2.0. Sp. gr. — 5.5. Genus I. Cornrous SILVER. Tessular. Hardness — 1.0,—2.0. Sp. gr. — 5.5, 5.6. 1. Hexahedral Corneous Silver. Hexedrisches Perl Perat, Mohs.—Hornerz, Werner.— Argent Muriaté, Hai. | Specific Character.— Tessular. Cleavage not visible. Malleable. External Characters——Most frequent colour pearl-grey, from which it passes on the one side into blue, on the other into white, and further, into leek-green. On exposure to light, it becomes brownish. Occurs massive, in prismatic and gra- nular concretions, disseminated in thick flakes, in egg-shaped pieces, hollow in the centre, and the hollows lined with crys- tals. ‘The crystals are the following : 1. Cube. 2. Octahedron. 3. Rhomboidal dodecahedron. Crystals small and very small, occasionally ageregated in rows, or in a scalar-hke form. External surface smooth, sometimes marked with little hollows. Externally shining, but becomes gradually duller on exposure : internally inter- mediate between shining and glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture conchoidal, sometimes inclines to earthy. ‘Translu- cent, or only feebly translucent on the edges. Retains its co- lour, and becomes more shining in the streak. Malleable. Flexible, but not elastic. : Chemical Characters.—Fusible in the flame of a candle. * Kerate, from the Greek word xs245, horn, given it on account of the ‘species resembling horn in general aspect and tenacity. II.—onp.3111. KERATE. Constituent Parts.—siver, x É 61.15 Muriatic Acid, ^ 14.15 Oxygen, H - 6.75 Oxide of Iron, - 6.00 Alumina, ^ E 1.75 Sulphuric Acid, si 0.25 e 97.25 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in silver veins, and general. ly in their upper part. ‘These veins traverse gneiss, mica- slate, clay-slate, grey-wacke, porphyry, and limestone, and contain, besides the corneous silver, various ores. ` Geographic Situation.—At Huel-Mexico in Cornwall, and _ in different mines in Siberia and America. Genus II. ConxEous MERCURY. Pyramidal. Hardness = 1.0, 2.0. Sp. gr. unknown. 1. Pyramidal Corneous Mereury. Pyramidales Perl Kerate, Mohs.—Quecksilber Hornerz, Wer- ner.—Murcure Muriaté, Haiiy. Specific Character.—P yramidal. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, P + o», imperfect. Sectile. External Characters.—Colour grey. Occurs very rarely massive, almost always in small vesicles crystallized in the in- terior. The crystals are the following : 1. Rectangular four-sided prism, acuminated on the extre- mities with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 9. Rectangular four-sided .prism, acuminated with four planes, which are set on the lateral edges. 3. Double four- sided pyramid. Crystals always so minute, that it is with difficulty their forms. can be determined. External surface sometimes smooth, sometimes drusy, and in general shining and ada- mantine. Internally shining, and adamantine. Faintly translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Sectile, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—1s totally volatilized before. the blowpipe, and emits a garlic smell. Soluble in water, and 02 1I.—orb. Iv. MALACHITE. the solution mixed with lime-water gives an orange-coloured precipitate. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Mercury, . 76.00 Muriatic Acid, 16.40 Sulphurie Acid, 7.60 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —In the quicksil- ver mines of the Palatinate, and Duchy of Deux Ponts. Orver IV. MALACHITE. No metallic lustre. Colour blue, green, brown. If brown, in colour or in streak, the hardness = 3.0 and less; and the specific gravity above 2.5. If white in the streak, the speci- fic gravity = 2.2 and less; and the hardness under 3.0. No single distinct faces of cleavage. Hardness = 2.0,—5.0. Sp. gr. = 2.0, —4.6. Genus I. COPPER GREEN. Staphylin Malachit, Mohs. Uncleavable. Hardness = 2.0,—3.0. Sp. gr. = 2.0,—2.2. 1. Uncleavable Copper Green. Untheilbarer Stáphylin-Malachit, Mohs.—Kupfergriin, Werner.— Cuivre Carbonaté, Dou, Specific Character.—Uncleavable. Reniform botryoidal, and massive. Streak white. This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. 1. Con- choidal, 2. Earthy Iron-shot, 3. Slaggy Iron-shot. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Conchoidal Copper-Green. - Kupfergrün, Werner. — External Characters. — Principal colour verdigris-green. Oc- curs massive, disseminated, and coating or incrusting green malachite, sometimes small reniform, and small botryoidal. Internally shining, passing into glistening, and lustre resinous. IIL—oRn. IV. MALACHITE: 93 Fracture small conchoidal. Fragments determinate angular, andfmore or less sharp-edged. Alternates from translucent to translucent on the edges. Colour not changed in the streak. Easily frangible, and rather brittle. | Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it become first d . black, then brown, but is infusible. Constituent Parts.—Copper, $ t 40.00 Oxygen, - ^ 10.00 Carbonic Acid, xm 7.00 Water, - - 17.00 "MEET ; 26.00 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation—Is met with in the same geognos- tic situations as green malachite. Geographic Situation.—Océurs m Cornwall, along with olivinite, and also in the vale of Newlands, near Keswick. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Earthy Ironshot Copper-Green. Erdiches Eisenschüssiges Kupfergrün, Werner. External Characters.—Colour olive.green, which some- times passes into pistachio-green, and inclines to leek-green. Occurs massive, and in crusts. Generally of friable consist- ence, and composed of dull, dusty particles, which are more or less cohering, and that do not soil. Compact varieties have an earthy fracture. Opaque. Very soft, passing into friable, Sectile, and easily frangible. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Slaggy Ironshot Copper-Green. | Schlakiges-eisenschüssiges Kupfergrün, Werner. D External Characters.—Colours blackish-green, and dark d .pistachio-green. Occurs massive and disseminated. Inter- nally shining or glistening, lustre resinous. Fracture small conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular, and more or streak. Very soft. Easily frangible. o od Jf AMI cr n t IT less sharp-edged. Opaque. Colour becomes paler in the RTE EE A ai poi sais o ete 94. LL sn, Iv. MALACHITE. Constituent Parts.—Is probably a compound of Conchoi- dal Copper-Green and Oxide of Iron. | Geognostic Situation.—Both subspecies usually occur toge- ther, and they frequently pass into each other. Geographic Sittuation.—Occurs in Cornwall, along with olivinite. Genus II. Lirtconyre *. Lirikon-Malachit, Mohs. Tessular, prismatic. Hardness — 9.5. Sp. gr. = 2.8,— 3.0. 1. Prismatic Lirieonite. Prismatischer Lirikon-Malachit, MoAs.—Linsenerz, JVerner.— Cuivre arseniaté, Haiiy.—Diprismatie Olivenite, or Lenticular Copper, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown.: Clea- vage, Pr De Streak pale verdigris-green,...sky-blue. Hardness = 2.5. Sp. gr. = 2.8,—3.0. External Characters.—Colour sky-blue, which sometimes passes into verdigris-green. Scarcely occurs massive, gene- rally crystallized : 1. Very oblique four-sided prism, acutely bevelled on the extremities, and the bevelling planes set on the obtuse lateral edges. 2. Very flat, longish, double four- sided pyramid, in which the lateral planes of ‘the one are set on the lateral planes of the other +. Externally smooth and shining; internally glistening and shining, and pearly, inclining to vitreous. Fracture small- grained uneven, which sometimes passes into imperfect con- choidal. ‘Translucent. Brittle, and uncommonly easily fran- gible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe is converted into a black friable scoria. S * From Azigés, pale, and xovic, the dust, (the streak). +t The double four-sided pyramid is so flat that it has a lenticular aspect 5 hence the name Lenticular Copper sometimes given to this species. IL.—oR».1V. MALACHITE. 95 Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Copper, xod c= AD Arsenic Acid, - - - 14 cR M mui. c SÉ x 98 Ckenevix. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —It has been hi- therto found only in Cornwall, where it is associated with copper-mica, and other cupreous minerals. i 9, Hexahedral Liriconite. Hexaedrischer Lirikon-Malachit, Mohs.—NW urfelerz, Werner.— Fer arseniaté, Haüy —Hexahedral Olivenite, cr Cube-ore, Jameson, 3d. edit. Specific Character. — Tessular. Cleavage, hexahedral. Streak pale olive-green,...brown. Hardness = 2.5. Sp. gr. External | Characters. — Colour pistachio-green, which passes into olive and blackish green. Occurs massive ; and crystallized in the following figures: 1. Perfect cube. 9. Cube, in which four diagonally opposite angles are trun- cated. 3. Cube truncated on all the edges. 4. Cube trun- -cated on all the edges and angles. Faces of the crystals smooth and splendent. Internally glistening, and lustre intermediate between vitreous and resi- nous. "Translucent, or translucent on the edges. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it melts, and gives out arsenical vapours. | ; Constituent Parts.—Arsenic Acid, — - e 310 Oxide of Iron, ~ - 45.5 Oxide of Copper, - - 9.0 Silica, D - ial ee 4.0 Water, D - - 10.5 ena 100.0 Ckenevix. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins, accompanied with ironshot quartz, copper-glance or vitreous copper, copper-pyrites, and brown iron-ore, in Cornwall. II.—onpn. IV. MALACHITE. Genus III. OLIVINITE. Oliven-Malachit, Mohs. Prismatic. Colour or streak neither blue nor bright green. Hardness = 3.0, 4.0. Sp. gr. = 9.6,—4.6. _ 1. Prismatic Olivenite, Prismatischer Oliven-Malachit, Mohs.—Olivenerz, Werner. Cuivre arseniaté, Haiiy.—Acicular Olivenite, Jameéson, 3d edit. Specific Character-—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P+. Streak olive-green,...brown. Hardness — 9.0. Sp. gr. = 4,.2,—-4.6. This species is subdivided into three subspecies, viz. Fo~ hated, Fibrous, and Earthy. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Foliated Acicular Olivenite. Blattriches Olivenerz, Werner. External Characters.—Colour olive-green, and sometimes pistachio and blackish green. Seldom occurs massive, and in angulo-granular concretions, generally in drusy crusts, and in small crystals, which present the following va- rieties of form: 1. Oblique four-sided prism, acutely bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on the acute late- ral edges. 2. Preceding figure, in which the obtuse lateral edges are more or less deeply truncated. 3. Acute double four-sided pyramid; sometimes the angles on the common base flatly bevelled; and the bevelling planes set on the late- ral edges. Faces of the crystals smooth, shining, and splendent. In- ternally glistening, and lustre resinous, inclining to pearly. Fracture small and imperfect conchoidal, which passes into uneven. Ranges from translucent to translucent on the edges. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Streak olive-green. Chemical. Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it first boils, and then gives a hard reddish-brown scoria. ` Constituent Parts. — oxide of Copper, - 60.0 Arsenic Acid, > 39.7 ——— 99.7 Chenevix. "ERR UU Cmn cam II.—onp. IV. MALACHITE: , gy Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Has been hither- to found only in the copper-mines of Cornwall. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Acicular Olivenite: . Fasriges Olivenerz, Werner. External Characters.—Colours green, yellow, brown, and. white. Colours sometimes arranged in curved and striped deli- neations. Occurs massive, and reniform; also in fibrous con- cretions, which are delicate, straight, and scopiform, and these are collected into coarse or small granular concretions, and are sometimes traversed by others, which are curved lamellar ; al- so crystallized in capillary and acicular oblique four-sided prisms, in which the obtuse lateral edges are truncated, and bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes being set on the acute edges. Crystals sometimes scopiformly ag- gregated. Internally the massive varieties are glistening or — glimmering, with a pearly or silky lustre. Fragments inde- terminate angular, and wedge-shaped. Opaque, seldom trans- lucent on the edges, and only translucent in the crystals. Ra- ther brittle. Fibres sometimes flexible *. Streak brown. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Copper, ee Arsenic Acid, - - - 29: Wate, - --,-. % 2 2 100 Chenevixs Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in primi- tive rocks with various ores of copper; and principally in- Cornwall. G * The fibres are sometimes so delicate, so short, and so confusedly group- ed together, that the whole appears like a dusty cottony mass, the true nature of which is discoverable only by the lens. At other times, this variety appears in thin laminze, rather flexible, sometimes scarcely perceptible to the naked €ye, sometimes tolerably large, and perfectly like Amianthus papyraceus.--— Bournon, Phils Tran& for 1801, part i. p. 180; IL-—-on».1iv. MALACHITE. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Earthy Acicular Olivenite. External Characters.—Colour olive-ereen. Occurs mas- . sive, disseminated, in crusts, and in concentric lamellar concre- tions. Dull. Fracture fine earthy. Opaque. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs along with the other subspeciesof olivenite in the copper-mines of Cornwall. 2. Diprismatic Olivenite. Diprismatischer Oliven-Malachit, Mohs. Specific Character—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, unknown. Streak olive-green. Hardness — 4.0, Sp. Constituent Parts. —Said to be Phosphate of Copper. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs at Libe- then, near Newsohl in Hungary, in a bed of copper-ore, along with quartz, and in mica.slate. Genus IV. Brue MaracnurirE, or BLUE Corrrr. (4%. Lazur Malachit, Mohs. Prismatic. Blue. Hardness = Bh, Specific BY, = 3.5,—3.7. 1. Prismatic Blue Malachite. Prismatischer Lazur Malachit, Mohs.—Kupferlazur, Werner.— Cuivre carbonaté bleu, Haiiy.—Blue Copper, or Prismatic Mala- chite, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character.—Hemiprismatic, Pyramid unknown. Cleavage prismatic. Streak blue. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Radiated and Earthy. H FIRST SUBSPECIES. Radiated Prismatic Blue Malachite, or Blue Copper. 7 | Feste Kupferlazur, Werner. External Characters.—Principal colour azure-blue, which often passes into blackish-blue, seldomer into Berlin-blue and Il.—onb. Vv. MALAGHITE. 99 smalt-blue. Occurs massive, disseminated, in plates, in crusts; also globular, botryoidal, reniform, stalactitic, and cellular: in radiated distinct concretions which are straight, narrow, 'scopiform, and stellular; and ‘these are again traversed by others which are curved lamellar. Some- times there is a tendency. to granular. concretions. Very frequently crystallized, Generally occurs in oblique four-sided prisms, rather acutely bevelled on the terminal planes, and the. bevelling planes set on the acute lateral edges.. The ery. stals sometimes occur aggregated in globular and botry- oidal forms; other crystals occur in druses, or singly super- imposed. External surface of the particular external shapes .drusy and glimmering ; that of the crystals sometimes smooth and splendent. . Externally the crystallized varieties are shm- ing, but the massive and particular external shapes dull. In- ternally shining and glistening, and lustre intermediate be- tween vitreous and resinous. Fracture small and imperfect conchoidal. Fragments of the prismatic or radiated varieties wedge-shaped ; those of the foliated and conchoidal, splintery. Crystals translucent, passing into semitransparent, sometimes only translucent. on the edges. Colour becomes lighter in the streak. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—1s soluble with effervescence in ni. tric acid. e sae Chessy. Constituent Parts.—GCopper, | - — - — 56.00 Carbonic Acid, -~ 25.00 Oxygen, E - 12.50 Wate | - - 6.50 ` | 100.00 Vauquclin. Geognostic Situation —This mineral occurs in veins that traverse primitive, transition, and secondary or Betz rocks: in smaller quantity and less frequently in beds. Geographic Situation.—Occurs at Lead-hills in Lanark- shire, and Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire. Huel-Virgin and Carharrack in Cornwall; Buckingham mine, near Bridgewater, Somersetshire; Alderley Edge, Cheshire, and Wassinghope . lead-mine, near Stanhope in Durham. bi G2 100 I].—orD. 1v. MALACHITE. SECOND SUBSPECIES, ) Earthy Prismatic Blue Malachite, or Earthy Blue Copper. Erdiger Kupferlazur, Werner. External Characters.—Colour smalt-blue, which some- times inclines slightly to sky-blue. Massive, often dissemi- nated, thinly coating, and rarely small botryoidal. ` Of friable consistence, and composed of dull and fine dusty particles that soil very faintly, and which are more or less cohering. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in small quantity, and usually accompanied with common malachite and copper-green. In Silesia, found incrusting bituminous marl- slate; in "Thuringia, coating varieties of the old red sandstone $ and in Siberia, disseminated in sandstone. Genus V. EMERALD MALACHITE. Smaragd-Malachite, Mohs. Rhomboidal. Hardness = 5.0. Sp. gr. = 9.9, — 8.4. 1. Rhomboidal Emerald Malachite. Rhomboedrischer Smaragd-Malachit, Mohs. — Kuferschmaragd, Werner. —Cuivre Dioptase, Haiiy. — Rhomboidal Emerald Copper, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid — 123° 58’. Cleavage, rhomboidal. Streak green, External Characters.—Colour emerald green, which some- times inclines to pistachio and blackish green. Occurs only crystallized. ‘The only secondary form at present known, is the equi-angular six-sided prism, rather acutely acuminated on both extremities by three planes set on the alternate late- ral edges. Lateral planes smooth. Internall y shining, and lustre pearly, Fracture small conchoidal. Translucent, passing to semi-transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—It becomes of a chesnut-brown — V - IL-—onp.1v. MALACHITE. _ 101 colour before the blowpipe, and tinges the flame green, but is infusible; with borax it gives a bead or globule of copper. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Copper, - - 28.57 Carbonate of Lime, - 42.85 SUR der rer ce, cec MBA — 99.99 Vauquelin. "eier $ and Geographic Situations.—Found, accord- ing to Herman, in the land of the Kirguise, 125 leagues from the Russian frontier, where it is associated with fibrous and compact malachite, Suena; and limestone. Genus VI. GREEN MALACHITE.. Habronem-Malachit, Mohs. Prismatic. Colour or streak, bright green. Hardness = =3.5, —5. Sp. gr. = 3.5,—4.3. 1. Prismatic Green Malachite. ` Prismaticher Habronem Malachit, Mohs.—Phospher Kupfererz, Werner. Cuivre phosphaté, Hatiy.—Prismatic Olivenite or Phosphat of Copper, Jameson, 3d edit, Specific Character —Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + oo =110° (nearly). Streak emerald-green. Hard- ness— 5.0. Sp. gr. = 4.0,—4.3. External Characters.—Principal colour emerald-green, which passes into blackish-green ; externally, sometimes Sreenish-black. Occurs massive, in imperfect reniform mas- ses, with a very drusy surface, and in coarse fibrous distinct concretions, which are straight and scopiform. Crystals small and Y small, KE eiue and in druses. Exter- hally shining ; internally passes from shining, through glis- tening, to TOWER and lustre resinous, inclining to pear- ly. Fracture splintery. Fragments wedge-shaped splintery, or indeterminate angular, and rather blunt-edged. Opaque. Brittle and easily frangible. : Chemical Characters.—On the first impression of the heat it fuses into a brownish globule, which, by the further action of the blowpipe, extends on the surface of the charcoal, and acquires a reddish-grey metallic colour, 102 ll.—oRnRb. iv, MALACHITE, ; Constituent Parts:—Oxide of Copper; ` - RE 68.13 ` Phosphoric Acid, D 30.95 : Iz: | 99.08. ` Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations "he principal lo- cality of this rare "mineral is V irneberg, near Rheinbreiten- bach; on the Rhine, where it occurs along with quartz, calce- dony, red copper-ore, and common malachite, in grey wacke. Also occurs in Cornwall in Gunnis Lake miné on the banks of the’ Tamar, ^ ^^ ) 2. Diprismatie Green Malachite, or Common Malachite. Diprismatischer Habronem-Malachit, Mohs.—Malachit, Werner.— Cuivre carbonaté vert, Haiiy.—Common or Acicular Malachite, Jameson, 3d. Edit. Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage Pr. P+ œ — 108^ (nearly). Streak grass or ap- ple-green. Hardness — 3.5,...4.0. Sp. gr. = 3.5, . . AN. ‘This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Fibrous and Compact. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Common Malachite. Fasricher Malachit, Werner. External Characters.—Most common colour perfect eme- rald-green, sometimes inclining to grass-green, and sometimes to dark leek-green. Seldom massive, sometimes disseminat- ed, tuberose, stalactitic, reniform, botryoidal, fruticose, most frequently as a coating, also in fibrous distinct concretions, which are delicate and scopiform or stellular, and collected into others which are large, coarse, and sometimes longish granular, or wedge-shaped. Frequently crystallized; and the following are the figures which have been observed: 1. Rather oblique four-sided prism, bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on the obtuse lateral edges. . 9. The preceding figure truncated on the obtuse lateral edges, which thus forms a six-sided prism, in which the bevelling planes are set on two opposite lateral planes. Crystals generally short, capillary, and acicular. When IL.—on». 1v. MALACHITE. . 108 ‘very short, they form velvety drusy pellicles ; and when long- “er, they are scopiformly aggregated. Internally intermediate between glistening and glimmering, -and the lustre pearly or silky. Fragments wedge-shaped and splintery. Crystals translucent, but the massive varieties only translucent on the edges, or opaque. Brittle, inclining to sectile, and easily frangible. | Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it decrepitates and becomes black, and is partly infusible, partly reduced to a black slag. Constituent Parts.— Copper, ; SC ab Carbonic Acid, - - =. ieee Oxygen, - ^ E 14.00 | WE c. ol UAR IUS : 100.00 An. Mus. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs principally in veins that traverse primitive, transition, and secondary rocks. Geographic Situation.—Occurs at Sandlodge in Mainland, one of the Shetland Islands, in veins that traverse red sand- stone, in which itis associated with grey copper, copper-py- rites, and brown iron-ore; at Landidno in Caernarvonshire; and in various mines in other parts of the world. SECOND SUBSPECIES. $ Compact. Common Malachite. i Dichter Malachit, Werner. ; e External Characters.—Colour intermediate between emerald- green and verdigris-green; but in general inclining more to the first. Colours often disposed in concentric delineations, and va- ` ried with dark-coloured dendritic markings. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in membranes; most frequently reniform and botryoidal ; frequently tuberose, stalactitic, fruticose, cellular, and amorphous ; also in distinct concretions, which are some- times extremely delicate and scopiform fibrous ; more fre- quently thin lamellar, or large, coarse, and small angulo-gra- nular ; and sometimes crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms. External surface of the particular shapes generally rough and drusy, seldomer smooth, and then it 1s shining and s idi: dd zeg aite — Ze an — — EM e 7 ovalis | i . | | A ! 104 [L.—“orD. 1v: MALACHITE. glistening. Surface of the distinct concrétions apparently covered with a greenish-white film., Internally it passes from glistening through glimmering to dull, but most commonly glimmering; and the lustre silky. Fracture small and fine grained uneven, which sometimes passes into small and flat conchoidal, and even.. Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged: Opaque. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters and Constituent Parts nearly the same as in the preceding subspecies. Geognostic Situation—Occurs in veins, which traverse primitive, transition, and secondary rocks. Geographic Situation—Europe.—In the copper-mines of Huel-Carpenter and Huel-Husband, in Cornwall; in the copper-mines of Aardal in Norway; and in many other mines on the Continent of Europe. Asia.—In the mines of Kolwyan, Gamasherk, Turja, Se, in Siberia, where the most beautiful and largest speciinens of this mineral are met with, along with tile-ore, red copper-ore, brown iron-ore, copper-glance or vitreous copper, blue cop- per, copper-green, white lead-spar, brown-spar, ironshot quartz, hornstone, &c. It is also met with in different parts of China. e Uses.—It was formerly esteemed as a precious stone, and was cut into ornamental forms of various descriptions. Even at present it is highly prizéd, and is cut into consoles, candle- sticks, snuff-boxes, and other similar articles. Where it oc- curs in quantity, it is smelted ds an ore of copper, atid is sometimes used as a green pigment, l * ATACAMITE Streak leck.,..grass green. Soft. Sp. gr. — 4.4, 1. Prismatie Atacamite. Salz Kupférerz, Hoffman.—Cuivre Muriaté, Haiiy Specific Character. —P rismatic. Cleavage, very perfectly prismatoidal. c This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Compact and Arenaceous. 4 i p i | | IL--onp. Iv. MALACHITE. ` 105 FIRST .SUBSPECIES. Compact Atacamite. Festes Salzkupfererz, Werner. _ External Characters.— Colour leek-green, inclining to blaek- ish pistachio-green. Occurs massive, disseminated, imperfect reniform, in prismaticor radiated distinct concretions, which are Short, small, and scopiform, also in granular concretions; in crusts or investing; and in short needle-shaped crystals, of the following forms: 1. Oblique four-sided prism, bevelled on the extremities; the bevelling planes set on the acute lateral edges. 2. The preceding figure, in which the acuter lateral edges are deeply truncated, thus forming a six-sided prism. Internally,shining and glistening, and pearly. "Trans lucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Tinges the flame of the blowpipe ` of a bright green and blue, muriatic acid rises in vapours, anda bead of copper remains on the charcoal. Soluble in nitric acid without effervescence. Constituent Parts.—Üxiae of Copper, DS T Water, - DR - 16.9 Muriatic Acid E E 10.1 NL / 3 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographie Situation.—Occurs in veins in Chili; also at Virneberg near Rheinbreitenbach on the Rhine, and at Schwartzenberg in Saxony. In the fissures of | the lavas of Vesuvius, particularly those of the Js 1804 ‘and 1805. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Arenaceous Atacamite, or Copper-Sand. Kupfersand, Werner. External Characters.—Colour grass-green, inclining to emerald green. Occurs in scaly particles, which are shining, glistening and pearly. Does not soil. ‘Translucent. ` Constituent P arts.—Oxide of Copper, - - 10.5 \ , Water, : - E (GH EA Muriatic Acid, ^ - 1 11.4 — 100.0 Proust. ais T UM. tuere geom s ae S —À € we iE aia e rem E E ENER : =~ m — —— w€—: A i - egent? = — eegenen "mee E s n 106 II.—oRD. 1v. MALACHITE. e—— ` ee? Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is found in the sand of the river Lipes, 200 leagues beyond Copiapu, in the desert of Atacama, which separates Chili from Peru. SR —— M ÀÀ——À mg An oS - Cte ~ Onpzn V. MICA. If metallic lustre, the specific gravity is under 2.2. If no metallic lustre, the specific gravity is above 2.2. If the streak is yellow, it is pyramidal. Single, perfect cleavage. Hardness — 1.0,—4.5. If above 9,5, it is rhomboidal. Sp. gr.— 1.8,——5.6. If under 2.5, it is metallic. | If. above 4.4, the streak is white or grey. Genus I. Corrkn-Mica. Streak green. Hardness = 2.0. Sp. gr. = 2.5,— 1. Hemiprismatie Copper-Mica. Hemiprismatischer Euchlor-glimmer, Mohs.—Kupferglimmer, Werner.—Cuivre Arseniaté, Haiiy.—Prismátic Copper-Mi- ca,—Jameson, 3d Edit. Specific Character.—Hemiprismatic. Pyramid unknown P : Cleavage, Pr + o. Streak emerald,...apple-green. External Characters.—Colour emerald-green, sometimes inclining into verdigris-green. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in granular distinct concretions ; seldom crystallized in very thin six-sided tables, in which the terminal planes incline alternately. in contrary directions.. Externally smooth and splendent ; internally splendent, and lustre pearly. Fracture small-grained, uneven, inclining to conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular and tabular. Massive varieties trans- lucent ; crystallized transparent. Sectile. Rather brittle. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates before the blowpipe ; ; and passes, first, to the state of a. black spongy scoria, after which it melts into a black globule, of a slightly vitreous ap- pearance. gé TA —ORD. Y. MICA. 107 ‘Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Copper, SU eat, 4 [ . Arsenic Acid, USUS gl . Water, es - -© 21 100. Chenevix. Geognostic id Geographic Situations.—KHas been hither- to found only in veins in the copper-mines of Cornwall. * Genus II. Dean Mia, or URANITE. me green,...yellow. Hardness = 2.0,—2. 2.5. Sp. gr. = 3.0,—3.2. 1. Pyramidal Uran-Mica. _ Pyramidaler Euchlor-glimmer, Mohs.—Uranglimmer, Wer ner.— Uran Oxydé, Haüy. . Specific Character. .— P yramidal. ` Pied =95° 13’; 1449 56. Cleavage, P— œ. External Characters.—Chief colours green and yellow. Seldom massive, sometimes in flakes; the massive varieties are disposed in angulo-granular concretions. Frequently crystallized. ‘The secondary forms are the following : 1. Rectangular four-sided table, or short prism. Some- times elongated. 2. The four-sided table bevelled on the terminal planes, and the bevelling planes set on the lateral planes. 3. The. terminal edges of the table truncated, thus forming an eight-sided table. 4. The terminal planes of the four-sided. table bevelled ; and sometimes the edges of the be- velment truncated. 5. When the bevelling planes of N° A increase very much in size, there is formed a very acute double four-sided pyramid, in which the apices are more or less deeply truncated. 6. Sometimes the figure Ne 4. is acu- minated on both extremities with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes, and the — of the acuminations deeply truncated. . ` "Terminal planes of the table a but the lateral planes smooth. | Exter nally usually shining, and some, times splendent. Internally shining, approaching to glisten- ing; lustre pearly, Transparent and translucent. Sectile. Not flexible. Easily frangible. i ] HS Ha 1E i j} f d LA ian d d 4 i f t I he | LEE Ba $ 1 j y ! ` | | A Set Kl H T UB : IE q a MU Que ins e hy -a e Gre — m iie: e beten lilius aed ee 108 II.—-onRp. v. MICA. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates violently before thc blowpipe on charcoal; loses about 33 per cent. by ignition, and acquires a brass-yellow colour. : Cornwall. Constituent P. arts.——Qxide of Uranium, with a trace of Oxide of Lead, — . 74.4. i Oxide of Copper; H 8.2 Water, ^ - 15.4 Loss, - Es 2.0 100 Gregor. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Occurs in veins, in primitive rocks. In Cornwall in tinstone and copper veins that traverse granite and clay-slate. | Werner describes a soft mineral, found along with Uranite, under the name Uran-Ochre. It does not appear to form a di- stinct species, nor can it be considered as a subspecies of Ura- nite. It is here placed immediately after Uranite. * Uran-Ochre, l Uran-Ocker, Werner. There are two kinds of this mineral, viz. Friable and In. durated. a. Friable Uran-Ochre. Zerreibliche Uranocker, Werner. - External Characters.--Colour lemon-yellow, which passes into straw-yellow and sulphur-yellow, and also into oranges yellow. Occurs usually as a coating or efflorescence on pitch- ore, and sometimes small reniform. Is friable, and composed of dull, dusty, and weakly cohering particles. Feels meagre. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs always on pitch-ore. b. Indurated Uran-Ochre, Feste Uranocker, JVerner. External Characters.—Colours straw-yellow, lemon-yel- low, and orange-yellow ; and this latter passes into aurora réd and hyacinth-red, and reddish and yellowish brown. Occurs massive, disseminated, and superimposed; and sometimes there is a tendency to fibrous concretions. Internally glimmer- II.—ozp». v. MICA. 109 ing, glistening, and resinous. Fracture imperfect conchoidal. Opaque. Soft and very soft. Rather sectile. Specific gris vity, 3.1500, La Metherie,—9.2498, Hai. Chemical Characters.— According to Klaproth, the yellow . varieties are pure oxide of Uranium, but the brownish and reddish contain also a little iron. Geognostic and Geog’ raphic Situations.—Is found at Joa- chimsthal, and Gottesgab i in Bohemia, and at J ohanngeor* genstadt in Saxony. Genus III. Cozaur-Mica, or Rep Cobar: Kobalt Glimmer, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness — 2.5. Sp. gr. = 4.0,. A 3. y 'g Prismatic Red Cobalt. Prismatischer Kobalt Glimmer, Mohs.—Rother Erd Kobalt, Wernet.—Cobalt Arseniaté, Haüy. Hemiprismatic. Pyramid poknown. Cleavage, P | 2" Pr4- o. Streak red,...green. -'This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. Radia- ted, Earthy and Slaggy. FIRST SUBSPÉCIES, " Radiated Cobalt-Mica, or Cobalt-Bloom. Kobold-bluthe, Werner, External Characters.—Principal colour red ; rarely green- _ish-grey, and olive-green. Occurs massive, disseminated, of- ten in membranes, small reniform, small botryoidal; also in stellular and scopiform radiated or fibrous concretions, which are sometimes collected into granular concretions; also crys- tallised in rectangular four-sided prisms. Crystals generally acicular or pills and scopiformly or stellularly aggregated. Externally shining, passing into splendent. Ticnialy. shin- ing and glistening, and lustre pearly. Fragments splintery and wedge-shaped. More or less translucent; sometimes translucent on the edges. Rather sectile. Easily frangible: P 110 L1.—orb. v. MICA. Chemical Characters.—Before the. blowpipe. it becomes grey, emits an arsenical odour, and tinges borax-glass-blue. Constituent Parts.— Cobalt, svat ad f ; Arsenic Acid, - S Water, , 100. Bucholz. Geognostic Situation—Occurs in. veins in primitive, tran- sition, and. secondary rocks, along with various metalliferous compounds. Geographic Situation—Occurs in veins in secondary rocks at Alva, in Stirlingshire ; in limestone of the coal formation in Linlithgowshire ; formerly im small veins in sandstone of the coal formation, along with galena and blende, at.Brough- ton, in Edinburgh ; in the Clifton lead-mines near Tyndrum ; and at Dolcoath in Cornwall. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Earthy Cobalt Mica, or Cobalt-Crust. Kobold-beschlag, Werner. External Characters.—Colour red. Seldom occurs mas- sive, or disseminated, generally m velvety crusts, and. also small reniform and botryoidal. Generally friable, and com- posed of scaly and dusty particles, which are feebly glimmer- ing or dull. 'The massive varieties have a fine earthy frac- ture. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. Very easily frangible. Very soft or friable. Sectile. Streak shining. Does not soil. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Slaggy Cobalt Mica. Schlackige Kobalt-bluthe, Hausmann. External Characters.—Colours muddy crimson-red, and ` dark hyacinth-red, which passes into chesnut-brown. Occurs in thin crusts, and sometimes reniform. Externally smooth. Lustre shining and resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Trans- lucent. Soft and brittle. 2 Lei I].—orp. v. MICA: 111 Geognostic and. Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins along with other cobaltic minerals, in the mine of Sophia, at | Wittichen in Furstemberg. Cobalt-Ochre. The Black, Brown, and Yellow Cobalt-Ochres, sicidibum similar minerals, ought to be arranged together, and form a particular order by themselves. In the mean time, we place them beside the Cobalt-Mica, on account of their being often associated in nature with that mineral. | 1. Black Cobalt-Ochre. | Schwarz Erdkobold, Werner. ` It is distinguished into Earthy and Indurated. a, Earthy Black Cobalt-Ochre. - Schwarzer Kobold Mulm, Werner.—Cobalt Oxide Noire Ter- . ! reux, Hay. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between brown- ish-red and blackish-brown. Friable, and composed of dull Coarse particles, which soil very little. Streak’ shining. Meagre to the feel. Light. | Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it yields a — White arsenical vapour; and colours borax blue. b. Indurated Black Cobalt-Ochre. | Fester Schwarz Erdkobold, JVerner. External Characters.—Colour distinct bluish-black. Oc- | Curs massive, disseminated, in crusts, small botryoidal, small ` Teniform, fruticose, moss-like, stalactitic, corroded, specular, and with pyramidal impressions; and sometimes in thin and Curved lamellar concretions. Surface feebly glimmering. Fracture fine earthy, sometimes passing into conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. Opaque. Streak shining and resinous. Very soft, approaching to soft. Soils feebly. Sectile. Very easily frangible. Speci. fie gravity, 9.019 to 9.495. Gellert.—9.900, Breithaupt. a ins ON te cans tema 112 II.—oxp. v. MICA. Chemical Characters.— Before the blowpipe it yields on ar- senical odour, and colours glass of borax smalt-blue. . Constituent Parts.—Is considered as Black Oxide of Co- balt, with Arsenic and Oxide of Iron. Geognostic Sttuation.—Both sorts usually occur together, andi in the same kind of repository ; i but the first is the rarest. They are found sometimes in primitive mountains, but most frequently in seeondar "y mountains. Geographic Situation.—Is found at Alderly Edge, Che shire, in red-sandstone; in slate-clay in the peninsula of Howth near Dublin; at Riegelsdorf in Hessia, and in many other countries on the Continent. Uses.—Is fused in the making of smalt, and affords a good blue colour, but not so fine as that obtained from grey cobalt. Of the two kinds of black cobalt-ochre, the compact is that which affords the most esteemed blue colour. 2. Brown Cobalt-Ochre. Brauner Erdkobold, Werner. External Characters. — Principal colours brown, grey, and brownish-black. Occurs massive, disseminated, and sometimes very much cracked. Internally dull Fracture fine earthy, approaching to conchoidal in the large. Frag- ments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. arit Streak shining and resinous. Very soft. Sectile. Ver y ea- sily exo Light. Chemical Character.—Before the blow pipe it emits an ar- senical odour, and communicates a blue colour to borax. Constituent Parts.—Is considered to be a compound of Brown Ochre of Cobalt, Arsenic, and Oxide of Iron. Geognostic Situation. —Appears to occur principally in se- condary mountains, and is generally accompanied with the other ochres of cobalt, ochry-br own ae and lamellar ^ heavy-spar. Geographic Situation.— Ys found at sher and Saal- field in Saxony ; Alpirsbach i in W urtemberg ; and in the val- ley of Gistain in Spain. Use.—Is used for making smalt, but is not so valuable as the black cobalt. II.—on». v. MICA. Ew | Observations.—It is distinguished from Umber, Bole, and other minerals of the same description, by its streak and:soft- ness. . 3. Vallee Cobalt-Ochre. Gelber Erdkobold, Werner.—Cobald Arseniaté ees Ar. gentifére, Haüy. — External Characters.—Colour yellow, which in some varie- ties is grey and white. Occurs massive, disseminated, corro- ded, and incrusting. Frequently appears rent in different directions. Internally dull: Fracture fine earthy in the small, conchoidal in the large. Fragments indeterminate an- gular, and blunt-edged. Streak shining. Is soft, passing into friable. Sectile. Very easily frangible. Specific gravity 2.677, Kirwan, after having absorbed water. Chemical Characters.—Ewits an arsenical odour before the blowpipe, and colours borax blue. Appears to be the purest of the cobalt ochres. Generally contains a portion of silver. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in the same geognostic situ- ation as the preceding, and is almost always associated with earthy red cobalt, and sometimes with radiated red cobalt, nickel-ochre, iron-shot copper-green, and azure copper. Geographic Situation.—Occurs at Saalfeld in Thuringia ; Kupferberg in Silesia; Wittichen in Furstenberg; and AL pirsbach in Wurtemberg, in Swabia: and Allemont in . France. Use.—Affords a better smalt than the — and, . Owing to the silver it contains, in the countries where it occurs is also valued as an ore of silver. Gzxvs IV. Antrmony-Mica, or WHITE ANTIMONY. x Spiessglass-glimmer, Mohs. Prismatic. . Hardness = 1.5,—2.0. Sp. gr. = 5.0,—5.6. 1. Prismatic White Antimony. ` Prismatischer Spiessglass-glimmer, Mohs. —Weiss-spiessglaserz, Werner.—Antimoine Oxidé, Han, Specific Character. —Prismatic. Cleavage prismatoidal. Streak white or grey. H 8 CE EA FE T eT TN Sp pen , FU gn — SU — open m dtt tte a e - - —- 114 | ]Il.—oRDn. v. MICA. External Characters.—Colours. white and. grey. Sel- dom massive, more frequently disseminated, and im mem- branes; also in distinct concretions, which are coarse and small granular, and scopiform and stellular radiated. Often crystallized. The following figures have been observed: 1. Rectangular four-sided prism, bevelled on the extremities ; 2. Oblique four-sided prism; 3. Rectangular four-sided table; 4. Six-sided prism; 5. Acicular and capillary crystals. The tables are small and very small, usually adhering by their lateral planes, and sometimes, although seldom, mani- pularly aggregated, and often intersecting each other, in such a manner as to form cellular groups. The crystals are some- times smooth, sometimes feebly longitudinally streaked, and splendent. Internally shining, and lustre intermediate be- tween pearly and adamantine. Fragments indeterminate an- gular, or wedge-shaped. ‘Translucent. Rather sectile. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it melts very easily, and is volatilized in the form of a white vapour. i Allemont, Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Antimony, — n: Oxides of Antimony and Iron, 3 Bec w H 98 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive rocks. At Prizbram, in Bohemia, it occurs along with crystallized galena or lead-glance; and at Allemont, with native antimony, and grey and red antimony. Has also been found in Malaxa in Hungary. | * Antimony Ochre. Spiesglanzocker, Werner. External Characters.—Colours yellow, grey, and brown. Scarcely occurs massive, and disseminated, generally incrust- ing crystals of grey antimony. Dull. Fracture earthy, and sometimes inclines to radiated. Opaque. Soft, passing into very soft. Brittle, and easily frangible. ` Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it becomes, white, and evaporates without melting. With bo- — II.—on». v. MICA. 115 rax, it intumesces, and is partly reduced to the metallic SERE CU US an Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs. always in veins, and accompanied with grey antimony, and sometimes with red antimony. Is found at Huel Boys, in Endellion, in Cornwall. ` Genus V. Bruz Iron, or Inon-Mica. Eisen Glimmer, Mohs. : Prismatic. Streak white, grey,...blue. Hardness = 2.0. Sp. gr = 2.6,—2.7. ; 1. Prismatic Blue Iron. Prismatisches Eisen Glimmer, Mohs. Specific Character.—Hemi-prismatic. Pyramid unknown, P o o, Cleavage, Pr+ o. This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. Foliated, Fibrous, and Earthy. = FIRST SUBSPECIES. 4 2. Foliated Blue Iron. Blattriches Eisenblau, Hausmann.—Vivianit, Werner. ^ $ mme "External Characters.—Colours blue and green. Crystal- lized. The following are its secondary forms: 1. Broad rectangular four-sided prism, in which the lateral edges are truncated, (the truncating planes are set obliquely on the smaller lateral planes, and are the original planes of ` the oblique four-sided prism,) flatly bevelled on the extremi- tes; the bevelling planes set obliquely on the broader lateral planes, 9. Eight-sided prism, acuminated with four planes. € crystals are sometimes acicular, and deeply longitudinal- ly ; streaked. Externally shining or splendent. Internally shining, passing into splendent, and pearly inclining to ada- mantine, Fragments long tabular, or splintery. ‘Translu- cent on the edges, or strongly translucent. Colour paler blue in the streak. Sectile, and easily frangile. Flexible in thin pieces. i : i | na 116 II.—on». v. MICA. ee, From the Isle of France. Constituent Parts.——Oxide of Iron, E 41.25 Phosphoric Acid, ~ 19.25 ' Water, - 31.25 Tronshot Silica, 1.25 Alumina, : 5.00 Fourcroy ud Laugier. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in Wheal- kind Mine, in St Agnes’s, in Cornwall; along with iron-py- rites, and magnetic-pyrites, in gneiss, in the Silberberg, at Bodenmais, in Bavaria; and in the department of Allier, in France, | SECOND SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Blue Iron. Fasriges Eisenblau, Hausmann. External Characters.—Colour indigo-blue. Occurs mas- sive, sometimes intimately connected with hornblende, and in roundish blunt angular pieces; also in delicate fibrous concretions, which are scopiform or promiscuous. Internally glimmering and silky. Opaque. Soft. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in transi- tion syenite at Stavern in Norway, and also in West Green- land. l THIRD SUBSPECIES. Earthy Blue Iron. Blau Eisenerde, Werner.—Erdiches Eisenblau, Hausmann. External Characters.—In its original repository it is said to be white, but afterwards becomes indigo-blue, of different degrees of intensity, which sometimes passes into smalt-blue. Usually friable, sometimes loose, and sometimes cohering. Occurs massive, disseminated, and thinly coating. Particles ` dull and dusty. Soils slightly. Feels fine and meagre. Chemical Characters.—Communicates to glass of borax a brown colour, which at length becomes dark yellow. Dissolves rapidly in acids. Il.—oxp. v. MICA. 117 From Eckartsberg. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Iron, d 47.50 Phosphoric Acid, ` - . 82.00 Water, - > - . 20.00 ` 99.50 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in nests and beds in clay- beds, also disseminated in bog iron-ore, or incrusting turf and peat. ; — Geognostic Situation.—On the surface of peat-mosses in several of the Shetland Islands; in river mud at Toxteth, near Liverpool; and in many other countries. | Uses.—lIs sometimes used as a pigment. Is principally employed in water-colours, because, when mixed with oil, the colour is said to change into black. | Genus VI. GRAPHITE *. _ Graphite Glimmer, Mohs. Rhomboidal. Hardness = 1.0,—2.0. Sp. gr. = 1.8,—2.1. | 1. Rhomboidal Graphite. Rhomboedrischer Graphit-Glimmer, Mohs.—Graphit, Werner. —Graphit, Haüy. 2 Specific Character.—Dirhomboidal. Rhomboid unknown. Cleavage, R—-œ. Metallic lustre. Streak black. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Scaly, and Compact. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Scaly Graphite. Schuppiger Graphit, Werner. External Characters.—Colour dark steel-grey, which ap- proaches to light iron-black. Occurs massive, disseminated ; in coarse, small, and fine granular concretions ; and crystal- lized. Only secondary form hitherto met with, is the equi- angular six-sided table. Internally shining, passing into splen- dent, and lustre metallic. Fracture scaly foliated. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. Streak shining, pieiet * Graphite, from yeapa, I write, on account of its writing quality. e P Ws ` II.—onpn. v. MICA. even splendent, and lustre metallic. Perfectly sectile. Rather difficultly frangible. Writes and soils. Feels very greasy. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Compact Graphite. Dichter Graphit, Werner. External Characters.—Colour nearly the same with the preceding, only rather blacker. Occurs massive and dissemi- nated, also in columnar concretions. Internally glimmering, sometimes glistening, and lustre metallic. ‘Fracture small and fine-grained uneven, which passes into even, and also in- to large and flat conchoidal; in the large the fracture some- times slaty longitudinal. Fragments indeterminate angular and blunt-edged, and sometimes also tabular. In other cha- racters it agrees with the preceding subspecies. Chemical Characters.—W hen heated in a furnace it burns without flame or smoke, and during combustion emits car- bonic acid, and leaves a residuum of red oxide of iron. Constituent Parts.— Carbon, eiii - 90.0 Tron, e 9.1 100.0 Berthollet. Geognostie Situation.—Occurs usually in beds, sometimes disseminated, and in imbedded masses, in granite, gneiss, mi- ca-slate. clay-slate, foliated granular limestone, coal and trap formations. Geog oraphic Situation.—Occurs in imbedded masses, and Set in gneiss in Glen Strath Farrar, in Inverness- shire; in the coal-formation, near Cumnock in Ayrshire, where it is imbedded in greenstone, and in columnar glance- coal. At Borrodale in Cumberland, it occurs in a bed or beds of very varying thickness, included in a bed of trap, De is subordinate to clay-slate. ..Uses.—The finer kinds are first boiled in oil, and then cut into tables or pencils: the coarser parts, and the refuse of the sawings, are melted with sulphur, and then cast into coarse pencils for carpenters; they are easily distinguished by their sulphureous smell. It is also used for brightening and pre- serving grates and ovens from rust; and on account of its Ki af. ]I.—o0np. v. MICA. 119 greasy quality, for diminishing the friction in machines, Cru- cibles are made with it, which resist great degrees of heat, and have more tenacity and eg than those manu- factured with the: usual egy à mixtures. KZ o ene VI. pare Mica. Talc-Glimmer, Mohs. Rhomboidal. Prismatic. Streak white, grey,...... green. Hardness = 1.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. = 2.1,—9.0. 1. Prismatic Tale-Mica. Prismatischer Tale-Glimmer, Mohs. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Py yramid unknown. P + oo = 120° (nearly). Cleavage, P— œ. Flexible. Hardness —10,—L5. Sp- gr- LR—9.8. “This ect is divided into the- following subspecies, viz 1. Chlorite ; 2, Talc; 3. Potstone; * Nacrite: ** Steatite ; En Pipro FIRST SUBSPECIES. Chlorite. A- w f"j Chlorit, Werner. ON d This subspecies is divided into five kinds, viz. Foliated, Slaty, Common, Earthy, and Compact. First Kind. Foliated Chlorite. Blittriger Chlorit, Werner. External Characters. .— Colour dark blackish-green, which in some rare varieties is dark olive-green. Occurs massive, disse- minated, in granular concretions, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, and in irregular six-sided tables. These tables are aggregated together, in such a manner as to form the two following figures: A. Cylinder terminated by two ` cones. B. Two truncated cones, joined base to base. | Crystals generally longitudinally streaked, and are small or middle.sized. Externallv glistening, approaching to shining, and resinous. Internally shining, and pearly. Fragments inde- terminate angular, and tabular. Opaque; translucent on the rege ima a m Ege Lee saatas — Wimmer. QM — ege? "A = P Aie M a ert T 190 IL—on». v. Mica. edges. Sectile. Rather difficultly frangible. Feels rather greasy. Colour lighter in the streak. | Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Occurs in the island of Jura, one of the Hebrides, in quartz rock. Second Kind. Slaty Chlorite, or Chlorite-Slate. Chlorit-Schiefer, Werner.—Schiefriger Chlorit, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between dark /j,;/mountamn and leek green; sometimes passes into blackish- - green and greenish-black. Occurs massive, and in whole beds. Lustre glistening, sometimes inclining to shining, and inter- mediate between pearly and resinous. Fracture more or less perfect slaty, seldom straight, generally waved slaty, and sometimes scaly foliated. Fragments tabular. Opaque. Af- fords a pale mountain-green streak. Sectile; rather easily frangible. Does not adhere to the tongue. Feels slightly greasy. Geognostic Situation.—Occürs principally in beds, subor- dinate to clay-slate, and occasionally associated with pot- stone and talc-slate. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in beds, in the clay-slate distriets of the Grampians, and other parts of Scotland. Third Kind. Common Chlorite. Gemeiner Chlorit, Werner. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between dark blackish-green and leek-green. Occurs massive and dissemi- nated. Lustre glimmering, or glistening, and pearly, inclining to resinous. Fracture fine earthy ; fine scaly foliated. Frag- ments blunt-edged. Opaque. Becomes light mountain-green in the streak, with feeble lustre. Soft. Sectile. Does not adhere to the tongue. Feels somewhat greasy. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.-Occurs not only disseminated through rocks of different kinds, as granite and mica-slate, but also in beds and veins. Is met with in Arran, Bute, &c. I],—orp. v. Mica. . 121 Fourth Kind. Earthy Chlorite. Erdiger Chlorit, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour green. Occurs massive, |... disseminated, in crusts, and moss-like, inclosed in adularia and rock-crystal. Glimmering or glistening ; lustre pearly.” ^^ Consists of fine scaly particles, which are more or less coher- ing, and feel rather greasy. Does not soil. Streak moun- . er tain green. | Chemical Characters.—Melts before the blowpipe into a blackish slag. - Constituent Parts.—sitica, St tse - . 86.00 Alumina, - - D 18.50 Magnesia, EE Muriate of Soda, or Potash, 2.00 Oxide of Iron, - - 43.00 Loss, 2 - - - 2.50 99.00 Vauguelin. Geogrnostic and Geographic Situations.—-Occurs in veins along with common chlorite at Forneth Cottage in Perthshire. | Fifth Kind. Compaet Chlorite, or Green Earth. Grünerde, Werner., », -A External Characters.—Colour "green. “Occurs massive, seldomer disseminated, more frequently in globular and amyg- daloidal-shaped pieces, which are sometimes hollow, in crusts lining the vesicular cavities in amygdaloid, or on the surface of agate balls. Internally dull. Fracture earthy, sometimes smallgrained uneven. Opaque. Feebly glistening in the streak, but without any change of colour. Feels rather greasy. Adheres slightly to the tongue. | S | _ Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it is converted into a black vesicular slag. ` s A um E SS e re T T ess as ze dä. id V f T f j } 192 -TT.—-onp. v. MICA. From the Veronese. Constituent Parts.—Silica, —. - 53.0 Oxide of Iron, v > 28.0 Magnesia, - 2.0 Potash, 10.0 Water, 6.0 cere ` 99.0 Klaproth. Geognostic Sttuation.—Occurs principally in the amygda- loidal cavities of amygdaloid, and incrusting the agates found in that rock. It also occasionally colours sandstone, and is disseminated in porphyry. Geographic Situation.—It is a frequent mineral in the amygdaloid of Scotland ; occurs also in that of England and ` Ireland. Uses.—It is used as a pigment in water-painting, and is the mountain-green of painters. ‘SECOND SUBSPECIES. Tale. T alk, Werner. This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Common and Indurated. First Kind. Common Talc. Gemeiner Talk, Werner. External Characters.—Colours gree enish-white, green, and sometimes blue. Occurs massive, disseminated, in plates, re- niform, and botryoidal ; in distinct concretions, which are large, coarse and small granular ; also narrow or broad and stellular or promiscuous radiated, which are again colleeted into other concretions, having a wedge-shaped prismatic form. - Some- times crystallized in small six-sided tables, which are in druses. Splendent or shining, and lustre pearly- or semi-metallic. Fragments wedge-shaped, seldom splintery. Translucent ; in thin folia transparent. Flexible; not elastic. Sectile. Feels very greasy. : Chemical Characters.—Becomes white before the blowpipe, and at length, with difficulty, affords a small globule of ena- mel, z ef 5 REFS 1 Á d E d ! T II.—ox». v. MICA. “gs i» Constituent Parts—sitica, - - - 6175 Magnesia, - m 30.50 ; / Du Potash, ope A . ` Oxide of Iron, - 2.50 Water, - - - 0.25 3 Loss, E - - 2.25 A E tiges | £ Klaproth Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds in mica-slate and clay-slate, and in a similar situation in granular limestone and Hn dolomite; also in cotemporaneous veins, in beds of indurated E oa aH tale, serpentine, and porphyry ; and in the reniform external AMI shape, in tinstone veins. CMM Geographic Situation.—Is found in Aberdeenshire, Banff- j | shire, and Perthshire. : i à d E Uses.—Enters into the composition of the cosmetic named ` i , / Quo d ^ E We, Ki E 3 a ee f st, T £. ; j s ^ . Syr 22046 R T O | | Second. Kind. vrai cem EN E o Indurated Tale, or Talc-Slate. | - Verharteter Talk, Werner. ; Wi i External Characters.—Colours grey and green. Occurs i | massive, and rarely in fibrous distinct concretions. Lustre - p shining, passing to glistening and pearly. Fracture curved | slaty, passing into imperfect foliated. Fragments tabular. Strongly translucent on the edges, or only feebly translucent. Rather sectile. Rather easily frangible. Not flexible. Feels Li greasy. i . Geognostic Situation.-—Occurs in primitive mountains, where it forms beds in clay-slate and serpentine, and as- Sociated with amianthus, chlorite, rhombspar, garnet, actyno- lite, quartz, kyanite, and grenatite. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in Perthshire, Banffshire, and the Shetland islands. z Uses.—Is employed for drawing lines by carpenters, tai- b k . lors, hat-makers, and glaziers. The lines are not so easily 1 | effaced as those made by chalk, and besides remain unaltered d dh : under water. MET d H KA vi ais T È ei : } f. * s : Ge? e : E: F ; H | l YC. E SI Sd eg II.—onrb. v. MICA: THIRD SUBSPECIEs. Potstone, or Lapis Ollaris. ? #2 Topfstein, Werner. : External Characters.—Colour greenish-grey, of different degrees of intensity; darker varieties incline to leek-green, and blackish-green. Occurs massive, and in indistinct gra- nular concretions. Internally glistening, inclining to shin- ing, and pearly, inclining to resinous. Fracture curved, and imperfect foliated, which passes into slaty. Fragments inde- terminate angular, or slaty. Translucent on the edges. Af- fords a white coloured streak. Perfectly sectile. Feels greasy. Rather difficultly frangible. " Chemical Character. Se infusible * ue EE? n Geognostic S'ituation.—Occurs in thick beds, in primitive clay-slate. Geographic Situation. —Occurs abundantly on the shores of the Lake of Como in Lombardy, and at Chiavenna in the Valteline; also in different parts in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Uses.—When newly extracted from the quarry it is very soft and tenacious, so that it is frequently fashioned into va- rious kinds of culmary vessels, which harden in dr ying, and are very refractory 1n the fire. * Nacrite. Nacrite, Brongniart.—Erdiger Talk, Werner. External Characters.—Colours greenish-white, and green- ish-grey. Consists of scaly parts, which are more or e com- pacted; the most compact varieties have a thick or curved slaty fracture. Strongly glimmering, and pearly, inclining to resinous. Friable. Feels very greasy ; and soils. Chemical Characters.—Melts easily before the blowpype. Constituent Parts.-Alumina, ^. . . 8175 Magnesia, * = o 0.75 Lime, - - - 4.00 Potash, 0.50 Water, 13.50 100.00 John. det II.—on». v. MICA. 125 Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It is a very rare mineral. It occurs in veins with sparry iron, galena, iron- pyrites and quartz, in the mining district of Freyberg in Saxony; Gieren in Silesia; and Sylva in Piedmont. ** Steatite, or Soapstone. Speckstein, Werner. External Charazters.—Colours white, red, and yellow. Sometimes marked with spotted and dendritic greyish-black delineations. Occurs massive, disseminated, in crusts, reni- form; and also in the following. figures : 1. Equiangular six- - sided prism, acutely acummated on both extremities with six planes. 2. Acute double six-sided pyramid. 3. Rhomboid. The six-sided prism, and six-sided pyramid are said to be from rock-crystals, and the rhomboid from calcareous-spar. Both appear to be supposititious, and are generally imbedded in massive steatite. Fracture coarse splintery, passing into coarse and fine-grained uneven. Internally dull, seldom feebly glimmering. Fragments indeterminate angular, and blunt-edged. ‘Translucent on the edges. Becomes shining in the streak. Writes but feebly. Very sectile. Rather difficultly frangible. Does not adhere to the tongue. Feels very greasy. | Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it loses its co- lour, but is infusible without addition. | Steatite of Monte Ramuzo, Constituent Parts.—Silica, - - = 44.00 A Magnesia, = - H - 44.00 Alumina, det UE S. E 4 . Tron, ao ef. - : 7.30 Manganese, - - . 1.50 dae. ee M Trace of Lime and Muriatic Acid. 100.80 Vauquelin. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs. frequently in small cotem- poraneous veins, that traverse serpentine in all directions ; in angular and other shaped pieces in secondary trap rocks, and also in metalliferous veins that traverse primitive rocks. - i T 126 = II.—on». v. Mica. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the serpentine of Port- soy and Shetland; in the limestone of Icolmkill; and in the trap-rocks of Fifeshire, the Lothians, Arran, Skye, Canna, and other partsin Scotland. In England, in the serpentine of Cornwall, and at Almwich in Anglesey. yin Ge, Uses.—The steatite of Cornwall is used at Worcester, in the manufacture of porcelain. Like fullers earth and indu- rated talc, it readily absorbs oily and greasy matter, and hence it is used for extracting spots of grease from silk and woollen stuffs. It is also employed in polishing gypsum, serpentine, and marble. When pounded and slightly burnt, it forms the basis of certain cosmetics. It writes readily on glass, in which character it differs from common chalk, which leaves no trace; hence it is used by glaziers in marking plates of glass before they be cut with diamond. *** Figurestone, or Agalmatolite 1. Bildstein, Werner.—Agalmatolith, Klaproth. External Characters.—Colours. grey, green, white, red, and brown. Occurs massive. Internally dull or feebly glim- mering. Fracture large and flat conchoidal in the large, splintery in the small, and sometimes imperfect slaty. Frag- ments indeterminate angular, rather sharp-edged, or imper- fect tabular. Translucent, sometimes only on the edges. Becomes feebly resinous in the streak. Intermediate between sectile and brittle. Feels rather greasy. Chemical Characters.—Is infusible before the blowpipe. i ; : Chinese Figurestone. Constituent Parts.—Sitica, UM. Ee MED Alumina, - D 29.00 Lime, 2.00 Potash, 7.00 ` Tron, 1.00 Water, 5.00 99.00 Vauquelin. + Agalmatolite, from the Greek words e/zAua and dudes, which signi- fies figure-stone, because it is cut into figures of different kinds in the countries where it is principally found. GC 2 II.—oRD. V. MICA. 127 Geographic Situotion.—Occurs in China, and at Nagyag in Transylvania, but the geognostic situations are unknown. Uses.—This mineral, owing to its softness, can easily be fa- shioned into various shapes with the knife: hence, in China, where it frequently occurs, it is cut into human figures, also into pagodas, cups, snuff-boxes, &c. 9. Rhomboidal Tale-Mica. Rhomboedrischer Talk-glimmer, Mohs. ; ` Specific Character.—Di-rhomboidal. Rhomboid unknown. Cleavage, R— œ. Elastic. Hardness = 2.0,—9.5. .. Sp. gr. =2.8,—3.0. | | This species contains the following subspecies, 1. Common Mica, 2, Lepidolite. vais Ze SC m s A e FIRST. SUBSPECIES. Ge. and 4 fL (or. Bea of | Common Tale-Mica, * or Common Mica. Glimmer, Werner. External Characters.—Common colours grey, brown, black, and white, and rarely peach-blossom red. Occurs massive, disseminated ; also in distinct concretions, which are large, coarse, and small granular, and wedge-shaped prisma- tic. The following are its secondary crystallizations : 1. Equiangular six-sided prism. 2. Equiangular six-sided table. 3. Equiangular six-sided table, truncated on four of the terminal edges. 4, Equiangular six-sided table, bevelled -on the terminal planes, and the edges of the bevelment trun- cated. — , Internally generally splendent, seldom shining, generally pearly, sometimes semi-metallic. Fracture not discernible. Fragments tabular and splintery. 'Translucent or transpa- rent in thin plates, but ràrely in crystals of considerable thickness or length. Sectile. Affords a grey-coloured dull Streak. Feels fine and meagre. Smooth. Elastic-flexible. 5 Mica, from the Latin word mico, I shine, given it on account of its - lustre - ; n D 128 H.—onpn. v. MICA. — Chemical Characters.—Betore the blowpipe it melts into a greyish-white enamel. S : Black Mica from Siberia. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 42.50 Alumina, 11.50 Oxide of Iron, 22.00 Oxide of Manganese, 2.00 Potash, - 10.00 Magnesia, - 9.00 Loss by heating, 1.00 98.00 Klaproth. Geognostic Situalion.—Occurs as an essential constituent part of granite, gneiss, and mica-slate, and is occasionally in- termixed with other rocks, of the primitive, transition, secon- dary, volcanic, and alluvial classes. | Geographic Situation.—' he rocks in which mica occurs ` are so universally distributed, that it 1s not pem to enter into any detail of localities. ien odo rt) Uses.—In Siberia, where window-glass i 1s scarce, it is d for windows; also for a similar purpose in Peru, and, I be- lieve, also in New Spain, as it appears that the mineral na- ` med 7'eculi by Ulloa, and which is used for that purpose, is a variety of mica. It is also used in lanterns, in place of glass, as it resists the alternations of heat and cold better than that substance. In Russia, it isemployed in different kinds of inlaid work. It is sometimes intermixed with the glaze in particular kinds of earthen-ware; the heat which melts the glaze has no effect on the mica; hence it appears dispersed throughout the glaze, like plates or scales of silver or gold, and thus gives to the surface of the ware a very agreeable ap- pearance. Some sid use it in the making of artificial aven- turines. SECOND SOMSEROIES. 4 Lepidolite. / Lepidolith, Werner. External Characters.—Colours peach-blossom-red, inclining sometimes to rose-red, sometimes to lilac-blue ; passes into pearl-grey, yellowish-grey,and greenish-grey. Occurs massive, TJ.—onp. vi. SPAR. LX. and in small granular distinct concretions. Internally lustre glistening, passing into shining, and pearly. Fracture coarse splintery. Fragments indeterminate angular and blunt-edged. Feebly translucent. Soft. Rather sectile. Rather easily frangiblesi iw. Php anche. P. Chemical Characters.— Before the blowpipe intumesces, and melts very easily into a milk-white nearly translucent ` globule. Constituent Parts.—silica, ' - A 54.00 ; Alumina, - - 20.00 Potash, - - 18.00 Fluate of Lime, - 400 ` Manganese, - - 3.00 Iron, - on 1.00 fase D 100 Vauguelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs dissemi- nated, in foliated granular limestone, at Dalmally, and in - other quarters of the Highlands. Genus VIII. Peart-Mica. | Perl-Glimmer, Mohs. , Rhomboidal. Hardness = 3.5,—4.5. Sp. gr. = 3.0,—3.1. 1. Rhomboidal Pearl-Mica. Rhomboedrischer Perl-Glimmer, Mohs. Specific Character.—Dirhomboidal. Rhomboid unknown. Cleavage, R — œ. Streak white or grey. |. A H - Onpun VE. SPART v 76 * No perfect metallic lustre. Streak white or grey,...- and brown. ; If rhomboidal, the Sp. gr. — 2.2. and less, or the Hardness = 6.0. EEN _ Hardness —8.5,—7.0. If 4.0 and less, there is a single highly perfect cleavage. If above 6.0, the Sp. gr. 1s under 2.5, or above 9,8 ; and the lustre is pearly. Sp. gr. = 9.0,—9.7. If above 3.3, it is hemiprismatic, or I Z a m) dies ated S uro Sat te pese se NRE e pai e 190 ` II.—oRD. Vi. SPAR. the hardness = 6.0 ; and no.adamantine histre. If 2.4 and less, there are traces of form and cleavage. Genus l. SCHILLER-SPAR. Schiller-Spath, Mohs. Prismatic. . Single highly perfect faces of cleavage. Hard- ness = 9.5,—06.0, If= 6.0, the lustre is metallic-pearly. Sp. gr. = 2.6,—3.4. C thine Bb ee es 1. Diatomous * Schiller-Spar. Diatomer Schiller-Spath, Mohs.—Schiller-Stein, Werner.—Dial- lage Metalloide, Haiiy.—Schiller-spar, Jameson, 2d & 3d edit. Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage prismatoidal. Hardness = 3.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 2.6,—2.8. External Characters.—Colours green, grey, and brown. Seldom occurs massive, generally disseminated, and some- times in granular distinct concretions. Internally shining and splendent, and lustre pearly, or metallic-pearly. Frag- ments indeterminate angular or tabular. Faintly translucent on the edges, or opaque. Streak greenish-grey, and dull. Easily frangible, and slightly inclining to sectile. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs imbedded in Serpentine, in Fetlar, and Unst in Shetland, and at Port- soy in Banffshire; in the greenstone rocks of the island of Skye ; also in the greenstone rocks of Fifeshire; in the por- phyritic rock of the Caltonhill, and the trap-rocks of Craig Lockhart, near Edinburgh. 9. Axotomous Schiller-Spar +, or Green Diallage. Axentheilender Schiller-Spath, Mohs.— Kórniger Strahlstein, Werner.—Diallage Verte, Hauy.— Green Diallage, Jameson, 3d edit.—Diallage, Jameson, 2d edit. Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. * From os through, and T$42, I cut. Cleavage very distinct in one direc- tion. + From Sie, the axis, and T£4YU» T-cut. Cleavage perpendicular to thè ` axis: AA in IL—onmp.vr spar. " 131 Cleavage, P — o. Common pearly lustre. dedecus —5.5. Sp. gr. —9.0,—8.9. | ! External Characters.— Colour green. Occurs massive id disseminated. © Internally shining, glistening, and pearly. Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged. Translucent on the edges, sometimes passing into translucent. Brittle. Chemical Character.—Melts. before the blowpipe into a grey or greenish enamel. Constituent Parts.—silica, E 7 50.0 Alumina, - a qO Magnesia, - - -. €0 Lime, - H - 13.0 Oxide of Iron, Ga 5.3 Oxide of Copper, - 1.5 _ Oxide of Chrome, - - 8.5 943 Vasiguelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in the island of Corsica, along with Saussurite ; and with the same mineralin Mont Rosa in Switzerland, and at La Rivera, in the Valley of Susa in Piedmont. Uses.—The compound of green diallage and Saussurite ; named Gabbro by the Italians, Euphotide by the French, and by artists Verde di Corsica duro, when cut and polished has a beautiful appearance, and is much prized as an orna- mental stone. It is cut into snuff-boxes, ring-stones, for im- | Jaid-work and other similar ] purposes. 3. Hemiprismatie Schiller-Spar, or Bronzite. St Hemiprismatischer Schiller-Spath, Mohs.—Blattriger Anthophyl- lite, JVerner.—Diallage metalloide, Hatiy.—Bronzite, Jameson, 8d edit.—Schiller-Spar, Jameson, 3d edit. - Specific Character.— Hemiprismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, E Pr+o. Perfect P r +o. Lustre me- tallic-pearly. Hardness = 4.0,—5.0. Sp. gr. = 3.0,--3.3. External Characters.—Colours brown and grey. Occurs massive, and in coarse and small granular distinct concretions, I3 (e: Lew Ge Wien Ze e d v — Leste er aps Uit dos MER tae cof tommy dE 132 * II.—onR». vi. SPAR. Internally shining, and the lustre metallic pearly. The clea- vages are curved, and their surface streaked. Sometimes the cleavages appear fibrous. Fragments indeterminate angular and blunt-edged. ‘Translucent on the edges, sometimes ap- _ proaching to translucent. Affords a white streak. Difficultly frangible. Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the blowpipe. Constituent Parts.—silica, à i 60.00 Magnesia, 27.50 Tron, - 10.50 Water, > 0.50 98.50 Klaproth» Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in green- stone in the island of Skye; near to Drimnadrochit in Inver- ness-shire ; in large masses in a bed of serpentine near Krau- bat in Upper Stiria, &c. \ 4. Prismatoidal Schiller-Spar, or Hypersthene. Prismatoidischer Schiller-Spath, Mohs.—Paulit, Werner.—Hy- persthene, Haüy. — Hyperstene or Labrador Schiller-Spar, Jameson, 3d edit. à; Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, P +% = 100° (nearly. Pr+o. Perfect Pr +o. Lustre metallic-pearly. Hardness — 6.0. Sp. gr. = 9.9,—9.4. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between grey- ish and greenish black ; nearly copper-red on the cleavage, and brownish-black, or blackish-brown on the fracture sur- face. Occurs massive, disseminated, also in thin curved la- mellar concretions, which are collected into others which are coarse granular. On the cleavage, the lustre shining and glis-, (27 tening, and metallic-pearly, on the fracture glimmering and pearly. Fragments indeterminate angular, or rhomboidal. . Opaque, or feebly translucent on the edges. Greenish-grey in the streak. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Chemical Character.—Infusible before the blowpipe. I].—orp. VI. SPAR. i 133 Constituent Parts—silica, — . S - 5425 Magnesia, - =~ = 14.00 Alumina, - - - 2.25 ‘Lime, P. A 1.50 , Oxide of Iron, - = 24.50 Water, : Deg E ` Oxide of Manganese, a trace. . 97.50 Klaproth. Geopnostic and Geographic Situations —It was first dis- covered on the coast of Labrador, where it forms a constitu- ent part of a granitous rock. In this country it is met with in the Island of Skye in greenstone, and in a similar rock in Banffshire. —— ` Uses.—When cut and polished, it has a beautiful copper- red çolour, and metallic pearly-lustre, and is made into ring- Áo ; eR stones and brooches. eau «9 4 cR Gre Ice IC) 5. Prismatic Schiller-Spar, or Anthophyllite. Prismatischer Schiller-Spath, Mohs.—Strahliger Anthophyllit, Werner.—Anthopyllite, Hatiy—Anthopyllite, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character.—P rismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + oo —106 (nearly). Pr +o. Perfect Pr+o. Lustre almost metallic-pearly. Hardness = 5.0—5.5. Sp. gr. = 3.0, wow Sb ge g ‘External Characters.—Colour intermediate between dark yellowish-grey and clove-brown. Generally} occurs massive ; also in narrow or broad prismatic distinct concretions, which are scopiform or promiscuous, and in which the surface is streaked. Rarely crystallized, in reed-like, very oblique four-sided prisms. . Surface of the crystals longitudinally ` streaked. Lustre shining and glistening. Fragments wedge- shaped and splintery; and sometimes rhomboidal. Trans- . lucent on the edges, or translucent. | v e Chemical Characters.—It becomes dark greenish-black be- fore the blowpipe, but is infusible. 134 IJ.—onrpb. vi. SPAR. Constituent Parts.—silica, — - : - 56.00 Alumina, .. 13.30 Magnesia, : 14.00 Lime, = 3.33 Tron, z è . 6.00 Oxide of Manganese, 3.00 Water, > - 1.43 John Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds in mica-slate at Kongsberg in N orway, along with common hornblende, mica, and asbestous-tremolite ; at Modum co- balt mines, also in Norway, along with common hornblende, cobalt-glance, and copper-pyrites. mus Genus II. Kyanire *. Disthen Spath, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness = 5.0,—' 7.0. Sp. gr. = 9.5,—9.1. [o 1. Prismatic Kyanite. Disthen Spath, Mohs.—Kyanite and Rhitizit, Werner —Dis- cr AE thene, Haüy. Specific Character — 'Tetarto-prismatic. Pyramid un- known. Cleavage, two faces, the one more distinct than the other. Incidence = 102° 50’. External Characters.—Colours azure and sky blue, bluish- grey, white, celandine-green, and greenish-grey. Often marked with blue-coloured flame delineations. Occurs mas- sive and dissemimated ; also in distinct concretions, which are large and longish angulo-granular, and also wedge-shaped prismatic, which are straight or curved, and sometimes dis- posed in scopiform or stellular directions. It is sometimes regularly crystallized, and the following are some of its cry- stallizations. 1. Oblique four-sided prism, truncated on the two opposite acute lateral edges. 9, Preceding figure, in which all-the lateral edges are truncated. 3, ‘Twin-crystal : it may be considered as two flat four-sided prisms joined together by their broader lateral planes. —— * Kyanite, from the Greek word %¥%05, sky-blue, a frequent colour of this mineral. i Ihe VI. SPAR. 135 The narrow lateral planes are longitudinally streaked, and glistening: the broad are smooth, or delicately transversely E ‘streaked and splendent. Crystals are singly imbedded, or intersect one another. Lustre splendent and pearly. Frag- 3" ments splintery, or imperfectly rhomboidal. Massive varieties F; _ translucent. Crystals in general transparent. Rather brittle. 1 2 Easily frangible. . : a. Chemical Character.—Infusible before the blowpipe. a. Constituent Parts. —siica, i - - 43.00 E : S _ Alumina, e ` 55.50 Bo da ae eC BED. Nus 7 - 0.50 : Trace of Potash. Y : 99.00 Klaproth. Geognostic Sütuation.—It has been hitherto fonnd only in i primitive mountains, where it occurs in compact granite, mica- LE Ñ slate, and talc-slate, accompanied with several other minerals. SA "S Geographic Situation.—Occurs in. primitive rocks near T Banchory in Aberdeenshire, and Boharm, in Banffshire ; in | mica-slate near Sandlodge, in Mainland, the largest of the R - Shetland Islands. E oS Uses.—In India it is cut and polished, and sold as an in- ferior kind of sapphire. Genus III. SropntMENE *. i] E Prismatischer Triphan-Spath, Mohs. 3 — Prismatic. Hardness = 6.0,—7.0. Sp. gr. = 3.0,—3.1. 1. Prismatie Spodumene. e Spodumen, Werner.—Yriphane, Haiiy. - Specific Character—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleav- age, P+ œ = 100° (nearly). Somewhat more distinct ! E S T P r E ie 2) D > . 3 d = On exposure to the blowpipe, it first’ separates into golden-coloured scales, i| and then into a kind of powder or ash; hence the name Spodumene, from | > iB ae | l omodu, J chunge into ash, or erodos, ashes. 136 I1.—onrp. VI. SPAR. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between green- ish-white and mountain-grey, and sometimes passes into oil- green. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in large and coarse granular concretions. Cleavage shining. Fracture glisten- ing. Lustre pearly. Fracture fine-grained uneven. Trans- lucent. Uncommonly easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it first sepa- rates into small golden-yellow coloured folia; and if the heat is continued, they melt into a greenish-white coloured glass. Constituent Parts.—sgitica, = r 64.4 Alumina, ʻ - 24.4 Lime; =- - 3.0 Potash, - - 5.0 Oxide of Iron, 2.2 99.0* Fauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—' This. mineral, Which occurs in primitive rocks, was first discovered in Su- dermanland, in Sweden, afterwards in Ireland, and in other countries. Genus IV. PnEHNITE. [lle ) Axentheilender Triphan-Spath, Mohs, cy: Werner & and Haüy. | ia Prismatic. Hardness = 6.—7. Sp. gr. — 9 8 Së 0. No ot blue. 1. Axotomous Prehnite. ‘Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage P + © = 103° (nearly). More distinct P — oo. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Foliated and Fibrous. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Foliated Prehnite. Blattriger Prehnite, Werner. External Characters.—Colours green, white, and grey. Occurs massive, and in distinct concretions, which are large, * According to some analyses, it contains 8 per cent. of a new alkali named lithina. m OT TRES ILl.—onb. vi. SPAR. 137 coarse, and fine angulo-granular, and also thick and wedge- shaped prismatic. Sometimes crystallized. ‘Ihe following are some of the secondary:forms which the species assumes: 1. Oblique four-sided table, sometimes truncated either on all its terminal edges, or only on the acute edges. When the trun- cations on the edges increase very much, there is formed, 2. An irregular eight-sided table. When the truncations on the acute edges increase considerably, there is formed, 3. An ir- regular six-sided table. When these truncating planes in- crease in magnitude, and the table at the same time be- comes thicker, and the obtuse edges are slightly truncated, there is formed, 4. A broad rectangular four-sided prism, rather flatly bevelled on the extremities, in. which the bevel- ling-planes are set on the smaller lateral planes, and the edge Cof the bevelment slightly truncated. Externally crystal almost always shining. Internally shining, or glistening, and pearly. . Fracture fine-grained uneven. Alternates from translucent, through semitransparent into transparent. Rather easily frangible. ` | Chemical Characters.—1ntumesces before the blowpipe, and melts into a pale green or yellow, or greenish-black fro- thy glass, but does not gelatinate with acids. Physical Characters.— According to the observations of M. De Dree, it becomes electric by heating. Constituent París.—Silica, ^ - 48 : Alumina, - - - 24 f Lime, - - - 23 Oxide of Iron, - d A $ S 99 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive and secondary rocks, m France, Tyrol, Green- land, and Cape of Good Hope. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Fibrous Prehnite. Fasriger Prehnite, Werner. External Characters.—Colours green and greenish white. Occurs massive, reniform, in straight scopiform and stellular $ 8.0 Oxide of Iron, S ^ 1.8 Loss by exposure to heat, 11.6 91.0 Hisinger. I].—orp. VI. SPAR. 149 Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in similar repositories with the other subspecies. ) Geographic Sitwation.—Is found near Tantallon Castle in East Lothian, in the islands of Skye, Mull, and Canna, also in the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Sweden. 8. Pristnatoidsl Zeolite or Stilbite. Prismatoidischer Kuphon-spath, Mohs.—Stilbite, Haiiy.—Strahl- | zeolith, Werner.—Radiated Zeolite, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character. —Prismatic. Pryamid = 123° 33’; 112 16’; 99^ T. P + œ.=99 22. Cleavage, Pr + œ. very perfect. Hardness = 3.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 2.0,—2.2. - External Characters.—Occurs almost always white; some- times grey, yellow, flesh-red, and blood-red. Is found mas- sive, in angular pieces, and. globular ; also in distinct concre- - tions, which are radiated and granular; the radiated are broad and narrow scopiform, and stellular, and are collected into large, coarse, and small angulo-granular concretions. Frequently crystallized; and exhibits the following secondary forms: 1. Broad rectangular four-sided prism, rather acutely acuminated on both extremities with four planes, which are seton the lateral edges. 2. Sometimes N° 1. is so thin, that it may be considered as a long six-sided table, bevelled on the shorter terminal planes. re _ The broader lateral planes of the crystals are smooth, the smaller longitudinally streaked, and the acuminating planes smooth or rough. The surfaces of the broader lateral planes of the crystals N° 1, 2. are splendent and pearly: the other planes shining and vitreous: internally the lustre more or less shining and pearly. Crystals strongly translucent, sometimes passing into semi-transparent. Brittle. Easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs principal- ly in secondary amygdaloid, either in drusy cavities alongwith calcareous-spar and calcedony, or in cotemporaneous veins. It is also met with in transition and primitive mountains. Occurs in Dunbartonshire, Angusshire, Stirlingshire, and in the trap-rocks of the Hebrides, See, | JI.—onD. vi. SPAR. 9. Hemiprismatic Zeolite. Hemiprismatischer Kuphon-spath, Mohs.—Blatter Zeolith, Wer- ner.—F oliated Zeolite, Jameson, 3d. edit.—Stilbite, Haiiy. | Specific Character.—Hemiprismatic. Pyramid unknown, MO t —e Cleavage, Pr +œ very perfect, Hardness — 3.5, — 4.0. Sp. gr. = 2.0, —2.2. External Characters.— Colours white, red, yellowish-grey, . and pinchbeck-brown. Occurs massive, disseminated, globu- lar, in amygdaloidal-shaped pieces; also in- distinct concre- tions, which are angulo-granular; seldom. thin and curved la- mellar, which are again collected into granular. ` Frequently crystallized ; and the following secondary forms occur: 1. Low, oblique, sometimes rather broad, four-sided prism. 2. Low six-sided prism. 3. Eight-sided prism. Lateral planes of the-prisms are transversely streaked, the terminal planes smooth. Planes sometimes shining, some- times splendent, and the lustre vitreous. Internally alternates . from shining to splendent, and the lustre pearly: the pinch- beck-brown has a pearly metallic lustre. Fracture conchoi- dal. Massive varieties are strongly translucent: some varie- ties, particularly the pinchbeck-brown, are only translucent on the edges; but the crystals are generally semi-transparent and transparent. Refracts single. Brittle, and easily fran- gible. Chemical Characters.—Intumesces and melts before the blowpipe, and during its intumescence emits a phosphoric light. Does not form a jelly with acids. Constituent París.— silica, Der i - 52.6 Alumina, 17.5 Lime, 9.0 Water, 18.5 — 91.0 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs principal- ly in secondary trap-rocks in the Hebrides, and other parts of Scotland. II —onup». vi. SPAR. z 151 10. Pyramidal Zeolite or A pophyllite. Pyramidaler : Kuphon-spath, Mohs.—Ichthyophthalm, & Albin, Werner.—Apophyllite, & Mesotype épointée,. Haiiy.—Axi- frangible Zeolite, Jameson, 3d edit. | Specific Character.—Pyramidal. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P — o». very perfect. [P + oo] imperfect. - Hardness ted 4.5, —5.0. “Sp. gr. f 2.0,—2.5. - Baternal:Characters—Principal colour white. Sumface of the cleavage strongly iridescent. Occurs massive, and disse- minated; massive varieties composed of straight and curved lamellar distinct concretions, with feebly streaked splendent pearly surfaces. The following are the secondary forms.: 1. Rectangular four-sided prism, sometimes so low as to appear tabular, and resemble a cube. 2. The preceding figure trun- cated on all the angles: when the truncating planes become -so large that they touch each other, the prism appears acu- minated with four planes, which are set on the lateral edges, and. the apex of the acumination truncated. 3. Rectangular four-sided prism, in. which all the lateral edges are truncated, thus forming an eight-sided prism ; sometimes the eight solid angles of this figure are truncated. 4. Rectangular four-sided prism bevelled on all the edges, or only on some of them: ‘sometimes one of the bevelling planes is awanting, when the edge appears to be only obliquely truncated. 5. Rectan- gular four-sided prism, in which the angles are truncated, and the edges bevelled. 6. Rectangular four-sided table, in which the two opposite broader terminal planes are doubly bevelled, and the two smaller planes very flatly acuminated with four planes, of which two are set on the lateral planes, - the other two on the terminal planes, and the ‘terminal edges bevelled. Surface of the crystals Nos. 1, 2. and 4. smooth ‘surface -of Nos. 3. and 5. and the acuminating planes of No. 6.-longi- tudinally furrowed; bevelling planes of No. 4, 5. and 6. trans- versely streaked. All the other planes of the secondary crys- tals are smooth. The middle point of the end of the crystals is often concave. Lateral planes occasionally bulgmg, and the terminal planes rose-like. Externally splendent; but only 152 II.—onrpb. VI. SPAR. the terminal planes of the prism pearly. Fracture small and perfect conchoidal, and lustre glistening and vitreous. Semi-transparent, passing into transparent, and into translu- cent. Refracts single. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters. —Exfoliates very readily before the blowpipe, (it even exfoliates when held in the flame of a candle,) and melts easily into a white-coloured enamel. Physical Character.— Becomes feebly electric by rubbing. Apophyllite of Utön. E - 52.00 Lime, ; - . . 24.50 Potash, - 8.10 Water, ` - 1500 Constituent Parts.—silica, ; 99.60 Rose. ' Geopnostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in the se- condary trap-rocks of the island of Skye: in rocks of the same description in the Faroe islands; in the island of Disco in West Greenland, and on the mainland of Greenland. One of the earliest known localities of this mineral is the island of Utón, not far from Stockholm, where it occurs in beds of magnetic iron-ore, along with common felspar, calcareous- spar, and hornblende. Genus VI. PETALUTE. Petalit, Arfvedson.—Petalin-Spath, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness — 6.0,—6.5. Sp. gr. = 2.4,—2.5. 1. Prismatic Petalite. Prismatischer, Petalin-Spath,— Mohs. Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. o Vi Cleavage, P + 0 = 197 8. Pr+ao. External Characters.— Colours white, and red. Occurs masssive. Internally glistening, shining, and nearly pearly. Translucent. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 79.212 Silica, 80.00 S Alumina, 1.722 Alumina, 15.00 Lithia, 3.761 t2 EH - Manganese, 2.50 ‘Arfvedson. Water, = 0.25 Clarke & Holme. —— — lL.——onR». vi. SPAR. 153 Geognostic and Geog graphic Sitwations—Hitherto it has been found only in primitive mountains at Utén, Sahla, and | pit in ve: * d uius vii. piterir Rhomboidal, Daten prismatic. Axotomous, but not very perfect. Hardness =5.0,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 2.5—2.8. If 2.7 and more, the cleavage is in the direction of a rectan- gular prism. l. Rhomboidal Felspar, or Nepheline. — je Rhomboedrischer Feldspath, Mohs.—Nepheline, vafa and ; Werner. Specific Character.—Dirhomboidal. 9 R = 152° Au: 56° 15’. Cleavage, R— oo. R+ o». Hardness= 6.0. Sp. gr. = 25,26. External Characters. E white arid grey. Occurs massive and crystallized. The secondary forms are the fol- lowing: 1. Perfect equiangular six-sided prism. 2. 'The pre- ceding figure, truncated on the terminal edges. . 3. Thick six-sided table, in which the lateral .edges are truncated. Externally crystals splendent: internally shining, and lustre vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. NND translucent, pass- ing into transparent. id Chemical Characters.—Melts with difficulty before the blowpipe into a dark glass. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 3 S 46 Alumina - a A0 ` Lime, - - tri 2 Oxide of Iron, - w— 98 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in drusy cavities in granular limestone, along with ceylanite, vesuvian, and meionite, at Monte Somma, near Naples ; ; also in fissures of basalt at Capo di Bove, near Rome. It is mentioned also as a production of the Isle of Bourbon. "eg — mm See ES d x - et ne - an SR - ey ism. eese 3 II.—o0onp. vi. SPAR. 2. Prismatic Felspar. Prismatischer Feldspath, Mohs. Hemiprismatic. Pyramid = 134° 26°; 126° 52’; 72° 32. o = 126° 52. Po —8V AT. Cleavage, E Pr+o. Both perfect. Less distinct (P r 4-9»)? — 120. Sometimes only one of the faces. Hardness = 6.0. Sp. gr. = 2.5,—2.8. This species is divided into ten subspecies, viz. 1. Adula- . ria, 2. Glassy-Felspar, 8. Ice-spar, 4. Common Felspar, 5. Labrador Felspar, 6. Compact Felspar, 7. Slaty Felspar, or Clinkstone, 8. Earthy Common Felspar, 9. Porcelain Earth; and, 10. Claystone. FIRST SUBSPECIES. | Adularia. Adular, Werner. External Characters.—Principal colour | greenish-white, which sometimes passes into greyish-white and milk-white, and even inclines to asparagus-green. It is frequently irides- cent; and the milk-white varieties, in thin plates, when held between the eye and the light, sometimes appear pale flesh- red. Occurs massive, and this variety is composed of granu- lar and thick lamellar concretions ; and frequently crystalliz- ed. The following are the most common secondary figures : 1. Oblique four-sided prism, flatly bevelled on the extremi- ties, and the bevelling planes set on the obtuse lateral edges. 2. Broad six-sided prism, fiatly bevelled on both extremities, and the bevelling planes set on those lateral edges which are formed by the smaller lateral planes. 3. Rectangular four- sided prism, in which the terminal planes are obliquely. bevel- ted. Lateral planes of the prism longitudinally streaked. Ex- ternally splendent, internally. cleavage splendent, and. the fracture shining and glistening. Lustre intermediate between vitreous and pearly. Fracture more or less perfect conchoi- dal Fragments indeterminate angular, and sharp-edged. II.—onR»D. vi. SPAR. : E Semi-transparent, sometimes inclining to transparent, Or 1s - translucent. ‘Translucent varieties, when viewed in a certain direction, sometimes exhibit a silvery or pearly light. Re- fracts double. Brittle, and easily frangible. : Chemical Characters.—Melts before the blowpipe, with- out addition, into a white-coloured transparent glass. Constituent Parts.—Silica, - m 64 Alumina, E - 20 Lime, - - ^ 2 Potash, -~= ^ - 14 100 Vauguelin. Geopnostic Situation.—Occurs in cotemporaneous veins and in drusy cavities in granite and gneiss. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the granite of the island of Arran; and in the granite and gneiss rocks of Norway, Switzerland, France, and Germany.. . Uses.—The variety of Adularia which exhibits the "ës pearly light, is valued by jewellers, and is sold by them un- der the name Moonstone. Another variety of adularia, found in Siberia, is known to jewellers under the name Sun- stone. It is of a yellowish-grey colour, and numberless gol- den spots appear distributed throughout its whole substance. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Glassy Felspar. . Glasiger Feldspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colour greyish-white, sometimes passing into grey. Occurs always crystallized, in broad rec- tangular four-sided prisms, bevelled on the extremities, These crystals are often very much cracked, and always i im- bedded. Internally splendent, and lustre vitreous. Frac- ture uneven, or small and imperfect conchoidal. ‘Transpa- rent. | Constituent Parts.—Silica, ^ - = M ONE Alumina, - DH - 15.0 Potash - * " -14.5 Oxide of Iron, - « 0.5 —— 98.0 K laproth, 156 II.—onR». vi. SPAR. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded in pitchstone and other porphyries in-Arran and Rume; ina porphyritic rock in the Siebengebirge ; also in a rock com- posed of white felspar, and very small blackish-brown scales of mica, and fine disseminated magnetic iron-ore, in the Dra- chenfels on the Rhine. — 4; THIRD SUBSPECIES. Ice-Spar. Eisspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive, cellular, and porous; also in large granular concretions, which are composed of thin and straight lamellar concretions. Frequently crystallized in the form of small thin longish six- sided tables, in which the shorter terminal planes are bevel- led. Externally crystals shining, and sometimes splendent ; internally shining, and lustre vitreous. Massive and other Varieties strongly translucent ; crystals transparent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations — Occurs along with nepheline, meionite, mica, and hornblende, at Monte Somma, near Naples. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Common Felspar. Frischer Gemeiner Feldspath, Werner. External Characters.—Most frequent colours white and red, seldom grey, and rarely green and blue. Occurs most frequently massive and disseminated, seldom in blunt angu- lar rolled pieces and grains, and frequently in granular dis- tinct concretions, from the smallest to the largest size; and sometimes crystallized, in the same forms nearly as adularia. Internally cleavage shining, and sometimes splendent ; but the fracture only glistening, or feebly glistening. Lustre in- termediate between vitreous and pearly, but inclining rather ‘more to the former than to the latter. Fracture uneven or splintery. Fragments rhomboidal, and have only four splen- II.—-on». VI. SPAR. 7 157 dent shining faces. ‘Translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it is fusible without addition into a grey semi-transparent glass. Felspar from Passau. Constituent Parts.—silica, — — € Alumina, D - 22.00 Lime, - D 0.75 Potash, - - 14.00 Oxide of Iron a trace, Water, - - we 71400 ; 100 ` Buchels, | Geognostic Situation.—Felspar occurs in most of the pri- mitive rocks ; in many of the species of the transition class, and also associated with secondary and volcanic rocks. Uses.—It is one of the ingredients in the finer kinds of earthen-ware, and is said to be the substance used by the Chinese under the name Petunse or Petunze, m the manu- facture of their porcelain. The green varieties of felspar, which are rare, are considered as ornamental stones, and are cut and polished, and made into snuff-boxes and other simi- lar articles. When the green varieties are spotted with white, they are named Aventurine Felspar, and are prized by collectors. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. ES Labrador Felspar. ¢ pLa Së Joda Labradorstein, Werner. "7 Vit fees. External Characters.—Mu ost frequent colours “light and dark ash-grey, and smoke-grey, seldom yellowish-grey. When light falls on it in determinate directions, it exhibits a great variety of colours; of these the most frequent are blue and green, more seldom yellow and red, and the rarest variety is pearl grey. Occurs massive, or in rolled pieces ; also in large, coarse, seldom in small granular, very seldom in thick and straight lamellar concretions. Cleavage splen- dent, fracture glistening, and the lustre intermediate between vitreous and pearly. Translucent, but in a low degree. 158 Il.-—onp. vi. SPAR. vv Chemical’ Characters.—According to Mr Kirwan, it is | more infusible than common felspar. i Geognostic and. Geographic Situations.—Occurs in rolled masses of syenite, in which it is associated with common hornblende, hyperstene, and magnetic iron-ore, in the Island of St Paul, on the coast of Labrador, where it was first dis- covered, upwards of thirty years ago, by the Moravian Mis- sionaries settled in that remote and dreary region. Since that time it has been -found in Scotland, Norway, and other countries. Uses.—On account of its beautiful colours, it is valued as an ornamental stone, and is cut into ring-stones, snuff-boxes, and other similar articles. It receives a good polish; but the streaks caused by the edges of the folia of the cleavage are frequently so prominent as to injure its appearance. 4 Sta . "K SIXTH SUBSPECIES. Compact Felspar. Dichter Feldspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, green, and red. Occurs massive, disseminated, in blunt angular rolled pieces, and in small angulo-granular concretions; also cry- stallized in rectangular four-sided prisms. Crystals always imbedded. Internally sometimes glistening, sometimes glim- mering. Fracture even and splintery, Feebly translucent, sometimes only translucent on the edges. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it melts with difficulty into a whitish enamel. Constituent París.—silica, . 51.00 Alumina, 30.50 Lime, 11,25 Tron, 1.75 Natron, 4,00 Water, 1.26 d ^ 99.75 Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—This mineral occurs in mountain- : | II.—oxnp. vi. SPAR- "C899 Cp masses, beds and veins, either pure, or intermixed with other < 1! minerals, in primitive; transition, and secondary rocks, ` ^ ALL tiv Ü Geographic Situation.—'The Pentland Hills, near Edin- Ly oa 1 | nu | burgh, contain beds of. compact felsparyassociated with clay- «<< 4^ te stone, red sandstone, and conglomerate. It occursinasmi- 5. |. a A lar situation on the hill of Tinto, and in the Ochil Hills; and a B associated with rocks of the same nature in the Island of - 1 | | Papa Stour, one of the Shetland group. ES 0 SEVENTH SUBSPECIES. Slaty Felspar, or Clinkstone.— ` 1 j Klingstein, Werner.—Phonolith, Daubuisson. p an External Characters.—Colours grey, green, and brown. | Occurs massive ; also in granular, columnar, globular, and tabular distinct concretions. Lustre of the principal frac- ture glistening and pearly ; that of the cross fracture faintly Ni glimmering, almost dull. Principal fracture slaty, generally ` iun thick, and. often curved slaty, with a scaly foliated aspect; E the cross fracture splintery, passing into even, and flat con- , HH choidal. Strongly translucent on the edges, sometimes even translucent. In thin plates, it emits when struck, a ringing H sound. : | F Chemical Characters.—1t melts before the blowpipe into a s | i grey coloured glass, but is more difficultly fusible than þa- E i | salt. — da : i E i Constituent Parts.-=silica, . z 7o GRE aui ~~ Alumina, | - : 23.50 | a CLüne dcc col S15 bh | Natron, - de km 9 4 Oxide of Iron, + Aa n Oxide of Manganese, - 0.25 | TU sU E SA | 98.10 Klaproth. ; BE: Geoenostic Situation.— This subspecies of felspar frequent- ly contains imbedded crystals, when it forms the rock named Clinkstone Porphyry. It is generally associated with secon- ? A dary trap and porphyry rocks. i a C I MM a t -— = Pre re 160 II.—onpn. vi. SPAR. Geographic Situation—The Bass rock at the mouth of Jj, the Frith of Forth, North Berwick Law, Traprain Law, e _and the Girleton Hills, all in East Lothian, and many other fills in Scotland, contain beds and veins of this mineral. EIGHTH SUBSPECIES. . Earthy Common Felspar. Aufgeléster Gemeiner Feldspath, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white and grey. Gene- rally occurs massive, and disseminated, and sometimes in imbedded crystals, which agree in form with those of common felspar. Internally sometimes glistening, sometimes glim- mering, or even dull. Has sometimes an imperfect cleavage. Fracture coarse and small grained uneven, which approaches to earthy. Breaks into blunt angular pieces. Either trans- lucent on the edges, or opaque. In general, it is so soft as to yield to the nail: sometimes, however, it approaches in hardness to common felspar. Sectile, and easily frangible. The chemical characters and composition of this substance have not been ascertained. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in gra- nite and gneiss districts, as in Cairngorm and Arran in Scot- land, and Cornwall in ik a i Iti 1s well rate in Peace and other countries. n NINTH SUBSPECIES. Porcelain-Earth, or Kaolin. Porcellanerde, Werner. External Characters.—Most frequent colour reddish-white, . of various degrees of intensity ; also snow-white and yellowish- - white. Generally friable, and sometimes approaches to com- pact. Composed of dull dusty particles, which are feebly cohering. Soils strongly. Feels fine and soft, but meagre. re slightly to the tongue. Sp. gr. 2216, Karsten. — Chemical Characters. “Faille before the blowpipe. 1 i; > II opp VI. SPAR. 2 2E Constituent Parts.—süia, — - x 55.0 ` Alumina, EZ - 42.5 j aom A - E 149... Lime, - - 1.0 99.5 Gehlen, ` ` Geognostic Situation.—Generally occurs in granite and gneiss countfies, either in beds contained in the granite or gneiss, when it appears to be an original deposite, or on the sides and bottom of granite and gneiss hills, where it is cer- tamly formed by the decomposition of the felspar of these rocks, | Geographic Situation.—Occurs in different granite Ga gneiss districts in Scotland, and in the Shetland Isles; also in England and Ireland, and in many places on the Conti- nent of Europe. Uses.—'This mineral forms a principal ingredient in the different kinds of porcelain. It is not used in the state in which it is found in the earth, but is previously repeatedly washed, in order to free it from impurities. After the pro- eess of washing, only fifteen parts of pure white clay remain, which is the kaolin of the Chinese. Porcelain has been ma- nufactured in China and Japan from a very early period. The art itself was discovered in Europe by a German named Bütticher, who made his first porcelain-vessels i in Dresden in the year 1706. These were of a brown and red colour. The white was not attempted until the year 1709; and the famous manufactory at Meissen, the earliest 1 in Europe, Was. established in 1710. Fer is. peo UA dre hang TENTH SUBSPECIES. \ a d. Claystone. Thonstein, Werner. External Characters. —Colours grey, iba blue, and red. Sometimes veined, spotted, and striped. Occurs massive. Internally dull, when it does not contain accidentally mixed glimmering particles. Fracture fine earthy, but sometimes passes to fine-grained uneven, and even inclines to slaty and L E es EE Ze ena eege EE "emmer " " » » q er A as m eme A I mmus - — ACT "— 162 IL-—oRD. vi. SPAR. conchoidal. Opaque. Semi-hard, sometimes soft, and even very soft. Sp. gr. 2.210, Karsten. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds, along with porphy- ry; also forming the basis of clay-porphyry, in beds, along with black-coal, and as a constituent of some kinds of tuff. Geographic Situation.—Occurs along with secondary por- phyry in the Pentland Hills; in a similar situation in the Is- land of Arran; on the Mountain of Tinto; in the Ochil Hills; and in many other places in Scotland. Uses.— When of sufficient hardness, it is used as a build: - ing-stone ; also for lintels and door-posts, and can be formed into water-troughs. It forms an indifferent paving-stone. Pyramidal Felspar. (1 RS Feldspath, Mohs.—Meionit, Scapolith, Schmelzstein, Werner.—Paranthine, Meionite, Wernerite, Dipyre, Hauy.— Pyramidal Felspar or Scapolite. Prismato-pyramidal Felspar or Meionite; Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character.—Pyramidal. Pyramid —196* T; 63» 48'. Cleavage, P — oo. More perfect Pro [P+ . Hardness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr. = 2.5,—2.8. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Meionite -and Scapolite. ` . FIRST SUBSPECIES, Meionite. Meionit, Werner. External Characters.—Colour greyish-white. Occurs sometimes massive, but more frequently crystallized. The following are the secondary figures: 1. Rectangular four- sided prism, flatly acuminated with four planes, which are set on the lateral edges. 2. 'T'he preceding figure truncated on the lateral edges. 3. No. 1. bevelled on the lateral edges, and the edges of the bevelment truncated; and the edges between the acuminating planes and the lateral planes also truncated. Externally crystals smooth and splendent, ie ae splen- dent and vitreous. Generally transparent or semi-transpa- rent, seldom translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. II.—oxp. vi. spar. 163 Chemical Characters.—Fusible without addition before the blowpipe. Constituent Paris.—Silica, ^ - 58.75 , Silica, - 40.8 Alumina ~- 19.25 Alumina, - 30.6 Soda, with Potash, - . 91.80 Lithia, -. 24 Lime, - 1.36 Carbonated, 3.1 Oxide of Iron, 0.40 Oxide of Iron, 1.0 Arfvedson. 100.0 ` . Gmelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs along with ceylanite and nepheline, in granular limestone, at Monte Sommo, near Naples. It is said also to occur in basalt, along with augite and leucite, at Capo di Bove, near Rome. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Scapolite. Scapolit, Werner.—Paranthin, Haüy. i This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz, Radiated, Foliated, and Compact. j First Kind. Radiated Scapolite. External Characters.—Most frequent colours grey, sel- domer white and green. Occurs massive, and in distinct concretions ; concretions radiated or fibrous, and scopiform diverging, and collected into others which are thick and Wedge-shaped. Frequently crystallized. The secondary forms are the following: 1. Rectangular four-sided prism, flatly acuminated on the extremities with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 2. The preceding" figure, in which the lateral edges are truncated. e | Lateral planes of the crystals deeply longitudinally streak- ed, and shining. Internally intermediate between. shining and glistening, and lustre intermediate between resinous and pearly. Fracture fine-grained uneven. ‘Translucent, and semitransparent in crystals. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Green scapolite, before the blow- pipe, becomes white, and melts into a white glass. 7 Lä. 164 ` l|.—oR»D. VI. spar. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 2 ee 45.0 i Alumina, 33.0 Lime - 17.6 Natron, - 1.5 Potash, = - 0.5 Iron and Manganese, 1.0 98.6 6 Laugier. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —This mineral eccurs in the neighbourhood of Arendal in Norway, where it is associated with magnetic iron-ore, felspar, quartz, mica, garnet, augite, hornblende, actynolite and calcareous-spar. Second Kind. ` ` Foliated Scapolite. External Characters.—Principal colours grey, green, and black. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in large, ecarse, and long angulo-granular concretions; also crystallized in low eight-sided prisms, flatly acuminated with four planes, which are set on the alternate lateral planes. Externally crystals shining or splendent, and vitreous. Cleavage shin- ing, but the fracture only glistening ; lustre intermediate be- tween resinous and pearly. Generally translucent, and passes sometimes into transparent, sometimes to translucent on the edges. Yields a white streak. Brittle, and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in Nor- Way in primitive rocks. Third Kind. Compact Scapolite. External Characters.—Colour dark brick-red, passing in- to pale blood-red. Seldem occurs massive, more frequently crystallized, in long, frequently acicular, four-sided prisms, which are often curved, and are without terminal crystalliza- - tions. Externally crystals rough and dull. Internally very feebly glistening, almost glimmering. Fracture fine-grained uneven, approaching to splintery. Opaque, or very faintly translucent on the edges. Easily frangible. Geog'nostic. and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along ., the direction of oblique angular prisms. II.—on». VI, SPAR. 165 etl the other subspecies, in metalliferous beds at Arendal in Norway. j é Genus VIII. AUGITE. ; Prismatic, Lustre not metallic-pearly. Hardness = 4.5, —7.0. If above 6.0, the Sp. gr. = 3.2, and more. Sp. gr. = 2.7,—3.5. If under 3.2, the cleavage i is SS and in z / Ze) ct p) : LE t. s Yu io Augite: pile, Aad Pyramido-Prismaticher Augit-Spath, Mohs. — Oblique-edged UL Si Augite, Jameson, 3d edit. II. 99. Specific Character. —Hemiprismatic. Pyramid = 152? 12’; 120°; 61° 2; = 120. P + œ= 51°19’. Cleavage, (Pr + 00)? = 87° 42’. Pr+ o. Pr+ o. repr a & Hardness 2 0,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 3.2 9, —9.5. This species contains ten subspecies, viz. Foliated A., Gra- -nular A., Conchoidal A., Common A., Coccolite, Baikalite, Omphacite, Fassaite, Diopside, and Sahlite. FIRST SUBSPECIES. ° Foliated Augite. Blättriger Augit, Werner., External Characters.—Colours black and green. Crystal. lized in six-sided prisms, bevelled on the extremities and also in twin-crystals. Internally shining, inclining to splendent, and lustre resino-vitreous. Distinct cleavage. Fracture con- choidal. “Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Rather easily frangible. Chemical Characters’ —Fusible with difficulty into a black enamel. Constituent Parts.—sitica, - E it et Alumina, we iM 3.33 Magnesia, D D 10.00 Lime, - - . 13.20 : ` Oxide of Iren, e 14.66 ong GMA D ' Oxide of Manganese, - 2.00 .95.19 Vauquelin. 166 IL. ORD. vi. SPAR. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs only in secondary trap-rocks, and in lava. Geographic Situation.—Found in basalt in different di- stricts in Scotland, and abundantly on the Continent. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Granular Augite. Kérniger Augit, Werner. External Characters.—Colour greenish-black. Occurs mas- sive, in coarse and small angulo-granular concretions. Also crystallized in broad six-sided prisms, bevelled, or acuminated on the extremities with four planes. Surface rough and glis- tening. Internally glistening and resinous. Cleavage’ im- perfect. Fracture uneven. Opaque. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—This subspecies of augite has been hitherto found principally in primitive rocks at Arendal in Norway, in several of the iron-mines, particularly that named Ulve-Grube. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Conchoidal Augite. Muschlicher Augit, Werner. ; External Characters.—Colours black, green, and some- times even liver-brown. Occurs in imbedded grains. Lustre splendent, and resino-vitreous. Fracture imperfect, and flat conchoidal. ‘Translucent on the edges, or translucent. Agrees in its other characters with the foregoing subspecies. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs only in se- condary trap-rocks, and is the rarest of the subspecies of this species. ‘Ihe finest specimens, from two to three inches in diameter, are found in the vesicular basalt of Fulda. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Common Augite. Gemeiner Augit, Werner. External Characters.--Colours blackish-green and velvet- black. Occurs in large and small imbedded grains. Inter- nally lustre intermediate between shining and glistening, and di II. —ORD, VI. SPAR, 167 resinous. Fracture coarse, and small-grained uneven. Some- times inclining to imperfect conchoidal. 'Pranslucent on the edges, seldom translucent. Its other characters agrees with the foliated subspecies. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs principal- ly in secondary trap-rocks, as basalt and greenstone, and also in lavas. The secondary trap-rocks of France, Germany, and Britain, and the lavas of Vesuvius and Iceland, in many cases abound with this mineral. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. ERIS } | Coecohite: "7" TE ft Loch P ` Kokkolith, Werner. External Characters.—Principal colour leek-green ; and rarely greenish-white and greenish-grey. Occurs massive, also in granular concretions, which are often very loosely ag- gregated. Internally shining, sometimes approaching to glis- tening, and lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Cleavage rather distinct. Fracture uneven. ‘Translucent, or translu- cent on the edges. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in cst aw also in mineral beds subordinate to the primitive, trap formation, where it is associated with granular limestone, garnet, and magnetic iron- ore. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in limestone in the Island of Tiree; at Arendal in Norway; in the iron mines at Hellsta and Assebro in Sudermannland ; and in many places in Ne- ricke, in Sweden. SIXTH SUBSPECIES. Baikalite. Baikaht, Werner. External Characters.—Colour blackish-green, leek-green, and sometimes velvet-black. Occurs massive, in granular concretions, and crystallized in low rather oblique four-sided prisms, truncated on the lateral edges. Lateral edges longi- tudinally streaked. Externally midi and splendent; in- ternally shining and splendent, and resinous. Fracture con- choidal. Tala from translucent to transparent: M mat emn ` MINE Catena mcn WILEY SS — Be R—À 7 168 . IIL-—onn.vi. span. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in. primi- tive limestone in Rannoch ; and in granite, along with calca- reous-spar and mica, on the shores of Lake Baikal; and in a similar situation in Scandinavia. SEVENTH SUBSPECIES. Omphacite. Omphacit, Werner. External Characters.— Colour leek-green, inclining to grass- green. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in granular and ra- diated concretions. Internally glistening or glimmering, and lustre resinous. Fracture uneven. Translucent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs along with precious garnet, kyanite, mica, and actynolite, near Hoff in Baireuth, and in the Saualp in the Tyrol. EIGHTH SUBSPECIES. Fassaite. Fassait, Werner. - External Characters.—Colour blackish and leek green, and also olive and asparagus gfeen. Occurs massive, in granular concretions, and crystallized in four-sided prisms, acutely acu- minated with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes. Internally glistening and vitreo-resinous. Fracture uneven. Translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in primi- tive greenstone, along with calcareous-spar, and vesuvian, in the Valley of Fassa in the T yrol. NINTH SUBSPECIES. Diopside. Diopsid, Werner. External Characters.—Colours greenish-white, greenish- grey, and pale mountain-green. Occurs massive, dissemina- ted, in lamellar concretions, which sometimes approach to pris- matic ; and crystallized in low, oblique four-sided prisms, and also in six and eight-sided prisms. Externally shining, glis- tening, and pearly; internally shining and vitreous. Clea- vage distinct. Fracture uneven, sometimes inclining to im- perfect and small conchoidal. 'Translucent. Te II.—on». vi. SPAR. . 169 Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is found in the hill of Ciarmetta in Piedmont; also in the Black Rock at Mussa, near the town of Ala, in veins, along with epidote or pistacite, and hyacinth-red garnets; and in the same district, in a vein traversing serpentine, along with prehnite, calcare- ous-spar, and begleden or specular i iron-ore. TENTH SURSPECIES. Sahlite. Sahlit, Werner. External Characters.— Colours, greenish-white and green- ish-grey, mountain, leek, and blackish green ; and rarely pale blue. Occurs massive, and in straight lamellar and coarse granular concretions ; also crystallized in four-sided prisms. Internally the lustre of the principal fracture is shining, splen- dent and vitreous; that of the cross fracture is dull. Distinct cleavage. Fracture uneven. Translucent on the edges. Ra- ther brittle, and rather easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs in the island of Unst in Shetland : in granular limestone in the island of 'Tiree, one of the Hebrides: in limestone in Glen Tilt, Glen Elg, Rannoch, and Island of Harris ; also in the silver mines of Sala, in Westmannland in Sweden, associated with asbestous actynolite, calcareous-spar, iron-pyrites, and galena. Observation.—Some of the varieties of asbestus and acty- nolite of authors belong to augite, particularly those varie- ties met with in secondary trap-rocks. 9, Hemiprismatic Augite. : Hemiprismatischer Augit-Spath, Mohs.—Hornblende, | Werner.— Amphibole, Haiiy.—Straight-edged Augite, Jameson, 3d edit. SOS, -Specific Character —Hemi-prismatic. Pyramid=151° 8’; P * 148 39’; 42° 29; — — 148° 89. P+ oc-—87 ll. Clea- "ze 2 vage (PF oo)? = 124° 34. Less distinct Pr + œ. Pr+ œ. Hardness — 5.0,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 2.7,—3.2. This species contains six subspecies, viz. Carinthine, Cala- mite, Hornblende, Actynolite, Tremolite, and Asbestus. A 4 h a 4 » ki t ta / IL. M f 4 add ^h I M Uy 1l n M E E C. a edits gura wc s TEM rade Sr ae RIE Spe II.—onpn. vt. SPAR. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Carinthine. Karinthin, Werner. External Characters.— Colours greenish and velvet-black. Occurs massive and disse eminated; and the massive varieties in coarse granular concretions. Internally splendent, and lustre resino-vitreous. Distinct cleavage of 124° 94. Frac- ture conchoidal. Greenish-black varieties are strongly trans- lucent on the edges, but the velvet-black opaque. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in the Saualpe in Carinthia, in a bed in primitive rock, associated with quartz, kyanite, garnet, and zoisite. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Calamite. Kalamit, Werner. External Characters.— Colour asparagus-green; crystallized in long reed-like crystals, truncated on the acute lateral edges. Longitudinally streaked. Externally shining ; intern ally splendent.and vitreo-resinous. Fracture uneven. Transpa- rent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in primi- tive serpentine along with common magnetic iron-ore and calcareous-spar, near Normark in Sweden. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Hornblende. Hornblende, Werner. This species is divided into three kinds, viz. Common, Horn- blende-slate, and Basaltic. Ph. tf First Kind. SECH Common Hornblende. Gemeiner Hornblende, Werner. External Characters.—Colours black and green. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in granular concretions. Rarely crystalltzed in oblique four-sided prisms, sometimes bevel- led on the extremity, and also in six-sided prisms, some- diii: VI. SPAR. 174 times flatly acuminated with three planes, which are set on the alternate lateral edges. Internally lustre shining and pearly. Distinct. cleavage. Fracture coarse and small- grained uneven. Black coloured varieties opaque, but the green generally translucent on the edges. Yields a moun- tain-green, inclining to a greenish-grey coloured streak. When breathed on or moistened, even when brought from a colder to a warmer place, it yields what is called a bitter smell. Rather brittle, and rather difficultly frangible. Chemical Characters.—Melts before ; the blowpipe, with violent ebullition, into greyish-black coloured glass. Common Hornblende from ees in Westmannland. Constituent Parts.—sitica, 4 f 42.00 Alumina, — - - 12.00 Magnesia, - - 2.25 Lime, - SS 11.00 Oxide of Iron, l -30.00 Ferruginous Manganese, 0.25 Water, D E 0.75 Trace of Potash. 98.95. Klaproth. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in great abundance in pri- mitive rocks, and also in some rocks of the secondary class. Geographic Situation.—Occurs very abundantly in Scot- land, in greenstone and syenite: and imbedded in limestone, gneiss, and mica-slate. Is found in similar rocks in n England ; and Gd in the primitive rocks of Ireland. Second Kind. Hornblende-Slate. Hornblende Schiefer, Werner. External Characters.—Colour green. Occurs massive, and in delicate promiscuous prismatic concretions. Internally glis- tening, passing into shining, and pearly. Fracture straight slaty. Opaque. Yields a greenish-grey coloured streak. Geognostic Situation—Occurs in beds, in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, quartz-rock, sometimes also in clay-slate, and fre- quently along with beds of primitive limestone. Geographic Situation.—ln Scotland, occurs in gneiss, in the districts of Braemar and Aberdeen, in. Aberdeenshire ; = TAL 7 yae quoe o iom cmo recte 172 II.—onRp. VI. SPAR. in Banffshire, as near Portsoy ; in Argyleshire, as in the islands of Coll, Tiree, &c.; in Inverness-shire, as in the islands Ro- na, Lewis, &c.; and in many other parts in Scotland; and also in England and Ireland. "Third Kind. , Basaltie Hornblende. Basaltische Hornblende, Werner. External Characters.—Colours velvet or brownish black. Occurs crystallized, in six-sided prisms, sometimes acuminated on both extremities with three planes set on the lateral edges; or acuminated op one end with three planes, and on the other bevelled ; and sometimes the one extremity acuminated with four planes, and the opposite bevelled. Lustre of the cleavage splendent, and vitreous, approaching to pearly ; that of the cross-fracture glistening. Distinct cleavage. Fracture small-grained uneven, approaching to conchoidal Opaque. Rather harder than common hornblende. Rather brittle. Affords a dark greyish white streak. Geognostic and Geographic. Situation.—Occurs imbedded in trap-rocks in Scotland, and other countries. -FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Actynolite. Strahlstein, Werner.—Actinote, Hay. This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Asbestous, Common, and Glassy. First Kind. Asbestous Actynolite. Asbestartiger Strahlstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colours grey, green, and brown. Occurs massive, in distinct concretions, which are fibrous, and sometimes collected into others, which are wedge-shaped and granular. Rarely crystallized, in delicate capillary, rigid, moss- like, superimposed crystals. Internally the lustre is glistening and pearly. It is opaque, or slightly translucent on the edges. Fibres or concretions in groups are soft, but individually are equally hard with the other varicties of actynolite. — , rm (Lon. vi. SPAR. IRCH Geog nostic Situation.—Occurs in beds in gneiss, mica-slate, and granular limestone. : Geographic Situation—In Scotland, also in Norway, Swe- den, &c. Second Kind. Common Actynolite. Gemeiner Strahlstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colours leek, olive, grass, and black- ish green. Occurs massive and disseminated ; also in wedge- shaped prismatic concretions, which are scopiform, stellular, and promiscuous ; these sometimes pass into angulo-granular concretions. Frequently the prismatic concretions are col- lected into large granular concretions. Internally shining, in- clining to glistening, and lustre pearly inclining to vitreous. Fracture uneven and conchoidal. Generally translucent on the edges. More brittle than hornblende. ' Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds in gneiss, mica-slate, and talc-slate. Geographic Situation. — Occurs at Eilan Reach in Glenelg, in Inverness-shire; near Fortrose in Cromarty ; in the parish of Sleat, in the Isle of Skye; different places in the Isle of Lewis, &c. Third Ki ind. Glassy Actynolite. Glasartiger Strahlstein, Werner. External Characters.—Principal colour mountain-green ; less frequently grass, leek, blackish green, and greenish-grey. Occurs massive; also in prismatic distinct concretions, which are fibrous, or radiated, arranged in a scopiform, and rarely in a promiscuous manner; and these are again collected into wedge-shaped prismatic or granular concretions. Internally shining, sometimes splendent, and intermediate between vitre- ous and pearly. ‘Translucent or semi-transparent. Brittle. Uncommonly easily frangible. 'Traversed by numerous pa- rallel rents. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in primi- tive rocks in the Isle of Skye, and other parts of Scotland. II.—onn. VI. SPAR. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. : Tremolite. Tremolith, Werner—Grammatite, Haüy. —- This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Asbestous, Common, and Glassy. ; First Kind. Asbestous Tremolite. Asbestartiger Tremolith, Werner. - External Characters.—Most common colour greyish-white ; sometimes also yellowish-white, greenish-white, rarely reddish- white, and pale violet-blue. Occurs massive; also in fibrous or very thin prismatic distinct concretions. Internally shin- ing, approaching to glistening, and pearly. Translucent on the edges. Rather easily frangible. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs most frequently in granu- lar foliated limestone, or in dolomite ; sometimes in chlorite s and more rarely in secondary trap-rocks. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in foliated granular lime- stone in Glen-Tilt, in Perthshire, and in Glen Elg in Inver- ness-shire ; in dolomite in Aberdeenshire and in Icolmkill; in the Shetland Islands, and in other parts of the mainland and islands of Scotland. Second Kind. Commón Tremolite. Gemeiner Tremolith, JVerner. | External Characters.—Most frequent colour white, sel- dom grey, pale asparagus-green, and blue. Occurs massive ; also in distinct concretions, which are prismatic, and these are collected into longish granular concretions. Sometimes crys- tallized in oblique four-sided prisms. Lustre shining, and in- termediate between vitreous and pearly. Fracture uneven or conchoidal. ‘Translucent or semi-transparent. Rather brittle. Easily frangible. Powder rough to the feel. Geognostic Situation.—Like the asbestous subspecies, oc- curs principally in granular limestone, or dolomite, and in metalliferous beds. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in Glen Tilt, Glen Elg, and in the Shetland Islands; also at Clicker Tor in Cornwall. II.—onp. vi. SPAR- 175 T'hird Kind. Glassy Tremolite. Glasartiger Trémolith, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive ; also in distinct concretions, which are straight and scopiform prismatic, with numerous cross rents, and these are again grouped into thick and wedge-shaped concretions. Frequent- ly crystallized in long acicular crystals. Lustre shining, but in a lower degree than the preceding kind, and intermediate between vitreous and pearly, ‘Translucent. . Geognostic Sitwation.—Is the same as that of the preceding kind, occurring principally along with granular limestone. Geographic Situation.—In Scotland it occurs along with the other kinds. | | SIXTH SUBSFPECIES. Asbestus. Asbest, Werner. This subspecies is divided into four kinds, viz. Rock-Cork, Flexible Asbestus, Rigid Asbestus, and Rock-Wood. First Kind. Bre: Rock-Cork. i C THA IA " A Leen, Bergcork, Werner. Od lak Fi WW. Ze External Characters.—Colours white, grey, and yellow. Occurs massive, in plates that vary in thickness, corroded, and with impressions; and these forms are composed of delicate and promiscuous fibrous concretions. Internally feebly glim- mering or dull. Fracture fine-grained uneven, inclining to slaty in the large. Opaque. Very soft. Becomes shining in the streak. Sectile, almost like common cork, Slightly elastic- flexible. Difficultly frangible. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Emits a grating sound when we handle it. Feels meagre. So light as to swim on water. Sp. gr. 0.679, 0.991, Brisson.—0.991, Haüy. | Chemical Character.—Melts with great. difficulty before the blowpipe into a milk-white nearly translucent glass. 2 j 176 ` IL.—ORD. vi. SPAR. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in cotemporaneous veins 1n serpentine, and in red sandstone; also in metalliferous veins in primitive and transition rocks ; and „Occasionally 3 in mineral . beds. tard ap Geographic Station. Bee in veins in the serpentine of Portsoy, and in the red sandstone of Kincardineshire ; ; in plates, in the lead-veins at Lead-Hills in Lanarkshire and Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire; and in small quantities at Kildrummie m Aberdeenshire. Second Kind. Flexible Asbestus, or Amianthus. Amiant, Werner. Aa) External Characters.—Colours white, grey, [6 m green. Sometimes blood-red, particularly when it occurs in veins in serpentine. Occurs in fibrous distinct concretions. Internal- ly lustre shining and pearly. Translucent on the edges, or opaque. Very soft. Perfectly flexible. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs frequently along with com- mon asbestus, in cotemporaneous veins in serpentine. ` Geographic Sitwation.—Occurs in serpentine in the islands of Mainland, Unst, and Fetlar in Shetland; and in the same rock at Portsoy, in Lewis, Harris, and other parts of Scotland. Uses.—'This mineral, on account of its flexibility, and its resisting the action of considerable degrees of heat, was woven into those incombustible cloths in which the ancients some- times wrapped the bodies of persons of distinction, before they were placed on the funeral-pile, that their ashes might be collected free from admixture. Third Kind. Rigid or Common Asbestus. ^ ^ Gemeiner Asbest, Werner. External Characters.—Colours dark leek-green, and moun- . tain-green; also greenish-grey and yellowish-grey. Occurs massive; and in fibrous distinct concretions. Internally glis- tening and pearly. Fracture not visible. Translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Soft, approaching to very IJ.—orp. vi. SPAR. 177 soft. Rigid or T EUN Rather brittle. Difficultly fran- gible. Feels rather greasy. Sp. gr. 2.000, Karsten. —2. 542, Kirwan —2.591, Breithaupt. Geognostic Situation.—Like amianthtüs, it occurs in veins in Serpentine, and in primitive greenstone. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the serpentine of Shet- land, Long Island, Portsoy, Cortachie, Anglesea, Cornwall. Fourth Kind. Rock-W ood, or Ligneous Asbestus. Bergholz, Werner. External Characters.—Colour wood-brown, of various de- grees of i mtensity. Occurs massive, and in plates; also in de- licate and promiscuous fibrous concretions. Internally lustre glimmering. Fracture curved slaty. Becomes shining in the streak. Soft, passing into very soft. Opaque. Sectile. Sp. gr. before immersion, 1.534; after immersion, 2.225, Breit- haupt. | Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the blowpipe. . Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs at Sterzing in the Tyrol, in primitive rocks. | 3. Prismatoidal Augite. Prismatoidischer Augit-Spath, Mos. Specific Character—Hemiprismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, two faces, of which one is more distinct than the other. Incidence = 114^ 37. Hardness = 6.0,—7.0. Sp gr. = 3.2,—3.5. This species contains two subspecies, viz. Epidote and Zoi- | site. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Epidote or Pistacite. — Epidote, Haiiy.— Pistazit, Werner. qn Characters.—Colours green and black. Occurs massive; also in distinct concretions, which are granular and fibrous, which latter are collected into wedge-shaped prisma- tic concretions, Frequently crystallized in oblique four-sided, and also in Pose prisms. Externally the lustre alternates M — Kë — - a pal M ka acer - LS H e Z - e Kä " 5 Wen prom periere niti INR ? : — s Eeer NACE emn = ens encore aa a em E WEE “i 178 Il.—onpn. vi. SPAR. from splendent to glistening, and is vitreous; internally shin- ing or glistening, and is resinous, inclining to pearly. Frac- ture conchoidal, sometimes uneven, sometimes even or splin- tery. Alternates from translucent to translucent on the edges, and to nearly transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe is converted. into a brown-coloured. scoria, which blackens by continuance of the heat. 1 Epidote from the Valais. Constituent Parts.—siiica, » 31.0 Alumina, 26.0 Lime, z 20.0 Oxide of Iron, 13.0 Oxide of Manganese, 0.6 Water, - E - 1.8 Loss, - ^ - 10 100.0 Laugier. Geognostic S'ituation.— Occurs in beds and veins, and some- times as an accidental constituent part of rocks. ` Geographic Situation.—In Arran it occurs in syenite and elay-slate; in Mainland in Shetland in syenite; in gneiss in Sutherland ; in trap-rocks in Mull and Skye; in quartz in Islands of Rona and Iona; in porphyry in Glencoe, and in other districts in Scotland. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Zoisite. This subspecies i is divided into two kinds, viz. COMM and Friable. First Kind. . Common Zoisite. Zoisit, Werner. External Characters.—Colour yellowish, bluish, and smoke ` grey. Occurs massive; also in large prismatic distinct con- cretions. Internally shining on the cleavage, and glistening on the fracture-surface, x the lustre resino-pearly. Frac- ture small-grained uneven. Feebly translucent, or only trans- lucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It was first obser- ved in the Saualp in Carinthia; and we have it from Glen Elg in Inverness-shire, Shetland, and the banks of Lochlomond. B cesarean II.—on». vr SPARS | 179- Second Kind.: Friable-Zoisite:- Mürber Zoisit, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour reddish-white, pa with pale peach-blossom-red. Massive, and in very fine loosely aggregated granular concretions. Very feebly glimmering. Fracture intermediate between earthy and 2 we A "frans, lucent on the edges. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs imbedded in green talc at Radelgraben in Carinthia. 4. Prismatie Augite, or E * Prismatischer Augitspath, Mohs. —Schaalstein, Werner. Tafel: spath, Karsten.—Spath en Tables, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. - Pyeng unknown. Gen vage, P + œ = 105? (nearly). Pr +o. Pr o. ‘Sp. gr. = 2.7,-—2 9. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs aie, and coarsely disseminated ; also in granular and lamellar distinct concretions. Internally the lustre varies from shining to glis- tening, and is pearly inclining to vitreous. Cleavage, rather distinct. Fracture splintery. Translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Parts —Silica, - . - - 50 Lime, ES TEES OT REMO Water, ^ - - D D 5 “100 Klaproth. Geoguostic and Geographic Sstuations.— Occurs in. primi- tive rocks at Orawicza in the Bannat of "l'emeswar, where it is associated with brown garnets, blue-coloured calcareous- spar, tremolite, actynolite, and variegated copper-ore. ` It has been lately discovered in the Island er Ceylon, associated with cinnamon.stone, i m gneiss. G dX. AZURE-SPAR. Lazur-Spath, Mohs. Prismatic. Blue. Hardness — 5.0 8-90. ‘Sp. gt. i OB; —3.1, j Ss Serie GE = (— A m Nec CE m D ME art er aia nmt C e — 1 f hu iM S 1 d.t L W j 4 H A d (ES E H VE UE H F d E ILI H d f Y it. MET wee Weide 38! y ; i DH 1 Ia i lu Fa H q AE: 4 n £M ! D "EI ` i | k i E n i | t1 H CP ` $ a [T a I- ka , Eh t N | i9 E —— ee ei Bern ee Bee - eene SE — y Bi aca eS II.—onp. VI. SPAR. 1. Prismatic Azure-Spar. Prismatischer Lazur-Spath, Mohs.—Lazulit, Werner.—Lazulit, , | - Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P+ œ. Colour lively. Hardness = 5.0,—5.5.- External Characters. —Colour blue.. Occurs in small mas- sive portions, disseminated, and crystallized in very oblique four-sided prisms, which are rather flatly acuminated on the extremities with four planes, which are set on the lateral edges. Cleavage, distinct. Fracture uneven. Opaque, or very feeb- ly translucent on the edges. Easily frangible. Geognostic Situation. —Occurs imbedded in quartz : also in fissures in clay-slate, along with sparry iron, heavy-spar, and quartz. 2 Geographic Situation.—Occurs principally in the district of Vorau in Stiria._ 9. Prismatoidal Azure-Spar, or Blue Spar. Prismatoidischer Lazur-Spath, Mohs.—Blauspath, Werner,— Feldspath bleu, Hay, Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage prismatoidal. Colour pale. Hardness = 5.5,—6.0. External Characters.—Colour pale smalt-blue, which some- -times passes into sky-blue, and occasionally into milk-white. Occurs massive and disseminated. Internally glistening, ap- proaching to shining. Cleavage, distinct. Fracture splintery. Translucent in a low degree. Yields a greyish-white colour- ed streak. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it becomes white and opaque; and affords a black-coloured glass with borax. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 14.00 Alumina, 71.00 Magnesia, 5.00 Lime, F , 3.00 Potash, » 0.25 Oxide of Iron, 0.75 Water, - * 4000 99,00 KE laproth. II.—onp. vir. GEM. 181 Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs, along with quartz, mica, and garnets, in the valley of Mur, near ht ni in Stiria. , 4 x E - AMAA A "i $ i, H Ir i j a 19 7 ossis VIE: ‘GEM. TU a Pee No metallic m Streak white or grey. | Hardness — 5.5,—10.0. If 6.0 and less, the Sp. gr. — - 9. 5. and less ; and no traces of form or cleavage. BD. or. = d. Pr ". If under 3.8, there is no pearly lustre. | cR t PA a Genus I. ANDALUSITE. | | EAR | Prismatic. Cleavage, not prismatoidal. ` Hardness = 7.5. Sp. gr. = 3.0,—8.2. 1. Prismatic Andalusite. Prismatischer Andalusit, Mohs. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vageP + œ. Pr+o.Pr+o@. It is civided into two subspecies, viz. Common Andalusite and Saussurite. j FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Andalusite. . Andalusit, Werner.—Feldspath apyre, Han, External Characters.—Colour flesh-red, which sometimes inclines to pearl-grey. Occurs massive, and crystallized in slightly oblique four-sided prisms, in which the terminal angles and lateral edges are sometimes truncated. Principal fracture shining in a low degree ; cross fracture glistening, and lustre vitreous. Cleavage, sometimes distinct. Frac- ture uneven. Feebly translucent. Chemical Characters.—Becomes white before the Pub but does not melt. Cons, tituent Parts.— Silica, - = - - 32 Alumina, , - = 52 Potash, e - = . 8 Oxide of Iron. - e - 2 94 Vauquelin. 182 II.—onn. vil. GEM. Geognostic Sttwation.—Occurs in gneiss, mica-slate, and clay-slate. Geographic Sttuation.—Occurs in primitive rocks in Banff- shire, Aberdeenshire, and Shetland Islands; Devonshire ; and counties of Wicklow and Dublin in Ireland. / j WR HP ” tnt E ECHTER LALA g A SECOND SUBSPECIES, Saussurite. . ab de External Characters.—Colours white, grey, and green. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in rolled pieces. Internal- ly dull, or feebly glimmering. Cleavage, imperfect. Frac- ture splintery. Faintly translucent on the edges. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it melts on the edges and angles, but is not entirely melted. EE and Geographic Si ituations.—Occurs associat- ed with serpentine, hyperstene, &c. between Ballantree and Girvan, in Ayrshire; also in Switzerland and other countries. Genus II. Corunpvum. Tessular, rhomboidal, prismatic.: If prismatic, the Sp. pte 3.7 and more, and hardness = 8. 5. If colour red, and “Sp. gr. = 3.7 and more, the hardness — : 9. 0. Hardness— 8. 0, —9.0. Sp. gr. = 3.5, 4.8. p Dodecahedral Corundum. Dodecaedrischer Corund, Mohs.—Spinel and Zeilanit, Werner.— Spinelle, Hatiy.—Octahedral Corundum, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character —Tessular. Cleavage, octahedral, but imperfect. Hardness = 8.0. Sp. gr. = 3.5,—3.8. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Ceylanite and Spinel. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Ceylanite. Zeilanit, Werner.—Pleonast, Haiiy. External Characters.—Colours green and greyish-black. Occurs crystallized in octahedrons and rhomboidal dodeca- hedrons, Internally splendent, and lustre vitreous, inclining I].—onp. vit: GEM. (183 4 Translucent on the edges. Rather easily frangible. — - Geagnostic and Geographic Situations —This mineral was first found in the Island of Ceylon, where it occurs in the sand of rivers, along with tourmaline, zircon, sapphire, and Monte Somma, and in other quarters. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Spinel, Werner & Haüy. ~ External Characters.—Principal colour red ; from which there is a transition on the one side into blue, and almost into green; on the other side into yellow and brown, and even j . into white. The following are its crystallizations: 1. Octa- 4. Various twin-crystals. | ; | | Externally and internally splendent, and lustre vitreous. Fracture flat conchoidal. Alternates from translucent to transparent, and refracts single. | Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the blowpipe with- | out addition; but is fusible with borax. Constituent París.—Alumina, - - 82.47 i ; ; PESE n Magnesia, aem B 8.78 | | Er ee = Wp Hho Chromic Acid, 2 e: - 6.18 x LL v ; Loss, wë - - c 2.57 100 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—lt is found in the gneiss district of Acker in Sudermannland, in a white fo- lated granular primitive limestone; and in drusy cavities, if, .. ,granular limestone of Vesuvius. eet cron A Occurs in the kingdom of Pegu, and at Cannanor in the se country. In the Island of Ceylon, so proli- fic in gems, it is found not only in the sand of rivers, but also imbedded in gneiss. | Uses.—It is an esteemed precious stone, but has neither l | the hardness nor fire of the red sapphire or oriental ruby. to semi-metallic. Fracture perfect, and very flat conchoidal. iron-sand. It also occurs in the ejected unaltered rocks at -J Spinel. Shee Navy hedron. 2. Tetrahedron. 3. Rhomboidal dodecahedron. along with vesuvian and ceylanite, in the ejected foliated ` Sag MTOR e re ARTE me AT E et ee tt Selatan > T e r e a i eer we E T à x^ ms BE Ele. regm s MSN n + rt — ` > pasar a yate wur a II.—onRp. vit. GEM. 2. Octahedral Corundum or Automalite.. Octaedrischer Corund, Mohks.—Automolith, Werner.—Spinelle Zincifere, Haüy. | Specific Character.—'T'essular. Cleavage octahedral and perfect. Hardness = 8. Sp. gr. = 4.1, 4.9. External Characters.—Colour green. Crystallized, in octahedrons, tetrahedrons, and in twin-crystals. Externally glistening, and lustre pearly, inclining to semi-metallic. In- ternally shining on the cleavage, but glistening on the frac- ture, and the lustre resinous. Cleavage visible. Fracture flat conchoidal. Opaque, or faintly translucent on the edges. Brittle. $e Chemical Character.—Infusible before the blowpipe. Constituent Parts.—Atumina - - - Silica, ER - - Oxide of Zinc, - Iron, E Sulphur, > Undecomposed, 100 Fauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—QOccurs imbedded in talc-slate, along with galena, and has been hitherto found only at Fahlun in Sweden. 3. Rhomboidal Corundum. Rhomboedrischer Corund, Mohs. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. ^ Rhomboid = 86° 6 Cleavage R — o. More distinct R. Hardness = 9.0. Sp. gr. = 3.8,—4.3. Seats oe It is divided into three subspecies, viz. Sapphire, Emery and Corundum. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Sapphire. Ur A " di Sapphir, Werner.—Telesie, Haiy. External Characters.—Blue and red are its principal colours; occurs also grey, white, green, and yellow. Its crystallizations are six-sided pyramids and six-sided prisms. II—on». vil. GEM. .185 Internally lustre splendent and vitreous, sometimes inclining to adamantine. Cleavage pretty distinct in the red varieties. Fracture conchoidal. Alternates from transparent to trans- lucent; and the translucent varieties frequently exhibit a six- rayed opalescence. Refracts double. Brittle, and easily fran- gible. H Red Sapphire, or Blue Sapphire. Oriental Ruby. Constituent Parts.—Alumina, - ~ 92.00 90.0 ` Lime, << - 5.25 7.0 Oxide of Iron, - 1.00 1.2 Loses. c 145 1.8 100 100 5 Chevenix. Chevenix. Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the blowpipe. Physical Characters.—Becomes electrical by rnbbing, and retains its electricity for several hours; but does not become electrical by heating. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in alluvial soil, in the vi- cinity of rocks belonging to the secondary or floetz-trap for- mation, and imbedded in gneiss. Geographic Sitwation.—Occurs in alluvial soil, in different countries of Europe, but most abundantly in the East, as . Ceylon, Deg, &c. Uses.—'T his mineral is, next to diamond, the most valuable of the precious stones. The most highly prized varieties are the crimson and carmine red; these are the Oriental Ruby of the jeweller, and next to the diamond are the most valua- ble gems hitherto discovered. The blue varieties, the. Sap- phire of the jeweller, are next in value to the red. The ve low varieties, the Oriental Topaz of the jeweller, are of less . value than the blue or true — t PE aL PP, f^ he C tus "S nm 2 LA 3 Te e JAM Ka A ‘SECOND S RSPECIES. i fi Odds Emery. : ud Gë lanugo? E wr Schmiergel, Werner.—Corindon granulaire, Ha&y. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between grey- ish-black and bluish-grey. Occurs massive and disseminat- ed; and the massive is sometimes intermixed with: other minerals. Lustre glistening, passing into © ‘glimmering, and ; T9 rons q C E "n E A [ n d ` 7 f DOE A Nk DS Me / f L | d B5 Umi ndm a l | D d: BE do? i ZA? H id ! [NT i De" "A8 A ki n Ni "E 2 LIE Zu: 9 CO ] Hm hk if IT D TA ec, d eer 186 II.—on». VIL GEM. adamantine. Fracture fine and small-grained uneven.; some- times splintery. Slightly. translucent on the edges. . Rather difficultly frangible. (frf, Enke d did Geognostic and Dose zz Gët Gras is nae in talc-slate at Ochsenkopf near Schwartzenberg, and at Eiben- stock in Saxony, and abundantly in the Island of Naxos. Use.—It is used for polishing hard minerals and metals, and hence is an important article in the arts. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Corundum. 4 fe ga ? Korund & Demant-Spath, Werner. ini en harnfophane | opaque, Haüy. Lee External Characters.— Colours white, grey, green, blue, red, and brown. The green, blue, and red colours are gene- rally muddy, and inclining to grey. When cut in a semi- circular form, it often presents an opalescent star of six rays. Its principal crystallizations are six-sided prisms and six-sided. pyramids. Externally they are dull and rough. Lustre of the cleavage and fracture shining and glistening, and either vitreous inclining to resinous, or pearly inclining to adaman- tine. Cleavage distinct. Fracture conchoidal, and some- times uneven. Alternates from str ongly translucent to trans- lucent on the edges. Geognostic iod Geographic S'ituations.-—Occurs in dolo- mite in St Gothard ; also in the Carnatic, on the coast of Malabar; and abundantly i in the neighbourhood of Canton in China. Use.—In its powdered state, it has long been SS by the artists of India and China for cutting and PORE precious stones. 4, Prismatic Corundum or Chrysoberyl. a Corund, Mohs. —Krysoberyll, Werner. —Cymo- phane, Haiiy. Specific Character —Prismatic. Pyramid =139° 53’; 86° 16; 107 99. P+4+0=128° 35. Cleavage =P roo. Hardness = 8.5. Sp. gr. = 3.7,—3.8. llI.—on». vit. GEM. | ; “187 | | } External Characters.— Chief colour asparagus green. Often | | exhibits a milk-white opalescence, which appears in general ij 1 to float in the interior of the mineral. Occurs in blunt angu- : f i . Jar rolled pieces, that sometimes approach to the cubic form, and crystallized in six-sided prisms. Internally splendent, | V | | and lustre intermediate between resinous and vitreous, but ; H 1 more inclining to the first. Cleavage, imperfect. Fracture H | | perfect conchoidal. Semi-transparent, sometimes inclining to ) transparent, and refracts double. Brittle, and rather easily in A , frangible. = i e | Constituent Parts.—Atumina, — - y E^ 71.5 | It Silica, — - : - 18.0 il VM | Lime, - yp -—-— GO | , Oxide of Iron, - - - 1.5 : 4i Loss, - - E 3.0 SU nl ——— 100 Klaproth. Res Geognostic and Geographic Situations. — Occurs in Brazil, in alluvial soil with topaz, or in sandstone with diamond; and at Haddam, on Connecticut River, in the United States: 4 in granite, along with garnet, beryl and tourmaline. It is found in the Island of Ceylon, in the beds of rivers, along with sapphires, rubies and tourmalines. | Uses.—' This fine gem was formerly much less prized than it is at present. When cut and polished, it is not inferior in brilliancy and beauty to other gems of the same colour. — Gxxus III. Dramonp. Tessular. Hardness = 10. Sp. gr. = 3.4,—3.6. 1. Octahedral Diamond. Octaedrischer Demant, Mohs—Demant, Werner.—Diamant, Haiiy. d Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage, octahedral. P External Characters.—Most common colours of the dia- > V mond are white and grey. Besides these two colours, it oc- curs blue, red, brown, black, yellow, and green. Occurs in | rolled pieces, in indeterminate angular and spherical grains, a | $ i Í and crystallized in octahedrons, tetrahedrons, rhomboidal | dodecahedrons, and in various twin-crystals. Internally E lid Ch Ur n M he Hf Im di Ki H VW hy $ i». M 7 li i) Dy TEA "a 3 ] H H H ua k dd E M SCH) 188 II.—Aon». vir. GEM. always splendent, often specular splendent, and the lustre perfectly adamantine. Seldom completely transparent ; more generally it rather inclines to semitransparent ; but the black variety is nearly opaque. Refracts single. Rather easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—It is said to be nearly pure carbon. Geognostic Situation—Occurs imbedded in grains and crystals, in alluvial soil, sandstone, and, probably, in secon- dary trap-rocks. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in Brazil, Peninsula of In- dia, and the Island of Borneo. Uses.—The diamond, on account of the splendour of its lustre, its beautiful play of colour, its hardness, and lastly, its rarity, is considered as the most precious substance in the mineral kingdom, and is particularly valued by jewellers. The diamonds purchased by jewellers are generally in grains, or crystals, and sometimes coarsely polished. Genus IV. Topaz. Prismatic. Cleavage, axotomous. Hardness = 8. Sp. gr. =3.4,—3.6. 1. Prismatic Topaz. Prismatischer Topaz, Mohs. Specific Character.— Prismatic. Pyramid = 141° 7’; 101° 52’; 90° 55. P +o = 124° 19’, Cleavage, P—o. This species contains three subspecies, viz. Common To- paz, Schorlite, and Physalite or Pyrophysalite. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Topaz. Topaz, Werner. External Characters.—Colours yellow, green, blue, and red. Frequently crystallized, and generally in prisms which are variously bevelled and acuminated. The lateral planes of the crystals are longitudinally streaked ; but the acumi- nating and bevelling planes are smooth ; the terminal planes are rough. Externally splendent ; internally, splendent and II.—on». vil. GEM. 189 vitreous. Distinct axotomous cleavage. Fracture small and ii perfectly conchoidal. Alternates from transparent to semi- | transparent; and refracts double. Easily frangible. | Chemical Characters.—Saxon topaz in a gentle heat be- ; _ comes white, but a strong heat deprives it of lustre and trans- parency: the Brazilian, on the contrary, by exposure to a ce I high temperature, burns rose-red, and im a still higher violet. | blue. Physical Characters.—W hen heated, rr at one extre- mity positive, and at the other negative electricity. Also be- comes electrical by friction, and retains this property for a considerable time, sometimes more than twenty-four hours. NA Brazilian Topaz. ! | Constituent Parts.—alumina, - - 58.38 - i Silica, ` - D 34.01 ) l ; x, Fluoric Acid, . 7.79 is í , 100. 0.18 Berzelius. Geognostic Situation. —Occurs in various primitive mas such as topaz-rock, gneiss, and clay-slate. , Geographic Sitwation.—Occurs in large crystals, and roll- ed masses, in an alluvial soil, in the granite and gneiss di- — $ D stricts of Mar and Cairngorm, in the upper parts a Aber- deenshire ; and in veins, along with tinstone, in clay-slate, at — St Anne’s, in Cornwall; also in St Michael’s Mount, and at a 'revaunance, in the same county. ‘The finest topazes are H those found in Brazil. | | | Uses.—This gem is much prized by jewellers, and is consi- i dered one of the more beautiful ornamental stones. ` SECOND SUBSPECIES. | Schorlite, or Schorlous Topaz. | U Schorlartiger Berill, or Piknit, Werner.—Pycnite, Haüy. | External Characters.—Colours yellow, white, and grey M Occurs massive, and in parallel; thin, and straight prismatic 2 SC d | distinct concretions, which are longitudinally streaked ; also gee crystallized in long six-sided prisms, which are sometimes | i truncated on the terminal edges and angles, and are general- F | ly imbedded. Externally and internally its lustre is shining, approaching to glistening, and is resinous. Cleavage, indi- ` ` e D : D f IE. AR e ( V x de Ki E 4 A+? Pe e tA ALL f fied EER — = X ET UM a d Ce e i SER 190 | IL.—on». vin GEM. stinct. Fracture small and imperfect conchoidal, or fine- grained uneven. "More or less translucent on the edges. Brittle. "Uncommonly easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in Aber- deenshire ; ; also at Altenberg in Saxony, in a rock of quartz and mica, which forms an imbedded mass, included in por- phyry. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Physalite, or Pyrophysalite. Pyrophysalith, Hisinger. —Physalith, Werner. External Characters.—Colours greenish-white and moun- tain-green. Occurs massive, in coarse granular distinct con- cretions ; and crystallized in prisms. Lustre of the cleavage splendent, of the cross fracture glistening or dull. Cleavage, perfect. Fracture uneven or conchoidal Translucent on the = Geographic Situation.—Is found imbedded in’ granite at Finbo, near Fahlun, in Sweden. Genus V. EMERALD. Rhomboidal. Prismatic. Cleavage prismato-rhomboidal, or prismatoidal ; the first more distinct perpendicular to the axis. Hardness = 7.5, 8.0... Sp. gr. = 2.6, 3.2. 1. Prismatic Emerald, or Euclase. Euclas, Werner.—Prismatischer Smaragd, Mohs.—Euclase, — Hai. Specific Character.—Hemi-prismatic. Pyramid unknown. P P+ 00 133° ap. Cleavage, Pr + œ, perfect. Hard- ness = 7.5. Sp. gr. = 2.9, —3.2. External Characters.—Colours white, green, and blue. Crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms variously modified by truncations, bevelments, and acuminations. Internally splendent. Fracture small conchoidal. Alternates from tran- sparent to translucent, ae refracts double. Very easily fran- gible. : —80. Sp. gr. = 2.6,—2.8. smooth ; terminal planes rough. - Internally lustre intermedi- _ II.—on». vir. GEM. 191 Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, it. first loses its tr ansparency, and then melts into a white enamel. Constituent dens — Silica, à : 35 ; AMA; Ss e Glucine, 3 w — 14 Iron, - E 2 ens ] Wi Loss, - - 31 100 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—' This rare and beautiful mineral occurs in Peru and Brazil. 9. Rhomboidal Emerald. Rhomboedrischer Smaragd, Mohs.—Emeraude, Hauy. Specific Character.—Di-rhomboidal. 2 R = 138° 35 : 90. Cleavage, R — œ. Less perfect P+ o. Du Tee erano Ts divided into two subspecies, viz. Emerald iia Beryl. ~~. MÀ dh E EU ATE MEAT mm 2 . o FIRST SUBSPECIES. Emerald. Schmaragd, Werner. — External Characters.—Colour emerald-green. Generally crystallized in equiangular six-sided prisms. Lateral planes UNE NC —— - mer — — B À— DA Some insere [penes ate between shining and splendent, and vitreous. Cleavage, indistinct. Fracture small and imperfect conchoidal. Alter- i nates from transparent to translucent, and refracts double in E a moderate degree. 13 Constituent Parts.—Silica, ^. - 3 64.50 ; i Alumina, - - 16.00 | | M ` Glucina, S D 13.00 ` | 1 |j | Oxide of Chrome, - 3.25 | pr à à 1.60 Water, - - 2.00 100.35 Alden. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in drusy cavities, in veins in clay-slate, and also imbedded in mica-slate; and loose in the sand of rivers, and in other alluvial deposites. | A Geographic Situation.—'The most beautiful emeralds are i Be: EE b 12 IAE Y Tur! f d E ae $18 ar 4 M 1 P + A i D Lj M Oh ‘4 | dE s Y a i d FUN j Si MS = I LS NY i ] } | i ~ e -— CINE. SE E Ret geg RE REC 192 II —on». VII. GEM, at present brought from Peru ; others of less value are found in Salzburg ; and formerly they were dugin Egypt. Jse.— Ít is rare to find the colour of this gem pure and of good strength ; hence such specimens are very highly valued, and are employed in the most expensive kinds of jewellery. Is valued next to the ruby; and when of a good colour, is set without a foil, and upon a black ground, like brilliant dia- monds. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Beryl. Edler Beril, Werner. External Characters.—Colours green, blue, and yellow. Occurs massive, and this variety sometimes appears arranged in straight and thin prismatic distinct coneretions. Often cry- stallized in long equiangular six-sided prisms, either perfect, or truncated on the lateral and terminal edges or angles, also sometimes acuminated. Lateral planes deeply longitudinally streaked, but the terminal, acuminating, and truncating planes are smooth. Externally, lustre shining and glistening; in- ternally shining, which sometimes passes into glistening and splendent, and vitreous. Cleavage, more distinct than in emerald. Fracture small, and more or less perfect conchoidal. Commonly transparent, and refracts double, but in a feeble degree. Easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—sSilica, a 69.50 Alumina, - 14.00 Glucina, - , 14.00 Oxide of Iron, 1.00 98.50 Rose. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in veins that traverse gra- nite and gneiss, also imbedded in granite, and dispersed through alluvial soil. - Geographic Sttwation.—Oceurs in alluvial soil along with rock-crystal and topaz, in the upper parts of Aberdeenshire. In Ireland, imbedded in granite, near Lough Bray, in the county of Wicklow, and near Cronebane in the same county. Uses.—When pure, it is cut into ring-stones, seal-stones, ÍI.-—onb. vii. GEM. 193 brooches, intaglios, and necklaces, but is not so highly valued as emerald. Genus VI. Quartz, 2 on fel) oso. dien Bis Rhomboidal. Cleavage not i. EN to the axis. , Hardness = = 5.5,—7.5. Sp. gr. = 1.9, —2. T. 1 = feda s 1. Prismato-Rhomboidal au d or - Iolite. / : Prismato-rhomboedrischer Quarz, Mohs.—Iolith Peliom, pe E i Tolithe, Haiiy.—Prismato-rhomboidal Iolite, Jameson, 3d Ed. Specific Character.—Dirhomboidal. Rhomboid unknown. — C S ËCH . Cleavage, R+ oo. P+ o. Hardness = dt Aë Sp. gt = 29.5, Se External Characters.—Colour intermediate between violet- : blue and blackish-blue. When viewed in the direction of the x axis of the crystals, the colour is dark indigo-blue ; but per- N | pendienlar to the axis of the crystals, pale brownish-yellow. - Occurs massive, disseminated, and rarely crystallized in six- sided prisms. Internally shining, and lustre vitreous. ` Clea- yage imperfect. Fracture small-grained uneven, and some- ` times conchoidal. Translucent in the direction of the axis of X the crystal, and transparent at right angles to it. Refracts double. Easily frangible. Constituent e * 2 43.6. Alumina, 4 v EDS ; Magnesia, - - 9.7 - ; Potash, -= =- - - 140525 Oxide of Iron, -cadond ovi Oxide of Manganese a trace. 99.5 — Gmelin. - Geognostic. and Geog nohia Situations.—ÜOccurs in pri- Mitive rocks at Orijarvi, near Abo in Finland ; at Bodenmais in Bavaria; in the county of Salzburg; and 1 in other parts of Europe and America. Use. —It is cut, polished, seei worn as a gem. 2. Rhomboidal Quartz. | "a Quartz, Werner.—Rhomboedrischer Quarz, Mohs. Specific Character—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid — 5° 47. : n N d o -—ÀÓ Wem H 34 AA v - amare gg CH SS ees ae -SD ¥ 194 |. "ll.—oR». vir. GEM. Cleavage; P = 183° 88'; 103° 53’... P+ ov... Hardness — 7.0. Sp. gr. = 2.5,—2.7. This species contains fifteen subspecies, viz. 1. Amethyst, 2. Rock-Crystal, 3. Milk- Quartz, 4. Common-Quartz, 5. Prase, 6. Fibrous Quartz, 7. Cat’s-eye, 8. Iron Flint, 9. Hornstone, 10. Flinty Slate, 11. Flint, 12. Calcedony, 13. Heliotrope, 14. Jasper, 15. Floatstone, * Agate. FIRST SUBSPECIES: Amethyst. Amethyst, Werner. —Quartz-hyalin Violet, Haiiy. Is divided into two kinds, viz. Common, and 'Thick Fi- brous. First Kind. ^ Common Amethyst. “Eerie Chay "azters.—Colours blue, grey, w hite, brown, and rarely green. Occurs massive, in prismatic and lamellar concretions. Its most frequent cr ystallization is the acute six-sided pyramid; a less frequent form is the six-sided «^ 7 prism with a six-planed acumination. Alternates from trans- lucent to transparent. Internally splendent, or shining, and lustre vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle, and easily ` frangible. Geog nostic. Situation.—Occurs in agate-balls i in amygda- loid, greenstone, and porphyry, and in veins in other primitive and secondary rocks. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in veins and drusy cavities in secondary greenstone and amygdaloid, in many parts of Scotland. Near Cork in Ireland. In many places on the Con- tinents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Uses.—'The most highly valued amethysts are those odiis from the Continent of India, and the Island of Ceylon. 'The ‘next in esteem are the Brazilian. When the colour is good, it is cut and polished, and is considered a gem of cmd beauty. ! Ionin. vif GEM. EX | uiy 1n Second Kinds Thick Fibrous Amethyst. ` Dickfasri iger Amethyst, Wer ner. External Character. CR —Colours violet-blue, pearl-grey 8 “and white. Occurs massive, and in ‘thick fibrous concretions, collected into others, which are angulo-granular. Lustre glistening and vitreous. Fracture - imperfect conchoidal, or | uneven. Fragments wedge-shaped. Translucent, sometimes inclining to semi-transparent. , Geognostic and Geographic :Situation.—Occurs in agate- veins, and ag associated with. common age sel SECOND SUBSPECIES. "Rock or Mountain Crystal. ` Berg-Crystal, Werner. —Quartz-hyalin, Hai, y. — External Characters. —Colours white, brown, yellow, and ! red. Generally occurs in crystals, which are usually six-sid- | ed prisms, acuminated with six planes set on the lateral planes, and rarely in large granular concretions. Externally the crystals. are generally splendent or shining. Internally, splendent and vitreous. Fracture almost always perfect con- choidal. Fragments. indeterminate angular, and very sharp- edged. Generally transparent, Brittle, and easily frangible, Chemical EEE: — d infusible 23 the blowpipe. ` Constituent París.—süca, - —- Fee Trase of ferruginous Alumina. 100 ` Bucholz. Geognostic Situation. —Although rock-crystal occurs more frequently, and in more numerous geognostic relations than amethyst, yet it is not-the most common subspecies of quartz. It appears most frequently, and in the largest and most trans- parent crystals, in primitive rocks, where it occurs in beds, prs veins, and large drusy cavities. 04y Auie fo y tory Geographic Situation.—Crystals of great size Eaki sonis LI. are found in different parts of Scotland ; the rock-erystals of 3 the Island of Arran, which occur in drusy cavities in granite, IER Ki / F 4 ry ` mn TaN. Sam Á i P 4 \ A = E Lum ^ " e (Jj P JAE üt hi tu oc V/ fit Pat, fla qv Ap Caer Ind we r4 : JI KS l DA f d j ; p 7 fc a ; ? H " " j Lx T YN E g : 1 X» Nu n Üü 196 | . lL—onp. vH. GEM. are well known; but the largest and most valuable are found in the district of Cairngorm, in the upper part of Aberdeen- shire, where they occur in granite, or in alluvial soil, along with beryl and topaz. On the Continent of Europe it is very widely, and often abundantly distributed, and the same is the case in Asia and America. Uses.—Rock-crystal is cut and polished as an inferior kind of gem or ornamental stone. The Cairngorm stones of Scot- land are varieties of rock-crystal. , ea rg AU E A THIRD EN ar Rose or Milk Quartz. Milch-Quartz, Werner.—Quartz-hyalin rosé, Haiiy. External Characters.—Colours rose-red and milk-white. Occurs massive, and sometimes in lamellar concretions. In- _ternally shining, sometimes passing to splendent, and vi- treous, inclining to resinous. Fracture more or less perfect conchoidal. More or less translucent. The other characters Se are the same as those of rock-crystal. pants, tés red Geognostic Situation. — II.—oxz». vai. GEM. 207 ranged either in clouded, flamed, or striped. delineations ; of these the striped are either disposed in a cireular manner, or fortification- wise. ` Occurs massive. Frequently occurs in dis- tinct concretions, which are either fortification-wise bent, or concentric lamellar. Internally dull. Fracture small and flat conchoidal, approaching to even. Brittle and easily: fran- gible. - Geognostic Situation.—Oceurs principallyin layers, in agate- balls, in amygdaloid; likewise in agate-balls and veins in por- phyry. — 199 L6 63969 Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the agates of the middle district of Scotland, &c. . | ! ‘FIFTEENTH SUBSPECIES. . Floatstone, or Spongiform Quartz. Schwimmstein, Werner.—Quartz nectique, Haüy. S ` External Characters.—Colours white and grey. Occurs in porous, massive, and tuberose forms. Internally dull. Fracture coarse earthy. Feebly translucent on the edges. Soft, but its particles are as hard as quartz. - Brittle, and ea- sily frangible. It is so porous as to float on water, but only - until the air contained in its numerous cavities has been dis- placed by the water. ; Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs incrusting flint, or in imbedded masses in a secondary limestone, at St Ouen, near Paris; also in the tin and copper mines of Corn- . TEL ees 3 i * Agate. Agate is not, as some mineralogists maintain, a simple mi- neral, but is composed of various kinds of the quartz genus, intimately joined together, and the whole mass is so compact and hard, that it receives a high polish. Agate is principally | composed of calcedony, with flint, hornstone, carnelian, jasper, cacholong, amethyst, and quartz. Of these minerals, some- times only two, in other instances more than three occur in the same agate; and these are either massive, disseminated, ` or in Jayers. P ID a Ze "b Ze br Ve TU. uc T1 kg D (wel iA : Ay ES d á Xd FAP ee TC RI m i v " T eg " II.—on»: ert, GEM. 3. Uncleavable Quartz. Untheilbarer Quartz, Mohs. Specific Character.—Uncleavable. Hardness = 5. " e 5. Sp. gr. = 1.9,—2.2. - - This species contains four subspecies, viz. 1. Quartzy Sin- ter; 2. Hyalite; 3. Opal; and, 4. Menilite, FIRST SUBSPECIES. Quartzy or Siliceous Sinter, or Pearl Sinter, Kieselsinter, Werner -—Quartz-agathe concretionné thermogené, Haiiy. / This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Common, Opaline, and Pearly. D First Kind. Common Quartzy or Silieeous Sinter. Gemeiner Kieselsinter, Karsten. External Characters,—Colour white, and grey, diversified with light red and hair-brown spots and stripes. Occurs mas- sive, BE ed coralloidal, fruticose, botryoidal, porous ; and oecasionally contains parts of plants : also in distinct concre- tions, which are granular, fibrous, or curved lamellar. Ex- ternally dull; internally, when porous, dull, i in other forms glistening and pearly. Fracture conchoidal or uneven. More or less translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Infusible without addition before the blowpipe. | ` Constituent Parts.—sitica, 98.0 ‘Alumina, 1.5 hom * = OS™ 100. O Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. — Occurs around the hot-springs in Iceland. i, d r ^ * j Second Kind. Opaline Quartzy or Siliceous Sinter. Opalartiger Kieselsinter, Weber. External Characters.—Colour white, with blackish or bluish 1 IL.—onp. vir. GEM. 209 spots, or dendritic delineations. Occurs massive, and in gra- nular and lamellar concretions. Lustre glistening ; and frac- ture conchoidal. ‘Translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. . - Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Around the hot- springs of Iceland. Third Kind. Pearl-Sinter, or Fiorite. Fiorite, Thomson. External Characters. —Colcurs white and grey. Occurs coralloidal, stalactitic, tubular, cylindrical, fruticose, botryoi- dal, reniform, and small globular; also in granular and lamellar concretions. Externally generally smooth and shining, and lustre pearly: sometimes rough and dull; TEC dull, glistening, or shining, and lustre resino-pearly. Fracture un- even, conchoidal, or splintery. Fragments indeterminate angular and sharp-edged. Translucent, or only translucent. on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Like the other kinds, infusible be- fore the blowpipe. Constituent Parts. —Silica, SE : 94 Alumina TAG - a Lime, uer - b.c 100 Santi. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. — Was discovered by Santi, an Italian naturalist, in Montamiato, and has been Since found in the Vicentine, and in other quarters. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Hyalite. Hyalith, Werner. et AUI Characters.—Colours white, grey, and green. Generally reniform, botryoidal, and sometimes stalactitic, and m crusts. Internally shining and splendent: and lustre vi- treous, slightly inclining to resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Translucent, appr oaching to semi-transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. O 210 IT.—orp. VIL GEM. Chemical. Characters.—Infusible without addition before the blowpipe. | Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Has been hither- to found principally near Frankfort on the Mayne, where it occurs in fissures in vesicular telae pod banallie greenstone. pent C3 Be, Rk zs 3 [ THIRD SUBSPECIES Opal. Opal, Werner. This subspecies is divided into seven kinds, viz, pia Common, Fire, Mother-of-Pearl c or Cacholong, Semi, Jasper, and Wood, First Kind. Precious Opal. Edler Opal, Werner. External Characters.—Most common colour milk-white, which at the same time displays a fine play of beautiful co- lours. Occurs massive and disseminated. Internally splen- dent, and vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Alternates from translucent to transparent. Brittle. Uncommonly easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Infusible without addition before the blowpipe. ` Opal of Czscherwenitza. 90 Constituent París.—silica, Water, 100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in small veins in clay-porphyry, and in secondary trap-rocks, generally . accompanied with semi-opal, in Hungary; also in ag . and other eountries. E Lt bi. kee, cf RAM ed CTS Uses.—Few gems are more beautiful than precious p "The elegant play of the richest, purest, and most beautiful colours, have procured for it a high rank among the precious | stones. It is worked into ring-stones, necklaces, ear-drops, and other ornaments. IL—-oz». vir. GEM. ST? Second Kind. Common Opal. Gemeiner Opal, Werner. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, — red, and green. Occurs massive, and disseminated. Internally splendent, passing into shining, and vitreous. Fracture con- choidal. Most commonly semi-transparent. Brittle, and ea- sily frangible. t Of Telkobanya Constituent Parts.—siiica, S - a EE Oxide of Iron, = - 1.00 Water, - o. &00 1 99.50 Klaproth. "aras and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins, along with precious. apes in clay-porphyry, in —' and other countries. Third Kind. Fire Opal. Feur Opal, Karsten. External Characters.—Principal colour hyacinth-red, which passes through honey -yellow i into wine-yellow; and upon light- er places shews a carmine-red and apple-green iridescence. In its interior, dendritic delineations are sometimes to be ob- served, Internally splendent, and lustre vitreous. Occurs 1n lamellar and granular distinct concretions. Fracture con- choidal. Completely transparent. Brittle, and sees y frangible. ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Has hitherto been found only in America, at Zimapan i in Mexico, where it was first observed by Sonnenschmid and Humboldt, imbedded in Porphyry. Fourth Kind. Mother-of- Pearl Opal, or Cacholong. Perlmutter Opal, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour milk-white; sometimes den- dritic. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in granular con- ` O2 912 II.—on». vit. GEM. cretions. Externally dull: internally alternates from dull to glistening and shining, and is pearly. Fracture flat conchoi- dal, but becomes earthy by the action of the atmosphere. Opaque. Brittle, and easily frangible. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs along with calcedony, in trap-rocks in the island of Iceland; in the Faroe islands; also in Greenland ; and in Bucharia. | - -Fifth Kind. Semi-Opal. Halb-Opal, Werner. External Characters.—Most common colours white, grey, and brown. Occurs not only massive and disseminated, but also tuberose, small reniform, small botryoidal, and stalaetitic. Externally glistening ; internally generally glistening, and vi- treous, inclining to resinous. Fracture conchoidal. More or less translucent, and sometimes passes to translucent on the edges. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Occurs in por- phyry and amygdaloid, in Scotland, Iceland, France, Ger- many, &c. Sixth Kind. Jasper-Opal, or Ferruginous Opal. d E Opal-Jaspis, Werner. et bimatest bs External Characters.—Colours red, yellow, and grey. Oc- Luh d curs massive. Internally lustre shining, approaching to splen-~ 1 dent, and intermediate between vitreous and resinous. Frac- kA” ture perfect conchoidal, and sometimes rather flat conchoidal. Opaque, and sometimes feebly translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Is found in large and small pieces in porphyry, near Telkobanya and Tokay in Hungary, and in other parts of Europe. Seventh Kind. W ood-Opal. Holz-Opal, Werner. External Characters. —Colours white, grey, or brown, and S {J.—onD. VII. GEM. 919 sometimes also black. Occurs in pieces which have the shape of branches and stems. Internally lustre shining, and some- times splendent, and glistening, or glimmering. Cross frac- ture conchoidal ; longitudinal fracture sometimes modified by the remaining fibrous woody texture. "More or less translu- cent; sometimes only translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —ls found in allu- vial land in Zastravia in Hungary ; and is said to occur in secondary trap-rocks in Transylvania. A. Baie Hone Uses.—Is cut into plates, and is then used for snuff-boxes, and other ornamental articles. - : FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Menilite. T "This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Brown and Grey. First Kind. Brown Menilite. Ken. y T e, Brauner Menilith, E ad External Characters.—Colour chesnut-brown. On the surface sometimes of a bluish colour. Occurs always tuberose. External surface rough and dull; internally faintly, glisten- ing, and lustre intermediate between resinous and vitreous. Fracture very flat conchoidal. ‘Translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—Silica, UE 2 85.5 ; : Alumina, ge - s 1.0 Lime ` ` x E 0.5 Oxide of Iron, D e ee Water and Carbonaceous Matter, 11.0 98.5 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Has hitherto been found only at Menil Montant, near Paris, where it occurs im- bedded in adhesive-slate, in the same manner as flint is in chalk. Il.—orp. vir. GEM. Second Kind. Grey Menilite. Grauer Menelit, Hoffmann. External Characters. —Colour yellowish-grey, sometimes inclining to wood-brown. Oécurs tuberose. Internally glim- mering or dull Fracture very flat conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular and sharp-edged. Translucent in the edges, or opaque. Easily frangible and brittle. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded in clayey-marl at Argenteuil, near Paris. 4. Y'usible Quartz *. Empyrodox Quartz, Mohs. Specific Character.—Uncleavable. Hardness = 6.0,—7.0 Sp. gr. = 2.2,—2.4. This species contains four subspecies, viz. Obsidian, Pitch- stone, Pearl-stone and Pumice. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Obsidian. Obsidian, Werner-—Lave vitreuse obsidienne, Haiiy. * This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Translucent, . and Transparent. E F'irst Kind. Translucent Obsidian. Plate Durchscheinender Obsidian, Hoffmann. External Characters.—Colours black, grey, and green. -Occurs massive. Internally splendent, seldom shining, and lustre vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Alternates from trans- lucent to translucent on the edges. Very brittle. Kasily frangible. Streak grey. Chemical Characters.——The black obsidian of Iceland, ac- cording to Da Camara, on charcoal, before the blowpipe, melts into a pale ash-grey imperfect vesicular glass. * This species is nearly allied to felspar. A TI.—ORD. VIL GEM. 215 4 S5 American. | Constituent Parts.—Silica, = = ~ 72.0 Alumina, Bi Sat ale 12.5 . Natron and Potash, - 10.0 S E ‘Lime, e bp. ot FR As io) df aditiv | Oxide of Iron and Manganese, 2.0 ; y Lvhnieennn piahi 96.5 Descotils. Geogrnostic Situation.—'This mineral occurs in beds, im- bedded masses and veins, in porphyry, and in various secon- dary trap-rocks. Said also to occur in streams (coule), in undoubted. volcanic districts. z Geographic Situation.—Occurs in various parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. | Uses.—1t is cut into ornamental articles of different kinds. ^ s p, todo : 9i 3 (ëss, $ D F Sg | ids. A Ante t Më ^16. d 5 A x^ y H e Mr wme—'. d E ee Second Kind. Transparent Obsidian. à Durchsichtiger Obsidian, Hoffmann. External Characters.—Colours blue, brown, and white. Internally splendent and vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Perfectly transparent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs imbedded in pearlstone-porphyry, at Marekan in Siberia. SECOND SUBSPECIES 4 Pitehstone. fr~ 45 udare i; Pechstein, Werner.—Petrosilex resiniforme, Haiiy. * m External Characters.—Colours green, grey, blue, yellow, brown, and black. Occurs massive, and in prismatic, globu- . lar, and lamellar concretions. Internally shining and glisten- ing, and lustre vitreo-resinous. -Feebly translucent on the edges. Fracture conchoidal, coarse-grained uneven, and coarse | splintery. Brittle, and easily frangible. " Win eet Pale-—EE .— yo 1. 1200 Alumina, Dees 14.50 ` |. Lime, = E ` 1.00 : E ` Oxide of Iron, . - 1.00 : Oxide of Manganese, — - 0-10) Natron, E A 1.75 à i ; : Water, = . 8.50 | a " : ; , S 99.85 Klaproth. tA T A Ze e LIT 4 f V Pe Gs LAT UA- CHYLA tA A for he Ge, Et "lea os Af e pr ` MB Re oes Se UE ee es 216 Ii.—onrp. vir Gem. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in pri- mitive, transition and secondary rocks, in Scotland, Ireland, e Saxony, &c. La — Lr THIRD SUBSPECIES. Pearl-Stone. Perlstein, Werner.—Obsidienne perlé, Han, External Characters.—Colours grey, black, and red. | Oc- curs massive, disseminated; also in roundish granular, and curved lamellar concretions. Lustre shining and pearly. Translucent on the edges, or translucent. Very easily fran- gible. ' Constituent Parts.—Ssilica, 77.0 . Alumina, - - 13.00 Oxide of Iron and Manganese, 2.00 Fotash, - = "2.00 Lime, ` - 1.50 Natron, - 0.70 Water, 4.00 100.02 E auquelzn. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations—Occurs in por- phyry, in Hungary, Spain, North of Ireland, Iceland, and Mexico. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. | Pumice. Bimstein, Werner.—Lave vitreuse pumicée, ary. This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Glassy, Common, and Porphyritic. First Kind. Glassy Pumice. Glasiger Bimstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colour grey, and sometimes white. Occurs vesicular, and capillary in the vesicular cavities. In- ternally, principal fracture is glistening and pearly ; cross fracture shining, and nearly vitreous. Principal fracture is promiscuous fibrous; the cross fracture conchoidal, some- ` times inclining to uneven. Fragments indeterminate angu- IIL—on». vil. GEM. | SIT Hi lar aud blunt edged. Translucent, or translucent on the . K edges. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Feels very rough, sharp, and meagre. | f üt Geognostic and Geographic Sütuations.—Occurs in beds ES along with common pumice and obsidian, in the Lipari Is- B lands, &c. e : " 1 Second Kind. | Common Pumice. Gemeiner Bimstein, Werner. ES d External Characters.—Colours white and grey. Occurs i vesicular, and in the interior of the vesicles capillary fibres. A Internally glistening or glimmering and pearly. Principal | fracture fibrous; éross fracture uneven. Fragments blunt, d angular, and sometimes splintery. ‘Translucent on the edges. ` / Brittle and easily frangible. Feels meagre and rough. "n Chemical Characters.—At 60° Wedgwood, melts into a | grey coloured slag. H Constituent Parts.—silica, ` S 717.50 | Alumina, - - 17.50 Ht Natron and Potash, - 3.00 Iron and Manganese, - 175 d 99.75 Kiaproth. P ^ . Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds along with glassy pumice and obsidian, in the Island of Li- pari; also in Iceland, Teneriff, and other parts. - — Uses.—It is used for polishing glass and soft stones; also ` E by parchment-makers, curriers and hatanakers, and hence forms a considerable article of trade, and is exported from the Lipari Islands in great. quantities, to the different countries prt m of Europe. — TAM | Third Kind. — ? Porphyritic Pumice. E) Porphyrartiger Bimstein, Werner. DA | | | i External Characters.—Colours white and grey; rarely Ri brown. Occurs massive and porous. Internally glistening or glimmering, and pearly. Fracture imperfect, curved fibrous, — —— 218 II.—on». vit. Gem. which sometimes passes into splintery or uneven. Feebly translucent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations Tt contains crys- tals of felspar, quartz and mica, and is associated with trachyte- porphyry, obsidian, pearlstone and pitchstone, in Hungary and other countries. | E / V Prismatic. Perfect vitreous lustre. ss = 6.5,—7.0. Specific gravity = 3.0,—3.3, the hens J tn GE 1. Prismatic Axinite. Prismatischer Axinit, Mohs.—Thumerstein, Werner.—Axinite, Hai. ! Specific Character.—Tetarto-prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, two faces, the one more distinct than the other. Incidence = 101? 30’. External Characters.—Colours clove-brown, plumb.blue, grey, and black. Seldom massive, most frequently crystal- lized in very oblique four-sided prisms. Massive varieties occur in curved lamellar distinct concretions. Externally, lustre splendent; internally, alternates from glistening to shining, and is vitreous, slightly inclining to resinous. Frac- ture fine-grained uneven, or conchoidal. Alternates from perfectly transparent to feebly translucent. Brittle, and very easily frangible. ` i Chemical Char acters.—Easily fusible with ebullition into a bottle-green glass, which, by continuance of the heat, be- comes nearly black. | Constituent Parts.—sitica, H S 50.50 Alumina, - . 16.00 Lime, ae 17.00 Oxide of Iron, E 9.50 - of Manganese, 5.25 Potash, A - 0.25 ; | 98.50 Klaproth. Geognostic Sitwation.—Occurs in primitive mountains, in rocks of gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, and hornblende-rock, Is found in Cornwall, and in various districts on the Con- tinent of Europe. II.—onp».vir GEM. 219 Genus VIII. CHRYSOLITE. Prismatic. Perfect vitreous lustre. Hardness — 6.5,—1.0. Sp. gr. = $.3,—3.5 ; 1. Prismatic Chrysolite. Prismatischer Krisolith, Mohs.—Peridot, Haity. Specific Character. —Prismatic. Pyramid =107° 46 ; 101 gi, 190 4L. Proz Dir. Cleavage, Deia, Less distinct Pr + 0. | Of this species there are two subspecies, viz. Chrysolite, and Olivine. ; FIRST SUBSPECIES. Chrysolite. Krisolith, Werner. ‘External Characters——Colours pistachio-green, and also ` asparagus, and pale grass green. Occurs in angular pieces, roundish pieces, and often crystallized in a four and six sided prisms, variously acuminated, and bevelled, and truncated on the lateral edges. Internally, lustre splendent and vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. ‘Transparent, and refracts double. Brittle, and easily frangible. - Chemical Characters. —Infusible, without " addition, before the blowpipe; but with borax melts into a transparent green glass. Constituent París.—sSiica, ^ —- E QU | Magnesia, d - - 43.50 Iron, 2 - - 19.00 ` 101.50 _ Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Is found in allu- vial soil in Upper Egypt, and on the shores of the Red Sea. Uses.—It is cut and polished, and made into necklaces, | hair ornaments and ring-stones. SECOND SUBSPECIES. ," Olivine. =” vine Olivin, Werner. External Characters.—Colours olive-green, and yellow. Ee [3 / hu ~ j f, y Fi- lhet E TS ee D - f fa D Í ^ LC D t^ FU. L4nr ets s S GE ui uA KA f LAM CU Ki , p L e rr ME es r fe ofze > d D I... i} 990 I].—onb. vir. GEM. Occurs massive, in grains, in roundish ‘pieces, and in an- gulo-granular concretions. When crystallized, which is rarely the case, it isin the form of rectangular four-sided prisms, and these are always imbedded, Internally, lustre shin- ing and glistening, and vitreo-resinous. ^ Fracture small- grained uneven, sometimes passing into imperfect small con- choidal ‘Translucent, passing into semi-transparent, but sel- dom transparent. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded in basalt, greenstone, porphyry, and lava, generally accom- panied with augite, in Sco land, Germany, Italy, and other 1 1 A e countries, ( ean Leahey? d i bsha J Ne d 3 g N d Nf Genus IX. Boracire. “Re d Tessular. Hardness = 7. Sp. gr. = 2.8,—3.0. 1. Octahedral Boracite. Octaedrischer Borazit, Mohs.—Borazit, Werner.—Magnesie Bo- ratée, Haiiy. S Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage, imperfect octa- hedral. External Characters.—Colours white and grey. Occurs crystallized in the following figures: 1. Cube, either perfect or variously truncated on the edges and angles. 2. 'Tetra- hedron, truncated on all the edges, and acuminated on all the angles with three planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 3. Rhomboidal dodecahedron. Internally shining and adamantine. Fracture conchoidal, sometimes passing into uneven. Translucent, or transparent. Brittle and easily frangible. H Physical Characters:—Pyro-electric on all the angles, and | this electricity very easily excited. Chemical Characters.—Fusible before the blowpipe into a yellowish enamel. Constituent París.— Magnesia, - és Boracic Acid, 83.4 t 100.0 Vauguelin. ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs imbedded Qv ; F wf | / IL—onp. vil. GEM. 291 in gypsum and anhydrite; and hitherto only in two places, viz. at the Kalkberg at Lüneberg in Hanover, and the Sege- berg, near Kiel, in Holstein. Genus X. TouRMALINE. Rhomboidal. Hardness ='7.0,—7.5. Sp. gr. =3.0,—3.2. 1. Rhomboidal Tourmaline. Rhomboedrischer Turmalin, Mohs.—Tourmaline, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid = 133° 26. Cleavage, R. Po.. l 1 It is divided into two subspecies, viz. Tourmaline and / Schorl. oM FIRST SUBSPECIES. Tourmaline. Turmalin, Werner. ; External Characters —Colours, green, brown, red, blue, | yellow, and white. In some crystals the centre is red, but the exterior green. Occurs very seldom massive, or in pris- matic concretions; scarcely ever disseminated ; oftener in rolled pieces; but most frequently crystallized, in three, ERO, four, six, and nine sided prisms, variously acuminated. : The lateral faces are generally cylindrical convex, and deep- ly longitudinally streaked; the acuminating planes are mostly smooth and shinmg: sometimes the planes on one extremity are smooth, but on the other rough. Internal- ly lustre splendent and vitreous. Fracture nearly perfect, and small conchoidal. Alternates from nearly opaque to completely transparent. Refracts double in a middling de- gree. When viewed perpendicular to the axis of the crystal, it is more or less transparent, but in the direction of the axis, even when the length of the prism is less than the thick- hess, it is opaque. Brittle, and easily frangible. Physical Characters.—By friction, it exhibits signs of vi- treous electricity ; by heating, vitreous electricity at one ex, y ' tremity, and resinous electricity at the other. H f / A | 1j ; d i Ras Li: j | \ Kate Kt ffe x SS dät [RAs As ' \ e j ^ d T | h M E 4 - Cp , Eet e — 229 Il.—orp. vri. GEM. — Chemical Characters.— Before the blowpipe it melts into a greyish-white vesicular enamel; but the red coloured Sibe- rian tourmaline is infusible, Y : : Green Tourmaline from Brazil. Constituent Parts.—sitica, - 40.00 Alumina, 39.00 Lime . 3.84 Oxide of Iron, . 12.50 Oxide of Manganese, 2.00 Loss, : - 2.66 ps (f, Y» ag Lt, ! Vë VOR sn 100.00 Vauquelin. reognostic and Geographic Situations.—' T ourmaline oc- Curs m primitive rocks in Scotland, England, Germany, Nor- way, Italy, and many other countries. Uses.— The green, blue, red, and brown varieties are some- times cut and polished, and worn as ornamental stones. te deta PT Aë G tone SECOND SUBSPECIES. / Common Schorl. fro e wdloc 7 D ZS D m v PA Gemeiner Schorl, Werner ,—Schorl opaque et noire, Haüy. f | sc = External Characters.—Colour velvet-black, of various de- grees of intensity. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granu- lar and prismatic concretions, and frequently crystallized, in three, six, and nine sided prisms, that present various acumi- nations, truncations and bevelments. Internally lustre in- termediate, between shining and glistening, and vitreous. Fracture intermediate between conchoidal and uneven. Opaque. Affords a grey streak. Brittle, and easily fran- gible. : : Common Schorl from Eibenstock. Constituent Parts: —sitica, 2 36.75 S yr Ee 34.50 Magnesia, - 0.25 Oxide of Iron, 21.00 Potash, 5 6.00 98.50 » Klaproth. Physical Characters.—Exhibits the same electrical proper- ties as tourmaline. i IL—oxz». vir. GEM. : 298 - Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Ocewrs in primi- tive mountains in every extensive alpine district in Europe ; and also in Asia, Africa, and America. Genus XI. GARNET. KC we Tessular, pyramidal, prismatic. If colour red, the Sp.. gr. — 3.7 and more. - If black, Sp. gr. = 3.9 and less. Lus- tre not pure vitreous. Hardness ranges from 6.0 to 7.5. If 7.5 the colour is red or brown. Sp. gr. —3.1,—4.3. 1. Pyramidal Garnet, or Vesuvian. Pyramidaler Granat, Mohs.—V esuvian, & Egeran, Werner.—ldo-. crase, Haüy. j : UNES Specific Character.—P yramidal. Pyramid = 129° 20 e (4^ 14. Cleavage, P— o». P+ o. [P + œ ]. Hardness —6.5. Sp. gr. = 3.3—3.4. | : External Characters.—Colours green and brown. Occurs. massive, disseminated, and in granular concretions ; but more- frequently crystallized in rectangular four-sided prisms, vari- ously acuminated, truncated, and bevelled. Lateral planes. of the prism are longitudinally streaked ; but the truncating and terminal planes are smooth. Externally the crystals are splendent ; internally glistening, approaching to shinmg, and the lustre vitreo-resinous. Fracture small-grained uneven. Alternates from translucent to translucent on the edges, and refracts double. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it melts with- out addition into a yellowish and faintly translucent glass. Vesuvian of Vesuvius. Constituent Parts.—Silica, — - P ^ 35.05 Lime, - D 33.00 Alumina, Ge . 22.25 Oxide of Iron, - 7.05 Oxide of Manganese, 0.25 Loss, é e 2 1.05 100.00 Klaprotk. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in primi- tive rocks in Ireland, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, &c. Uses.—At Naples it is cut into ring-stones, and is sold Cé 1 294. AI.—onp. VII GEM. under various names: the green-coloured varicties are deno- minated Volcanic Chrysolite; and the brown, Volcanic Hya- cinth. 2. Tetrahedral Garnet, or Helvine. Helvin, Werner.—Helvine, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage, octahedral, but indistinct. Hardness — 6.0,—6.5. Sp. gr.—9.1,2:9.9. External Characters.—Colours wax-yellow, and pale oil and siskin green. Occurs disseminated, in granular concre- tions; and crystallized in tetrahedrons, which are perfect or truncated on the angles. Internally glimmering or shining : . externally vitreous, and interhally vitreo-resinous. Fracture small-grained uneven. Crystals strongly translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Melts before the blowpipe into a blackish-brown glass. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with slate-spar, brown-blende, fluor, and chlorite, in beds subordi- nate to gneiss, near Schwarzenberg in Saxony. 3. Dodecahedral Garnet. Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage dodecahedral. Hardness = 6.5,—7.5. Sp. gr. = 3.5,—4.3. | This species contains seven subspecies, viz. 1. Grossulare ; 2. Pyreneite; 2. Melanite ; A Allochroite ; 5. Colophonite ; 6. Garnet; and 7. Pyrope. | FIRST SUBSPECIES. Grossulare. {4 Grossular, Werner. ' External Characters.—Colour asparagus-green. Crystal- lized in acute double eight-sided pyramids, flatly acuminated on both extremities by four planes; the acuminating planes set on the alternate edges of the double eight-sided pyramid. Planes of the crystals smooth. Externally shining ; inter- nally shining, and lustre resmous. Fracture intermediate II.—oR»D. VII. GEM. SE A4) between conchoidal and uneven. ‘Translucent. Brittle, and d d | rather easily frangible. EIE x H Geopnostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded 1 in small crystals, along with vesuvian, in a pale greenish-grey | claystone, near the river Wilui in Siberia ; also in the Bannat | | | of Temeswar. 4 | E SECOND SUBSPECIES. Pyreneite. Pyreneit, JVerner. External Characters.—Colour greyish-black. Occurs mas- sive, and crystallized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons. Ex- n ternally glistening, inclining to shining, and metallic-like. E MET Internally glistening and vitreous. Fracture small-grained A d k uneven. Opaque. | : . Geognostic and Geographic Situation.—Occurs in prim- è NE tive limestone in the Pic of Eres-Lids, near Bareges, in the | | | French Pyrenees. ` THIRD SUBSPECIES. , | ; Melanite. Ave f^^ ae De a Du » A Melanit, Werner | / : | n External Characters.—Colour velvet-black. Generally cry- stallized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons, truncated on the edges. Internally shining, inclining to glistening, and resino-vitreous, AU .— Fracture conchoidal. Opaque. Rather easily frangible, - i 41 | - Constituent Parts.—Siliea, — - = 3550 . ; Alumina, . -` Le . 6.00 ; ; iM , Lime . - - - 32.05 J Oxide of Iron, - 25.25 Oxide of Manganese, ` 0.04 , : Loss, - - S 0.35 [ 100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.— Occurs in primi- tive and secondary rocks in Italy, Germany, and Norway. ` : a P | du Gg Sage ae SC ET SES? IT.—orb. vil. GEM. | FOURTH SUBSPECIES. y- Allochroite. — — Allochroit, Werner. External Characters.—Colours, grey, brown, and green. Occurs massive. Internally glimmering, rarely glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture uneven, sometimes even passing to conchoidal. Feebly translucent on the flat edges. Rather easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—It has hitherto been found only in Viuls iron-mine near Drammen in Norway, where it is associated with calcareous-spar, reddish-brown gar- net, and magnetic iron-ore. FIFTH SUBSPECIES. Colophonite, or Resinous Garnet. External Characters.—Colours brown, red, and green. Occurs massive, in angulo-granular concretions; and crystal- lized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons, either perfect, or trunca- ted on the edges. Appears as if melted. Internally shining ; externally splendent. Lustre resino-adamantine. Fracture imperfect conchoidal. ‘Translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs in beds of magnetic iron-ore, which are subordinate to gneiss, at Aren- dal in Norway; in talc-slate at Salvagnengo in Piedmont ; and in gneiss in the Island of Ceylon. : SIXTH SUBSPECIES. Garnet. This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Precious and Common Garnet. First Kind. ` Precious Garnet. Edler Granat, Werner. External Characters.—All the colours of this gem are fed Xj Ub iAP : i : ` 4 » She fn d, EA ^» | SI BALAK. « di Gë ,F p E: SEMEN omen | deme Br c^ i easily into a black scoria or enamel. —— II.—onp. vit: GEM. dark-red, which generally fall into blue. ‘Occurs in roundish grains, and in lamellar concretions, also crystallized in rhom- boidal dodecahedrons, and in the form of the leucite. Inter- nally it is shining, bordering on splendent; and vitreous, in- clining slightly to resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Alternates from completely transparent to translucent. Brittle, and ra- ther difficultly frangible. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe it melts pretty H Constituent París.— silica, iit posnisi 39.66 Alumina, D - 19.66 Black Oxide of Iron, - 39.68 Oxide of Manganehe, — - 1.80 ` 100. 80 Berselius. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs imbedded in primitive rocks, in Scotland, England, Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and many other countries: Use.—This beautiful gem is not so highly valued at pre- sent as it was a century ago. The larger kinds are used as ring-stones, and, after cutting and polishing, are set either au LE or are Brake with a silver or violet-blue foil. ` Second Kind. Common Garnet. Gemeiner Granat, Werner. External Characters.—Colours brown, green, yellow, red and black. Occurs most commonly massive, in angulo-granular distinct concretions, sometimes crystallized, and possesses all the figures of the precious garnet. External lustre shining, or glistening, very rarely splendent. Internal lustre glisten- ing, seldom shining, and intermediate between resinous and vitreous, Fracture fine-grained uneven, sometimes slightly inclining to imperfect conchoidal, or to splintery. More or less translucent ; the sien neatly Graas Softer than pre- cious garnet. : Geognestic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs massive or crystallized in primitive rocks in Scotland, England, Ire IA 998 II.—onp. vir. GEM. land, Norway, Puedes Germany, Italy, and many other countries. Use.—On account of its easy fusibility, it is sometimes em- ployed as a flux in smelting iron-ores. SEVENTH SUBSPECIES. . Pyrope. D TUN Pyrope, Werde. 32 RPSL P External Characters.—Colour dark binder Ce in roundish and angular grains. Lustre splendent, and vitreo- resinous, Fracture conchoidal. Transparent, and refracts double. Rather harder than precious garnet. Constituent Parts.—sitica, a z 40.00 Alumina, - - 28.50 Magnesia, 10.00 Lime, - 3.50 Oxide of Iron, 16.50 —-—— Manganese, 0.25 Acid of Chrome, 2.00 Loss, = 1.28— 100.75 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situation.—Occurs in serpen- tine and trap, in TU Use.—This beautiful gem is employed in deeg every kind of A b and is generally set with a Hos, foil. wt. Gi ech teet A Prismatic Garnet, of gemet Stone. Prismatischer Garnet, Mo^s.—Kaneelstein, Werner.—Essonite, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + o» —102°40', indistinct. Hardness = 7.0,—7.5 Sp. gr. 3.5,—8.7. Steet Characters.—Principal colour intermediate be- tween hyacinth-red and orange-yellow. Occurs massive, and in granular distinct concretions. Internally shining, approach- ing to glistening ; and lustre resmo-vitreous. Fracture in eve- ry direction rather imperfect, and flat conchoidal. "Transpa- rent and semitransparent ; generally so impure and full of ll IlL.—on». VII. GEM. 999 cracks, that faultless spécimens rarely occur. Refracts single. Brittle, and rather difficultly frangible. | Geognostic and Geographic Situation.—Occurs in gneiss near Kincardine in Ross-shire ; in alluvial deposites, and also associated with quartz, tabular-spar, and iron-ore, in gneiss, in the island of Ceylon. : Use.—Is cut as a precious stone, and, when free of flaws, is- of considerable value. 5. Prismatoidal Garnet, or Grenatite. Prismatoidischer Granat, Mohs.—Granatit, Werner. —Staurotide, Haiiy. l Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid = 131° 54' ; 80° 43’: 124° AS. P+ œ =129° 30’. Cleavage, Pr + oo, perfect. Hardness — 7.0,—7.5. Sp. gr. = 3.3,—3.9. External Characters.—Colour dark reddish-brown. Oc curs only crystallized, and in the following figures: 1. Very oblique four-sided prism, truncated on the acute lateral edges. 2. Preceding figure acutely bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes cut on the obtuse lateral edges. 3. Various twin crystals. Internally the cleavage is shining and splen- dent; fracture glistening and glimmering, with a resino-vitre- ous lustre. Fracture small-grained uneven, which sometimes approaches to small conchoidal. Often opaque, sometimes translucent, and very rarely semitransparent. Brittle, and ea- sily frangible. St Gothard. Constituent Parts.— Amina, D EAM aso ae Silica, e reg D E Oxide of Iron, - - 18.25 Oxide of Manganese, - 0.05 Loss, E - - 2.15 MÀ ne 100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographie Situations —The geognostic relations of this mineral are nearly the same with those of pre- cious garnet. Occurs in Aberdeenshire, the Shetland Islands, county of Wicklow in Ireland, &c. | Il.—onp. vir. GEM. GENUS XII. Zircon. Pyramidal. Hardness — 77.5. Sp. gr. — 4.5,—4.. 1. Pyramidal Zircon. Pyramidaler Zircon, Mohs. Specific Character.—Pyramidal, Pyramid = 123° 19'; 84° 20. Cleavage, P. P + œ. This species is divided into two subspecies, Common Zir- con, and Hyacinth. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Zircon. Zirkon, Werner & Haiiy. External Characters.—Colour grey, also white, green, and brown ; and rarely yellow, blue, and red. Occurs crystallized in rectangular fonr-sided prisms acuminated with four or eight planes. Internally splendent, passing into shining, and lustre intermediate between adamantine and resinous. Imperfect cleavage. Fracture perfect and flat conchoidal. Alternates from transparent to opaque. Refracts double in a high de- gree. ` Chemical Characters.—Infusible without addition before the blowpipe. i Zircon of Ceylon. Constituent Parts zirconia, i d 69.00 : Silica, A - 26.50 Oxide of Iron, - 0.50 96.00 Klaproth. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Hyacinth. Hiacinth, Werner. External Characters.—Colours red, brown, yellow, grey, green, and white. Occurs crystallized, in rectangular four- sided prisms, acuminated with four planes. set on the lateral edges. Internally specular-splendent, and lustre intermediate between resinous and vitreous. Perfect cleavage. Fracture IL.—oRD. VII. GEM. ' 231 perfect and small conchoidal. Alternates from transparent to semitransparent. Refracts double. . ed | Geogrnostic and Geographic Situations of the Zircon Spe- cies, including Common Zircon and Hyacinth.—Occurs in grains and crystals, imbedded in gneiss and sienite: also im- bedded in basalt and lava, and dispersed through alluvial soil. It is met with in the Shetland Islands, Sutherlandshire, In- verness-shire, Galloway, &c. The finest specimens are brought from the East, principally from Ceylon. . . GENUS XIII |GADOLINITE. Prismatic. Black. Hardness SERA, Sp. gr. 4.0,—4.3. 1. Prismatic Gadolinite. Prismatischer Gadolinit, Mohs.—Gadolinit, Karsten. Specific ‘Character-—Hemiprismatic. Pyramid unknown. P + œ = 110° (nearly). pee External Characters.—Colour velvet-black ; sometimes greenish-black ; very rarely hyacinth-red. Occurs massive and disseminated ; the massive varieties sometimes composed of granular or prismatic conertions, the surfaces of which have frequently a whitish or bluish aspect, and vary from glisten- ing to dull. It very rarely occurs crystallized, im six-sided prisms. Internally shining ; lustre resinous, inclining to vi- - treous. Fracture generally conchoidal ; seldom uneven. Brit- tle, and difficultly frangible. Constituent Parts.—sitica, 2 <5 — Yttria, D SE 45.00 > Oxide of Cerium, - 16.69 Oxide of Iron, = 10.26 Volatile Matter, e 30:60 : £ 98.35 Berzelius. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. — Occurs in beds of felspar in mica-slate, at Ytterby near Waxholm in Roslagen, and in granite at Finbo near Fablun, in Sweden. Rp e ry ee Codi ee I1.—orp. vii. enk. Onpzn VIII. ORE. If the lustre is metallic, the colour is black. If the lustre is not metallic, it is adamantine or imperfect, or semi-metallic lustre. If the streak is yellow or red, the Hardness — 3.5, and more; and the Sp. gr. —4.8, and more. If the streak is brown or black, the hardness — 5.0, and 1s more, or perfectly prismatoidal. Hardness = 2.5,—7.0. If 4.5 and less, the streak is red, yellow, or black. If 6.5 and more, the streak is white or grey, and the Sp. er. = 6.5 and more. À Sp. gr. 28.4, —7.4. Genus I. TITANIUM-ORE. Pyramidal, prismatic. Hardness — 5.0,—6.5. Sp. gr. = 3.4,—4.4. If less than 4.2, the streak is white or grey. 1. Prismatic. Titanium-Ore, or Sphene. Prismatisches Titan-erz, Mohs. Specific Character.—Hemiprismatic. Pyramid = 111° 12’; > 88 4; 181° 16, — 111° 12. P4 o —109 90. pr 60. (Pr + œ) = 186^ 50. Cleavage, x: Streak white or grey. Hardness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr. 9.4, —8.6. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Common and Foliated. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Sphene. Braun Manakerz, Werner.—Titane siliceo-calcaire, Haiiy. External Characters.—Colours brown, green, grey, and white. Occurs in granular distinct concretions ; and crystal- lized in the following forms: 1. Oblique four-sided prism, be- II.—on». VIII. ORE. 933 velled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on the ob- - tuse lateral edges. 2, Broad six-sided prism, acuminated with four planes. 9. Rectangular four-sided prism, which is either . bevelled on the extremities, or acuminated with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 4. Oblique four-sided pyramid, in which the apices are bevelled. 5. Sometimes the preceding figure is so flat that it has a lenticular form. In- .ternally shining or glistening ; lustre adamantine, sometimes inclining to resinous, sometimes to vitreous. Fracture imper- fect conchoidal, which inclines to uneven. Alternates from opaque to translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—W ithout addition, is difficultly fu- sible before the blowpipe. With borax, yields a grey slag ; and with phosphate of soda a green globule. St Gothard. Constituent P arts.—Oxide of Titanium, - 33.3 Silica, .- - - x0 Lime, S E ae 32.2 Water, - - - - 0.0 93. 93.5 Cordier. mem and Geographic Sunnie —Occurs imbedded in the syenite of Crifle, and other hills in Galloway ; in the syenite of Inverary ; and in various other quarters in Scot- land. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Foliated Sphene. Gelb Manakerz, Werner.—Titane siliceo-calcaire, Haiiy. External Characters.— Colours yellow, brown, and grey. Occurs massive, in straight lamellar concretions, and crystal- lized. in the same figures as the preceding subspecies. Lustre on the cleavage splendent or shining ; on the imperfect con- choidal and uneven fractures only shining or glistening, and resinous. Fracture imperfect conchoidal, inclining to uneven. Translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. us in primi- tive rocks i in Italy, Bohemia, Norway, and other countries, d i " Sen Ee - To Se S Li T nn ELE e SS 3 ; i eris | | Wi: i j V u ul D» ` IL—on». VIIL ORE. 2. Prismato-Pyramidal Titanium-Ore. Prismato-Pyramidales Titan-erz, Mohs. Specific Characier.—Pyramidal. Pyramid = 117° 2’; 95° 19. Cleavage, P + œ. [P 4- oo]. Streak brown. Hard- ness = 6.0,—6.5. Sp. gr. = 4.2,—4.4, This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Rutile and Nigrine. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Rutile. fts Rutil, Werner.—Titane éxydé, Haüy. External Characters.—Colours brown, red, and, yellow. Occurs massive, disseminated, in membranes, and in four and six-sided prisms. Internally the lustre is intermediate between adamantine and imperfect metallic, and is splendent on the surface of the cleavage, but only shining or glistening in the conchoidal or uneven fractures. Fracture uneven and con- choidal. Streak brown. Transparent, or only translucent on the edges. Constituent Parts.—Is nearly pure Oxide of Titanium. Geognostic Situation.—It is found imbedded in veins and in drusy cavities in granite, syenite, gneiss, mica-slate, quartz- rock, limestone, chlorite-slate, and hornblende-slate. . Geographic Situation —In Scotland, in the granite of Cairn- gorm; at Craig Cailleach, near Killin, imbedded in quartz; in quartz-rock in Ben-Gloe: in Wales, near -Beddgelert in Caernarvonshire ; and in quartz in Snowdon. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Nigrine. Nigrin, Werner. External Characters.—Colours dark brownish-black, in- «lining to velvet-black. Occurs in angular grains, and in roll- ed pieces. Internally cleavage shining ; cross fracture mode- rately glistening, and lustre metallo-adamantine. Cleavage distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Opaque. Brittle, and easily frangible. ———— - II.—oz». vill. ORE. 235 Physical Characters.—Not attracted by the magnet. ` Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Titanium, -~ - 84 . Oxide of Iron, e MC 14 Oxide of Manganese, ^ eege genres 2 100 Klaproth. - Geogrnostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in primi- -tive and alluvial districts. Is frequently associated with iron- sand, hyacinth, zircon, &c. and is found in Transylvania, Bo- hemia, Ceylon, and other countries. 3. Pyramidal Titanium-Ore, or EE Pyramidales Titan-erz, Mohs.—Octaedrit, Werner.—Titane, Anatase, Haiiy. Specific Character.—P yramidal. . Pyramid = 97° 38’; 137° 10. Cleavage, P—o. P. Streak white. . Hardness = 5.5, 2600. Sp: gr. z= 3.8,—3.9. External Characters.—Colours blue and brown. Occurs crystallized i in double four-sided pyramids, variously modified by acuminations and truncations. Internally splendent, and lustre adamantine, inclining to semi-metallic. Is strongly translucent or transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Part.—Is Oxide of Titanium. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs at Bourg d'Oisans at Dauphiny, in primitive rocks, and in transition limestone in Norway. * . Genus II. Zixc-Onx. Prismatic. Hardness = 4.0, 4.5. Sp. gr. = 6.2,—6.3. 1. Prismatic Zine-Ore. . Red Zinc, or Red Oxide of Zinc, Jameson, 3d edit. ; Red Zinc- Ore, Jameson, 2d edit. i Specific Character —Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + oo = 125° (nearly). Traces of Pr-- o. Streak orange-yellow. ` 207 External Characters. Mitte EE and aurora-red, Occurs massive, and disseminated. Internally, fresh fracture shining ; after long exposure to the air becomes dull, and 2 236 IL—onp. vu. ORE. even covered with a pearly crust. Fracture conchoidal. Trans- lucent on the edges, or opaque. Brittle. Constituent Parts.— Zinc, Oxygen, E - - 16 Oxides of Manganese and Iron, 8 — 100 Bruce. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—'This mineral oc- „curs in several iron-mines in Sussex county, and New J ersey, in'North America: in some instances it is imbedded in foliated granular limestone; while in others, it serves as a basis in which magnetic ironstone occurs, either in crystals or grains. At Franklin Mines, it also assumes a micaceous form, and is imbedded in a white oxide of zinc, which is often, in the same specimen, found adhering to the black oxide of iron. Uses.—It occurs abundantly in the United States of Ame- rica, and, according to Dr Bruce, promises to be a valuable discovery to that country, as it is excellently adapted for the making of brass, and also fer the production of sulphate of zinc or the white vitriol of commerce. Genus III. Rep COPPER-ORE. Tessular Hardness = 3.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 5.6,—6.0. 1. Octahedral Red Copper-Ore. ., 3. Octaedrisches Kupfererz, Moks.—Roth Kupfererz, Werner.— Cuivre oxydulé, Hauy.: Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage actahedral. Streak red. This species is divided into four subspecies, viz. Foliated, Compact, Capillary, and 'Tile-ore. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Foliated Red Copper-Ore. Blattriches Rothkupfererz, Werner. External Characters —Colour dark cochineal-red. Occurs massive, disseminated, in membranes, corroded; also in granu- lar concretions, and crystallized in octahedrons, variously mo- dified by truncations, bevelments and acuminations. | Inter- nally alternates from shining to glistening ; lustre adamantine, IL—oRp.vin. ORE. |. | 237 inclining to semi-metallic. Fracture coarse and small-grained uneven. Ranges from opaque to translucent. Brittle, and easily frangible. : | SECOND SUBSPECIES. Compact Red Copper-Ore. n | Dichtes Roth Kupfererz, Werner. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between lead- grey and cochineal-red. Occurs massive, disseminated, and in a kind of reniform shape. Internally glimmering, inclining to glistening, and lustre semi-metallic. Fracture even, inclin- ing to flat conchoidal. Opaque. Brittle, and easily frangible. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Capillary Red Copper-Ore. Haarférmiges Roth Kupfererz, Werner. = External Characters.—Colour carmine-cred. Occurs in ` small capillary crystals, also in thin tables, which are some- times aggregated into amorphous and scopiform flakes. Shin- ang. Lustre adamantine. Translucent. " Cornwall. Constituent Parts.—Copper, - NE CT ee . Oxygen, ^ = - 11.5 100.0 Chenevix. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in veins in primitive, transition and secondary rocks. Occurs in the mines of Cornwall, and in others on the continents of Europe, Asia, and America. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Tile (ee, Ziegelerz, Werner. $ This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz. Earthy, and Indurated. ware: First Kind. ` ` Earthy Tile-Ore. Erdiches Ziegelerz, Werner. External Characters.—Colours red and brown. Occurs 238 IL-—onp». vir. ORE. massive, disseminated, and incrusting copper-pyrites. Com- posed of dull dusty particles, which are more or less cohering. Soils slightly. Feels meagre. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in the Hartz, Tyrol, &c. Second. Mund. Indurated Tile-Ore. Festes Ziegelerz, Werner. External Characters.— Colours red, brown, grey, and black. Occurs.massive, disseminated ; also in curved lamellar and fi- brous concretions. Internally glimmering or glistening, and resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Streak feebly shining. Constituent Parts.—W erner considers it to be an intimate combination of Red Copper-ore and Brown Iron-ochre. It contains from 10 to 50 per cent. of copper. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in Cornwall, and other countries. Genus IV. Try-Ore. Zinnerz, Mohs. Pyramidal. Streak not black. Hardness = 6.0,—1.0. Sp. gr. = 6.3,—7.0. 1. Pyramidal Tin-Ore. Pyramidales Zinnerz, Mohs. Specific Character.—Pyramidal., Pyramid == 133°: 36°; 67° 4%. Cleavage, P+ œ. [P+ œ.] Streak, white, grey, and brown. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Common Tin-Ore or Tinstone, and Cornish Tin-Ore. FIRST SUBSPECIEs. Common Tin-Ore or Tinstone. F Zinnstein, Werner.—Etain oxydé, Haiiy. External Characters.—Colours brown, black, green, white, yellow, and red. Occurs most frequently crystallized ; and I].—orpD, Vill. ORE. ` 239 and the following are some of the secondary forms: 1. Rect- angular four-sided prism, acuminated with four planes, which are set on the lateral planes. 2. Rectangular four-sided prism, acuminated with four planes set on the lateral edges. 9. Long ` rectangular four-sided prism, acutely acuminated on both ex- tremities with eight planes, and again flatly acuminated with . four planes, which are set on the obtuse edges of the first acumination. 4. 'Twin-crystals of various description ; but of these the most frequent is that formed by the junction of two. crystals of the variety N° 1. Surface of the crystals is usual- ly smooth, seldom streaked, and is commonly splendent. In- ` ternally alternates from splendent to glistening. Lustre ada- mantine, inclining to resinous. Fracture uneven, inclining to conchoidal. Alternates from semi-transparent to opaque. Yields a greyish-white streak. Easily frangible, and brittle. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates before the blowpipe, and becomes paler; when finely pounded, it is reducible on charcoal by the continued action of the blowpipe to the metal- - he state. From Alternon. Constituent Paris.—Tin, -- | - - T7590 Iron, - H - 0.25 Oxygen - = - 21.50 . Silica, ©. >» - 0.75 E? l 100.00 Klaproth. - Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs dissemi- nated in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, porphyry, and. in an alluvial form, in what'are in Cornwall named Stream Works. Cornwall contains the greatest European tin-mines, and Banca in India the most extensive beyond Europe. SECOND. SUBSPECIES. Cornish Tin-Ore, or Wood-Tin. Kornisch Zinnerz, Werner. External. Characters.—Colours hair-brown, wood-brown, and reddish-brown. Occurs reniform, botryoidal, globular, and in fibrous distinct concretions. Internally feebly glisten- ing or glimmering, and lustre adamantine, inclining to resi- nous. Opaque. , Streak grey inclining to brown. Kä 240 1LE.—orp. Vill. ORE. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Tin, Oxide of Iron, 100 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs loose, and in small quantities, along with stream-tin, in alluvial deposites (stream-works) in Cornwall; but in Mexico is contained in veins in trap-porphyry. Genus V. WorrRAM-Onmr. Scheel-erz, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr. = 1.1,—7.4. 1. Prismatic Wolfram. Prismatisches Scheel-erz, Mohs.—Wolfram, Werner.—Scheelin ferruginé, Haüy. Specific Character.—Hemiprismatic. Pyramid = 115° 23’; 95 12's 115° 99" Ee = 115° 23". P + œ = 98° 12. Clea- vage, Pr o perfect. Streak dark reddish-brown. e External Characters.—Colour between greyish and brown- ish black, and rarely a temper-steel tarnish. Occurs massive, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, variously modi- fied by truncations, bevelments, and acuminations. Cleavage shining or splendent ; fracture glistening ; lustre adamantine, Sen to resinous. Fracture coarse and small grained uneven. Opaque. Brittle, and easily fr angible. Chemical Characters.— Decrepitates bold the blowpipe, and is infusible without addition. Colours glass of borax reddish, when exposed to the exterior flame of the blowpipe. Constituent Parts.—Tungstic Acid, ese fh Oxide of Manganese, '- 6.25 Oxide of Iron, - - 18.10 Silica, 2 - E 1.50 ; 92.75 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in primi- tive rocks, in the island of Rona, one of the Hebrides; also in Cornwall, and in other countries, = P, SA if T | II.—on». viri. ORE. 241 Genus VI. 'TANTALUM-ORE. - Tantal-erz, Mohs. Prismatic. Streak brownish-black. Hardness = 6.0. Sp. gr. 6.0,—6.3, | | 1. Prismatic Tantalum-Ore, Prismatisches Tantal-erz, Mohs. | Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. External Characters.—Colours greyish and brownish black. Occurs massive, disseminated, and crystallized in oblique. four-sided prisms, truncated on the lateral edges, and bevel- led on the terminal planes. Externally and internally shin- ing or glistening, and lustre semi-metallic-adamantine. Frac- ture uneven, or conchoidal. Opaque. Brittle, and difficultly . frangible. Finland. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Tantalum, * 83 Oxide of Iron, - - ZEE Oxide of Manganese, E - 8 108 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs dissemi- nated in a coarse red granite, in the parish of Kemito in Finland; and near Bodenmais in Germany. Genus VII. UnANIUM-Onz. | Uran-erz, Mohs. *. ios unknown. Streak black. Hardness = 5.5. Sp. gr. = 6.4,—6.6. — y 1. Uncleavable Uranium-Ore. Uran-erz, Mohs.—Uranpecherz, Werner.—Uran Oxydulé, Haüy. Specific Character.—Uncleavable. Reniform, and massive. External Characters.—Colour black. Generally occurs Massive, seldom disseminated, sometimes reniform; also in gra- nular, lamellar, and prismatic concretions. Internally shining, Teen adamantine, inclining to semi-metallic, Fracture con- Q 949 - IL--onp. VIII. ORE. choidal, which passes into coarse-grained uneven. Opaque. Brittle, and easily frangible. om Joachimsthal, Constituent Parts.—Ooxide of Uranium, 86.5 Black Oxide of Iron, 2.5 Galena or Lead-glance, 6.0 Silica, - - - 5.0 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Stuations.—Occurs principally in veins in primitive rocks, in Cornwall, and other countries. > Genus VIII. CERIUM-ỌRE. Cerer-erz, Mohs. Form unknown. Streak white. Hardness =5.5. Sp. gr. = 4.6,—5.0. 1. Uncleavable Cerium-Ore. Untheilbares Cerer-erz, Mohs.—Cerer-erz, Werner.—Cerium oxyde silicifére, Haüy. Specific Character—Uncleavable. Massive. External Characters—Colour red and brown. Occurs massive, and disseminated. Internally glimmering, and ada- mantine inclining to resinous. Fracture fine splintery. Opaque. Streak greyish-white. Chemical Characters.—Infusible without addition before the blowpipe. : Constituent. Parts.—oxide of Cerium, 54.50 2 . Silica, * ; 34.50 Oxide of Iron, , 3.50 Lime, ~ 1.25 Water, 5.00 98.75 Klaproth- Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in a bed of copper-pyrites in Westmannland in Sweden. GENUS IX. CHROME-ORE. Chrom-erz, Moks. Prismatic. Streak brown. Hardness — 5.5. Sp. gr.= 4.4, —4.5 e IHi—on». v VIII. ORE; ; 243 e SE bre. fi tatlari CE Print Chrome-Ore, or Chromat of Ire. eee Chrom-erz, Mohs.—Chrom-Eisenstein, JVerner.— Fer Chromaté, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid: unknown. Sieg vage prismatoidal. External Characters.—Colours between steel.grey and iron-black, and sometimes passes into brownish-black. Oe, curs massive, disseminated, and in granular distinct concre- tions; also crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, acumi- nated with four planes. Internally shining or glistening, and lustre imperfect metallic. Fracture edt and fine-grain- . ed'uneven, sometimes passing into- small and imperfect con- . choidal. Opaque. Physical Characters. — Some varieties are magnetical, . others are not. Chemical Characters. —1t is infusible before the blowpipe. Melted with borax, it forms a beautiful green-coloured mass, very different from the dark green-coloured glass formed when borax and magnetic iron-ore are melted. : tiria, Constituent Parts.—oxide of emt. e DN gs Oxide of Chrome, - - 645.50 Alumina, - - - 6.00 Silica, =~ T - 2.00. Loss by heating, T = A 90 | 98. 50 K layroth. Geogr nai and Geographic Situations. — Occurs i in serpen- tine and tale in the Shetland Islands, and in various quarters in the Continents of Europe, Asia, and America. Uses.— When the chromic acid, which this ore contains, is Combined with lead, it forms an uncommonly beautiful yel- low pigment. P. Š di : S ^ (^. ob l A^ puan MAR, CGU o. eto j : Gxvs X. Tron-Ore. xu Eisen-erz, Mohs. Tessular, rhomboidal, prismatic. - Hardness—5.0, —6.5. Sp. BT. = 3.8, —5.2. If the streak is brown, the Sp. gr. is Q 2 944 II.—on». VIII. ORE. below 4.2, or above 4.8. If the streak is black, the Sp. gr. is above 4.8. . 1. Octahedral Iron-Ore. Octaedrisches Eisenerz, Mohs.—Fer oxydule, Haüy. Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage octahedral. Streak black. Hardness =5.5,—6.5. Sp; gr. =4.8,—5.2. ^ and Granul ar. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Magnetic Iron-Ore. noct tatit Gemeiner Magneteisenstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colour iron-black. Occurs mas. sive, disseminated, in granular distinct concretions, and cry- stallized in octahedrons and rhomboidal dodecahedrons. Ex- ternally shining, glistening, or splendent. Internally inter- mediate between shining and glistening, and lustre metallic. Fracture uneven, sometimes approaching to even, and rare- ly to imperfect conchoidal. Opaque. Brittle, and sometimes easily, sometimes difficultly frangible. Physical Characters.—Highly magnetic, with polarity. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe becomes brown, but does not melt; communicates to glass of borax a dark green colour. Constituent Parts.—Peroxide of Iron, 69 Protoxide of Iron, - 31 p 100 Berzelius. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Oceurs princi- pally in beds, in primitive mountains, in Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and other countries, Uses.—When pure, it affords excellent iron. / ei ay e f Z Bam, ‘SECOND SÜBSPÉCIES. SE: 4 D j / $ Granular Magnetic Iron-Ore, or Iron. Band. Eisensand, Werner. External Characters, —Colour very dark iron-black. Oc- curs in grains, and also in octahedral crystals. 'The grains IL—onp. vi. ORE. 245 have a fecble glimmering, and rough surface. Internally in- termediate between shining and splendent, and lustre metal. lie. Fracture conchoidal. Opaque. Brittle. ` Constituent Parts —Oxideofirn, - . - 85.50 Oxide of Titanium, = 14.00 Manganese, - - 0.50 — 100 Klaproth, Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs imbedded in trap-rocks in different parts of Scotland, and in many countries on-the Continent of Europe. `, An fn, 2. Rhomboidal Iron-Ore. Rhomboedrisches Eisen-erz, Mohs.—Fer oligiste, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid = 85° 58’. Cleavage, R. Sometimes R— œ. Streak red,...reddish- brown. Hardness = 5.5,—6.5. Sp. gr. = 4.8, ES This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. 1. Specu- lar Iron-ore, or Iron-glance. 2. Red Iron-ore. 3. Red Clay f KG Iron-ore. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Specular Tron-Ore. This subspecies is divided into two kinds, viz, Common and Micaceous. First Kind. ` Common Specular Iron-Ore. Gemeiner Eisenglanz, Werner. External Characters.—Colour dark steel-grey, which fre- quently borders on iron-black, and sometimes inclines to brownish-red. Occurs vety frequently tarnished on the ex- ternal surface. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular and lamellar concretions, and also crystallized in rhomboids, six-sided prisms, six-sided tables, and six-sided pyramids. Internally glistening, but sometimes passes into shining and splendent, and lustre metallic. Cleavage distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged, and sometimes rhomboidal. Brittle, and rather difficultly frangible. | LI C t c P II.—onp. vill. ORE. Physical Characters.—W hen pulverized, it is feebly mag- netic, but: does not attract iron-filings. Chemical Characters.—Infusible without addition before the blowpipe. e From Grengesberget. Constituent Parts.—Reddish-brown Oxide of Iron, 94.38 Phosphate of Lime, 2.75 Magnesia, - 0.16 Mineral Oil ? ʻ 1.25 Loss by heating, ` 0.50 98.94. Hisinger. Geog nostic. thd Geographic Situations. —Generally occurs in beds, in primitive and secondary rocks Occurs in Scot- land and England - and. the famous iron-ore of Elba belongs to this. species. ! Uses.— When it occurs in quantity, it is smelted as an ore / of iron, and affords excellent malleable iron. Ze /] $957; KCGA ae fio Ëtt. een th VC co TC ENS Seen Kink E J/Miecaceous Specular Iron-Ore. ^'^ urb. a Eisenglimmer, Werner.-—lron-Mica, Jameson, 3d edit. External Characters.—Colour iron-black. Occurs most commonly massive and disseminated; sometimes in granular concretions, and in six-sided tables. Internally splendent, which in some varieties passes into shining, and lustre metal- lic. Slightly translucent on the edges; but translucent in thin plates, and then appears blood-red. Brittle, and un- commonly easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Generally occurs in primitive rocks, Itis met with in clay-slate near Dun- keld; in mica-slate on Ben More; in Fitful Head, in Shet- land; Tavistock in Devonshire, Eskdale in Cumberland ; near Bristol, and in Caernarvonshire Also in Norway, Ger- many, &e ` Uses.—It melts better than common specular iron-ore, but requires a greater addition of limestone. The iron which it affords is sometimes cold-short, but is well fitted for cast- ware, Lt ig UL —opm. VIII. ORE. 247 SECOND SUBSPECIES. .. Red Iron-Ore. Rotheisenstein, JVerner. This SR olives is divided into four kinds, viz. Scaly, Ochry, Compact, and Fibrous. First Kind. Scaly Red Iron-Ore. Rother Eisenrahm, Werner.—Fer oligiste luisant, Haüy. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between dark steel-grey and brownish-red. It is friable, and consists of semi-metallic shining scaly parts, which are sometimes trans- lucent, and soil strongly. Particles more or less cohering, and feel greasy. ; ere Parts.——iron, E 4 - 66.00 Oxygen, ^ - a 28.50 Silica, - - - - 4.25 Alumina, - = . 135 100 Henry. Geognostic and Geog graphic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive rocks, sometimes also in transition and secondary rocks. It is met with at Ulverstone, and eeng other places on the borders of Lancashire. - Second Kind. Ochry Red Iron-Ore. , Ochriger Rotheisenstein, Werner.—Fer oxidé rouge grossier, Haüy. ` External Characters. _ Colour brownish-red, which passes into blood-red. Usually friable, but in some varieties is so- lid; also disseminated, and sometimes massive. Consists of dusty particles, which are dull or feebly glimmering. Soils strongly. Feels more meagre than greasy. Geognostic and Geographic Si Mis oho —Occurs in same situations as the other kinds. I].—onrp. VIIL ORE. Third Kind. Compact Red Iron-Ore. Dichter Rotheisenstein, Werner.—Fer oligiste compacte, Haüy: External Characters.—Colour intermediate between dark steel-grey and blood-red. Occurs most commonly massive, sometimes also disseminated, specular, with impressions ; and in supposititious crystals. Specular varieties are splendent - and metallic; others alternate from strongly glimmering to dull, and lustre semi-metallic. Fracture usually even, or flat conchoidal. Opaque. Easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—tron, s ` 70.50 Oxygen, - - - 29.50 100.00 Buchols. Geognostic and Geographic Siiuations—Occurs in beds and veins in gneiss, clay-slate, grey-wacke, and in various se- condary rocks in England, Norway, Sweden, Germany, &c. Uscs.— Affords good cast and bar iron. Fourth Kind. Fibrous Red Iron-Ore, or Red Hematite. Rother Glaskopf, Werner.—Fer oligiste concretionné, Haüy. External Charazters.—Colour intermediate between brown- ish-red and dark steel-erey. Some varieties incline to blood- red. Occurs most frequently massive, reniform; botryoidal, stalactitic, and globular ; also in fibrous and lamellar distinct concretions. Internally glistening or glimmering, and lustre semi-metallic. Fracture wedge-shaped, or splintery. Opaque. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Iron, Š d 90 Trace of Oxide of Manganese. Silica, e : 5 Lime, ; - Water, ` 3 M 96 Daubuisson. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—In veins in sandstone, Cumberhead, Lanarkshire; veins in secondary greenstone, Salisbury Crags; near Edinburgh ; Ulverstone in Lanarkshire; Cumberland ; Devonshire, and near Bristol in Gloucestershire. | Uses.—Affords excellent malleable and cast iton: II. oun. VILI. ORE. 040 THIRD SUBSPECIES. Red Clay Iron-Ore. 'This subspecies is divided into four kinds, viz. Ochry, Columnar, Lenticular and Jaspery. First Kind. Ochry Red Clay Iron-Ore, or Red Chalk. Roethel, Werner.—Argile ocreuse graphique, Haüy. External Characters.—Colour brownish-red. Occurs mas- sive. Principal fracture glimmering; cross fracture dull. Principal fracture thick slaty; cross fracture fine earthy. Fragments sometimes tabular, and sometimes splintery. Soils and writes. Rather sectile and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. y ce in thin beds in clay-slate and grey-wacke-slate in Hessia, Thuringia, &c. Uses.—It is principally used for drawing. The coarser varieties are used by the carpenter, the finer by the pala Second Kind. Columnar Red Clay Iron- Ore. Stünglicher Thoneisenstein, Werner. —Fer oxidé rouge bacillaire, Haüy. External Characters.—Colour brownish-red. -Occurs mas- sive, and in columnar distinct concretions. Soft. Brittle, and uncommonly easily frangible. Feels rough. In single pieces yields a ringing sound. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —It is a rare mine- ral, and is in general a pseudo-voleanie production. It is iid ; in Scotland, as in Fifeshire ; Gees and other coun- tries, $ 3 Third Kind. Lenticular Red Clay Iron-Ore. Linsenférmiger Thoneisenstein, ‘Werner: External Characters.—Colours brownish-red and reddish- brown. Occurs massive, and in lenticular concretions. In- ternally strongly glimmering, and semi-metallic. Brittle, and easily frangible. . i RM —— m geg Ze amem 250 II.—on». vir. ORE. Constituent París.—Contains 64 per cent. of Oxide of Iron. | Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs princi- pally in beds in an amygdaloid, subordinate to clay-slate and grey-wacke in Bohemia. Uses.—Affords good malleable iron, and excellent cast-iron. : Fourth Kind. i Jaspery Red Clay Iron-Ore. Jaspisartiger Thoneisenstein, Werner. External Characters. — Colour reddish-brown. Occurs massive. Internally feebly glimmering, sometimes approach- ing to glistening. Fracture large and flat conchoidal. Frag- ments rhomboidal, cubical, or trapezoidal. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. - Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs at Fischau in Austria, where it forms considerable beds in a fleetz or secondary formation. 7 3. Prismatic Iron-Ore. fa drake y Prismatischés Eisen-erz, Mohs.—Braun Eisenstein, W erner. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage prismatic. Streak yellowish-brown. Hardness — 5.5. Span eee ao ee TE RRS This species is divided into two subspecies, Brown Iron- Ore, and Brown Clay Iron-Ore. FIRST SUBSPECIES. This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Ochry, Compact, and Fibrous. i First Kind. Ochry Brown Iron-Ore. Ochriger Brauneisenstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colours light yellowish-brown. Oc- curs massive. and disseminated. Internally dull. Fracture - coarse earthy. Soils slightly. Soft. Sectile. Easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with the compact and fibrous kinds, in England, Germany, France, &c. Al t L r IIL.—on». viii. ORE. 951 Usc.— Altords excellent bar-iron. Second Kind. Compact Brown Iron-Ore. Dichter Brauneisenstein, Werner. External Characters.—Colours yellowish-brown and clove- brown. Occurs massive and disseminated; very rarely in cubical, pentagonal-dodecahedral, and pyramidal suppositi- tious crystals. Internally dull or semi-metallic glimmering. Fracture even, sometimes also fine-grained uneven. Semi- hard, sometimes inclining to soft. Rather brittle and easily frangible. , > , S Bergzabern. Constituent Parts.—Peroxide of Iron, " " 84 Water, - E - 11 Oxide of Manganese, - - 1 Silica, - EE - 2 ` ; 98 Daubuisson. Geognostic and Geographic Sitüations.—Occurs in the same geognostic and geographic situations as the following kinds. Use.—Affords about 50 per cent. of Iron. Easily fusible, . and affords excellent bar-iron. Third Kind. Fibrous Brown Iron-Ore or Brown Hematite. Brauner Glaskopf, Werner.—Fer oxidé hematite brun, Hauy. External Characters.—Colour brown. Seldom occurs massive, more frequently stalactitic, coralloidal, reniform, botryoidal, tuberose; sometimes also cylindrical, fruticose, and in distinct concretions, which are fibrous, granular, and lamellar. Internally glimmering ; lustre intermediate be- tween adamantine and resinous. Opaque, or feebly translu- 7 | cent on the edges. Brittle, and easily frangible. ` Fibrous Borgzabern. Constituent Parts.—Pecroxide of Iron, e e, 79 Water, - - - vw" 15 Oxide of Manganese, - 2 a MEE EE Ku | ; 99 Daubuisson. 252 II.—oR». vri: ORE. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Occurs in veins, beds, lenticular-masses, and mountain-masses, in primitive, transition, and secondary mountains in England, Germany, Italy, &c. | Uses.-—— Affords good iron. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Brown Clay Iron-Ore. - This subspecies is divided into five kinds, viz. Common, Pisiform, Reniform, Granular, and Umber. First Kind. Common Brown Clay Iron-Ore. External Characters.—Colours brown and yellow. Oc- curs massive. Internally dull or feebly glimmering. Frac- ture conchoidal ; also even and uneven. Opaque. Streak brown, inclining to grey. Soft, or soft, passing into semi- hard. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Iron, x Oxide of Manganese, Water, - Silica, Alumina, i : 98 Daubuisson. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in Eng- land; also in Saxony, Boliemia, Silesia, and Westphalia, in beds in secondary rocks. Second Kind. Pisiform Brown Clay Iron-Ore or Pea-Ore. Bohnerz, Werner.—YV er oxidé globuliforme, Hai. External Characters. — Colour yellowish-brown, which Sometimes passes into blackish-brown. Occurs in small sphe- rical round grains, which are not hollow; but composed of con- centrie curved lamellar concretions. Internally passes from dull to glistening. Fracture fine earthy. Soft. Easily fran- gible and brittle. IL—onp. VIIL ORE. 253 Constituent Parts.—oxide of Iron, de 2c 0 Alumina, +A - a Silica, ` - S TM Water, T no 15 e l 98 Daubuisson. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in hollows in secondary rocks. Is found at Galston in Ayrshire, and in many places on the Continent of Europe. | Third Kind, — Reniform, or Kidney-Shaped Brown Clay Iron-Ore. Eisenniere, Werner. External Characters.— Colour. yellowish-brown. Occurs massive, in irregular single balls, also in reniform, lenticular and elliptical forms, which are sometimes hollow. These forms are composed of concentrie lamellar concretions, which often include a loose nodule. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.~—Occurs imbedded. in ironshot clay, in secondary rocks of different kinds, and also in loam and clay beds that lie over black coal. P Uses.—Is one of the best kinds of ironstone, yields an ex- cellent iron, and is smelted in many places. ; Fourth Kind. Granular Brown Clay Iron-Ore. — External Characters.-Colours yellowish and reddish brown. Occurs massive, and in small globular cohering grains. Streak yellowish-brown. Soft. Brittle, and easily frangible. [ Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds | between the red sandstone of the salt formation, and the lias | limestone. Often contains petrifactions of shells. Is found in Bavaria, Salzburg, the Tyrol, and France. | .Uses.—Affords about 40 per cent. of good iron. | ; —— Fifth Kind. Ej | ech Umber. ` | l External Characters.—Colours clove-brown and yellowish- | | Es brown. Occurs massive. Internally dull or glimmering. 254 Il.-—on»p. VIII: ORE. Fracture flat conchoidal. Soft. - Rather sectile. Soils strong- ly. Feels meagre. Adheres strongly to the tongue. Rea- dily falls to pieces in water, Sp. gr. 2.0,—6.0. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds in the Island of Cyprus. Use.—Is used as a pigment. -£-* Bog Iron-Ore. - Raseneisenstein, JVerner. ^ # d€ f Bu ut $ £7 ect There are three kinds of this ore, viz. Morass, Swamp, and Meadow. First Kind. Morass-Ore, or Friable Bog Iron-Ore. Morasterz, Werneri External Characters.—Colour brown. Sometimes friable, sometimes nearly coherent. Coherent varieties occur massive, corroded, in grains, and sometimes tuberose. Friable varie- ties are composed of dull dusty particles. Coherent varieties externally and internally dull. Fracture earthy. Light. Obseroations.—ls characterized by colour, dull earthy aspect, and slow specific gravity. Second Kind. Swamp-Ore, or Indurated Bog Tron-Ore. Sumpferz, JVerner. External Characters.—(Colour yellowish-brown. Occurs . corroded and vesicular, also amorphous. Internally dull, but the darker varieties glimmering, and sometimes even glisten- ing. Fracture earthy, sometimes passmg into fine-grained uneven. Specific gravity, 2.944, from Sprottau, Kirwan. Observations.—Is distinguished from the preceding kind, by its greater specific gravity, and greater compactness. Third Kind. Meadow-Ore, or Conchoidal Bog Iron-Ore. 2» Weisenerz, Werner. g External Characters.—On the fresh fracture it is blackish- € Ae II.—on». VIII. ORE. 955 brown, which sometimes passes into brownish-black. Occurs massive. Internally shining, glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Yields a light yellowish-grey streak. Brittle and easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—oxide of Iron, - - 61.0 Oxide of Manganese, - 7.0 Phosphoric Acid, with a trace of Sulphur, a 2.5 Water, - - - 19.0 Silica, - - - 6.0 Alumina, ^ - ^- - 2.0 97. 5 po o Geognostic and Geographic Situations of Bog-iron ore.— Is found in various places in the Highlands of Scotland, in the Hebrides, and Orkney and Shetland Islands, in alluvial | sol. Also abundantly on the Continents of Europe and America. Uses.— Affords good iron. Genus XI. MANGANESE-ORE. . Mangan-erz, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness = 2.5,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 4.3,—4.8. 1. Prismatic Manganese-Ore, or Black Manganese- Ore. Prismatisches Mangan-erz, Mohs.—Schwarzer Braunstein, and Schwarz-Eisenstein, Werner.—Manganese oxidé, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, RE. imperfect. Streak black, ENS to brown. Hardness = 5.0,— 6.0. External | cA — Colours bluish-black and stecl-grey. . Occurs massive, tuberose, fruticose, reniform, and botryoidal ; also in fibrous and lamellar concretions. Internally glimmer- ing, glistening, and lustre imperfect metallic. Fracture con- choidal and uneven. Opaque. Constituent Parts.— Composed of oxides of manganese and iron. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins in primitive, transition, and secondary rocks, in Saxony, Ha- nover, &c. I1.—orp. viir. ORE. " Sealy Brown Manganese-Ore. Brauner Eisenrahm, Werner. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between steel- grey and clove-brown. Occurs in crusts, massive, spu- mous, fruticose, and irregular dendritic. — Friable, or fri- able passing into soft. Composed of scaly particles, which are intermediate between shining and glistening, wtih metal- lic lustre. Soils strongly. Feels greasy. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in drusy cavities in fibrous brown ironstone. Geographic Situation.—Is found near Sandlodge in Main- land, one of the Shetland islands ; and in various iron-mines in different parts of Europe. 2. Prismatoidal Manganese-Ore, or Grey Manganese- . Ore. | Prismatoidisches Mangan-erz, Mohs.—Graubraunsteinerz, Werner. Specific Character.— Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + œ = 100° (nearly). More distinct Pr+ o. Streak black. Hardness = 2.8,—3.0. External Characters—Colour dark steel-grey, inclining more or less to iron-black. Occurs massive, in crusts, mem- branes, reniform, botryoidal, dendritic, and fruticose; also in granular, fibrous, and radiated distinct concretions ; and cry- stallized in the following secondary forms, J. Oblique four- sided prism, truncated on the obtuse lateral edges, or on the acute lateral edges ; 2. When the truncating planes increase so much as to join together, then a nearly rectangular prism is formed ; 3. Sometimes the prism is bevelled on the terminal planes. or acuminated with four planes; 4. The obtuse late- ral edges bevelled, then forming an eight-sided prism. Lustre shining, glimmering, and metallic. Fracture conchoidal and earthy. "rel placé: Constituent Parts.— Black Oxide of Manganese, 90.50 Oxygen ` ` - e 2.95 Water, 7.00 100. 00 Klaproth Geog nostic and Geographic RY) E —Occurs in veins and ere masses in primitive, transition, and secondary IL—o0n». viti. ORE. ! c QB mountains. Occurs near Aberdeen; near Upton Pyne in Devonshire, in the vieinity of grey-wacke ; in clay-slate in the parish of Veryan, and.in other quarters in Cornwall. Uses.—Is added to glass, i in small quantity, to destroy the - brown colour which that material receives from intermixed in- flammable substances, or in larger quantity when we wish to give it a violet-blue colour. Affords a fine brown colour, Ios Which is used for painting on porcelain. Is employed in the laboratory, as the cheapest and most convenient material from which to procure oxygen gas. All the oxymuriatic acid used in bleacheries, and for the purpose of destroymg contagious matter, is prepared from manganese, and the usual materials of muriatic acid. * Earthy Grey and Brown Manganese Ore, or Wad. External Characters. —Colours grey and brown. Occurs | — . massive, botryoidal, and sometimes pulverulent. Internally dull, but the grey: varieties are generally glimmering. Is so soft as to yield to the nail. j Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs along with grey manganese-ore at Upton Pyne in Devonshire, and in ` Penandral Mine in Cornwall. Orpen IX. NATIVE METAL. Lustre metailic. Not black. If grey, it is malleable, and the Sp. gr. = 7.4 and more. ollie EN —. Hardness = 0.0,—4.0, or malleable. . Sp. gr. zz 5.7,—20.0 $ Gexus I. ARSENIC Form unknown. Tin-white, inclining to lead-grey. mae ness — 35. Sp. gr. = 5.7,—-5.8. 1.-N EUR Arsenic. Gediegen Arsenik, Werner & Mohs.—Arsenic natif, Haüy, Specific Character.—W eniform. Massive. — R 958 T].—orb. IX. NATIVE METAL. Eaternal Characters.—Colour:tin-white, inclining to lead- grey, which tarnishes very speedily, becoming first grey, then greyish-black. Occurs massive, disseminated, in plates, reni- form, botryoidal, reticulated, and with impressions; also in radiated, granular, and lamellar concretions. Internally. on the fresh fracture usually glistening, inclining to glimmering, sometimes to shining, and the lustre metallic. Fracture small, and ee reed uneven. Difücultly frangible. Rather sectile. Emits when struck a ringing sound, and an arsenical odour. Chemical Characters.— Before the blowpipe it yields a white smoke, diffuses an arsenical odour, burns with a blue flame, is gradually and. almost entirely volatilised, and deposits a white coating on the coal. Constituent Parts.—It usually contains a small portion of iron, and when it occurs with gold or silver, a little gold or silver. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive rocks, as in gneiss, mica-slate, and clay-slate ; less frequently in transition and secondary rocks. It is found in Norway, Germany, France, Spain, &c. Genus II. TELLURIUM. Form unknown. Tin-white. Hardness = 9.0,—9.5. Sp. | gr. = 6.1,—6.2. 5 1. Native Tellurium. Gediegenes Tellur, Mohs.— Gediegen Sylvan, Werner.—Tellur natif, Haüy. Specific Character.—Massive. External Characters.—Colour &towhite. Occurs massive, disseminated and in granular concretions. Internally shining, and lustre metallic. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Parts. —Tellurium, Sa que ie ES ' Iron, x = 7.20 Gold, - oc UN 100.00 Ki laprot Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in grey-wacke, in ‘Transylvania, and also in Norway. e TTl.—orp. 1x. NATIVE METAL. 959 Genus IIT. ‘AN tiny. Tessular, prismatic. Not duetile: White. Hardness = 9.0,—3.5. Sp. gr. = 6.5,—10.0.- dined... 1. Dodecahedral Antimony. Dodecaedrisches Antimon, Mohs. —Gediegen md Geer: —Antimoine natif, Haüy. Specific Character.—Tessular. . lege octahedral and dodecahedral. Hardness = 3.0,;—3.5. Sp. gr.= = 6.5,—+6.8. External Characters.—Colour perfect tin-white. Occurs massive, disseminated, reniform; also in granular and lamel- lar distinct concretions. Crystallized, im octahedrons: and rhomboidal dodecahedrons. . Gite and Geer gen A sectile, and easily frangible. TS oss Geognostic and. Geographic Snai 2i Oocürs:i margen- tiferous veins in the gneiss mountain of 'Chalgnches in Dau- phiny ; also in Hanover, Sweden, and Mexico. 2. Prismatic Antimony, or Antimonial Silver. Prismatisches Antimon, Mohs.—Spiesglas Silber, Werner.—Ar- gent antimonial, Hai. Specific Character. — Prismatic. Pyramid dala dii Clea- vage, P — œ. Pr. Less distinct P + œ. Hardness = 3.5. Sp. gr. — 8.9;,—10.0. . External Characters —Colour intermediate between silvers white and tin-white. Occurs massive, and crystallized, in ` rectangular four-sided prisms, and in unequi-angular six-sid- ed prisms. Externally glistening or glimmering. Internally shining and splendent, with metallic lustre. Sectile, and ra- ther easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—siver, F S 89 Antimony, - - ET 100 Selb. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive and transition rocks, in Germany and France. Gm , II.—0RD. Ix. NATIVE METAL. Genus IV. Brown, Tessular. Silver-white, inclining to red. Hardness = 2.0, —2.5.. Specific gravity = 8.5 "mes 0. 1. Octahedral Bismuth. Octaedriches Wismuth, Mohs.—Gediegen Wismuth, Werner.— Bismuth Natif, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage octahedral. External Characters.—Colour silver-white, which inclines tored. Seldom massive, generally disseminated, dentiform, in leaves having plumosely streaked surfaces, and crystallised in octahedrons, cubes, and tetrahedrons. Internally splen- dent, and lustre metallic. Malleable. Chemical Characters.—Melts even by the flame of a candle. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive rockg in Cornwall and other countries. Use.—Enters as an ingredient into the composition of print- ing types and of pewter; is used as solder, in the construc- tion of mirrors, and for the refining of gold and silver; its oxide is used as a white pigment, as an essential ingredient in a kind of salve, which is used for giving a black colour to the hair, and as an ingredient in synspüfieti ink. All the bis- muth of commerce is obtained from Saxony. Genus V. Mercury. T essular, liquid. Not malleable. White. Hardness = 0.0, —9.0. Specific gravity — 10.5,—15.0. 1. Liquid Native Mereury. Flüssiges Mercur, Mohs.—Gediegen Quecksilber, Werner.— Mercur Natif, Haiiy. Specific Characters.—Liquid. 'Yin-white. Hardness — 0. Specific gravity = 19.0,—15.0. External Characters.—Colour tin-white. Perfectly liquid. Splendent, and lustre metallic. Opaque. Geognostic and Geogr phie Situations.—'This mineral oc- curs principally i in rocks of the veel formation, and either dis- II.—on». IX. NATIVE METAL. 961 — seminated, or in veins traversing them, as in Spain and Ger- many. | 2. Dodecahedral Mercury, or Native Amalgam. Dodecaedrisches Mercur, Mohs.—Natiirlich Amalgam, Werner.— Mercur Argental, Hauy. ` Specific Characters.—Tessular. No ne Silver-white. Hardness = 1.0,—9.0. | Specific gravity = 10.5,-12.5. External Characters.—Colour silver-white. Occurs usually in small roundish portions; and crystallized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons. Internally shining and metallic. Fracture small-grained uneven. When ped between the fingers, or- cut with a knife, it emits a creaking sound like artificial amal- gam. ^Y Constituent París.-—wMercury - PE T4 Siver x E, 25 . 99 Heyer. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is generally asso- ciated with native mercury and cinnabar. Is found at Mos- chellandsberg i in Deux-Ponts ; and, it is said also at Basen in Haugar, i Genus VI. SILVER. Tessular. Ductile. Silver-white. - Specific gravity — 10.0, —10.5. / - | 1. Hexahedral Silver. Hexaedrisches Silber, Mohs.— Argent Natif, Haüy. Specific Character. —Tessular. No cleava age. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Common, and Auriferous. , FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Native Silver. External Characters.—Colour pure silver-white. Seldom _ occurs massive, more frequently disseminated, and in various particular external shapes, such as dentiform, filiform, re- ticulated, and in leaves; also crystallised in cubes, octahe- , 1 Rees We — 2 E A x WE eege : repete t = EE nas | IL—o0n». 1x. NATIVE METAL. . drons, rhomboidal dodecahedrons, and tetrahedrons. Lustre’ splendent to glimmering. Fracture fine hackly. Flexible, and difficultly frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive, transition, and secondary rocks, in various silver- mmes in Europe, Asia, Africa, and. America. | ! Uses.—Its various uses, in coinage, and for other useful purposes, will. be considered in my treatise on Economical Mineralogy. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Auriferous Native Silver. Guldisches-gediegen Silber, Werner. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between brass- yellow and silver-white. Occurs disseminated, in leaves, and sometimes crystallized in cubes. Constituent Parts.—sitver, - 72.00 . Gold, 28.00 — — 100.00 n. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins in primitive rocks at Kongsberg in Norway; at Rauris in Salzburg ; and at Schlangenberg in Siberia. GENUS VII. Gorp. "Tessular. Yellow. Specific gravity = 12.0,—20.0. 1. Hexahedral Gold. Baseng Gediegen Gold, Mohs.—Gediegen Gold, Werner. —Or Natif, Han, Specific Character.—Tessular. No cleavage. This species is divided into four Sege ze viz. Gold-yel- low, Brass-yellow, Greyish-yellow, and Argentiferous. (X FIRST SUBSPECIES. Gold-Y ellow Gold. Gold-gelbes Gediegen Gold, Werner. External Characters.—Colour gold-yellow, which some- times inclines to brass-vellow. Seldom occurs massive, often IL-onp. rx. NATIVE METAL. 268 disseminated, in flakes, leaves, flattish pieces, and crystallized in octahedrons, cubes, rhomboidal dodecahedron, leucite form, and tetrahedrons. Internally shining and glistening, and me- talic. Fracture hackly. Very difficultly frangible. Chemical Characters.—Fusible into a globule, which does not alter by continuance of the heat. l Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in mineral beds, and disseminated in. primitive and secondary rocks, and also dispersed thr ough those of the alluvial class. Is not confined to any quarter of the globe, being found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. It was formerly wash- ed for in some mountainous districts in Scotland; has been found in England; and in Ireland, it was collected a few years ago to the amount of 1000 ounces, and c one piece weigh- ed 22 ounces. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Brass- Yellow Gold. ) Messing-gelbes Gediegen Gold, Werner. External Characters. —Colour brass-yellow. Occurs dis- seminated, rarely massive, capillary, moss-like, reticulated, in leaves, and crystallized in octahedrons. Constituent Parts.—Gold, —- "QUEM TT . Silver, - - - 2.0 Iron, |. - - - A 1 100.0 0 Lampadius. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs most a- bundantly in veins in Pa and porphyry, in — and other countries. (feara t Ads formal Da THIRD SUBSPECIES. Greyish- Yellow Gold. Graugelbes Gediegen Gold, Werner. External Characters.—Colour brass-yellow, verging on steel-grey., Occurs in flattish grains like those of platina. Constituent Parts.—Said to contain platina. . Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs along with platina and magnetic iron-ore in South America. , Don P LANE e il if 1 Il.—onb.1X. NATIVE METAL. FOURTH SUBSPECIES. Argentiferous Gold, or Electrum. | Electrum, Klaproth. External Characters.— Colour pale brass-yellow, passing into silver-white. Occurs in small plates, dentiform, and in cubes, . Constituent Paris.—goia, uei: Silver, 100 Klaproth. Geognostié and Geographic Situations —Occurs along with heavy-spar and hornstone at Schlangenberg in Siberia. Genus VIII. PLATINA. — Form unknown. Steel-grey. Sp. gr. = 16.0,—20.0. 1. Native Platina. Gediegen Platin, Werner, Mohs.—Platin N atif, Haüy. Specific Character.—1n grains and. rolled pieces. External Characters.—Colour very light steel-grey, which approaches to silver-white. Occurs in flat grains, and in an- gular and roundish grains, with impressions of other minerals. Externally shining, glistening, or glimmering, and lustre me- tallic. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs principal- ly in alluvial deposites in South America. Genus IX. Inox. Tessular. Pale steel-grey. Sp. gr. = 7.4, — 7.8. 1. Octahedral Iron. Oetaedrisches Eisen, Mohs.—Gediegen Eisen, Werner.—Fer Na- tif, Hai. : Specific Character —Tessular. No cleavage. This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Terrestrial and Meteoric. d IL.—onp. IX. NATIVE METAL. 265 H FIRST SUBSPECIES. Terrestrial Native Iron. "l'ellureisen, Werner. External Characters. —Colour steel-grey. Occurs massive, in plates, and in leaves. Internally glistening, and lustre me- tallic. Fracture hackly. Constant Parts.—tron, i id. 92,50 ` Lead, - n 6.00 Copper, - - 1.50 E l 100.00 ` Klaproth. . Geopnostic and Geographic Situation—Is said to have been found associated with brown iron-ore, sparry-iron, and heavy-spar, at Kamsdorf in Saxony. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Meteorie Native Iron. J Meteoreisen, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour pale steel-grey. Occurs ra- mose, imperfect globular, and disseminated in meteoric stones. Internally intermediate between glimmering and glistening, and lustre metallic. Fracture hackly. Yields a splendent : streak. It is flexible, but not elastic. Very difficultly pet gible. ‘ae Constituent Parts.—iron, tiu ci eS DW Nickel, ^ ^ 3.5 100. 100.0. Tarih Geographic Situation.—This subspecies of iron falls from the air in all parts of the world, and appears to be formed in. the atmosphere by some process hitherto unknown to us. . Genus X. Correr. Tessular. Copper-red. Sp. gr. = 8.4,—8.9. 1. Octahedral Copper. Octaedrisches Kupfer, Mohs.—Gediegen Kupfer, Werner. Specific Character.—Tessular. No cleavage. eS cl e ets S NA mr ONES Mera Vra MAL A, yo. II.—oxp. x. PYRITES. External Characters.—Colour Dee, Occurs massive, disseminated, capillary, filiform, botr yoidal, ‘dendritic, ramose, with impressions, and crystallized in cubes, octahedrons, and rhomboidal dodecahedrons. Internally glistening, and lustre metallic. Fracture hackly. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs in veins, and imbedded in various primitive, transition, and secondary rocks ; also in large blocks in alluvial distristi. In Scotland, occurs in serpentine in the island of Yell, one of the Shet- _ lands; in sandstone in Mainland, the largest of the Shetland islands; and in many places in Cornwall. Orpen X. PYRITES. POURS LG CET REP RT ee ES toe eee dt ain ig 4 S EE E E Hardness = 3.5,—6.5 If 4.5, and less, the Specific gra- vity is less than 5.0. Specific gravity — 4.1,—7.7. If 5.3 and less, the colour is yellow or red. Genus I. NICKEL Pyrirss, or COPPER-NICKEL. A. Jh Nickelkies, Mohs. y», APA LE ml d'e Prismatic. Hardness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr. = 7.5, EH 1. Prismatic Nickel Pyrites. Prismatischer Nickel-kies, Mohs.—Kupfer-Nickel, Werner.— Nickel Arsenical, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. a unknown. Cop- per-red. External Characters.—Colour copper-red. Occurs most frequently massive and disseminated, seldom reticulated, den- dritic, fruticose, small globular, and botryoidal, rarely in gra- nular concretions, and sometimes crystallized in oblique four- sided prisms. Internally alternates from shining to glisten- ing, and lustre metallic. Fracture conchoidal, sometimes pass- ing into uneven. Rather brittle, and difficultly frangible. A hh I].—onrb. x. PYRITES. | 267 Constituent Parts.—Nickel, | ^ - » — 939.94 : Cobalt, . - - 00.16 _ Arsenic, - - - 48.80. Antimony, - X Sulphur, - - 2.00 ` Iron and Manganese trace. —— 98.90 . Berthier. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in. primi- tive, transition, and secondary rocks. In Scotland is met with at Lead Hills and Wanlockhead, and in the coalfield of West Lothian. | * Nickel Ochre. Nickel-Ocker, Werner. External Characters.—Colour apple-green, inclining to grass-green. Generally occurs as a thin coating, seldom mas- sive and disseminated. Dull. Fracture splintery, uneven, orearthy. Translucent on the edges, or opaque. Soft or friable. Feels meagre. _ : | | Geogrnostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in mine- ral veins at Lead Hills and Wanlockhead; at Alva in Stir- lingshire, in Linlithgowshire, and.in the copper-mines of Corn- wall. e Leonidas d m 3* Black Nickel. Nickelschwürze, Hausmann. External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive, dis- seminated, and in crusts. Internally dull. Fracture earthy. — Opaque. Soft. Shining resinous streak. Soils slightly. Chemical Characters.—¥Forms an apple-green solution with nitric acid, which lets fall a white precipitate of arsenic acid. Constituent Parts—Conjectured to be a compound of oxides of nickel and arsenic. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins ` in bituminous marl-slate in the district of Riegelsdorf. y ~ . Genus II. Arsenic PyniTEs. Prismatic. If white, the Sp. gr. = 6.2 and less. If grey, the Sp. gr. above 6.8. Hardness = 5.0,—6.0. Specific gra- vity Es 5.1,—1.4. erc aE A my IlL-—on25.x. pyrires, 1. Axotomous Arsenic Pyrites. Axentheilender Arsenikkies, Mohs. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P— 0o. Less distinct DA o. Pale steel.grey. Hard- ness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr. — DD. DA External Characters.—Colour pale steel.g rey. Occurs mas- sive, and in oblique four-sided prisms. Paste metallic and shining. Observation] am unacquainted with the locali ity of this species. 2. Prismatic Arsenic Pyrites. Prismatischer Arsenikkies, Mohs.—Arsenikkies, JVerner.—Fer Arsenical, Haiiy.—Diprismatic Arsenical Pyrites, Jameson, 3d edit. Specific Character—Prismatic. Pyramid = 154° 48’; 100° 34; 84°56. P+ w 147° 9. Cleavage, P— o. (Pr+ ©)'=111°19. White. Hardness =5.5,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 5.7,--6.2. External Cheracters.—Colour silver-white. Occurs mas- sive, and disseminated ; also in prismatic distinct concretions, - and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, variously modi- fied by bevelments and truncations. Externally shining or splendent ; internally shining, seldom glistening, and lustre metallic. Fracture uneven. Opaque. Brittle, and rather diffi- cultly frangible. Chemical Characters.— Emits copious arsenical vapours be- fore the blowpipe, and leaves a reddish-brown oxide of iron. Ee Parts.—arsenic, — - > - 50 Iron, , 36.5 Sulphur, © 15.4 mees e 100.0 . Thomson. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—-Occurs in primi- tive, transition, and secondary rocks, at Alva in Stirlingshire, and abundantly i in Devonshire and Cornwall, as copper and iron. Use.—It is from this ore that the White Oxide of Arsenic is principally obtained, and artificial Orpiment is also prepared from it. A variety named Argentiferous contains a portion of silver. | IIL.—on». x. PYRITES. .. 969 Gents III. CosBALT-PYvRITES. Tessular. Hardness = 5.5. Sp. gr. = 6.0,—6.6. i. Hexahedral Cobalt-Pyrites, or Silver-White . Cobalt. Hexaedrischer Kobalt-Kies, Mohs.—Glanz Kobold, JWerner.— - Cobalt gris, Haiiy. : | Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage hexahedral, and perfect. White, inclining to red. Hadisa 2m BG. e - 40.15 100.00 Berselius. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds, and imbedded, in primitive and transition mountains, along with common iron-pyrites, magnetic iron-ore, and blende. Occurs in the Crifle, Windy-Shoulder, and other hills in Galloway; at the base of the mountain called Moel-Elion, in Caernarvonshire, and in Saxony.and Bohemia.’ II.—on». 1x. PYRITES. QUESO Genus V. Corbin rains. Pyramidal. Hardness —98.0,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.1,—4.8. 1. Pyramidal Copper-Pyrites, or Yellow Copper- E Pyrites. Pyramidaler Kupferkies, Mohs.— Kupferkies, Werner.—Cuivre pyriteux, Haiiy. : : Specific Character. —Pyramidal Pyramid = 109° 53’; 108° 40. Cleavage, P + 0 =101° 49’; 126° ll. Brass- yellow. External Characters.—Colour brass-yellow. Occurs mas- sive, disseminated, in membranes, also dendritic, reniform, - botryoidal, stalactitic, specular; and crystallized in various pyramidal forms. Internally shining, which in some va- rieties passes into glimmering. Lustre metallic. Fracture commonly uneven, sometimes even or conchoidal. Brittle, and easily frangible. : Cornwall. Constituent Parts.—Copper, - -= - += 30 Iron E - - - 53 Sulphur, - -= E 12 95 Chenevix. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is one of the most abundant metalliferous minerals; occurs in almost every kind of repository, in all the great classes of rocks, and has a very extensive geographical range. Occurs near Tyndrum in Perthshire ; in Mainland, the largest of the Shetlands; at the mines of Ecton, on the borders of Derbyshire and Stafford- Shire; at Parys Mount in Anglesea; in several lead-mines in Derbyshire; abundantly in the copper-mines of Cornwall ; in considerable quantity in the copper-mines of Cronebane and Ballymurtagh, in county of Wicklow. E Uses.—Much of the copper of commerce is obtained from this mineral. In Cornwall alone, the annual quantity of cop- per-ore raised is sometimes 73,700 tons, of which the princi- pal ore is yellow copper-pyrites. ‘This quantity of copper affords 6,425 tons of pure copper, and sells for £ 410,986, dë 859 J].—orp. XI. GLANCE. Order XI. GLANCE. ` Lustre metallic, Grey, black. Hardness = 1.0,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.0,—7.6. If under 5.0, T single perfect clea- vage, the colour is lead-grey. If above 7.4, the colour is lead- grey. Genus I. CoePER-GLANCE. Kupfer-Glanz, Mohs. Tessular, prismatic. Hardness = 2.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.4,—5.8. If above 5.0, the colour is blackish lead-grey. If under 5.0, it is steel-grey or black. . Tetrahedral Copper-Glance. dines Kupfer-glanz, Mohs. Specific Character—Tessular. Cleavage octahedral. Steel- grey... jron-black. Hardness =3.0,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.4, —4.9. | This species is divided into two subspecies, viz. Grey and Black. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Grey Tetrahedral Copper-Glance, or Grey Copper. Fahlerz, Werner.—Cuivre gris arsenifóre, Haüy. —Grey Copper- . Ore, Jameson, 2d edit. - External Characters.—Colour steel-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, and crystallized im tetrahedrons variously mo- dified. Surface shining or splendent. Internally glistening, or shining, and metallic lustre. Fracture uneven, sometimes . conchoidal. Brittle, and easily frangible. reyb Constituent París.—Copper, |. - ab 50 kone- a 27.60 Sulphur, 10.00 Arsenic, 15.60 Silver, - 0.90 Antimony, 1.50 98.00 Klaproth. IL—orp. XL GLANCE. riri Geognostic and Geographic Sütuations.—ÜOccurs in beds and veins, in primitive, transition, and secondary rocks. It is associated with yellow copper at Sand-Lodge in Shetland ; occurs in veins at Fassney Burn in East Lothian; at Airthrie, north-east of Stirling ; also in Ayrshire; and at Tavistock in Devonshire. ; Uses.—Is valued as an ore of copper; and when it con- tains silver, is worked as an ore of that metal. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Black Tetrahedral Copper-Glance, or Black Cent Schwarzerz, Werner.—Cuivre gris antimonifére, Haüy.—bBlack Copper-ore, Jameson, 2d edit. External Characters.— Colour iron-black, which sometimes inclines to steel-grey. © Occurs massive, disseminated, and crystallized in tetrahedrons variously modified. Internally. shining and splendent. : Lustre metallic. Fracture conchoi- dal Brittle, and very easily frangible. 1 Kapnik in Transylvania. Constituent Parts:—Copper, — - a meine AMO Antimony, = + - 22.00 Sulphur, D = 28.00 Silver, - - - 0.25 - Tron, e wi d 3.25 Zinc, - =- S - 5.00 Loss -~ - E 3.15 100.00 Xlaproth. . Some varieties contain 18 ger cent. of silver. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins that traverse transition rocks at Zilla, in Clausthal in the Hartz, and in other districts. Uses.—Is worked both as an ore of RA and as an ore of silver. .2. Prismatoidal Copper-Glance. Piismatoidischer Kupfer-glanz, Mohs.—Prismatic Antimony» glance, Jameson, 3d edit. 7 Specific C Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleas vage, Pr+ œ. Blackish lead-grey. Brittle. Hardness = = 0. Sp. o> = Dds —5. 8. KL IEh—onn.xr. GLANCE. External Characters.—Colour blackish lead-grey. Crys- tallized in oblique four-sided prisms. Lustre shining, and metallic. 3. Prismatic Copper-Glance, or Vitreous Copper. Prismatischer Kupfer-glanz, Mohs.—Kupferglas, Werner.-—Cuivre sulphuré, Haiiy.—Rhomboidal Copyer-glarice, Jameson, 3d ed. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + © = 190 (nearly). Pri e, Sectile in a high degree. Blackish lead-grey. Hardness = 2.5,~3.0. Sp. gr. 3.5, SS External Characters.—Colour blackish lead-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular coneretions, and erystal- lized in six-sided prisms and six-sided pyramids. Internally shining, glistening and glimmermg, and metallic. Fracture uneven and conchoidal. Sectile, and rather easily frangible. . Siberia. Constituent Parts.— Coppe, 78.05 Iron, 2.25 Sulphur, 18.50 | Silica, 0.75 100.00 Klaproth. Geognostie und Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in veins and beds i primitive rocks; also in beds in bituminous marl- slate, and fleetz amygdaloid. Vems of it occur at Fassney Burn, East Lothian ; in Ayrshire; Fair Isle; also at Middle- ton Tyas in Yorkshire; Llandidno in Caernarvonshire; and in various mines in Cornwall. * Variegated Copper. Buntkupfererz, Werner.—Cuivre pyriteux hepatique, Haüy. External Characters.—Fresh colour intermediate be- tween copper-red and pinchbeck-brown, but soon acquires a variegated tarnish. Occurs massive, disseminated, and crys- tallized in six-sided prisms. Internally shming or glistening, and lustre metallic. Fracture conchoidal, which sometimes inclines to uneven. Hardness = 3.0. Sp. gr. = 4.9,—5.1. I].—orp. x1. GLANCE. 209 From Rudelstadt in Silesia. 58 Constituent Parts.—Copper, . SE Sulphur, - . - B Iron, Kéi a zi 18 Oxygen, - - H - 8 "100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins in primitive, transition, and secondary rocks, in various mining countries, as Cornwall, Arendahl, Kongsberg, Thuringia, &c. Uses.—Copper is extracted from it, but it is not so easily . reduced as copper-glance. It yields from 50 to '70 per cent. of copper. oe Genus II. SILVER-GLANCE, or VITREOUS SILVER. SCH Silber-Glanz, Mohs. 3 Tessular. Blackish lead-grey. Hardness = 2.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. = 6.9,—7.2. 1. Hexahedral Silver-Glance. Hexaedrischer Silber-glanz, Mohs.—Glaserz, Werner.—Argent sulphuré, Hein, | | Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage not discernible. Malleable. | External Characters.—Colour dark blackish lead-grey. Generally occurs massive, sometimes disseminated, in mem- branes, and plates, dentiform, filiform, capillary, reticulated, dendritic, and stalactitic, with impressions, and crystallized in cubes, octahedrons, rhomboidal dodecahedrons, and in the leucite form. Externally shining and glistening. Internally shining, glistening, and metallic. Fracture uneven, or con- choidal. Completely malleable. Flexible, but not elastic. : ; ee From Himmelfiirst. Constituent Parts.—Silver, - . $ 85 Sulphur, - - * 15 í ; ; l “100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographie Situations.—It is one of the most frequent of the ores of silver, and there are few forma- tions of that metal which do not contain it. It was formerly met with at Airthrie in Stirlingshire, and is still found in the mines of Cornwall. ` 2 mice Re, Re i PN lla a omm d ge e Set I i H d (E i d? 280 II.—on». XI. OLANCR. Uses.—Is highly valued as an ore of silver. ` ag pe j Hi ce Zen frëeen pp 4-0 GS 7 AU Aut me III. dias, or Erani EL . Tessular. Pure lead-grey. Hardness = 2.5. Sp. gr. = 7.4, —1.6. 3 1. Hexahedral Galena, or Lead-Glance. Hexaedrischer Bleiglanz, Mohs.—Bleiglanz, Werner.—Plomb sulphuré, Haiiy. Specific Character —Tessular. Cleavage octahedral. This species is divided into two vabiepediels viz. Common; and Compact. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Galena, or Lead-Glatiée. Gemeiner Bleiglanz, Werner. External Characters. —Colour lead-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, reticulated, botryoidal, corroded, fused-like ; al- so in granular, prismatic, and lamellar concretions; ; and erystal- lized in cubes, octahedrons, and rectangular four-sided prisms, acuminated with four planes, set on the lateral planes or late- ral edges: Internally alternates from specular-splendent to glistening, and lustre metallic. Fragments cubical. Perfect- ly sectile. Uncommonly easily frangible. pes : Durham. Kantenbach. Constituent París.—L:ead, 8513 Lead, S 64 - Sulphur, 13.02 Sulphur, - 18 Iron, 0.50 Calcareous Earth and Sie; 8 98.65 . 100 T'homson. Fue Geop onostic and Geographic Sviwations.—Occurs in veins; beds, pe imbedded masses, in primitive, transition, and se- condary mountains, in many of the mining districts in Eu- rope, Asia, and America; ` ` Uses.—Nearly all the lead of commerce is obtained from galena. SECOND SUBSPECIES: Compact Galena, or Lead-Glance: Bleischweif, Werner. External Characters.—Colour lead-grey. Occurs massive, II: orp. XI. GLANCE: 981 disseminated, and specular. Internally glimmering, and lustre metallic. Fracture even, which in some varieties passes into flat conchoidal. Geognostic and Geographic Situutions.—Occurs in the same formations, arid in the same countries as Common Ga: - lena. * Blue Lead. Blau Bleierz, JVerner.. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between dark indigo-blue and dark lead-grey. Occurs massive, and in six- sided prisms. Internally glimmering and metallic. Fracture uneven, or small conchoidal. Opaque. Streak shining and ` metallic. Sectile, and easily frangible. - Constituent Parts.—Conjectured to be a mixture of Lead. ` glance and Phosphate of Lead. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins, along with various lead-spars, in Saxony and France. Genus IV. TELLURIUM-GLANCE, or BLACK TELLURIUM. : Tellur-Glanz, Mohs. Prismatie. Cleavage perfect, according to one direction. ides in i5 Sp. gr. 710—132. l. Prismatic cs MA Prismatischer Tellur-glanz, Mohs. —Nagyagerz, Werner.—Tellure natif auro-plombifére, Haiiy.—Prismatic Black Tellurium, Jame- son, 3d edit. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage perfect in one direction. — Blackish lead-grey. à External Characters.—Colour between blackish lead-grey, ‘and iron-black. Occurs massive, disseminated, in leaves, and crystallized i in oblique four-sided prisms and four-sided. pyramids. Externally splendent, and lustre metallic. Inter. nally shining, and metallic. Sectile. Thin leaves and tables which are flexible. deg i Kat "ge EE I lag 89 — II.—orp. XI. GLANCE, Constituent Parts.—veturium, 99.9 : : Lead, - 54.0 Gold; ^. 9.0 Sulphur, 3.0 Copper, 1.3 Silver, 0.5 100.0 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins that traverse porphyry, at Nagyag in Transylvania. Uses.—It is worked for the gold it contains. Genus V. Motyspena, or MOLYBDENA GLANCE. Molybdàün-Glanz, Mohs. Rhomboidal. Easily flexible. Hardness = 1.0,—1.5. Sp. gr. = 4.4, —4.6. 1. Rhomboidal Molybdena. Rhomboedrischer Molydin, Mohs.—Wasserblei, Werner.—Molyb- dene sulphuré, Haüy. Specific Character.—Dirhomboidal. Rhomboid unknown. Cleavage R — oo, perfect. Pure lead-grey. : External Characters.—Colour fresh lead-grey. Occurs usually masive, disseminated, in plates, also in granular distinct concretions, and sometimes crystallized in six.sided prisms. Internally splendent or shining, and lustre metallic. It writes with a bluish-grey streak on paper, but with a greenish-grey streak on porcelain. Soils slightly. Easily frangible. Splits easily into thin flexible leaves. Sectile, approaching to mal- leable. Feels greasy. 3 . Constituent Parts.—Molybdena, - Sulphur, 100 Buchols. Geognostic. and. Geographic Situations.—Occurs dissemi- nated in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, and chlorite-slate. At Peterhead it is imbedded in granite and syenite ; in chlorite- slate in Glenelg, Inverness-shire ; in granite on Corybuy, at head of Loch Creran; in various mines in Cornwall; in gra- nite veins near the source of the Caldew, in Cumberland ; and in the granite of Shap, also in Cumberland. ipe comm II.—oR». XI. GLANCE: 2898. * Molybdena Ochre. Molybdan Ocker, Karsten. External Characters.—Colour sulphur-yellow, inclining to straw and orange yellow, and to siskin-green. Occurs disse- minated, and incrusting molybdena. Friable. Dull. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Is found. invest- ing and intermixed with molybdena, in the granite of Cory- buy, at Loch Creran. Gites, VI. BISMUTH-GLANCE. Prismatic. Pure lead-grey. Hardness = 2.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. = 6.1,—6.4. 1. Prismatic Bismuth-Glance. Prismatischer Wismuth-Glanz, Mohs.—Wismuth-Glanz, Werner. —Bismuth sulphuré, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P + œ. Pr+ o. Pro | External Characters.—Colour pale lead-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular and radiated concretions, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms. Internally splendent and metallic. Soils. Brittle, inclining to sectile. Easily frangible. Chemical Characters.—Melts in the flame of a candle. Constituent Parts.—Bismuth, WG a Ser Gg Sulphur, - - D A0 100 ge. Geognostic and Geographic Sttwations.—Occurs in veins in Cornwall, Saxony, and other countries. 3* Bismuth-Ochre. Wismuth-Ocker, Werner. External Characters.—Colours yellow, grey, and some- times green. Occurs massive, and disseminated. Internal. ly glimmering or glistening. Fracture uneven, or earthy. Opaque. Soft, sometimes Wee on friable: Brittle, and easily frangible. amio: i Red S c ou. CET ' 1 d V d I» i (KE 37 } A } itt WI I Ti i i 3 Eg d H di EE y d i 284 —.. H.—omnb. xr. GLANCE. Constituent Parts.—oxide of Bismuth, 86.3 Oxide of Iron, 5.2 Carbonic Acid, 4.1 Water, - 3.4 99.0 0 Lanpadius. Geognostic and Geagraphie ‘Situations. —Occurs in veins in primitive rocks in Cornwall, Saxony, and Bohemia. V Genus VII. Antimony-Grance. 8 Antimon-Glanz, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness = 1.5,—2.5. Sp. gr. — 4.0,—5.8. If under 5.0, the Hardness == 2.0, and sometimes slightly flexible. If above 5.0, the colour is steel-grey. 1. Prismatic Antimony-Glance. Prismatischer,Antimon-glanz, Mohs.—Schrift-erz, Werner —Tel- lure natif auro-argentifére, Hauwy.—Graphic Tellurium, or Graphic-ore, Jameson, 2d edit.; Prismatic Gold-glance, Jame- son, 3d edit. - Specific Character —Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, Pr + o», perfect. Less distinct Pr+o. Pure steel- grey. Hardness = 1.5;—2.0. Sp. gr. = 5.7,—5.8. External Characters.—Colour steel-grey. Occurs massive, ‘disseminated, in leaves; and crystallized in oblique four- sided prisms. Frequently there are attached to the extremi- ties of the prisms others at right angles, giving to the whole row the appearance of a line of Persepolitan characters; hence the name Graphic sometimes given to this mineral. Exter- nally splendent, and lustre metallic. Internally glistening, and metallic. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Soils slightly. Constituent Parts —Telturium, Gold, Silver, ) 100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in porphyry in Transylvania. Uses.—Is worked. as an ore of gold, and as an ore of silver. d de ma ^ IL-—o0Rb.Xt GLANCE. 285 9. Prismatoidal Antimony-Glance, or Grey Antimony. Grau Spiesglaserz, Werner—Prismatoidischer Antimon-Glanz, : Mohs.—Antimoine sulphuré, Hay. pecia Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid anite: Clea- vage, Pr + œ, perfect. Less distinct P — œ. P +o. Pr +œ. Lead-grey. Hardness = 2.0. Sp. gr. = 4.0,—4.6. External Characters.—Colour lead-grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, in distinct concretions, which are radiated, fi- brous, and granular ; also crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, and in six-sided prisms. Lustre inclining from glis- tening to splendent and metallic. Fracture uneven and even. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Chemical Characters. —Melts by the mere flame of a candle; - it is almost dissipated before the blowpipe m the form of a white vapour, with a sulphureous odour. Constituent París.—Antimony, - - - 174 Sulphur, ` H Me 26 100 Bergmann. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins ‘and beds in primitive and transition rocks. In Dumfriesshire there are veins of it in grey-wacke ; and in Banffshire it occurs among rocks of the primitive class, and associated with green fluor *. There are considerable deposites of it on the Continent, and also in America. 3. Axotomous Antimony-Glance, or Bournonite. ` Axentheilender Antimon-glanz, Mohs.—Axifrangible Antimony- glance or Bournonite, Jameson, 3d edit. —Triple sulphuré d'An- timoine, Plomb et Cuivre ; Endellione, Bournon. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, P — oo, very perfect. Steel-grey. Hardness = 2.0,— 2.5. Sp. gr. = 5.5,—5.8. i External Characters.—Colour steel-grey. Occurs massive, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, variously modi- fied by truncations, bevelments and acuminations. External- * The discovery in Banffshire of fluor, one of the rarest of our Scottish minerals, was made by one of my pupils, Mr James Maitland Hogg of New- liston. : aue BR D i ien PA te aai 986 TI.—on». xt. GLANCE. ly shining and metallic: internally glistening and metallic. Fracture uneven or conchoidal Opaque. Very brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—Lead, +, 42.62 Antimony, - 24.23 Copper, 18.20 Iron, = 1.20 Sulphur, 17.00 100.00 Hatchett. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in clay-slate in Cornwall. i _Grnus VIII. Meraxns-GLAaNncE *. Prismatic. Black, partly inclining to lead-grey. - Hard- ness = 2.0,—-3.0. Sp. gr. — 5.9,—6.6. . 1. Diprismatic Melane-Glance. Diprismatischer Melan-glanz, Mohs.—Schwarz Spiesglaserz, Wer- ner.—Plomb sulphuré-antimonifére, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, Pr+ o. Pr + œ, the latter somewhat more discerni- ble, both imperfect. Iron-black, inclining to lead.grey. Hardness = 2.5,—-3.0. Sp. gr. = 6.4,—6.6. External Characters.—lron-black, inclining more or less to blackish lead-grey. Occurs massive; and crystallized in longish rectangular four-sided tables, and in double four-sided pyramids, in which the apices and the edges of the common base are truncated. Externally generally smooth, or feebly streaked. Internally shining or splendent, and metallic. Frac- ture imperfect conchoidal. ^ Rather brittle, and easily fran- gible. Constituent Parts.—It is conjectured to be Sulphuret of Antimony, combined with Copper and Silver. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in veins in primitive and transition rocks. In Transylvania, it is as- sociated with grey copper, yellow blende, and quartz; and in Saxony, near Freyberg, with caleareous-spar and quartz. * Melane, from crus, black. ipe A apo An Rau, e ox PM iai oos E RP sre II.—onp. XI. GLANCE. 88" 2, Prismatic Melan-Glance. Prismatischer Melan-glanz, Mohs.—Spródglaserz, Werner.—Ar«- gent antimoine-sulphuré noire, Haziy.—Rhomboidal Silver- glance, or Brittle Silver-glance, Jameson 3d edit. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Zare unknown. Clea- vage, P+ œ = 124° (nearly). Pr -+ œ, imperfect. Iron- black. Hardness = 2.0,—2.6. Sp. gr. = 5.9,—6.4. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between iron- black and blackish lead-grey. Generally disseminated, and: sometimes crystallized in six-sided prisms and tables, and six- sided pyramids. Externally highly splendent: internally - shining, inclining to glistening, and lustre metallic. Fracture alternates from small conchoidal to fine-grained uneven. Lustre not increased 1 in the streak. Sectile? and Se fran- gible. Constituent P arts.——Silver, - iq M 66.50 Sulphur, = - - 12.00 Antimony, =- -= D 10.00 Iron, . - zip. 5.00 Copper and Arsenic, - 0.50 Earthy substances, - 1.00. 95.00 Ras he Geognostic bd Geographic Situations. — Occurs in veins that traverse gneiss, clay-slate, and Pop in Saxony, Bo- hemia, and ve uti Onpzn XII. BLENDE. If the lustre is metallic, the colour is black. If the lustre is not metallic, it is adamantine. If the streak is brown, white, or grey, the Sp. gr. is between 4.0 and 42; and the form tessular. If the streak is red, the Sp. gr- = 4.5, and more; and the Hardness = 2.5, and less. Hardness = 1.0,—4.0. Sp. gr. =3.9,—8.2. If 4.8 and more, the Mak i is red. ee Ss gel TI.—orbD. XII. BLENDE Genus I. MaxcaANEsE-BLENDE. Glanz-blende, Mohs.—Mangan-blende, Werner.—Manganese sul- phuré, Haiüy.—Braunstein-blende, Blumenbach.—Sulphuret of Manganese, Jameson, 2d edit. Prismatic. Streak green. Hardness = 3.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 3.9,—4.0. H 1. Prismatic Manganese-Blende. Prismatisches Glanz-blende, Mohs. Specific Character —Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage, prismatic. Metallic lustre. External Characters.—Colour on the fresh fracture iron- black, but on exposure becomes tarnished of a brownish-black colour. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular concre- tions, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, variously modified by truncations. Lustre splendent or shining, and. metallic, inclining to imperfect metallic. Opaque. Streak of a greenish colour. | Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Manganese, Sulphur, - - 100 Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in Corn- wall, and at Nagyag in Transylvania, along with ores of tel- lurium, blende, copper-pyrites, compact red manganese, and brown-spar. Genus II. Zınc-BLENDE, or GARNET-BLENDE. Granat-Blende, Mohs. Tessular. Streak not green. Hardness =3.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.0, —4.9. 1. Dodecahedral Zinc-Dlende. Dodecaedrischer Granat-Blende, Mohs.—Blende, Werner.—Zinc sulphuré, Haüy. Specific Character.—' Vessular. Cleavage dodecahedral. Streak, white, grey, or reddish-brown. This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. Yellow, Brown, and Black. -— pe min I].—orp. XII. BLENDE. i 289 FIRST j SUBSPECIES. Yellow Z inc-Blende. - Gelb Blende, Werner, Eubako Characters.—Colours yellow, green, grey, and sometimes red. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular concretions; and. crystallized in octahedrons and rhomboidal dodecahedrons. | Externally and internally lustre shining and splendent, and adamantine, inclining to resinous. Varies from translucent to transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Physical Character.—Becomes phosphorescent by friction. Chemical Characters.—Decrepitates before the blowpipe, — becomes grey, but is infusible, either alone or with borax. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in primitive, transition, and secondary rocks. Is met with in Clifton mine, near Tyndrum in Perthshire; also in Flint- shire. SECOND SUBSPECIES. Brown Zinc-Blende. : Braun Blende, Werner. " ét? Characters. —Colour brown. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular, and sometimes in fibrous concre- tions; also crystallized in octahedrons, rhomboidal. dodecahe- drons, tetrahedrons, and twin-crystals. Lustre ranges from specular-splenderit to glimmering, and is pearly-adamantine.. Translucent, or only translucent on the edges. Constituent Parls.—Zine, =- . - eee T Sulphur, Ho cuc uo E pono s en a Silica, - i 91,7 Thomson, Geognostic and Geographic Situations.— Occurs in Clifton lead-mine near Tyndrum ; in small veins, with galena, in the coal-fields around Edinburgh 3 Cumberhead, Lanarkshire ; Lead-Hills; and in all the lead-mines in England and Wales, "m aepo ^ dB a RR, eh ets mn J socii gll T trt LTT TR pantie spar en. I 2 eS uf Ton WETTER ell” IL.—-oORD. xir. BLENDE. THIRD SUBSPECIES. Black Zine-Blende. Schwarz Blende, Werner. External Characters.—Colour black, and rarely blood-red. Occurs massive, and in granular concretions. Internally shining or splendent, and lustre adamantine, inclining to me- tallic ; always opaque, excepting the blood-red variety, which is translucent on the edges. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in the same geognostic situations as the other subspecies, but 1s much rarer. Is found in Saxony, Siberia, Hungary, Se, Uses of Zinc Blende.—1t is PH valuable as an ore of zinc. Gxxus III. ANTIMONY-BLENDE, or RED ANTIMONY. Nadel Blende, Mohs. Prismatic. Hardness — 1.0,—1.5. Sp. gr. = 4.5,—4.6. 1. Prismatic Antimony-Blende, or Red Antimony. Prismatisches Nadel-blende, Mohs.—Roth Spiesglas-erz, Werner, —Antimoine oxidé sulphuré, Hauy.—Purple Blende, Mohs. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Clea- vage prismatoidal. Streak red. External Characters.—Colour cherry-red, ind: frequently with a tempered-steel tarnish. Occurs massive, disseminated, in flakes, in distinct concretions, which are scopiform and stel- lular fibrous, and granular; and' erystallized in oblique four- sided prisms. Externally and internally shining. Lustre nearly adamantine. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Rather and very easily frangible. From the mine called Neue Hoffnung Gottes at Bratinsdorf. Constituent París.-—Antimony, - - = 67.50 Oxygen, D Gë 10.80 Sulphur, | - E - 19.70 98.00 Sigue Geognostic me Geographic Biasdious. — To rare mine- II.—orp. XII. BLENDE. 291 ral occurs in veins, in primitive mus in Saxony, France, and Hungary. - Genus IV. Rusy-BLENDE. Rubin-Blende, Mohs. 8.2. 1. Rhomboidal Ruby-Blende, or Red Silver. Rhomboedrischer Rubin-Blende, Mohs. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid — 109° 28’. Cleavage, rhomboidal. Streak red. Haxdnesses =2.5. Sp. gt. = 5.25.8. | External EE guten between cochi- neal-red and dark lead-grey, and sometimes inclines to car- mine-red. Occurs massive, disseminated, in membranes ; and crystallized in six-sided. prisms and six-sided pyramids. Ex. ternally alternates from shining to splendent ; lustre. semi. metallic or adamantine. Internally alternates from shining to glimmering ; lustre sometimes adamantine, sometimes semi- metallic. Fracture uneven or conchoidal. Ranges from opaque to transpàrent. Streak cochineal-red. Constituent Parts.—silver, GEES i Antimony, - - ^ 20.3 .. Sulphur, c : . JAN Oxygen, + E H D A0 = 100.0 Klaproth. - Geognostic and Geographic . Situations. —Occurs in veins in gneiss, mica-slate, porphyry, and grey-wacke, in various mining districts, as in Cornwall, Hartz, Hungary, Mexico, and Peru. = Uses.—It is a valuable ore sot silver, iin in some mines oc- curs in considerable quantity. T 2 Rhomboidal. Hardness = 2.0,—2.5. Sp. ges 52,— gg ls I Magi ar i ei. E gie ip 299 | II.—-oR5.xii. BLENDE. 2. Prismato-Rhomboidal Ruby-Blende, or Cinnabar. Prismato-Rhomboedrischer —— Mohs.—Mercure sul- phuré, Haiiy. Specific Character — Rhoinboidal. Rhomboid ahout 85°. Cleavage, R + oo, perfect. Streak red. Hardness — 2.0, —2.5. Sp. gr. = 6.7,—8.2. Is divided into two subspecies, viz. Common and Hepatic. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Common Cinnabar. Zinnober, Werner. External Characters.—Colours cochineal-red, scarlet-red. and carmine-red. Besides massive, disseminated, dendritic, - and in granular concretions ; it also occurs crystallized in six- sided prisms. Internally alternates from shining to glimmer- ing; lustre adamantine, verging on semi-metallic. Fracture fine-grained uneven, even, conchoidal, and earthy. Alternates from opaque to transparent. Yields a scarlet-red shining streak. Sectile, and easily frangible. 1 Japan. Constituent Parts.—Mercury, 8450 Sulphur, 14.75 99.25 25 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs most a- bundantly in the coal formation, and less plentifully in beds and veins in primitive rocks. There are considerable mines of this mineral at Idria in Carniola, and in other parts of Eu- rope; also in Asia and America. Uses.—1t is from this mineral and the following, that the mercury of commerce is obtained. — — SECOND SUBSPECIES. . Hepatic Cinnabar. Quecksilber Lebererz, Werner. Mercure sulphuré bituminifere, Haüy. - External Characters.—Colour intermediate hetween dark peor BS tpi "le bei, ` ft si I TM ; | Ld j H | $ M 3 $ iB Ti—orp. XIIL. SULPHUR. 293 - n éochineal-red and dark lead-grey. Occurs massive, dissemi- ii nated, and in globular concretions. Internally alternates from ; 41 glimmering to splendent. Lustre semi-metallic. Fracture even ' AU or slaty. Opaque. Sectile, and easily frangible. l A e Constituent Parts.—Mercury, i JOT SEBO E 1 d Sulphur, e ate. 198 , 1 Carbon, 914 7763 2.30 T A Silica, dain? i- 0.65 KG Alumina, z Ge ; : PI Oxide of Iron, Waco n 0.20 Copper, ` TIS week pa 0.02 - Water, - ES = AUS. x. dr. 100.00 Klaproth. t Geognostic and Geographic Situations —This mineral oc- ; curs in considerable masses in slate-clay and bituminous-shale, | ap i at Almaden Spain, in Deux-Ponts, and Siberia. = E E ORDER ATH. SULPH is Xs | i Ha No metallic lustre. oaa red, yellow or brown: n Prismatic. Hardness = 1.0,—2.5. = | \ - E SE erg a above § SE: the streak is vier or | | | Snipa F — utu | E Bi Í | : LUE Prismatic. Hardness = 1.5,—2. 5. Sp. gr. = I. 9,—8. 6. We sr 1. Prismatoidal Sulphur, or Yellow Orpiment. EU i Prismatoidischer Schwefel, Mohs.—G«elb-Rausch gelb, Werner.— | iq i | ^ Arsenic Sulphuré jaune, Haüy. EU i s Character.—Prismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cen. | i | vage, distinctly prismatoidal. ` Streak lemon-y ellow. Hard- — 43128 i ness = 1.5,—9.0. Sp. gr. = 3.4, —3.6. _ External Characters. —Colour lemon-yellow. Occurs mas- . Sive, disseminated, stalactitic, reniform, botryoidal, in crusts, E in granular and concentric curved lamellar concretions, and di E H f :3 , E i e H ; S | 2 l i } 294 TI.—ORD. XIII. SULPHUR. crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, and in flat double four-sided pyramids. Splendent, and lustre intermediate be- tween adamantine and semi-metallic. "Translucent, but in thin leaves transparent. Colour not altered in the streak. Sectile. Flexible, but not elastic. o Turkey. Constituent P arts.— Arsenic, 62 Sulphur, 38 "100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in secondary and primitive rocks in Germany, Hungary, China, Mexico, and United States. 2. Hemiprismatic Sulphur, or Red Orpiment. Hemiprismatischer Schwefel, Mohs.—Roth-Rausch gelb, Werner. —Arsenic Sulphuré rouge, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Wemiprismatic. Pyramid unknown. Cleavage, P + oo =107° 42. Pr+ œ. Pr + œ. None di- stinct. Streak orange-yellow and aurora-red. Hardness — 1.5, —2.0. Sp. gr. = 3.8, —3.4. ; : External Characters.— Colour aurora-red, sometimes inclin- ing to orange-yellow. Occurs massive, disseminated, in flakes or membranes, and. crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, variously modified bv acuminations, truncations, and bevel. ments. Internally shining. Lustre adamantine, inclining to re- sinous. Fracture uneven, sometimes passing into conchoidal. Translucent ; crystals semi-transparent. Brittle, and easily frangible. Bannat. Constituent Parts.—arsenic, 69 . Sulphur, 31 ' oes 100 Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs most fre- quently in veins in primitive rocks, less frequently in secon- dary rocks. Different mining districts in Germany afford this mineral, and it is also a production of Japan, the north-west coast of America, and of volcanoes, ada antes wilh Yoke Use.—Is used as a pigment. ` — mm AO A EE M NEED II.—onp. XIII SULPHUR. ` 996 . 8. Prismatic Sulphur. Prismatischer Schwefel, Mohs—Natiirliches Schwefel, Werner.— Soufre, Haüy. Specific Character.—P rismatic. Pyramid = 1075, 19; 84 24; 143° 8. Cleavage, P. P + œ = 102 A1. Streak white or sulphur-yellow. Hardness = 1.5,—9.5. Sp. gr. 1.9,—2.1. This species is divided into two subspecies, aM Common and. Volcanic. . FIRST SURSPECIES. Common Sulphur. Gemeiner Naturlicher Schwefel, Werner. External Characters.—Colour yellow, brown, and grey. Occurs massive, disseminated, in granular concretions, and crystallized i in acute double six-sided pyramids. Internally varies from shining to glimmering. Lustre intermediate be- tween adamantine and resinous. Fracture uneven, sometimes inclining to splintery, or to conchoidal. Translucent. Crystals semi-transparent and transparent, and refract double. Brittle, and easily frangible. ` Chemical Characters.—ls easily inflamed, and burns with. . a lambent bluish flame, and suffocating odour, Geog nostic and Geographic Situations —Common sulphur occurs in considerable abundance in primitiye mountains, in a state of combination with metals ; but rarely pure or uncom- bined; while in secondary mountains, it is more abundant in the pure uncombined state than in combination with metals. Is also met with in alluvial districts, particularly near sulphu- reous ZEE. bed in D: SCH Italy, &c. Ee SECOND opas EE. Volcanic Sulphur. Vulcanischer Natürlichér Schwefel, Werner. External Characters.—Colour pale sulphur-yellow. Occurs massive, stalactitic, vesicular, corroded, perforated ; crystalli- zed in pyramidal figures. Glistening, and lustre adamantine, inclining to resinous. Fracture uneven. ‘Translucent. In other characters it agrees with the preceding subspecies. 2 BS AA we! d ii IIl.—ozp.r. RESIN. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs only in volcanic countries, where it is found more or less abundantly among lavas. Solfatara, in the vicinity of Vesuvius, is one of the most famous repositories of volcanic sulphur, and it is there gollected in considerable quantities for the purposes of com- merce. i i Uses.—When burnt, it affords sulphuric acid ; it enters in- to the composition of gunpowder ; is used in various metal- lurgic processes, and in bleaching; it forms a constituent part of some cements; is employed in taking casts; and is an ar- ticle in the Materia Medica. CLASS III. 1f liquid, the smell is bituminous. If solid, is taste- less: Specific gravity under 1.8. Onpzn I. RESIN. Liquid. Solid. Streak white, grey, yellow, brown and black. | ! : Hardness = 0.0,—2.5. ias ^ i Specific gravity = 0.7,—1.6. If 1.2 and more, the streak 1s white or grey. Genus I. MELLILITE, or HONEY-STONE. - a = Melichron-Resin, Mohs. | Pyramidal. Hardness = 9.0,—9.5. Sp. gr. — 1.4,—1.6. 1. Pyramidal Mellilite, or Honeystone. Pyramidales Melichron-Resin, Mohs.—Honigstein, Werner.— Mellite, Haüy. Specific Character.—P yramidal. Pyramid = 118° 4/4, — 93° 22’. Cleavage, pyramidal but imperfect. — ~ia gg fils d IIIL—on». t. RESIN. 297 1 External Characters.—Colour yellow, and sometimes red. 1 Rarely massive. - Generally crystallized in flat. double four- - ; EU sided pyramids. Lustre shining or splendent, and vitreo-re- : WS | sinous. Fractureconchoidal. Semi-transparent, or translucent, E and refracts double. Brittle, and easily frangible. i P. T Constituent Parts.— Amina, š ; 16 ‘| | è ` Mellilitic Acid, - e 46 Water of crystallization, ` ` 38 E 1 X n—— =. 100 ` Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Oceurs superim- : Lé posed on bituminous wood and earth-coal, and is usually ace d Di LS companied with sulphur. It has been hitherto found SS Y | E Artern in Ge, ain | " gc ot [ . Genus II. -Minerat-Resiw. Erd-Haxz, Mohs. Amor phous. Hardness = 0.0, <2, 5. Sp. or. = = 0. 8 sol 2. Ee e 1. Yellow Mineral-Resin, or Amber. Gelbes Erdharz, Mohs.—Bernstein, Werner. —Succin, Dain, Specific Character.—Solid. Yellow...white. Streak white, or grey. Hardness = 2.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. = 1.0, —1.1. External Characters.—Colour yellow and white. Occurs in massive pieces, and disseminated ; often incloses insects, and sometimes vegetables. Externally dull; internally splendent, shining or glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture conchoi- _ E EIER . dal Transparent or translucent. Brittle, and easily fran- EN H gible. | e Si « Chemical Characters.—Burns with a yellow-coloured flame, at RS and fragrant odour, at the same time intumescing, but: SEES 70 Ki | i ete 1 ly melting. / | ; PY Physical Characters.—W hen rubbed, it gives out an agree- rid M able smell, and becomes strongly resino-electric. This latter ` e _ property was known to the ancients, who termed amber. elec- | irum ; from whence is derived the word electricity. Constituent Parts.—Is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. An acid named Succinic is obtained from it by di- : stillation. Lo pa e D ene em III.—on». r. RESIN. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds of bituminons wood and moor-coal; also in a conglomerate formed, by the aggregation of fragments on sea-shores; in sandy soil; frequently floating on the sea; and it is said to have been observed imbedded in secondary limestone. It is found on the shores of Scotland and England, of the Baltic, and in Germany, Poland, and other countries. Uses.—On account of its beautiful colour, great transpa- rency, and the fine polish it receives, it is considered as an or- namental stone, and is cut into necklaces, bracelets, snuff. boxes, and other articles of dress. 2. Black Mineral-Resin. Schwarzes Erd-Harz, Mohs.—Bitume, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Solid...liquid.. Black, brown, red, and grey. Streak black, brown, yellow, and grey. Hardness 0.0,—2.0 Sp. gr. = 0.8,—1.9. . This species is divided into three subspecies, viz. Naphtha, Mineral Oil or Petroleum, and Mineral-Pitch, or Bitumen. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Naphtha. External Characters.—Colours yellowish-white, yellowish- grey, and wine-yellow. Perfectly liquid. Shining and resi- nous. Feels greasy. Exhales an agreeable bituminous smell. Chemical Characters.— Takes fire on the approach of flame, affording a bright white light, ——— Constituent Parts—Is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen. | Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—This mineral is seldom found in a pure state. Is said to occur in consider- able springs on the shores of the Caspian Sea, in the Cauca- sus, and other places. Uses.—In Persia, Japan, and some parts of Italy, where 3t occurs in considerable quantity, it is used in lamps, in place of oil, for lighting streets, churches, &c. ree UN Viii UR s, et RICE we oraa J See indo ee see ME rem III.—on». 1. RESIN. : 999 | A SECOND SUBSPECIES. Mineral-Oil, or Petroleum. | CA Erdöl, Werner. —— | x Lët j External Characters.—Colour dark blackish-brown, which — P$ sometimes inclines to green. Liquid, but occasionally ap- ——— Pg proaches more or less to the viscid state. Shining and resi- AH nous. Feels greasy. Semi-transparent, translucent, and opaque. SE: Exhales a strong bituminous odour. ; Lë: ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Generally flows Ir from rocks of the coal formation, and usually from the imme- ) | | diate vicinity of beds of coal; also from limestone rocks. Oc- : Er curs in marshes, on the surface of spring water; or it flows | JD or trickles unmixed from its mineral repository. Small quan- tities are occasionally found in cavities of quartz, or diffused - through it, and giving it blackish-brown colour. Is found at l St Catherine's Well, near Edinburgh, in the Orkney Islands, 17 in "Shropshire i in England, &c. | ED Uses.—In Piedmont, Persia, Japan, and other countries, 144 it is used in npe in paei of oil, for lighting streets and E churches. ` | 13i | i S ) 1 E 3 D SUBSPEC E (Kr Më f Dr sg Cot Pitch, € or Bomen ) f N E" Lr This subspecies is divided into three kinds, viz. Earthy, | Hil "Tee and Elastic. — | We oN | First Kind. ` | S HAS EN 1 3 Earthy Mineral-Pitch. $ Erdiges Erdpech, Werner. | Tunet: Characters.—Colour blackish-brown. Occurs Ar massive. Faintly glimmering, inclining to dull. Fracture ` v l earthy or uneven. Streak shining and resinous, Soft. Sec- A i tile. Feels greasy. . | ; E Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in the | E ( Iberg in the Hartz, along with slaggy mineral-pitch, in veins TE sc traverse grey wacke ; also in other places, MO Seege zs "` zx ee Kx 3 rem ATL ORD. 1. RESIN: f Akita, Second Kind. Slagey Mineral-Pitch, or Asphaltum. Schlackiges Erdpech, Werner.. External Characters.—Colour pitch-black. Occurs mas- sive, disseminated, sometimes globular, reniform, and stalag- mitic. Externally and internally splendent and shining, and lustre resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Soft. Opaque. Sec- tile. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins, and in reniform and imbedded -masses in secondary limestone in Fifeshire ; in clay iron-stone in East Lothian; in veins at Haughmond Hill in Shropshire, and in mineral veins in Cornwall. Uses.—The Egyptians employed it in the process of em- balming bodies: The Turks quarry it in Albania, and use it, when mixed with common rosin, for paying the bottoms of ` ships, and for smearing the rigging. ` Third Kind. F Elastic Mineral-Pitch. 9) pA. Elastiches Erdpech, JVerner. External Characters.—Colour brown. - Occurs massive, reniform, and sometimes with impressions. Internally shin- ing and glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture curved slaty, or conchoidal. Translucent on the edges. Shining in the streak. Perfectly sectile. Elastic flexible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Is found in the cavities of a lead-glance vein, in the lead-mine called Odin, which is situated near the base of Mamtor, to the north of Castletown in Derbyshire. ORDER LI. COAL. . Solid. Streak brown and black. j Hardness — 0.1, —2.5. Sp. gr. —1.2,—1.5. Seana oe Ma A di i OOO free, ois o owe M TP DS IIL-—onp. 11. COAL. : 901 ` LIT Genus L Mixxnar-Coar. | Ar Amorphous. Hardness = 1.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. — 1.2,—1.5. 1. Bituminous Mineral- Coal. - Be | 1 Harzige Stein-Kohle, Mohs. | i ci Speci ifie Character.—Colours black and brown. Resinous TE A lustre. Bituminous smell. Hardness =1.0,—2.5. Sp. gr. 1: n - 19,—1.5. | This species contains two subspecies, viz. GEN n and Black. e FIRST SUBSPECIES. : E E M Bawi Bituminous Coal, or Brown Coal. ; E Braun Kohle, Werner. | "This subspecies is divided into five kinds, viz. Bituminous 5 Ec) Wood, or Fibrous Brown Coal. 2. Earthy Coal, or Earthy Brown Coal: 3. Alum-Earth, or Aluminous Brown Coal. 4. Common Brown Coal, or Conchoidal Brown Coal; and, 177 5. Moor-Coal, or TI Brown Coal. ` ^fi E I 4 tha. hte Shien Kirst Kind. ` D Tui E j P: Sé Bituminous Word, Zeit Brown Coal! ^ . ^—- , ` Bituminoses Holz, Werner. Lr | 2 | T External Characters.—Colour brown. External shape re- | - sembles exactly that of stems and branches of trees, but usu- i 1 : ally compressed. Principal fracture glimmering or glisten- E j4 7 j x ing; cross fracture shining. Fracture fibrous in the small, i F slaty in the great. Opaque. Streak shining. l Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in allu- a ra E - $ vial land, or in secondary rocks ; and is "found in Scotland, E r gm acp Ireland, &c. | es Se econd Kind. : i g Eaxth-Coal, or Earthy Brown Coal. Erdkohle, JVerner. External Characters.—Colours- brown ae grey. Occurs 302 E C II. COAL. massive. Its consistence is between cohering and loose, but more inclined to the latter. Particles coarse dusty, and soil a little. Internally faintly glimmering, passing into dull. Fracture in the more cohering masses fine earthy. Streak somewhat shining. Geognostic and Geog graphic Situations: —Is found, - 28 _with bituminous wood, in Thuringia, and other countries. Uses.—1t is used as fuel where no great degree of heat is required, as in heating Yooms, salt, — and alum-works, and in distillation, hw A Appr T Lë WAAL. dur A «Third Kind. Alum-Earth, or Aluminous Brown Coal. Alaunerde, Werner. | External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive. Dull; sometimes glimmering, owing to an intermixture of mi- ca. Fracturein the great, thick or thin slaty: in the small, earthy. Breaks into tabular pieces. Streak ating, Sectile, and uncommonly easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. eege in allu- vial districts in France, Germany, Ttaly, and Hungary. Uses.—It is first exposed to the air for several months, and then lixiviated, to obtain the alum it contains ; it is rare. . ly used for fuel. Fourth Kind. Common Brown Coal, or Conchoidal Brown Coal. Gemeiner Braunkohle, Werner, ? External Characters.—Colour black. | Occurs massive, and sometimes ligniform. ` Internally - shining,- sometimes glistening, and lustre resinous. Fracture conchoidal, and sometimes shews the fibrous. xorg texture. Colour lighter in the streak. Constituent Parts.—200 Brains of the Bovey brown coal, by distillation, yielded, i all — - = a — — al bad ` ioi eR ai Lien j d . UE a A oe oo NN ^" 1 III.—onp. 11. coat. ! 303 1. Water, which soon came over acid, and afterwards turbid, by the mixture of some Deene - | . 60 Grains. 3. Thick brown oily bitumen, - P A^ 21 e 3. Charcoal, — . ; p = 90 sigan H 4. Mixed gass, consisting of hydrogen, carbonated hydro- gen, and carbonic acid, - - E 29 200 Hatchett. | | 1 i Geqgnostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in allu- vial land, and in secondary or floetz-trap rocks, i in DUM, ; E 2 Ireland, France, &c. | | E T Use.—-It is used as fuel = ^. 3 | E. i ad «Fifth Kind. | E. | 1 Moor-Coal, or Trapezoidal Brown Coal. ` B Moorkohle, Werner. Se External Characters.—Colours brown and back, Occurs ^ massive, when first dug, but soon bursts and splits into rhom- A 18 boidal pieces. Lustre of the principal fracture glimmering, i E. of the cross fracture glistening, and lustre resinous. Prin- : EL . cipal fracture imperfect slaty ; cross fracture even approach- ing to conchoidal. Sectile. Streak shining. Uncommonly easily frangible. ‘The most easily frangible species of coal. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in great AT beds in alluvial lands, and in secondary De in oe | il mia, Germany, fy, | | "e SECOND SUBSPECIES. : 31 Black Bituminous Coal. : | : yu j Schwartzkohle, Werner. , : " n “This subspecies is divided into four kinds, viz. Slate, Can. og nel, Foliated, and Coarse. ` i "oí A / E | - First Kind. ER | XE AT ps d n Slate-Coal. cuz. ied. Mi Schieferkohle, Werner. Sé : j External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive ——— Ke: Shining or glistening, and lustre resinous. Principal fracture 2 Notre ft 304 . [IL orp. mu. coat. nearly straight, and generally thick slaty; cross fracture im- perfect and flat conchoidal, and sometimes even or uneven. Lustre increased in the strcak. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Abounds | in e the coal districts in great Britain. , 4 mo aM Eo. Mety Second Kind. Cannel-Coal. Kennelkohle, Werner. . External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive. In- ternally glistening or glimmering, and lustre resinous. Frac- ture large and flat conchoidal, or even. Fragments irregular, cubical, or trapezoidal. Brittle, and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with the preceding subspecies, in the coal formation in most of the coal-fields of Great Britain. -Uses.—On account of its solidity, and the good polish it is capable of receiving when pure, it is cut into drinking-ves- .sels of various kinds, ink-holders, snuff-boxes, &c. ; but its principal use is as fuel. Third Kind. Foliated. Coal. Blütterkohle, Werner. External Characters.—Colour velvet-black. orum: mas- sive, and in lamellar concretions. Lustre splendent and resi- nous. Fracture uneven. Softer than cannel-coal. . Rather brittle, and very easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in the coal formation, although not abundantly, and generally ac- companied with slate-coal, in Saxony and Silesia. | Fourth, Kind. Coarse Coal. Grobkhole, Werner. External Characters.—Colour black. | Occurs massive, and in granular concretions, which are intimately aggregated | III.—on». 11. COAL . 805 ae il together. Glistening and resinous. Principal fracture imper- D J fect, and thick scaly ; cross fracture fine-grained uneven. Ra- 1 i ther brittle, and easily frangible. ` . . P Geog nostic Situation. —Occurs in the coal formation in AW Germany. | ; — RW 2. Glance-Coal. E Steisibhiclo, Mohs.—Anthracite, Haüy. Specific Character.—Colour black. . Partly imperfect me- tallic lustre. No bituminous smell. Hardness = 2.0, 2.5. Sp. gr. = 19, —1.5. This species contains two subspecies, viz. Pitch- Coal, and Glance-Coal. FIRST SUBSPECIES. Pitch-Coal, or Jet. Pechkohle, Werner. Tand Characters. — Colour velvet-black. Occurs mas- sive; and it is said also in plates, and sometimes in the shape of branches, with a regular woody internal structure. Inter- nally splendent, and the lustre resinous, inclining to imperfect metallic. Fracture large and per fect conchoidal. Ger a brown colouréd streak. Chemical Characters.—It burns with a ER flame. Its chemical constitution is still imperfectly understood. Geognostic and Geographic S'ituations.— Occurs dens with brown coal, in beds in floetz-trap and limestone rocks; also in beds and in imbedded portions in bituminous shale, in Scot- land, Faroe Islands, and Germany. SECOND SUBSPECIES. — Glance-Coal. | : e "m Werner. This subspecies contains four kinds, viz. 1. Conchoidal, 2. Slaty, 3. ose A 4. Fibrous. III.—onp. IT. COAL. _ First Kind. Conchoidal Glance-Coal. Muschliche Glanzkohle, Werner.—Anthracite Compacte, Haiiy. External Characters.—Colour iron-black. Massive and vesicular. Internally splendent, shining, and lustre imper- fect metallic. Fracture conchoidal. Chemical Characters.—It burns without flame or smell, and. leaves a white coloured ash. Geognostic Situation—Occurs in beds in transition and - secondary rocks, Geographic Situation.—Occurs in beds in the coal forma- tion of Ayrshire, as near Cumnock and Kilmarnock ; in the coal districts in the river district of the Forth ; and in Staf- fordshire in England. Second Kind. Slaty Glance-Coal. Schiefrige Glanzkohle, JVerner. —Anthracite feuilleté, Haüy. External Characters.—Colour dark iron-black, seldom in- chung to brown; those varieties that border on graphite, incline to steel-grey. Massive. Internally shining and glis- tening, and lustre imperfect metallic. Principal fracture slaty ; cross fracture conchoidal or uneven. Constituent Parts.—Carbon, Ve 19.08 Sites, - = - 4 to 2 13.19 Alumina, - - 4to5 - Sas Oxide of Iron, - 2to3 IUS Loss, ECC - 8.00 100 100.00 Panzenberg. Dolomieu. Geognostic und Geographic Situations.—Occurs in imbed- - ded masses, beds and veins, in primitive transition, and se- condary rocks. It is found in sandstone in Arran; in trap- rocks in the Calton Hill at Edinburgh; and in the coal for- mation in the river district of the Forth. Observations.—In this country it is named Blind Coal. TM EE : = ss Se ee CES freeen ZE em ios radon ; d III.—on». rr. coat. 307. A T i d Third Kind. Columnar Glance-Coal. Ti Jed ies Voigt. —Houille bacillaire, Haüy. 7 ae | External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive, : i disseminated ; also in prismatic concretions. Lustre shining 4 | and glistening, and imperfect metallic. Fracture conchoidal | or uneven. | S l Chemical Characters. dian SE flame cr smoke. ` ) | | Geogrnostic and Geographic Situations—It forms a bed | several feet thick, in the coal field of ee in Dumfries- i shire, and occurs in other parts of Scotland. | B Fourth Kind. B 3 | Fibrous Glance-Coal, or Mineral Charcoal. : É d Mineralische Holzkohle, Werner. j External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive, in x thin layers, and single pieces ; also in fibrous distinct concre- M" tions. Is glimmering, bordering on glistening, and lustre silky ` or pearly. Soils strongly. Soft, passing into friable. » diete | easily frangible. E Chemical Characters.—YW hen exposed to a strong heat; it burns without flame or smoke ; some varieties scarcely yield to the most intense heat. 4 wi Geognostic and Geographic COT eee imbedded, E ; or in thin layers, i in black coal, sometimes inclosed in pitch- ^ P stone, and it is said also occasionally associated with some va- d rieties of brown coal. It is met with in the different coal- | ; fields of Great Britain, and in similar situations on the Con. tinent of Europe. U2 Eege ai A? d | d l a un | E. 8 b^ i APPENDIX SYSTEM, CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS of some Mess, which do not | occur Regularly Crystallized, and of others whose Specific Characters have not been SEH de- termined. eege M or a m. S lea nh NT pa edi. eR. o e SIT e A a il i wee — a2 Sa d .. DESCRIPTIONS of such MINERALS as do not l occur Regularly Crystallized, and cannot be sa- | 1 Bi tisfactorily referred to any Species in the System. : e 1. Lithomarge. Steinmark, Werner. | a 'There are two kinds, viz. Hable, and gud i le Friable Lithomarge. | | 3 l Zerreiblicher Steinmark, Werner. pl External Characters.—Colours snow-white, and yellow. = : ] ish-white. Occurs massive, disseminated, and sometimes in crusts. Consists of very fine scaly or dusty, feebly glimmer- ing particles. Becomes shining in the streak. Slightly cohe- ring, or loose. Soils feebly. Feels rather greasy. Adheres to the tongue. Light. =. . dien FS ——Silica, 82.0 00; E 26.50; Iron, 21.00; Muriate of Soda, 1.50; Water, 17.00 ; Klaproth: ` Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Generally occurs - in tinstone veins, in Saxony and other countries. Second Kind. Indurated. Lithomarge. Verhartetes Steinmark, Werner. Feternal Characters.—Colours white, grey, blue, wel and 1 yellow; and the colours sometimes disposed im clouded, VE spotted, veined, and striped delineations. Occurs massive, Im 312 APPENDIX I. disseminated, globular, and amygdaloidal. Internally dull. Fracture earthy in the small, and flat conchoidal or even in the large. Fragments blunt angular. Opaque. Shining in the streak. Soft, sectile, and easily frangible. Adheres strongly to the tongue. Feels fine and greasy. Sp. gr. = 2.435—2.492, Breithaupt. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 45.95 ; Alumina, 36.50 ; Oxide of Iron, 2.75 ; Water, 14.0; = 98.50, Ki laproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins, drusy cavities, and nidular, in rocks of various descriptions, such as porphyry, gneiss, topaz-rock, serpentine, and different trap-rocks. The secondary, trap and porphyry rocks of Scot- land sometimes contain nidular portions of this mineral. 2. Mountain Soap. Bergseife, JVerner. : External Characters.—Colour brownish-black. Occurs massive. Dull. Fracture earthy. Fragments indeterminate angular. Opaque. Shining in the streak. Writes, but does not soil. Soft, and sectile. Easily frangible. Adheres strong- ly to the tongue. Feels greasy. Geognostic and Geogr aphic Situations—Occurs in secon- dary istos in the island of Skye. Uses.—It is valued by painters as a crayon. 3. Yellow Earth. Gelb Erde, Werner. External Characters.—Colour ochre-yellow. Occurs mas- sive. Dull in the cross fracture, but glimmering on the prin- cipal fracture. Fracture in the large slaty, in the small ear- thy. Fragments tabular or indeterminate angular. Rather shining in the streak. Opaque. Soils, and writes slightly. Soft, passing into friable. Easily frangible. Adheres pretty strongly to the tongue. Feels rather greasy. Sp. gr. — 2.240 Breithaupt. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe is converted into a black and shining enamel. E Se COM. APPENDIX i 819. : 4 F i A Constituent Parts.—Silica, 99; Alumina, 2; Lime, 3; i Iron, 3; — 100. | i = : Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with ` ` A HE R clay and clay iron-stone, in Upper Lusatia. — A ; Uses.—Used as a yellow pigment. | i ! 1 1 | : 4. Cimolite. | cM —. Cimolith, Klaproth. | _ External Characters.—Colours greyish-white, and pearl- E grey. Occurs massive. Dull. Fracture earthy, inclining to i $ slaty. Opaque. Shining in the streak. Soils slightly. Very | soft. Rather easily frangible. Adheres pretty strongly to the tongue. Sp. gr. = 2.00. TETTE. E Chemical Character.—Infusible without addition. boire A E 1 E 1 the blowpipe. d | M i | Constituent Parts.—Silica, 54.00 ; eens 26.50 ; L5 | E | SE 1.50; Potash, 5.50; Water, 19.00; = 99.50, Klaproth. : ! i E Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in beds in Argentiera or Comolia, and Melo, in the Mediterranean. . Uses.—Used for cleansing woollen and other stuffs. 5. Kollyrite. —— See | | Kollyrit, Klaproth. ; i V External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive. Dull. : 4 Fracture fine earthy in the small, flat conchoidal in the large. - Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged. Translucent on the edges. Shining and resinous in the streak. Soils slightly. Very soft. Rather brittle, and easily frangible. Adheres strongly to the tongue. Feels rather greasy. Light. - Chemical Characters.—Infusible. Becomes transparent in water, and falls into pieces with a crackling noise. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 14 ; Alumina, 45; Water, 42; Klaproth. . | . Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in veins | . . in porphyry, in Se? APPENDIX I. 6. Bole. Bol, JVerner. External Characters. — Colours brown, yellow, red, and black. Sometimes spotted and dendritic. Occurs massive and disseminated. Lustre glimmering ; rarely dull. Fracture perfect conchoidal. Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp-edged. Red, rarely feebly translucent; yellow, translucent on the edges ; and brown and black opaque. Soft. Feels greasy. Shining and resinous in the streak. Adheres - to the tongue. Sp. gr. — 1.922, Karsten. Chemical Characters.—W hen immersed in water, it breaks in pieces with an audible noise, with the evolution of air bubbles, and falls into powder. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 47.00; Alumina, 19.00; Mag- nesia, 6.20; Lime, 5.40; Iron, 6.40; Water, 7.50; Berg- mann. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.Occurs imbed- ded in secondary trap-rocks in Scotland, and Ireland. 7. Sphragide, or Lemnian Earth. Sphragid, Werner. External Characters.—Colours grey and white. Occurs massive. Dull. Fracture fine earthy. Meagre to the feel. Adheres slightly to the tongue. When immersed in water, it falls in pieces, and numerous air-bubbles are evolved. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 66.00 ; Alumina, 14.50; Mag- nesia, 0.25; Lime,0. 25; Natron, 3.50; Oxide of Iron, 6.00; Water, 8.50 ; = 99, K. laproth. Geographic Situation..—Occurs in the island of Lemnos, in the Mediterranean. : 8. Aluminite. Reine Thonerde, Werner. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs in small re- niform, and globular pieces. Dull. Fracture fine earthy. Opaque. Soils slightly. Affords a glistening streak. Ad- APPENDIX I: 315 heres feebly to the tongue. Soft, passing into friable. Feels fine, but meagre. Sp. gr. = 1.669, Schreiber. Constituent Parts—Alumina, 30; Sulphuric Acid, 24; Water, 45 ; Stromeyer. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs filling fis- sures in chalk, and in small globular masses at Newhaven in ` Sussex ; also near Halle in Saxony. 9. Magnesite. Reine Talkerde, Werner.—Magnesie Carbonateé, fo External Characters.—Colous white, grey, and cream-yel- low ; and marked with grey spots, and dendritic delineations, Occurs massive, tuberose, reniform, and vesicular. Surface rough. Dull. Fracture flat conchoidal. Fragments sharp- edged. Nearly opaque. Hardness 3.5. Adheres pretty strong- ly to the tongue. Feels rather meagre. Sp. gr. = 2.881. Constituent Parts. —Magnesia, 45.42; Carbonic Acid, 47.00 ; Silica, 4.50; Alumina, 0.50; Ferruginous Manga- nese, 0.50; Lime, 0.8; Water, 2.00; Bucholz. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —QOccurs in ser- pentine in Moravia and other countries. 10. Meerschaum. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs massive. Dull. Fracture earthy, passing sometimes into conchoidal and une- ven. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Slightly shining in the streak. Does not soil.. Very soft. Sectile. “Difficult- ly frangible. Adheres strongly to the tongue. Feels rather greasy. Sp. gr. = 0.988,—1.279, Breithaupt. Chemial Characters.— Before the blowpipe it melts on the edges into a white enamel. Constituent parts. — Silica, 4l. 50; Magnesia, 18.25; Ce : 0.50; Water and Carbonic Acid, 39.00 ; = 98.25, Klaproth. - Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in serpen- tine in Cornwall; Navarre ; Crimea, &c. Uses.—Used for washing, but principally 1 in the manufac- ture of tobacco-pipes. As io rada is EE Reeg Eet KZ 5. ys a A : , 1 i Di E i j HE 4 2 - 0 Sc ! a 1 ii K *(-916 ) 1I. DESCRIPTIONS of MixNERALs, whose Specific Characters have not been completely determined. ceat ie e i n att ` E mom E 1. Allophane. Allophane, Stromeyer, Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 531. ER External Characters.—Colours blue, green, and brown. Occurs massive, disseminated, reniform and botryoidal. Ex- ternally and internally shining or glistening, and vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Transparent or translucent. Semi. hard, brittle, and uncommonly easily frangible. Sp. gr. = J.852,— 1.889, Stromeyer. ; Constituent Parts.—Water, 41.901 ; Silica, 99.999; Alu- mina, 32.202; Carbonate of Copper, 3.058; Lime, Sul- phate of Lime, and Hydrate of Iron, a trace; = 100, Stro- meyer. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in a bed of limestone, subordinate to grey-wacke, in Thuringia. 2. Amblygonite, Breithaupt. (Spar.) Specific Character.-—Prismatic. P + © =106° 10. Clea- vage, P +0. Less distinct Pr +o. Hardness —6.0. Sp. gr. = 9.00,—93.04, Breithaupt. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in granite along with green topaz and tourmaline, near Penig. in Saxony. vg | .. 3. Aplome, Haüy. (Gzw.) Specific Character.—Tessular. Cleavage, hexahedral, but imperfect. Hardness = 7.0. Sp. gr. = 3.44, Hauy. Geographic Situation.—Found on the banks of the river Lena in Siberia. i ipe emm e cot j `. Le tt alg EH Bese INO p APPENDIX II. : 317 4 4. Azure-Stone, or Lapis Lazuli, Jameson, 3d edit. 1 " : 399. (SPAR. ) A Hu Specific Character —Tessular. Form dodecahedral. Clea- E vage, unknown, imperfect. Azure-blue. Hardness = 5.5, E —6.0. Sp. gr. = 2.767,—2.959. . ae _ External Characters.—Colour azure-blue, of all degrees - d? of intensity, also Berlin-blue, and smalt-blue. The white : FE spots it sometimes shews are caused by intermixed calcareous E spar or quartz, as the bronze-yellow are by disseminated EE: iron-pyrites. Occurs massive, disseminated, and crystallized, a in rhomboidal dodecahedrons. Internally glistening or glim- | ag mering. Fracture fine-grained uneven. Fragments indeter- : | minate angular, and rather blunt-edged. d translucent : p on the edges. Easily frangible. Y. d h pil eg gl. eh oae Constituent Paris.—Silica, 46.00 ; poe Gë 14.50 ;/ Car- . M i bonate of Lime, 28.00; Sulphate of Lime, 6.50; Oxide of 2 er Tron, 3.00; Water 2.00; — 100, Klaproth. e Peres EL | Geop onostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in primi- A y tive dee in Tartary, China, and Persia. E 5 F | Uses.—It is cut and polished for ornamental purposes ; S [^ used in mosaic-work, and is much valued on account of the ! MM fine colour en pe amarine, which is nu edhonw 9 8 | D ayi A A a J ^ Le Led A c AN g^ tif quu. Ka { Pw Geo D EA. SER E. A Cbs, es E n Haity y. (Spar). |. Spreusteiri, Hoffmann —Variety of Scapolite, diete 3d edit. — i ii, 43. ; | Specific Character. SF orth unknown. Soft, SES: to | semihard, Breithaupt. Scratches glass, and even quartz, "E. Haüy. Sp. gr. = 2.300, scutis j x | External RD: —Colours grey, white and red. Occurs massive, and in fibrous concretions, which are scopiform or - promiscuous. Internally faintly glistening or glimmering and ji e pearly. Fragments blunt-edged. Opaque. Rather brittle, | EL and rather difficultly frangible. | T as Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Oceurs in primi. 1 tive rocks near Stavern in Norway: à e E " 4 t1 e Š d ‘ $ d " SC? , | D jo. f f 25. 7 " f t f j ! ` : um D (Ls ; i / & Ev)! * ` ` A à à aa : ` RH e? 3 fa JJ dft » 3 ` : H / H x , KEE Prem ree er ee PSE ane APPENDIX II. 6. Bismuthic Silver. Wissmuth Silbererz, Selb.—Bismuthic Silver, — 3d edit. id. 554. Specific Character—Colour pale lead-grey. Occurs dis- seminated aud varely crystallized, in acicular and capillary crystals. — Lustre glistening and metallic. Fracture fine- gramed uneven. Soft. Sectile. Easily frangible. Constituent Parts.—Bismuth, 27.00; Lead, 33.00; Sil- ver, 15.00; Iron, 4.30; Copper, 0.90; Sulphur, 16.30; = 95.50, Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Occurs in the Black Forest, in veins that traverse gneiss, along with cop- per-pyrites, quartz, iron-pyrites and galena. 7. Calaite, or Mitea Turquois. (SPAR). Jameson, 3d edit. i. 403. . Specific Character.—Crystallhzation unknown. Massive. Colour blue...green, rather bright. Streak white. Hard- ness = 6.0. Sp. gr. — 2.880, —3.000, Fischer. External Characters.—Colours blue and green. Occurs massive, disseminated, reniform, and botryoidal. Internally dull, or feebly glistening or resinous. Fragments indetermi- nate angular, and sharp-edged. Opaque, or feebly translu- cent on the edges. Constituent Parts.— Alumina, 73 ; Oxide of Copper, 4.50 ; Water, 18; Oxide of Iron, 4; Loss, 0.50 ; = 100, John. Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Occurs in veins in clay-stone, and also in alluvial clay, in Persia. Uses.—It is prized as an ornamental stone, and is there- fore cut, polished, and made into various articles of jewellery. 8. Chiastolite, Jameson, 2d edit. ii. 49. Macle, Haiy.—Hohlspath, Werner. Specific Character.—Prismatic. P -+ o — 84^ 48. Pr = 120° (nearly). Cleavage, P — o. Pr4 o. Pr+o. More distinct. Hardness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr. = 2.9,—3.0 APPENDIX IÍ. 319 External Characters. —Colours white and grey. Crystal- lized in four-sided prisms, in which the centre, and sometimes also the angles are filled with black clay-slate, and lines of the same substance run from the angles to the central mass. Internally lustre of cleavage glistening, that of the fracture glimmering. Fracture splintery. Translucent on the edges. |. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in clay- slate, in Wolfserag, near Keswick, and near the summit of Skiddaw, in Cumberland; near Balahulish in Argyleshire ; and in the county of Wicklow, in Ireland. à d 9. Cerine, Hisinger. (Onz.) Specific Character.—Prismatic. Cleavage, prismatoidal. Colour brownish-black. Streak yellowish-grey,...brown. Hardness = 5.5,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 4.1,—4.3. | Prismatic Cerium-Ore, Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 181. = Allanite, Thomson. Specific Character —Prismatic. P + oo = 117° (nearly). Colour brownish-black. Streak greenish-grey.. Hardness unknown. Sp. gr. — 8.599, —4.001, Thomson. External Characters.—Colour brownish-black. Occurs massive, disseminated, and crystallized, in oblique four-sided _ d l , J^ oci! prisms, and also in six-sided prisms, acuminated with six planes set on the lateral planes. Externally dull. Internally shining and resino-metallic. Fracture conchoidal. - Opaque. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Cerium, 33.9; Oxide of Tron, 25.4; Silica, 35.4; Lime, 9.2; Alumina, 4.1; Mois. ture, 4.0; = 112.0, Thomson. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in gra- nite in Greenland, and also in Sweden. 10. Crichtonite. (Ont). Jameson, 9d edit. iii. 557. ` Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Rhomboid 18° (plane angle at the summit). Cleavage unknown, imperfect. Co- lour velvet-black. Lustre imperfect-metallic. Opaque. Hard. ness = 4.5, Bournon. Sp. gr. unknown. D Geet. APPENDIX II. Constituent Parts.—Said to be a compound of titanium and iron. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with octahedrite, in the countries where that mineral is found. 11. Comptonite, Brewster. (ZEOLITE?) External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs crystallized in oblique four-sided, and in eight-sided prisms. The angles of the oblique prism probably 90° 51’ and 88° Y. Hardness 5.0. Sp. gr. unknown. - Chemical Characters.—Is converted into jelly, by exposing it in the state of powder to the action of nitric acid. Optical Structure.—It has two axes of double refraction, one of which is parallel, and the other perpendicular, to the axis of the prism. It consequently gives the double system of coloured rings. The inclination of the resultant axis, or diameters of no polarisation, is nearly 56°; or they are inclin- ed about 98° each to a line at right angles to the faces a, e, which is the principal axis of the crystal. The action of this axis is positive, like that of topaz. The plane passing through these resultant axes is perpendicular to the axis of the prism. Its index of refraction is 1.553, when the ray passes through & and c, and no separation of its images can be seen; but through a and m n, the images may be distinctly separated. Geognostic and Geographic S'ituation.— Among the rocks of Vesuvius. Vid. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Vol. iv for Dr Brewster's Account of this mineral. .12. Comte, Z?riesleben. Jameson, 9d edit. ui. 598. External Characters.—Colour grey, but on exposure be- comes brown. Occurs massive, also stalactitic, and in crusts. Dull. Fracture uneven, splintery, or flat conchoidal. Trans- lucent on the edges, and opaque. Semihard. Brittle, and rather easily frangible. Sp. gr. = 2.88,—2.899. Constituent Parts.—Carbonate of Magnesia, 67.5; Carbo- nate of Lime, 28.0; Oxide of Iron, 9.5 ; Water, 1.0; — 100. ee — 20 : APPENDIX II. 32) Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in the trap of the Meisner in Hessia, and also in Saxony and. Ice- land. d à ; Y edit. iii. 480. External Characters.—Colour muddy yellowish-brown. Occurs in irregular roundish pieces. Lustre resinous, Semi- transparent. Brittle. Yields easily to the knife. Sp. gr. = IMAG which s | | bacs. Chemical Characters.—1t . yields a resinous odour when heated; melts into a limpid fluid; takes fire when applied to the flame of a candle; and burns away entirely before the blowpipe. Insoluble in potash ley, Atkin.» qe Geognostic and Geographic Situation.—Is found in a bed of blue clay at Highgate, near London. ` ES I ous Soa Argentiferous Copper-Glance. _~ Argentiferous Copper-Glance, Jameson, 3d edit, iii. SEI. Silver Kupfer-glanz, Hausmann. ` Specific Character.—Colour -blackish lead-grey. Occurs massive and disseminated. Internally shining or glistening, and metallic. Fracture flat conchoidal. More shining in streak. Soft. Sectile, and rather difficultly frangible. Sp. gr. = 6.255, Stromeyer. , £ Constituent Parts.—Sulphuret of Copper, 38.654; Sul. .— 1. Fossil Copal. (reen, Resin). Jameson, Sd phuret of Silver, 60.646; Sulphuret of Iron, 0.700 ; = 100, Stromeyer, . . Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Found only at Schlangenberg in Siberia, where it is associated with copper- pyrites, ealeareous-spar and hornstone. 15. Plumbiferous Copper-Glance. Bleifahlerz, Hausmann, (Glance). , ‘Specific Character.—Prismatic. Cleavage, P 2p Less distinct P - oo — 95° (nearly). Pr +œ. Pr+ oc. Metallic, Steel-grey, inclining to lead-grey. Hardness = 2.5,—3,0, Sp, gr. = 5.7, —5.8, -. X / H af | $22 | | APPENDIX Il. Constituent Parts.—Lead, 94.50 ;. Copper, 16.25 ; Anti- mony; 16.00; Iron, 18.75 ; Sulphur, 19.50 ; Silver, 2.25. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.--Occurs in veins in clayslate, associated with lead-glance, copper-pyrites, and calcareous-spar, at Audreasberg in the Hartz. 16. Diaspore, Haüy. (pap ` Specific Character. —Prismatic. . Cleavage, P + oo —120* (nearly). Perfect Pr+o. Scratches glass, Hai. Sp. gr. = 9.4924, Haüy. As geognostic situation is unknown. TA Elaolite, Jameson, 8d edit. ii. 41. (SPAR). Specific Character. — Prismatic. ` Cleavage, P—.o. Pr +0. Less dieit P+o. Hardness — = 5.5; B 0. Sp. gr. — 9. 54,—9.61, Hoffmann. External Characters.—Colours blue, green, grey and red. Occurs massive, and in minute intimately agg gregated granu- lar concretions. Internally shining, or glistening a resi- . nous. Fracture conchoidal. G'ranshücent: Constituent Parts. — Silica, 44.00 ; Alumina, 24.00; Ene 0.12; Potash and Soda, 16.50 ; Oxide of Iron, 4.00 ; = 98.62, Vauquelin. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in syenite, near Laurwig, Stavern, and Friedrickswarn, in Norway. Uscs.— The blue variety, which is sometimes opalescent, is cut, and worn as a ring or seal stone. 18. Eudialyte, Stromeyer. Specific Character. —Tessular.. Cleavage, octahedral ; tra- ces of the dodecahedron. Colour brownish-r ed. Hardness = 5.0,—5.5. Sp. gr.— 2.8,—3. 0. ; 19. Fibrolite, Bournon. Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 535. Spetific Character.—Prismatic. P + oo —100'. Cleavage, imperfect. Harder than quartz, Sp. gr. = 9.214. External. Characters. —Colours white and grey. Occurs in fibrous concretions, and cr ystallized i in thomboidal prisms. Internally glistening. Fracture uneven. ` APPENDIX IL 323 Constituent Parts. —Alumina, 58.25; Silica, 38. 0; Iron and Loss, 3.75; — 100, Cheneviz. Geographic Situation.—Occurs in the Carnatic. 90. Gehlenite. (Spar.) Jameson, 9d edit. i. 138. Specific Character.—Pyramidal or prismatic. Cleavage, unknown, imperfect. Hardness — 5.5, e 0. Sp. gr = = 2 9: po | External. Characters.—Colours green, grey, and white; RK all of which are muddy. Crystallized in short four-sided. prisms. Externally rough, and dull, or feebly glimmering. Internally glistening, often nearly dull and resino-vitreous. Fracture splintery. Translucent on the edges, or opaque. ~ Chemical Characters. —Before the blowpipe melts into a brownish-yellow transparent glass. Constituent Paris.—Silica, 29.64; Alumina, 94.80 ; Lime, 35.30 ; Oxide of Iron, 6.50; Water, 3.30, Fuchs. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with caleareous-spar i in the valley of Fassa in the Tyrol. 21. Gieseckite, Stromeyer, Sowerby. Specific Character —Rhomboidal. Form R—o. RA. oo. Cleavage, none. Colour Brey and brown. Streak white. Hardness —2.5,—8.0. Sp. gr. = 2.7, — 2.9. 29. Hauyne, Neergard. (SPAR.) Jameson, 3d edit. i. 894. ; EM : Specifice Char bier —Prismatic. Cleavage P. More d:istiüct P— o. Colour blue, rather bright. Scratches glass. Sp. gr. = 2.687, Gmelin. External Characters.—Colour blue. Occùrs in imbedded grams, and rarely crystallized. Externally and internally alternates from splendent to glistening, and lustre vitreous, Fracture imperfect conchoidal. ‘Transparent or translucent, Brittle, and easily frangible. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in the ba- salt rocks of Frascati and Albano, along with mica, augite, leucite, and vesuvian ; also in the basalt of Andernach. Xe 384. |» APPENDIX Il. 23. Iserine, Jameson. | (Onx). Specific Character.—Form unknown. Lustre impertect-me- tallic. Colour black. Streak black. Hardness = 5.5. Sp. gr. — 4.650. External Characters.—Colour iron-black, inclining to brownish-black. Occurs in obtuse angular grains, and in rolled pieces, with a rough, strongly glimmering surface. Internally alternates from splendent to glistening, and lustre imperfect metallic. Fracture conchoidal. Opaque. Constituent Paris.—Oxide of Titanium, 28; Oxide of Iron, 72; = 100. Klaproth, Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Found in the sand of the river Iser in Silesia, and in the sand of the rivers Dee and Don in Aberdeenshire. 94. Karpholite, Werner. Specific Character.—Form unknown. Occurs in thin pris- matic concretions. Colour yellow. Hardness unknown. Sp. gr. = 2.935, Breithaupt. + 25. Lievrite, Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 539. (ORE). Specific Character.—Prismatic. | Pyramid = 139° 57; 11'7° 98; 77° 16. Cleavage, Pr — 119? 2. P+ oo — 119? 37. Pr +æ. None distinct. Colour black. Streak black, in- chning som¢times to green or brown. Hardness = 5.5,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 3.825,—4.061, Lelievre. External Characters.— Colours black, and blackish green. Occurs massive; also in distinct concretions, which are scopi- form radiated, or straight prismatic; also crystallized in ob- lique four-sided prisms, variously modified by truncations and bevelments. Lustre of the fracture glistening and semi-me- tallic. Fracture uneven. Opaque. Constituent Parts. —Silica, 30. 0; Alumina, 1. 0; es 148; Oxide of Iron, 49.0; Oxide of Manganese, 2.0 ; 96.8, Vauquelin. -< Geognostic and Geographic DEE in primi- tive limestone along with epidote, quartz, garnet, magnetic m N APPENDIX II. — CINE Aron-ore, and arsenical pyrites, in the island of Elba; ; and it is said also in Siberia. 96. Manganese-Spar. (BARYTE.) Specific Character.—Form unknown. Colour bright rose- red... Hardness 5.0,—5.5... Sp. gr. = 8.5,—3.7. © This mineral is distinguished from red manganese by its superior hardness and specific gravity. S : op. Mellilite, Haüy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. P+ c-—115». Pr-— 70° (nearly). Colour yellow. Strikes fire with steel. Sp. gr. unknown. Bus 28. Menachanite, Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 135. Specific Character. — Form unknown. Cleavage er Hardness = 5.5,—6.0. Sp. gr. = 4.427, Gregor. External- Character.—Colour greyish-black, ered to iron-black. Occurs in flat angular grains, having a rough glimmering surface. Internally glistening or glimmering, ida lustre adamantine, inclining to imperfect metallic. “Opaque. Streak black. Brittle, and easily frangible. 3 Physical Characters.—Attractable by the magnet, "s in a weaker degree than magnetic 1ron-ore. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Iron, 51.00; Oxide of Ti- tanium, 45.25 ; Oxide of pers emer 0. eo: E 3.50; = . 100, Klaproth. ` | Geognostic and Geographic Situations. i ond m allirvial land in the valley of Manacan in Cornwall, and i m a similar situation in other countries. .99. Menace Ironstone, or Titaniferous Iron-Ore. Jameson, 3d edit. ii. 185. (ORE-) Menac-FEisenstein, Hoffmann. : Specific Character.—Form unknown. ` Cleavage, imper- fect. Lustre, imperfect: Metallie. Colour black. Streak black. Hardness = 6.0. Sp. gr. = 4.15, Breithaupt. Mohs says, * It is probable that Iserine, Menachanite, and Menac-Iron- | y .. 896 APPENDIX IT. ar D E ta. E E H stone, together with several similar varieties, from Gastein in Salzbourg, Ohlapian in Transylvania, Klattau in Bohemia, &c. form a particular mineral species." 30. Molybdena-Silver, Werner. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Cleavage, H — o, perfect. Metallic lustre. Colour pale steel-grey. Elastic. Soft. Sp. gr. —8.0, Breithaupt. 31. Native Nickel, Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 559. Haarkies, Werner. 3 Specific Character—Colour brass-yellow, which inclines to bronze-yellow, or steel-grey. > Occurs in delicate capillary crystals, which are shining or glistening, and metallic. Cry- stals are rigid and brittle. Constituent Parts.—N ickel, with a small portion of cobalt and arsenic. ) Geognostic and Geographic Situations. — Occurs in veins traversing gneiss in Saxony ; and in cavities of nickel pyrites in Cornwall. . 82. Needle-Ore. (GLANCE). Acicular Bismuth-glance, Jameson, 3d edit. ii. p. 881. —Nadel-erz, Hoffmann.—Bismuth sulphuré plombo- cuprifere, Haiiy. Specific Character.—Prismatic. Cleavage, unknown, im- perfect metallic lustre. Colour blackish lead-grey. . Hard- ness = 2.0,-—9.5. Sp. gr. = 6.12 5, John. External Characters.—Colour blackish lead-grey, which acquires a bright copper-red tarnish. Occurs disseminated, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms. ` Internally splendent on the cleavage, but only shining on the uneven . fracture, and lustre metallic. Cleavage, imperfect. Fracture uneven. Opaque. Brittle. : Constituent Parts.—Bismuth, 43.20 ; Lead, 24.32; Cop- per, 12.10; Sulphur, 11.58; Nickel, 1.58; Tellurium, 1.32. Gold, 0.795 AU 89, John. , APPENDIX IT. 391 | Hi etos: and Geographic Situations.—Occurs imbedded p | in quartz, and associated with galena and native gold, and ES ` has hitherto been found only in Siberia. . | 33. Nephrite, dimid 3d eli. ii. ESA E 1 d 1 | | | Jade néphrétique, Haüy: | l t d HE) por Character.—Form unknown. Colour green. Hard- | d ness —'7.0. Sp. gr. = 30.81. Some of the varieties, ac- A cording to Bournon, probably Prehnite. — E i External Characters.—Colours green, grey, and Vini € Occurs massive, in blunt-edged pieces, and rolled pieces. In- ternally dull, or glimmering, owing to intermixed. tale or as- bestus. Fracture coarse splintery, and splinters greenish- iv AG | white. Fragments indeterminate angular, and rather sharp- ee — D edged. Strongly translucent. Difficultly frangible. Rather e 4 i ; brittle. Feels rather greasy. . : EU o Constituent Parts.—Silica, 50.50 ; Magnesia, $1.00; Alu- — H £ mina, 10.00; tron 5.50; Chrome, 0.05; Water, 2.75. bi 1. ` Geognostic and Geographic Sii Ar — Occurs in imbed- ] | i ded masses and veins in gneiss, granite, and other primitive rocks in Germany, Persia, Egypt, and America. . Uses.—When cut and polished, it is valued as an ornamen- l | Karsten. ; | | | | | tal stone. The Turks cut it into handles for sabres and dag- ; ns l | | EI 34. Nickeliferous Grey Antimony, Janeson; 8d edit. 4T ii. 409. (PvmmrES) ^. | RK — Antimome sulphuré nickelifere, Haüy. ` e a T za n Sarai Character-—Tessular. Cleavage, hexahedral, per- d b fect. Metallic lustre. Colour steel-grey, somewhat. inclining ; | to silver-white. Hardness = 5.0, —5.5. Sp. gr. = = 6.4,—6.6. | A Dj Constituent Parts—Antimony, 43.80; Nickel, 36.60; . - | Sulphur, 17.71; Iron and Manganese, 1.89, Stromeyer. ] T — Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins r Vi near Freussberg in the county of Sayn-Alten Kirchen in the E principality of Nassau, along with sparry iron, galena and "3 I / copper E b OQ = Ly aE EEN 2 7 3 ak rn - dis d s 998 APPENDIX H. 35. Phosphat of WE Ai Jameson, ad edit. ii. .948. Pitchy Iron-ore, rege 2d edit. id. p. 408.—Eisen pech- | erz, Hoffmann.—Manganese phosphaté, Haiiy. : Specific Character. P yramidal or prismatic. Cleavage, three planes perpendicular to each other, one of them less di- ` stinct. Colour brown. Streak yellowish-grey...brown. Hard. ness = 5.0...5.5. Sp. gr. = 9.499, Vauquelin. 3.775, | UUL mann. External Bo —Colours blackish-brown and brown- ` ish-black. Occurs massive and disseminated. Internally shin- ing or glistening, and lustre adamantine, inclining to resinous. Fracture flat eenchoidal. Translucent on the “edges, Or O- paque. Brittle, and easily frangible. Constituent Parts. iP hoster Acid, 27; Manganese, - 42; Oxide of Iron, 21 ; — 100, Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographie Situations. —Occurs in a quartz vein in granite, along with beryl, near Limoges in. France. ` 36. Pinite, Jameson, 8d edit. ii. 297. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Cleavage, none. Com- position R— oo. Soft, passing into very soft. Sp. gr. — 9. 914, Haüy. 2.980, Kirwan. External Character ss rae blackish-green, and some- times iron-shot. Occurs massive, in lamellar and granular concretions, and crystallized in six-sided prisms. Fracture glistening and glimmering, and lustre resinous. Fracture un- even. Opaque or translucent on the edges. Sectile, and easily frangible, Not flexible. Feels somewhat greasy. ~ Constituent Parts.—Silica, 29.50 ; Alumina, 63.75 ; Oxide of Iron, 6.75; = 100, Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Imbedded in porphyry in Ben Gloe and Biar Gowrie, near Inverary, &c.; and in granite in Cornwall. i zi APPENDIX II. 329 37. Pyrosmalite, Hausmann. : Jameson, 9d. edit. iii. 561. Specific Character.—Rhomboidal. Cleavage; Bia 05 perfect. Less distinct, R + o. Colour hver-brown. Streak brownish-white. Semi-hard. Sp. gr. — 9.081, Hausmann. External Characters.—Colour liver-brown, inclining to pi- stachio-green. Occurs in straight lamellar concretions, and erystallized, in regular six-sided prisms, and six-sided tables. Internally lustre of the cleavage shining and pearly; that of the fracture glimmering. Fracture uneven. ‘Translucent on the edges. Brittle. -Constituent Parts.— Silica, 35.8 ; Protoxide of Iron, 21.8; Protoxide of Manganese, 21.1 ; Sub-muriate of Iron, 14.09 ; Lime, 0.01; Water, Carbonic Acid, Loss 0. 05, Berzelius. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.— Occurs in a bed of magnetic iron-ore, along with calcareous-spar and horn- . blende in Wermeland in pedum 38. Radiated Ariculan Olivenite, Jameson, 3d edit. il, 335. (Mica.) Strahlerz, Hoffmann.—Cupreous arseniate of i ‘toh; , Bournon. _ Specific Character.—Prismati. P + œ = 105° (nearly). Cleavage P— œ, very perfect. © Streak verdigris-green. Hardness = 2.5,-—3.0. Sp. gr. = 4.1,—4.9. External Characters.—Colour green, frequently inclining -to blue. Occurs massive, and flat reniform ; also in scopiform radiated, concretions, and crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms, variously modified by truncations, bevelments, and acuminations. Internally lustre intermediate between shin- ing and glistening, and pearly. Translucent on the edges, Boule, and easily vie Geographic Situation.—Has hitherto been nk only in the mines of Cornwall. 39. Skorodite, Breithaupt. Jameson, 9d edit. iii. 547. £ ^ D e de D e K Specific Character.—Prismatic. Cleavage, “Pr, imperfect. E E eee aoe Lë : pee a mr 5 wa à $s es ` yer SRDS 330 APPENDIX II. Traces of P + o. Colour green. Streak white. Hardness = 3.5, —4.0. Sp. gr. = 3.1,—3.3. : x External Characters.—Colours green and brown. Occurs massive, and disseminated, but most frequently erystallized in Short, broad, and rectangular four-sided prisms, acutely acu- minated on the extremities with four planes, set on the lateral edges. Lustre ranging from shining to splendent, and vi- treo-pearly. Fracture uneven, inclining to small conchoidal. Translucent on the edges, or semi-transparent. Easily fran- gible. Constituent: Parts.—Conjectured to be an arseniate of iron, combined with manganese. Geognostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in a bed of quartz, in primitive rock in Saxony ; also in Carinthia. 40- Spak, Breithaupt. (SALT). . Jameson, 9d edit. iii. 5477. External Characters.—Colour white. Occurs in thin radia- ted concretions. Shining and resinous. ‘Three-fold rectan- _ gular cleavage. Fracture uneven and splintery. Translucent. Soft, or very soft. Brittle, and easily frangible. Has a feeble saline taste, but different from that of common salt. Chemical Cháracter.-— Completely soluble in water. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—QOccurs in the salt mines of Poland. 41. Sphzrulite, Breithaupt. Jameson, 3d edit. iii. 545. Eaiernal Characters.—Colours brown and grey. Occurs in imbedded balls and grains, which are sometimes reniformly aggregated ; also in stellular fibrous concretions. Internally glimmering or dull. Fracture even and splintery. Opaque, or translucent on the edges. Nearly as hardas quartz. Brittle, and easily frangible. Sp. gr. = 2.50. Chemical Character.—Nearly infusible before the blow- pipe. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in pearl- APPENDIX II. 331 stone and pitchstone porphyry in Iceland, Saxony, and also in Scotland, ` | A9. Spinellaue, Haüy: Jameson, 3d edit. in. 549. External Character.—Colour plum-blue. Rhomboid — 117° 23. Cleavage, rhomboidal, P + œ. Scratches glass. Sp. gr. unknown. Geog nostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs on the shores of the Lake of Laach, in a rock composed of grains and crystals of glassy felspar, quartz, hornblende, black mica; ` and magnetic iron-ore in small grains. 43. Stilpnosiderite, Ullmann. Jameson, 3d edit: iii. 545. ` External Characters.—Colours brownish-black, and black- ish-brown. Occurs massive, reniform, deridritic, and in curved. lamellar concretions. Internally shining, and splendent, and resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Opaque. Streak yellowish- brown. Hard in a low degree. Brittle, and easily frangible. Sp. gr. = 3.77, Breithaupt. Constituent Parts —Oxide of Iron, 80.50; Silica, 2. 25; Water, 16; = 98.75. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.-—Occurs in Saxony and Bavaria along with brown iron-ore. E Tantalite, Eckberg. Danis Prismatic Tantalum-Ore, Jameson, 3d edit. 11. 174. Specific Character-—Hemi-prismatic. Cleavage, unknown, imperfect. Colour black. Streak brown, M erm = 6.5. Sp. gr. = 7.8,—8.0. External Characters.—Colour black. Occurs massive, ewe seminated, and. crystallized i in oblique four-sided prisms, be- velled on the extremities. Externally and internally shining — or glistening, and lustre semi-metallic adamantine. Fracture ` uneven, or imperfect conchoidal. Opaque. Brittle, and diffi- cultly frangible. | x PETS YE e De EE E H E k RE "d vm saree m 332 APPENDIX II, Constituent París.—Oxide of Tantalum, 83; Oxide of Iron, 12 ; Oxide of Manganese, 8 ; — 109, Vauquelin. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs dissemi- _ nated in granite in Finland ; and also near Bodenmais in Ger- many. 45. Tennantite, Phillips. _(PyRrrEs). ~ Jameson, 9d edit. ii. 563. Specific Character.—'Tessular. Cleavage dodecahedral, Colour lead-grey, inclining to iron-black. . Streak reddish- grey. Hardness = 4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.375, Phillips. Constituent Parts. —Copper, 45.82; Sulphur, 28.74; Ar- senic, 11.84; Iron, 9.26; Silica, 5.00; = 100.16; Phillips. Geog nostic and Geographic Sttuations.—Occurs in Corn- "wall, in copper-veins that traverse granite and clay-slate, as- sociated with common copper-pyr ites, vitreous coppers and va- riegated copper. 46. Tin-Pyrites, Jameson, 3d edit. ñi. 325. Etain sulphuré, Haiiy.—Zinnkies, Hoffmann. Specific Character.— Form unknown. Metallic lustre. Colour ; steel-grey, inclining to yellow. Hardness = 4.0. Sp. gr. = 4.350, Klaproth. External Characters.—Colour intermediate between steel- grey and brass-yellow. Occurs massive and disseminated. Internally glistening, or shining and metallic. Fracture un- even, sometimes inclining to conchoidal. Brittle and easily frangible. Constituent Parts. edit 26.50; Copper, 30.00; Iron, 12.00; Sulphur, 30.50; = 99, Klaproth. | Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—HKas hitherto been found only in the copper-mines of Cornwall. 4T. Velvet-Blue Copper, Jameson, 3d edit: ii. 320. Kupfer-Sammt-erz, Hoffmann. External Character.—Short. capillary crystals. Colour bright blue. Lustre silky or glistening. appenpix-II. — ` 388 Geognostic and Geographic Sitwations.—Is a rare mine- ral, and has hitherto been found only in the Bannat, See with common malachite, and eegen: iron-ore. -48. Wavellite, sumet, 3d edit. i. 389. Specific Character — Prismatic. Cleavage, Py c. Prt o. Rather distinct. Implanted globular concretions. Streak T" "white. Hardness = 2.5,—4.0. Sp. gr. = 2.2,—2.4. External Characters.—Colours white, grey, green, and brown. Occurs botryoidal, globular, stalactitic, and these forms are composed of fibrous distinct conggetions, which are seopiform or stellular. Sometimes these fibrous concretions are collected into others, which are granular, and both are oc- casionally traversed by others, having the lamellar form. Oc- curs cr ystallized i in oblique four-sided prisms, bevelled on the. extremities; the bevelling planes set on the obtuse lateral edges. ‘Externally shining, internally shining, passing into -splendent, and lustre pearly. ‘Translucent. ' Constituent Parts.—Alumina, 35.35; Phosphoric Acid, 34.40; Fluoric Acid, 2.06; Lime, 0.50; Iron and Man- ganese, 1.98 ; Water, 26.80 ; = 99.36, Berzelius. From this analysis, wavellite appears to be a hydrous phosphate of alu- - mina. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins along with fluor-spar, tin-ore, and copper- pyrites, in granite - in aues: ; in veins in clay-slate at Barnstaple in Devon- shire; and in the Shiant Isles, on the west coast of Scot. land. : EE A0. Yellow Gold-Glance, or Yellow Tellurium, Jame- son, 3d edit. 11. 379. Weissilvanerz, Hoffmann. Ce Specific Characters.—Korm unknown. Metallic lustre. ` Colour silver-white, inclining to yellow. Soft. Sp. gr. = 10.678, Müller von Reichenstein. er External Character.—Colour silver-white, inclining to brass-yellow. Occurs disseminated, less frequently massive, and very rarely reticulated, and seldom crystailized in broad e eer o "ms OR 334 APPENDIX II. four-sided:prisms, which are generally acicular. Externally. splendent- and shining. Internally splendent, shining, or glistening, and metallic. Fracture uneven. Constituent Parts.—Tellurium, 44.75; Gold, 26.75; Lead, 19.56; Silver, 8.50; Sulphur, 0.50; — 100, Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic. Situations —Occurs in veins in porphyry in Transylvania. ! 50. Vttro-cerite, Berzelius. “Jameson, 8d edit. i. 566. External Characters.—Colours white and blue. Occurs massive, and in crusts. Indistinct cleavage. Lustre glisten- ing. Opaque. Scratches fluor. Sp: gr. = 3.447, Berzelius. “Constituent Parts—Oxide of Cerium, 18.15; Y ttria, 14.66; Lime, 47.77; Fluoric Acid, 24.45, Berzelius. Geognostic and Geographic Situations —Occurs at Finbo in Sweden, in quartz, or incrusting physalite e STEE DESCRIPTION AND ARRANGEMENT ` OF — MOUNTAIN ROCKS. ACCES a t. he A x ; z ta ex s sha mme —" : s orem ioi oe e gnome ito — alm —— TR a caesa tma io Bee s 3. 4. 5 6. 7 8 9 D Structure of Mountain Rocks. Stratified Structure ; Seamed Structure; and Structure of Veins. Description of Primitive Rocks. Description of Transition Rocks. Description of Secondary or Flætz Rocks, Description of Alluvial Rocks. Description of Voleanic Rocks. . Description of Veins and Mineral Beds. . Arrangement of Mountain Rocks depending on their Structure; and Short Characters for determining the different Species. . Organie Remains found in Mountain Rocks, | | | i ( 3897 ) I. STRUCTURE or Mountain Rocks. Mountain Rocks or Stones, are those mineral masses of which the greater portion of the crust of the Earth is com- posed. Minerals, or mineral aggregates, to have the true characters of mountain rocks, must occur not only in great masses, but frequently, and present in their structure and composition such characters as shall serve to distinguish them, and make them known in whatever situation they may be found. — TE They are either simple, that is composed of one mineral species, or are aggregations of various minerals. In the one case, they are denominated Simple Mountain Rocks; in- the other Compound Mountain Rocks. — Simple mountain rocks are either compact, slaty or granu- lar. Clay-slate, Limestone, and Serpentine are examples of simple mountain rocks, : | , When minerals occur disseminated through simple moun- tain rocks, they are to be considered as accidental mixed parts, and do not entitle us to consider such varieties of rock as dis- tinct species. Thus garnets imbedded in granite or mica- slate are accidental mixed parts. "o pound mothtain rocks are either conglomerated or ag- gregaied. This distinction is founded on the mode of their formation. The grains or masses in the conglomerated mass, - according to some naturalists, have not been formed on the Spot where they are now found, but have been carried thither, end connected together by acement. To this class belong Sandstone, Puddingstone, and different kinds of fragmented or brecciated stones. In aggregated mountain rocks or stones, their present structure is their original one, and the parts of which they are composed have been formed on the spot where we now. Y 538 MOUNTAIN ROCKS. find them. Their parts are immediately connected together ; hence this structure is termed aggregated. Aggregated mountain rocks are either determinately or in- determinately aggregated. ‘The parts in the indeterminately aggregated, are irregularly and confusedly joined together. This kind of structure occurs in those varieties of serpentine, where limestone and serpentine are so conjoined that it is dif- ficult to say which predominates, and where the one some- times incloses the other. The Campan marble, which is an irregular mixture of limestone and steatite, and many Cipo- ln marbles, which contain veins and patches of green talc, are of the same description. The determinately aggregated structure presents a num- ber of subordinate differences. It is either simple or double aggregated. The Simple Aggregated contains two subordi- nate kinds. In the first, the minerals are connected together in such a manner that one serves as a basis for the other, which is included in it; and it also contains two subordinate kinds. These are denominated the porphyritic and amygda- loidal. In the second, all the parts are immediately connect- ed, or joined together; and here we have also two subordi- nate kinds, the granular and slaty. The Double Aggregated includes five subordinate kinds : These are, 1. Granular slaty. 2. Slaty granular. 3. Gra- nular porphyritic. 4. Slaty porphyritic ; and, 5. Porphyri- tic and amygdaloidal. 'The first four kinds of double ag- gregated structure comprehend one structure in another, so that, as the denominations intimate, a smaller structure is contained in a greater. In the fifth, or last kind, one does not include the other; but, as the denomination expresses it, . they are placed near or beside each other. We shall now describe each kind in particular. SIMPLE AGGREGATED STRUCTURE. l. Porphyritic structure-—When one of the constituent parts of the mountain rock is disseminated through a basis, in the form of. grains or crystals, the rock presenting this ap- pearance is said to be porphyritic,. Porphyry, and. gypsum > 4 $ A. J H er NS of dA Len SIMPLE AGGREGATED STRUCTURE. 999 containing crystals of quartz, may be mentioned as examples of this kind of structure. "Phe crystals or grains are here of cotemporaneous formation with the basis, and not mechani- cally mixed, as some have maintained. 2. Amygdaloidal structure. — When vesicular cavities; generally of an amygdaloidal form, are dispersed through a basis or ground, and appear empty, encrusted, half filled, or completely filled, such a structure is denominated amygda- loidal. ^ I2 t2 Cen (hii, s i E PPP me dÉ fn tlas The rock named Amygdaloid is a principal example of # Me e this kind of structure. Its basis approaches more or less to^ ^ ^^ basalt or greenstone, and is frequently much iron-shot, when it becomes harder and more solid. It is alleged, that while the amygdaloidal rock was still soft, bubbles of air were disengaged, which being prevented from escaping by the viscosity of the mass, various shaped cavities, often however of an amygdaloidal shape, were formed. Water holding in solution the various minerals met with in these amygdaloids, is conjectured to have traversed the rock, penetrated into the empty vesicular cavi- ties, and to have deposited on their walls its mineral contents. Hence it is maintained, that the amygdaloidal portions are of posterior origin to the basis in which they are contained. It cannot be questioned, that some amygdaloidal structures have originated in this manner, but many others are certainly of cotemporaneous formation with the rock in which they are contained. The minerals that usually occur in these vesicles, | are lithomarge, zeolite, steatite, calcedony, agate, heavy-spar, and cale-spar. Those filled with agate and calcedony pre- , sent many interesting phenomena. 4.) Hh tical we te # 3. Granular structure.—This kind of structure is formed / ` _ by the immediate aggregation of different species of mine rals, which are intimately joined together either by the pow. JR DE à EM *r of cohesion, or by mutual penetration or interlacement. ER These minerals are generally in grains, and may be regarded |. as imperfect crystals. Granite affords an example of this kind ~~~ zx of structure, 4. Slaty structure.—The slaty structure in rocks composed of different minerals, differs from the granular in this cireum- ` 4 P 2 e / e On J e # e T m fore’ dye trodes A -R amant, 840 MOUNTAIN ROCKS. stance, that the constituent parts are flat, having considerable length and breadth, but inconsiderable thickness. Mica- slate, which consists of small plates of quartz and small plates of mica, placed upon each other, is an example of this kind of structure. \ DOUBLE AGGREGATED. STRUCTURE. . Under this head we include those varieties where two structures occur together. The following are the different kinds. 1. Granular-slaty structure.—Gneiss affords a good example of this kind of structure; the quartz and felspar which are ‘an grains, are immediately aggregated together, thus forming the granular structure ; and these aggregations are saci dped in plates, which are interposed between the plates of “nica, and hence the slaty structure. i Slaty-granular structure.—It 1s composed of large gra- nular masses, which have a slaty structure; the slates consist of fine granular quartz, thin columnar schorl, and small gra- nular topaz. It is said to be slaty in the small, and granular im the large. In the drusy cavities that occur between the large granular concretions, lithomarge, crystals of topaz, and schorl, sometimes occur; the schorl, however, is but rarely crystallized. The only example of this kind of structure is the topaz-rock of Vv in ce, in the King- dom of Saxony. A Aata- ott Thence macs du Granular-porph m structure.—T i of structure / 1s granular i in the small, and porphyritic in the great. When large and distinct crystals of felspar appear Said through a granular base, as is often the case with granite, sienite, and greenstone, this kind of structure is formed. A, Slat y-por. phyritic.—This kind of structure is slaty in : the small, and porphynitic i in the great. ‘The basis is slaty, and the porphyritic structure is. goes by interspersed cry- stals or grains of minerals different from the basis. Mica- slate, when it contains grains or crystals of garnet, is said to have a slaty-porphyritic structure. STRATIFIED STRUCTURE. 941 5. Porphyritic and Amygdaloidal.—Here two kinds o: structure are placed together, not included in each other, as in the preceding kinds. It occurs in many amygdaloidal and porphyritic stones. When Amygdaloid contains, besides the elliptical-shaped masses, also crystals of hornblende and mica, it is then said to have an amygdaloidal and porphyritic structure; the amygdaloidal being the predominant. In Ba- salt, on the contrary, where the two kinds of structure some- times occur, the porphyritie is the predominating. Green Porphyry, although rarely; sometimes possesses this kind of double structure. d ; E jp 26 e FORME tax " Ze, bE ere af BE So IL STRATIFIED STRUCTURE; SEAMED TRUC- TURE; AND STRUCTURE OF VEINS. a. STRATIFIED STRUCTURE. When a mountain, mountain-mass, or bed, composed of one species of rock, is divided by means of parallel seams into masses, whose length and breadth are greater than their thickness, or into what may be denominated Tabu- lar Masses, which extend generally through the whole moun- tain, it is said to be stratified, and Ph individual masses are termed Strata. Of this kind of structure we have 1n- stances in Granite, Limestone, Clay-slate, and Mica-slate. The seams that separate the strata are named strata seams, or seams of stratification. On a general view, we say the globe is composed of formations ; formations of beds; beds of strata; and such strata as are slaty, of layers, or slates. In determining the stratification of a rock, we have to ob- serve, 1. The direction of the strata. 2. Their inclination. 8. Their thickness. 4. The differences in their direction and enclination. . 1. The direction is the angle which the stratum makes with the meridian, and is determined by the compass; or, viewing. the strata as planes, the Biren is that of a horizontal line, drawn on the surface ofthe plane; therefore, to determine "idm 7 v : (AAS often, of oe T ; i i PME alid "T e Be: LE" f 549 MOUNTAIN ROCKS, the direction, is to indicate the point of the compass towards which this line is directed. It is always at right angles to the dip. 2. The inclination is the angle which the stratum forms with the horizon, and is determined. by the quadrant. | 3. The dip is the point of the compass towards which the stratum inclines. If we know the dip, the direction is given, because it is always at right angles to it. Thus, if a stratum dip to the east, its direction must be north and south ; if it dip to the north, its direction must be east and west. But we cannot infer the dip from the direction, because a stra- tum, whose direction continues the same, may dip in oppo- site directions ; thus, a stratum ranging from north to south may dip either to the east or to the west. 4. Differences in the direction and inclination.—Strata are frequently variously waved, thus producing changes in their direction; but these. changes in direction are in gene- ral subordinate to the general direction, It is therefore of importance, in making observations with regard to the position of strata, to distinguish the general direction and in- clination, from the partial. To effect this, we must take the results of a number of particular observations, and compare them together; and those similar angles which are the most numerous, are to be considered as expressive of the general inclination and direction. It sometimes happens, that this ge- neral position has also its variations: these must also be at- tended to and noted. An acquaintance with the shape of a mountain group, will assist us very much in such investiga- tions, as it is intimately connected with the general disposition of the stratification of the masses of which it is composed. It is also of importance to know the fall or declivity of a mountain group, as its direction and inclination are frequently conform- able, particularly in the older formations, with that of the su. perimposed. masses. 6, SEAMED STRUCTURE. X. ` Those rocks which are divided by parallel seams, that do not extend throughout the whole bed, are said to have the E" n. : 1 ` ff Di eq E e 4 SEAMED SFRUCTURE. $49 seamed structure. ‘The following are the different kinds of this structure: 1. Polyhedral. 2. Lamellar. 3. Globular. 1. Polyhedral.—In this kind of structure the rock is divid- — ed into columns. The columns are sometimes regular, some- times approach to the globular form, and occur even curva- ted. They are from a few inches to many fathoms in length. In the islands of Staffa and Eigg, and on the Craig of Ail- sa, there are admirable examples of this kind of structure, These columns are sometimes collected into groups, and such groups are often separated from each other by seams or ra- ther rents, which rendef them more distinct. Groups of this sort may be considered as immense distinct concretions. The columns of such a group often tend towards a centre, others are perpendicular ; some are horizontal; and all this variety occasionally occurs in the same hill. The columns are sometimes jointed, so that the convex extremity of the one co- lumn is fitted to the concave extremity of the other: and these columns are usually eomposed of globular distinct con- cretions. These globular concretions are composed of curved lamellar concretions. ‘The spaces between the different glo- bular concretions are composed of a looser matter than the concretions themselves; and it is by the falling out of this less compact substance that the structure of such columns is first developed. — No rock shews this kind of structure more distinctly than basalt: in it we have all the varieties of the seamed structure, from the smallest, which is the lamellar distinet concretion, to the largest, which is formed by the grouping of columns. This kind of structure occurs also in porphyry, greenstone, and lava. | | 9. TTabular.—1n this kind of structure, the rock is divided into tables a few inches thick, and of small extent. These tables frequently change their direction, and then the bed of rock is divided into many groups or systems of tables, having in each group a different direction. Their inconsiderable length, frequent change of direction, and the even surface of the planes, distinguish them from strata, Basalt, in the lower parts of an individual deposition, 344 MOUNTAIN ROCKS. has often this kind of structure. It also occurs in columnar porphyry. 3. Globular.—In this kind of structure the rock is either wholly, or only partially arranged into globes or balls of va- rious magnitudes. These balls are either simply granu- lar, as in granite, Syenite, greenstone, or sandstone; granu- lar and lamellar, as in the syenite of Corsica: compact as in basalt; porphyritic as in porphyry ; or radiated as in lime. stone. Globular formations are sometimes met with in rocks and minerals thaving a lesss crystalline aspect than granite or syenite. As examples, we may mention balls of hornstone in limestone, and masses of flint in chalk. The roundish balls of granite found dispersed over low countries, have been considered as boulder or rolled stones, although they are frequently only slightly altered globular concretions, and many theories have been formed to account for their transportation. The granite of the Island of Arran presents this kind of structure. C. STRUCTURE OF VEINS. Veins are tabular masses that almost alwavs traverse the direction of the strata, and are composed of materials that differ more or less from the rocks which they intersect, or are of the same nature. They occur in all classes of rocks, and in many districts in extraordinary abundance. In de. scribing veins, we have to attend to their external relations and to their internal relations. 1. External Relations.—These are the breadth, length, depth, outgoing, sides, walls, and position. The breadth is the space between the walls; the length is the space between the ends of the vein; the depthis the space from the outgoing to the bottom ; the outgoing is the upper part of the vein where it appears at the earth’s surface; the sides are those planes of the vein in contact with the bounding rock ; the walls are the parts of the bounding rock of the district when in contact with the sides of the vein; and the position is the situation of the vein in regard to the points of the compass and the horizon; thus, if we say of a particular F PRIMITIVE ROCKS. 345 e vein that it extends north and south, dips to the west, under an angle of 45°, we express its position. If the vein A is inclined, the upper side is called the hanging side, and the lower side the lying: side. : | 2. Internal Relations or Structure of Veins.—Under this . i | head we include, 1. The division of veins into branches, and “> the various convolutions and crossings of these. 2. The sub- Beat aT stances of which veins are e and the various modes if | in which these are arranged in the veins, whether in strata, E veins, or cavities: And, 3. The intersection of different for- mations of veins, and their distribution im countries of diffe: | rent descriptions. \ | ; IIL—VII. DESCRIPTION OF Rocks. Mountain rockss are divided, m a geognostical view, into $i | I five great classes, distinguished by the names Primitive, Transition, Secondary, Alluvial, and Volcanic. We shall ` P Wo describe them in the order just mentioned. — . d i Crass I. Primirive Rocks. Urgebirge, Werner. —Terrains Primitifs, Daubuisson. Primitive. rocks are those whose period ‘of formation is con- - sidered a$“ 'antecedent to that of the creation of organic beings. Hence we arrange in this class all those formations | which have not been found to contain petrifactions or fossil . AT organic remains. Should future observations, however, | | prove that these rocks do occasionally inclose animal or vege. table remains, still it would be well to consider them as a dis, AE tinct class, and retain the name Primitive, because from their ` 3 l T. - lying under the rocks of the other classes, they are to be con- ii | sidered as having been formed before them, and may, there- il fore, be said to be primitive, or first formed. | They are of chemical formation ; and if mechanical de. posites do occur associated with them, the quantity is incon- siderable, All those kinds which abound in mica are dis. c | 346 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. tinctly stratified, while the others that do not contain it, are less distinctly stratified. The direction of the strata is fre- - quently parallel with that of the mountain range in which they are contained. All the different rocks of the class alternate with, and pass into each other. The principal constituent parts of primitive rocks are quartz, felspar, mica, limestone and hornblende, minerals, indeed, of which nearly the whole mass of the upper coat of the Earth is composed. Of these minerals, the felspar, quartz, mica, and hornblende occur together, and in various forms of aggregation, while the limestone forms beds of greater or less extent, which are variously connected, with the bounding strata. : The following are the rocks of this class : . Granite, with syenite, protogine, and topaz-rock. . Gneiss, with some varieties of white stone. 3. Mica-slate, with different varieties of talc-slate. . Clay-slate, with alum-slate, flinty-slate, &c. . Primitive limestone, and primitive gypsum, . Primitive trap. . Serpentine. — 8. Euphotide or diallage-rock, . Porphyry. T ; © 10. Quartz-rock. ` Ter: JoJo I. GRANITE. "Moorstone of Cornwall Whinstone and Sandstone in some parts of Scotland. 1. The name granite is a corruption of the Latin word geranites, used by Pliny to designate a particular species of stone. The first modern writer who uses this word is Tour- nefort, the celebrated naturalist. It occurs in the Account of his Voyage to the Levant, published in 1699. Antiqua- rians appear to have named every granular stone capable of being used in architecture or statuary, Granite, and it con- tinued to be used in this vague sense by mineralogists until about fifty years ago, wlien true granite was distinguished as a particular mountain-rock, | | GRANITE. SCH 2. Constituent Parts.—It is a rock composed of grains or concretions of felspar, quartz, and mica, intimately joined to- gether, but without any basis or ground. 'These parts vary in quantity, so that sometimes one, sometimes the other, and frequently two of them, predominate. Felspar is generally the predominating, as mica is the least considerable, ingre- dient of the rock. In some varieties, the quartz is wanting, in others the mica, and these have received particular names. Such distinctions, however, are useless, as these masses are to be considered as mere varieties, not distinct species. 3. Magnitude of the Constituent Parts.—'The constituent parts differ also considerably in their magnitude: they alter- nate from large to small, and even to very fine granular. In some varieties, the concretions of felspar and quartz are several inches in size, and the mica is in plates upwards of a foot square; while in others, the grains are so small that the granite appears nearly compact. ) 4. Colour of the Constituent Parts.—It differs also consider- ably as to colour; and this depends principally on the pre- dominating ingredient, the felspar, the quartz and mica having usually a grey colour. The felspar is usually white, and most commonly greyish and yellowish white; also red- dish or milk-white, or flesh-red. It is seldom grey, yellow or green. The quartz is usually grey, seldom milk-white, and generally translucent. The mica is. usually grey, and sometimes dark brown, or nearly black. 5. Condition of the Constituent Parts. —The felspar in gra- nite has usually. a vitreous lustre, and perfect foliated frac- ture, yet in some varieties it passes into earthy, with the loss of its lustre and hardness; in short, it is in the state of porcelain earth. This appearance is sometimes pro- duced by the weathering of the felspar ; sometimes it ap- pears to be its original state. When veins containing py- rites traverse granite, the felspar and mica in their vicinity are converted into a kind of steatitical matter, by the action of the sulphuric acid, formed during the decomposition of the pyrites. The mica melts also decomposes by exposure 248 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. to the atmosphere ; but the quartz is never altered. Granite, with earthy felspar, is found in Cornwall. 6. Crystallization, of the Constituent Parts.—Sometimes the constituent parts of granite are regularly crystallized : principally, however, the felspar and quartz. -The mica sometimes occurs in nests, unmixed with the other consti- tuent parts, and these have been confounded with frag- ments. Sometimes the constituent parts are so arranged, that when the specimen is cut, its surface bears a resemblance to written characters: hence this variety has been denomi- nated Graphic Stone, and is the Pegmatite of some geologists. This particular v riety is found at Portsoy, Island of Har- ris, and in the Island of Arran *. Granite, with regular- ly crystallized felspar, occurs in the Island of Arran, in many places on the Continent of Europe, and also in South America. At Mount St Gothard, all the three constituent parts are found crystallized together. In the Island of Ar. ran and in the Saxon Erzgebirge, there is a remarkable variety of granite, in which the felspar, quartz, and mica, have a di- verging radiated structure. 7. Imbedded and Venigenous . Minerals.—Besides felspar, quartz, and mica, the essential constituent parts of granite, and those minerals that take the place of the mica, viz. hornblende and chlorite, others sometimes occur in it. These are schorl, garnet, and tinstone. The following also occasionally occur either imbedded in the rock, or in veins that traverse it, viz. rock-crystal, adularia, chlorite, pinite, actynolite, common opal, topaz, corundum, fluor-spar, beryl, diallage, epidote, apatite, magnetical iron-ore, and iron-pyrites. 8. Structure, — Granite, besides the granular, exhibits va- rious other kinds of structure, such as porphyritic, globular, tabular, columnar, and stratified. i a. Porphyritic.—W hen large crystals of felspar occur im- bedded in a basis of smaller granular granite, the porphyri- tic variety is formed. These imbedded crystals are sometimes upwards of a foot in magnitude, as 1s the case with some gra- nites in Saxony, and in other countries. ——— - M "à * Graphic granite frequently contains crystals of beryl and topaz. pI arts GRANITE. 940 b. Globular.—Some granites are disposed in rcundish balls or concretions, which are from a foot to several fathoms in diameter. These balls are sometimes composed of curved la- mellar concretions, which always include a harder central mass or nucleus. ‘The spaces between the concretions are filled with granite of a softer nature, which decays readily, and thus leaves the harder central masses heaped on each ` other, or strewed about. Such heaps, or tumuli, have been erroneously described as rolled masses brought from a dis- -tance to their present situation, by the agency of currents that formerly swept the surface of the earth. Exam- ples of this kind of structure occur in the Island of Arran, Bohemia, the Hartz, the Fichtelgebirge, and in other coun- ` tries. c. Tabular.—Some granites, when they are traversed by parallel seams, appear divided into tables. 'Phese tables va- ry in extent from a few inches to several fathoms. They ap- pear in some cases to be mere varieties of the stratified struc- ture. - d. Columnar.—When the seams are arranged in directions parallel to several planes, the granite is divided into colum- nar masses, which resemble the colummar structure of trap and porphyry rocks. We many years ago, as mentioned in our Account of the Hebrides, observed this columnar struc- ture in the granite of Mull; and since that time Humboldt has described it as occurring in the granite of Caraceas, as it does in the granite rocks of Carlsbad. e, Stratified structure, or Stratification.—Granite is some- times disposed in great beds in gneiss and other rocks, and oc- casionally these beds appear divided into strata. In other in- | stances, in granite mountains, we observe, besides the tabular, globular, and other structures, also the stratified ; but this latter is, in general, less perfect than what is observed in gneiss, and other similar rocks. we 9. Beds in Granite.—Granite does not afford so many dif. ferent beds and veins as gneiss, mica-slate, and other si- milar rocks. In Scotland, it sometimes contains beds of quartz and of feispar. In Switzerland, the beds of quartz 350 PRIMITIVE ROCKS, in granite have large drusy cavities, the. walls of Which are lined with magnificent crystals, and groups of rock- erysta. At the tin-mines of Zinnwald, in Bohemia, the tin is worked in a quartz bed, situated in the middle of the gra- mite. Beds of limestone are also met with in granite moun- tains, as in the Pyrennees; and some of these are of great extent, having been traced by that excellent observer, Char- pentier the younger, for four leagues, and with a thickness of ninety feet. We need not speak of the beds of gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, porphyry, trap, &c. upon which it often rests, and with which it frequently alternates. 10. Metals in Granite—On a general view, this rock con- tams fewer and less extensive metalliferous veins and beds than the slaty rocks of the primitive class. Tin, of all the metals, is that which is most peculiar to granite. Tin-stone occurs in the granite of Cornwall, Saxony, Limoges, and in these countries is generally associated with wolfram. Tron is frequent in granite. The mines of Traversella, in Piedmont, are situated in a granite which is subordinate to mica-slate. The mines of brown iron-ore at Taurynia, and of Fillolo in the eastern Pyrennees, are in granite. Tron-py- rites is frequently found disseminated through granite; and galena, or lead-glance, graphite, molybdena, bismuth, gold, silver, copper, zinc, manganese, and cobalt, are among the metals sometimes met with in this rock, : ll. Formations of Granite.— Granite occurs in masses, of- ten many miles in extent, surrounded by gneiss, mica-slate, and clay-slate, and so connected with these rocks, that the whole may be considered as the result of one grand process of crystallisation ; that is, the granite is of cotemporaneous for- mation with the gneiss, as the gneiss is with the superimposed mica-slate; and the mica-slate, again, with the elay-slate wlüch rests upon it. In other instances, the granite alter- nates in beds, often of enormous magnitude, with gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, and other primitive rocks, or it traver- ses these in the form of veins. 12. Decomposition of Granite.—Some granites resist, for ages, the destroying effects of the weather; while others are GRANITE. 251 resolved into sand or clay in a comparatively short penod. The obelisk in the place of Saint Jean de Lateran, at Rome, which was quarried at Syene, under the reign of Zetus, King of Thebes, thirteen hundred years before the Christian era; and that in the place of Saint Pierre, also at Rome, which a son of Sesostris consecrated to the sun; have resisted the effects of the weather for three thousand years. On the other hand, there are granites, as those in some di- stricts in Scotland, which are speedily disintegrated into gra- vel or sand. But between these two extremes, of great durability and rapid decay, there are numerous and interme- diate degrees. In the same mountain, or even in the same hillock, granites of different qualities will sometimes be met with. One portion will be excessively obdurate, and resist. long the gnawing effects of the weather ; another variety, im- mediately beside it, will be of a very decomposable nature; while a third, associated with the two former, will possess an intermediate degree of durability. Granites vary in their mode of decomposition. Some assume the globular form; - others that of rhomboidal or irregular masses. ‘These masses are further disintegrated, and then the constituent parts fall asunder, forming a kind of gravel or sand, depending on the size of the grains of the granite. The felspar in this gravel is further altered, and changed into a clay, which is carried into hollows or plains, and forms beds of clay ; the quartz grains, by attrition, are reduced in size, rounded in form, and give rise to beds of sand; and, when mixed with the matter of felspar, to sandy clays. The mica is broken down, and becomes mixed with the clays and sands formed from the fel- spar and quartz. - | The soil formed from decomposed granites, is in general comparatively unproductive. 19. Shape of Granite Mountains.—In. those granite dis- tricts in which the granite is of a loose texture, and easily acted on by the weather, the hills have a rounded form, and the lower granite tracts have a waved, or rather a mamillary outline. 852 ; PRIMITIVE ROCKS. But if very hard and indestructible granite rises through softer and more easily disintegrated, the harder portions ap- pear in the form of peaks, needles, or in deeply dentated ridges, or cristee, and thus give rise to the bristled and denti- culated aspect so peculiar to many granite districts. The valleys, in granite countries, are in general very deep, nar- row, and their sides often resemble immense perpendieular walls. Granite rocks are frequently much traversed by rents or fissures. When these rents widen by the action of the wea- ther, the mass Separates into fragments of greater or less mag- nitude, which remain long piled on each other in a most fan- tastic manner, often appearing like vast artificial tumuli, or masses brought together by a flood. ` "The upper parts of the granite mountains in Arran present very striking appearan- ces of this kind, and I have observed the same in many pla- ces of the high granite ridges of the Riesengebirge. Travel- lers have described similar appearances in the mountains of Switzerland; those of Siberia; the Hartz; the Bohmerwald- gebirge, and the Carpathians. 14. Geographical distribution of Granite.—It is one of the most frequent and widely extended rocks. Itoccurs in aimost every extensive mountain group, and there it frequently juts out, forming its central and highest part, having the newer primitive rocks resting on it, or placed beside it, It forms mountains in this country, as in the island of Arran, and in the Grampians. The same is the case in the Hartz, the . Riesengebirge, the Bohmerwald-gebirge, the Fichtelgebirge, and the Alps, particularly those of Savoy ; also in Bavaria, Bohemia, Franconia, Lusatia, Moravia, Upper Saxony, Thu- ringia, Austria, Stiria, and the Tyrol. As granite is the basis on which the other primitive rocks sometimes rest, it may also appear in low mountainous situations, owing to the newer primitive rocks either not having been deposited, or having been washed away since deposition. Instances of this we have in the Island of Arran, near Carlsbad in Bohe- mia, and many other places. i GRANITE. ; 353 The following list of localities, shews the known extent ot. granite in the different quarters of the globe; without, how- ever, any reference to its forming the centre and highest, or the lowest part of mountains or mountain-groups. In Europe, it forms the range of Sewoga in Scandinavia ; the rocks of Finland; occurs also in Cornwall in England, in the Hartz, the Forest of Thuringia, Erzgebirge in the ‘Kangdom of Saxony, the Fichtelgebirge, Lusatia, the Rie- sengebirge, the Bohmerwald-gebirge, the Schwarzwald (Black Forest,) the Alps of Switzerland, and Savoy ; also in the Ty- rol, Salzburg, Stiria, Archduchy of Austria, the Carpathian Mountains, Auvergne, Dauphiny, and the Pyrenean Moun- tains. In Asia, it forms the centre of Caucasus; occurs at Koly- wan, and other places in Siberia; forms a very considerable p Zi portion of the Uralian, Altain, and Himalya chains of moun- tain-groups. In Africa, it is said to forts a principal constituent part of the mountains in Upper Egypt, the Atlas Mountains, and the country about the Cape of Good Hope. America.—It occurs but in comparatively small quantity m the United States; and in Mexico, owing to the deep and. high cover of porphyry, it is found only low down, as at Aca- puleo. In the Andes of South America it is usually cover- ed with gneiss, mica-slate, and trachyte, and in general is not observed higher than 6000 feet; but it abounds in the low mountains and regions of Venezuela, and of Parima, and de- scends even to the plains, and to the level of the sea, as is the case on the sides of the Orinoco, and the coasts of Peru. Uses.—It forms an excellent building and paving stone, and has been extensively employed in ornamental architec- - ture. 'T wo of the most remarkable varieties of grenite are named P rotogine and Sienite. . $ SAE —In this variety, tale, either in the lamellar, . compact, or steatitic form, or as chlorite, takes the place of the mica. Mont Blanc, and the surrounding mountains, are formed of protogine. It is named Protogine, (primevi,) be- Z 254 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. HX d H : 3 7 cause Jurine, the author of the name, considers it.as of very old formation. Daubuisson proposes to name it simply Tal- cose or Steatitic Granite. Sienite.—Sienite is a granite, in which the mica is gene- rally replaced by hornblende; not always, as some varieties contain also mica. Werner says it is a granular ageregated rock, composed of felspar and hornblende, with occasional grains of quartz and scales of mica. It is named from Syene in Upper Egypt, where the ancients quarried it in blocks of great magnitude. Topaz-Rock.—This rock, which appears to be intimately connected with granite, has the following characters. Its constituent minerals are quartz, tourmaline, topaz, and litho- marge. Itis composed of numerous small masses, which have the appearance of fragments, although they are true granular concretions. Each of these masses is composed of thin layers of quartz, tourmaline, and topaz; and these layers have dif- ferent directions in the different masses or concretions. "The quartz and topaz are in granular concretions, and the tourma- line in small black needles. Frequently hollow spaces occur between these concretions, which are partly filled with crystals of quartz and topaz, but rarely contain tourmaline. The lithomarge occurs amongst these crystals, and has generally an ochre-yellow, rarely a green, and seldom a white colour. It is worthy of remark, that the colour of the crystals of topaz depends on that of the lithomarge ; as if this sub- stance, or at least its colouring matter, was the same as that of the topaz. ; Topaz-rock is very distinctly stratified, and the strata are of considerable thickness. It rests upon granite, and is co- vered by clay-slate. d It has hitherto been found only near to Auerbach, in Voightland, in Saxony, where it forms a rock named Schneck- enstein, which was formerly of considerable extent, but has been much diminished by the operations of the miners in pro- "eren om = anand curing topazes. The inconsiderable extent of this mass prevents our viewing it as a distinct species of mountain rock. 1 t f Bu H R i EN: [ FEH b H d 231; ix] rele T Lue P ihre ans | \ KX TE OE Í à iP } LS EN rey kl "ES Tr 1 (5 Sr Y 1 H d DE i fi k 4 ib Ae pi ` t LN S [E ? L ch H H ELS ` i ts PS = n g CS et Or GNEISS. II. GNEISS Gneiss, and Granite veiné, Saussure. 1. Name.—'The name Gneiss is of Saxon origin, and was- applied by miners in the vicinity of Freyberg, to the decom- posed stone that forms the walls of their metalliferous veins. Henkel describes gneiss as an indurated stone, mixed with steatitical and gien matter; but Werner ascertained that it was a compound of felspar, quartz, and mica. 2. Constituent Parts.—'This rock, like granite, is a com- pound of felspar, quartz, and mica; but it contains more mi- ca than granite. It is granular in the small, and slaty in the large; hence it is said to be granular-slaty. The granular felspar and quartz form plates, which are bitte from each other by the mica. Felspar, although the predominant mineral, is still in Tess quantity tban in granite. The felspar is usually greyish, yellowish, and reddish white; and sometimes so much alter- ed that it appears earthy. The mica is most commonly ash- . grey, which passes through various shades into blackish-grey. The quartz is almost always greyish-white, and generally in smaller grains than the felspar. 3. Imbedded Mincrals.—Besides felspar, quartz, and mica, it sometimes contains schorl; more rarely garnet, and also hornblende. The schorl occurs more rarely, and in less quantity, than in granite; but the garnet is more frequent and abundant than in granite. A Kinds of Gneiss.—There are three prios lands of gneiss, of which we shall now give short descriptions. (1.) In this kind the mica occurs in small quantity : the scales of mica, although separated from each other, are ar- ranged in parallel ranges, and the rock breaks in a direction conformable with these. It is the parallelism of the ranges of mica which distinguishes this kind of gneiss from granite, because its slaty structure is very indistinct, and the quantity of felspar is nearly the same as in granite. The quartz and the mica form each separate layers; those of the felspar are. thicker, and such varieties, when broken across, have a rib- Z 2 MA EN 856 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. bon-like aspect. Sometimes the quartz, in place of being dis- posed in layers or plates in the felspar, is in small parallel rods or bars; and when this variety is cut perpendicular to the direction of the rods, it appears not unlike petrified wood. (2.) This, which is named common gneiss, consists of small layers, or lenticular plates, composed of grains of felspar and quartz, placed over each other, and separated by layers form- ed of scales of mica. It is sometimes glandular, or contains balls of quartz, or of compounds of quartz and felspar, or of mica. This variety has been confounded with Conglomerate. The island of Fetlar, one of the Shetlands, affords an ex- ample of this variety. (3.) This, the third variety, is very slaty, and very mica- ceous. The scales of mica, from their smallness, appear in- distinct, and form continuous plates. The felspar and quartz are in very small grains, and are sometimes so enveloped in the mica that it is difficult to distinguish them. It is also sometimes glandular, and in some instances almost an aggre- gation of balls of mica. The gneiss which passes into granite belongs to the first kind, as that which passes into mica-slate does to the third. 5. Stratification.—It 1s distinctly stratified, and the strata are parallel with the slaty structure. But when the beds rest upon granite, they sometimes follow all the sinuosities of the irregular surface of that rock, and form the mantle-shap- ed stratification; in other cases the stratification is saddle- shaped, or it does not appear affected by the granite, the stra- ta passing without change of direction from one mass of gra- nite to the other. : D Decomposition.— This rock, like granite, is much affect. ed by the atmosphere, but the decomposition is in general more rapid. The felspar is at first changed into kaolin, and, owing to the greater abundance of mica, the disintegration of the mass is more rapidly effected. Hence it is that this rock does not occur so often in great isolated blocks as granite ; and hence also it is that mountains of gneiss are often less sharp in their outline than those of granite, that their sum- GNEISS. teg 957 mits are generally roundish, and that they rarely shoot into needles, or are formed into denticulated ridges. - Sometimes the decomposition, in penetrating the gneiss, loosens the adherence of the parts; the folia are then easily separated by the finger, and the mass appears as if rotten. "I. Beds.—These beds are more considerable and more nu- merous in gneiss than in granite. The following may be enu- merated. : a. Limestone.—It is generally highly crystallised. Occurs in Aberdeenshire, Perthshire, and other parts of Scotland ; and on.the Continent of Europe, in the Pyrenees, in Dau- phiny, Ee, b. Trap.—This rock, in the form of hornblende-rock, horn- blende-slate, and greenstone, occurs in beds, and in imbedded masses, and is often very much intermixed with the gneiss, When the gneiss abounds in hornblende, it is named horn- blendic gneiss. ; E _c. Porphyry.—Beds, and imbedded masses of porphyry, sometimes of great magnitude and extent, are not unfrequent in some gneiss districts. Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, and In~- verness-shire, afford fine examples of porphyry in beds, im- bedded masses, and veins. : d. Compact and granular felspar.—The White stone, Weis- stein of Werner.—This rock sometimes occurs in layers, which are not more than a few inches thick; in other instan- ces in beds, so thick as to form the whole mountains. The felspar is white, and very fine granular: it contains nume- ` rous grains of red garnet, even grains of quartz, and some- times scales of white mica. In short it is to be considered as a granular felspar, generally containing scales of mica, with some grains of quartz, and of other minerals. It forms beds ` and whole hills in Saxony, Moravia, and Sweden. e. Quartz Rock.—This rock occurs in great beds, in gneiss districts. - ; i f. Mica-slate.—Beds of mica-slate, sometimes of great mag. nitude, occur occasionally in gneiss districts. g. Clay-slate.—This mountain rock sometimes occurs in beds in gneiss. | ; qu EE ARR Pe ERG ss gt ee TT cL 358 | PRIMITIVE ROCKS, h. Granite.— Beds of granite, varying in magnitude from a few feet to many fathoms in thickness, are met with in gneiss. 8. Veins.—Strata of gneiss are frequently traversed by veins, and of these the most frequent are granite, felspar, and quartz : less frequent are sienite, porphyry and trap. 9. Metalliferous Minerals.—Gneiss is one of the most me- talliferous of the primitive rocks. All the useful metals, with the exception of mercury, occur in this rock. "The metals occur in veins, imbedded masses, and beds, but in greatest va- riety in veins. The great iron-mines in Norway, Sweden and Lapland, and the most valuable mines in Saxony, Bohemia, and Salzburg, are situated in this rock. The lead-mines of Strontian in Argyleshire are in veins that traverse gneiss. Geographic distribution.—It is a very widely distributed rock. It is found in almost every country where granite oc- curs; and is often interposed between granite and mica-slate, or is contained in mica-slate, or even in clay-slate. It is an abundant rock in Scotland, forming extensive tracks in the middle and northern divisions, and also in the islands. It is the principal rock in Sweden and Norway. It occupies al- most the whole of the Saxon metalliferous mountains: it abounds in Bohemia and Silesia; it is not uncommon in the Black Forest, the Upper Palatinate, in Carinthia, in the Southern Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Vosges. It occurs also in Greece; and in the vicinity of Athens, the old mine- works of the ancients are situated in it. It is an abundant rock ‘in the United States of America; and in South America, Humboldt met with it in the high chain of the Andes of Qui- to, in the mountains of Parima, and Venezuela. | III. Mica-Srark. Glimmer-Shiefer, ` Werner. —Micaceous Shistus, Kirwan.—. Schiste micacé, Brochant.—Roche feuilletée, quartz et mica, ou Schiste micacé, Saussure.—Schiste micacé, Dau- buisson. 1. Constituent Parts.—This rock is composed of mica and quartz, and, like gneiss, has a slaty structure. "The mica is generally the predominating ingredient; its colour is grey, MICA-SLATE. 359 : sometimes inclining to green, sometimes to yellow, and more rarely to brown. It is often disposed in continuous plates, not in distinct scales, as in gneiss. The quartz is grey, with its usual vitreous lustre, and is disposed in thin lenticular masses, interposed between the plates of mica. Sometimes these mas- ses increase in magnitude, and become globular, and then the rock acquires a conglomerated structure. Although the mica forms the principal and predominating ingredient in mi- ca-slate, yet it sometimes happens that the quartz is the most abundant, and thus a transition is formed into quartz-rock. 9. Varieties.—W e can distinguish different kinds of mica- slate. These are Common, Undulated, Talcky, and Fine Slaty. The common is straight, and rather thick slaty, and contains garnets, and sometimes felspar. The wndulated has a waved structure, and contains neither garnets nor felspar. The talcky is straight slaty; contains thick layers of quartz, and the mica has a green colour, and inclines to talc. The fine slaty borders on clay-slate, (the next rock in the order of succession) has a light yellowish-grey colour, contains ex- tremely little quartz, and passes imperceptibly into clay-slate. Of these, the oldest is the Common, and the newest the Fine- slaty. i 3. Imbedded Minerals.—1t frequently contains imbedded minerals of different kinds. The principal of these are the following : | (1.) Garnet, either in grains or in crystals, and so fre- quent and abundant, that it may almost be considered as a characteristic and principal ingredient of the Webb. (nb. abounds in mica-slate districts im Scotland, as in the tract between Loch-Earn Head and Tyndrum, Moulinearn, Tu- . mel Bridge, &c. ! (2.) Tourmaline and Schorl.—These are met with in the mica-slate of Scotland, and i other countries. (3.) Grenatite-—This mineral occurs in the mica-slate of Aberdeenshire, of the county of Wicklow in Ireland, and in districts of the same description on the Continent of Europe. (4) Chiastolite-—This curious mineral is found in micas slate in the Pyrenees. qq rr to TIE APE i d Geen MT ROUTE = Ls cm 360 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. (5.) Kyanite.—Is found in the mica-slate of the Shetland islands, and also in a similar rock in Banffshire. (6.) Emerald.—'The beautiful emerald found in Egypt occurs in mica-slate. Besides the minerals already enumerated, many others, as vesuvian, rutile, graphite, &c. occur in mica.slate. 4. Stratification and Position.—It is very distinctly stra- tified. The strata are sometimes variously convoluted, and the same character occurs in the substance of the strata. It often rests on gneiss, and is covered by clay-slate. It passes on the one hand into gneiss, and on the other into clay-slate. The outgoings of the strata are frequently lower than those of the gneiss, on which they rest, and higher than those of the clay-slate that cover them. It sometimes also occurs in beds in gneiss, and clay-slate, and even in granite. 5. Beds.—It contains greater variety of beds than gneiss. The following have been observed: Granular limestone, do- lomite, hornblende-slate, and hornblende-rock, actynolite, garnet, tale, serpentine, chlorite, quartz-rock, magetic iron- ore, magnetic-pyrites, copper-pyrites, iron-pyrites, arsenie-py- rites, blende, lead-glance, and red ironstone. 6. Form of Mountains.—The acclivities of the mountains are gentle, and the cliffs it forms are not so considerable as those in gneiss mountains. When mural precipices occur, they are seldom of great height. The summits of the hills are often round-backed. 7. Metalliferous Minerals.—'The ores it contains occur both in beds and veins. The ores that occur in beds are the following: magnetic iron-ore, iron-pyrites, copper-pyrites, ar- senic-pyrites, red iron-ore, lead.glance, blende, gold, and glance-cobalt; and these ores are accompanied with actyno- lite, garnet, and asbestus. ; The veins that occur in mica-slate contain in general the same ores as those in gneiss. The gold mines at the foot of Monte, Rose are principally in mica-slate ; and this is also the case with some of those in the country of Salzburg. The silver-min&s of Johan-Geor- genstadt and Braunsdorf in Saxony; those of Sweden and | CLAY-SLATE. 361 Norway, and many in Silesia and Bohemia, are in mica- slate. The mines of Dalecarlia and Fahlun in Sweden ; those of Roraas in Norway; many in Hungary and Salzburg, Saxo- ny and Bohemia, are situated in this rock. 8. Geographical Distribution.—It occurs in great abun- dance in Scotland ; as in the valley between Dunkeld and Blair-in-Athol; the mountain of Schihallion, and the neigh- bouring country; islands of Jura and Isla, Contre, Se. It is also very widely distributed in the continent of Europe; as in Saxony, Bohemia, Silesia, France, Spain, the Bannat, Transylvania, Switzerland, Salzburg. It also occurs in the United States, in South America, erg in the continents of Africa and € 5, N À 1 uu d he LA y A. ks vi) Loes ARA er LA, pM gu Y- t- m jete ee e. "re Crax-SrATE. ar ft co ef 'Thonschiefer, Werner.—Primitive argillaceous Schistus, Kir- wan. —Schiste Gebëss Brochant. Ee Daubuis- sen. B oe Maniatis. —Clay-slate is a simple mountain rock, which exhibits the following characters : External Character. EEN grey, green, black and red; and these are sometimes disposed in spots, or stripes. Occurs massive. Surface smooth, or traversed by strive. In- ternally glistening, or glimmering and pearly. Fracture more or less perfectly slaty, and either straight or undula- ting. Sometimes a double obliquely intersecting cleavage. Fragments generally tabular, seldom long splintery or trape- zoidal. Opaque. Affords a greyish-white dull streak. Soft. Sectile, and splits easily. Feels rather greasy. o = 2.661, Kirwan.—2.786, Karsten. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 48.6; Alumina, 23.5; Per- oxide of Iron, 11.3; Potash, 4.7; Magnesia, 1.6; Water, and volatile matter, 7.6 ; Carbon and Manganese, 1.0. 9. Varieties.—'L here are four kinds of clay-slate. 'The first kind has a yellowish-grey colour, and shining lustre: it is the oldest kind, to use the language of Werner, and is ‘that which reposes immediately on mica-slate ; it is in short 862 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. the link that connects clay-slate with mica-slate. "Phe second kind is dark-grey ; sometimes even bluish-grey and greyish- black, forming what is denominated roof-slate, from the cir- cumstance of its splitting into thin and large tables, and being used in the roofing of houses. We must be careful, however, not to consider all roof-slate as of primitive forma- tion. ‘To this follows, in the order of succession, the third kind, which has a greenish-grey colour. The fourth and last, which is the newest kind of clay-slate, is bluish-grey, and reddish : it contains few intermixed scales of mica; possesses but little lustre; and is the link that connects primitive clay- slate with transition clay-slate. 3. Stratification.—It is distinctly stratified, and its slaty structure is generally parallel to the seams of the strata; in some cases, however, a double cleavage is observable ; and Count de Bournon observes, that many clay-slates break un- der angles of 60° and 120°, which he supposes may be owing to the presence of mica. The strata are in general much in- clined, and are often variously convoluted and waved, and sometimes they appear to be composed of distinct concre- tions, of various forms and magnitudes. 4. Imbedded Minerals.—Independent of the grains of quartz and scales of mica irregularly distributed through mi- ca-slate, we find it containing large imbedded masses of quartz, and hornblende, and crystals of chiastolite. 5. Subordinate Beds.—It contains a greater variety and number of beds than gneiss or mica-slate; and of these some are nearly peculiar to it, and characterise the whole for- mation. We ‘shall first mention those which are common to gneiss and mica-slate, as well as clay-slate, and then those that are, to a certain extent, peculiar to elay-slate. (1.) Rocks that occur in gneiss, mica-slate, and clay-slate. 1. Limestone. 2. Hornblende-rock. 9. Primitive Green- stone. 4. Hornblende-slate. 5. Porphyry. 6. Quartz. H. Ac- éynolite. | (2.) Rocks peculiar to the clay-slate formation, or which ` occur very frequently in it. 1. Whet-slate. It occurs in beds in Saxony, Bavaria, Silesia, Stiria, and other countries. 2. CLAY¢SLATE. : 363 Roof-slate. 'This is but a variety of clay-slate, distinguished. by its bluish or ash-grey colour ; its straight slaty fracture ; its splitting into large tables, and its being nearly pure and unmixed. It seldom or never forms whole mountains, but occurs usually in single thick beds with other kinds of clay- slate. 3. Chlorite-slate. This usually follows the preceding. It forms whole beds, and includes garnets, crystallised mag- netic iron-ore, iron-pyrites, common schorl, tourmaline, and. quartz. 4. T'alc-slate. ‘This is usually the next in the order of succession. 5. Alwm-slate. It occurs in considerable beds in clay-slate; and the two subspecies, the common and shin- ing, alternate with each other. It contains a portion of car- bon, and also iron-pyrites. 6. Drawing-slate. It occurs usually in the vicinity of alum-slate, and is very nearly allied toit. Itcontains more carbon than alum-slate, but less iron- pyrites. ‘7. Potstone occurs in considerable beds. 8. Flinty- slate occurs in considerable beds in this great formation. 9. Lydian-stonė occurs in beds and imbedded masses. 6. Formations.—This rock occurs along with mica-slate, and sometimes in beds in gneiss, and even in granite. Y. Form of Mountains.—It sometimes forms whole moun- tains, and even chains of mountains. Its mountams have usually a gentle acclivity ; and its cliffs are not so steep and rough as those of mica-slate or gneiss. It is more favourable . to vegetation than any of the rocks already described ; and ` itis observed that the quanüty of vegetation increases from granite to clay-slate; a circumstance which appears to de- pend, not so much on the lower level of the outgoings of its strata, as on the nature of the rock itself. We can thus observe a gradual change in the shape of mountains, also of their cliffs and valleys, from granite to clay-slate ; and these differences are so striking and characte- ristic, that a long-experienced eye can, at a glance from the summit of a mountain, point out with considerable certainty the different formations of which a country is composed. Landscape-painters, by confounding togethet all these diffe- rences, or by combining them irregularly, fail not only in ac- curacy, but in giving their work that appearance, which 364 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. shews, at first glance, that it is not only a copy of nature, but a copy by one who has formed a distinct conception of the general and particular features of the inequalities obser- vable on the surface of the earth. Some affect to maintain, that the grand features of mountains and plains, are different in different zones. Thus, that in the torrid zone, for ex- ample, the shape, cliffs, and other appearances in mountains, are different from those in the temperate zone. This opinion, however, is erroneous; for the same formation in all coun- tries presents similar external characters; and as the great formations are universal, no such differences can exist. It is true, that the blue colour of the heaven, its degree of illumi- nation, the appearance of distant mountain-vapour, the shape of animals, the luxuriance of vegetables, combined with the features of mountains, will form a particular character for each climate; but still the aspect of the rocks of the same formation, in whatever country they occur, will be the same, Thus cliffs of granite and mica-slate, have the same appear- ance in India and Siberia as in Scotland ; and the valleys of the Urals, do not differ in shape and other features from those formed by similar rocks in this neighbourhood. 7. Metalliferous Minerals.—Clay-slate is rich in metals. It contains many of the venigenous formations that occur in the preceding primitive rocks, as tin, lead, cobalt, and silver. Very considerable metalliferous beds also frequently occur, and these contain copper-pyrites, red copper-ore, copper-green, blue copper, malachite, iron-pyrites, magnetic pyrites, glance- cobalt, grey cobalt-ore, arsenic-pyrites, blende and lead-glance. Gold also occurs in this formation, and it is said also cinna- bar. — 8. Geographical Distribution.—It is a very widely extend- ed rock. In this country, it skirts the Highlands from Loch- lomond by Callender, Comrie, and Dunkeld; in the whole of that extensive district, resting on, and gradually passing into mica-slate; the same appearances are to be observed in many other quarters in Seetland. On the continent of Eu- rope, it has been traced through a great extent of country ; thus it occurs in Saxony, Bohemia, Silesia, Franconia, Bava- PRIMITIVE LIMESTONE. 865 ria; the Alps of Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, and many other parts in Europe. t occurs also in considerable quan- tity in North America, as Pennsylvania; also in immense quantity in South America; thus it is said that nearly the whole country between Potosi and Lima, is composed of it. In some of the districts above enumerated, transition clay- slate has been confounded with the primitive kind. V. PRIMITIVE LIMESTONE. Ur Kalkstein, Werner.—Primitive Limestone, Kirwan.—Cal- caire Primitif, Brochant and Daubuisson. : Characters.—'TYhis is a simple mountain-rock.. Its most common colours are snow, yellowish, greyish, greenish, and reddish white ; it is sometimes also grey, and the newer varic- ties incline to yellow. Its structure is always granular. Those varieties which are associated with granite and gneiss are ge- nerally more crystalline than those contained in mica-slate and clay-slate; and primitive limestone is usually more crystal- line than secondary. Werner remarks, that in the oldest members of the series, that is in those contained in granite, the colour of the limestone is pure white, translucent, and coarse granular; in the newer members, the colour is less pure, the translucency less considerable, and the granular dis- tinct concretions smaller ; and i in the newest, the concretions Lo. T iy d bine Rian bw [v drr tah Lo dL tk het ialt Ü 9. Imbedded "Minerals.—It frequently contains wide | ingredients, and these occur oftener in the older than in the newer members of the series, ‘The following may be enu- merated: 1. Quartz. It occurs in massive pieces of greater or less magnitude, and sometimes also in crystals: 2. Mica. It sometimes occurs in such quantity as to give’ the stone a slaty fracture. These two minerals, namely, quartz and mica, are the most common accidental minerals met with in primi- tive limestone. ‘Those of less frequent occurrence are the following: common hornblende, actynolite, asbestus, serpen- tine, augite, talc, steatite, felspar, epidote, tremolite, garnet, calcareous-spar, slate-spar, and pyrites, 366 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. 3. Stratification.—It occurs more or less distinctly strati- fied. It was once erroneously maintained, that granular ag- gregated stones, as primitive limestone, granite, sienite, i greenstone, were never stratified. Primitive limestone also occurs in beds of greater or less magnitude; sometimes these beds are short and thick, and are then said to form lying masses (liegende Stécke;) or the beds are so thick and ex- tensive as to form whole mountains, but this latter is a rare occurrence. 4. Formations—There are several formations of primitive limestone. ‘Thus it forms one formation in granite, another in gneiss, a third in mica-slate, and a fourth in clay-slate. It is more abundant in mica-slate than in granite or gneiss, or even in clay-slate. 5. Metalliferous Minerals.—1t frequently contains ores of different kinds, and these occur often in beds, but seldomer in veins. The metalliferous beds contain lead-glance, blende, magnetic iron-ore, magnetic-pyrites, auriferous arsenic-pyrites, and native gold. ‘The veins are very inconsiderable, and by some mineralogists are said to contain principally manganese. 6. Geographical Distribution.—Several beautiful varieties oceur in this country, as in the islands Tiree, Icolmkill, and Skye; also in Perthshire, as in Glen Tilt; in Assynt, in the county of Sutherland, and many other places. The pro- montory of Athos, in the Archipelago, is said to be composed of primitive limestone ; also the Island of Paros, and part of the Apennines, as about Carrara and Massa, of the Alps of Switzerland, the Pyrenees, Carrapatos in Portugal, Bohe- mia, Saxony, Silesia, and many other parts of the continent of Europe. 8. Uses.—The finest statuary marbles are found in primi- tive mountains, and also many of the varieties used in orna- H mental architecture. Primitive GYPSUM. Urgyps.— Werner. Hitherto this rock has not been observed to form masses or beds of considerable extent in primitive mountains. The PRIMITIVE TRAP. 267 principal authentic example recorded of primitive gypsum, is that given by Daubuisson, who informs us he discovered a bed of it in mica-slate in the valley of Aoste, and near the village of Cogne. VI. PRIMITIVE Trap. Ur-Trapp, Werner. —- Granitelles, Trapp Corneennes, Ophites, Saussure.— Trapps Primitifs, Brochant.—Am- phibolite, Daubuisson. i 1. Name.—The name Trap is derived from the Swedish word trappa, signifying a stair, and it would appear that it was first used by Rinman, in a memoir on ferruginous stones, published in 1754. The Swedes applied this name to rocks which, on exposure to the air, assumed shapes resem- bling the steps of a stair. It was, however, soon extended to many rocks of very different formation ; hence it was found necessary to restrict its signification. Geologists now con- sider as primitive trap-rocks, all those in which hornblende is the principal constituent part. | f The following Table exhibits the rocks of this series. 1. Common hornblende-rock. a. Granular hornblende-rock. b. Hornblende-Slate. 2. Hornblende mixed with felspar, and sometimes with hypersthene. a. Greenstone. Diabase,—Brongniart. æ. Common Greenstone. g. Porphyritic Greenstone. y. Greenstone Porphyry. | Aphanite, — Hay. 2. Green Porphyry. b. Greenstone Slate. Diabase schisteuse. c. Hypersthene Greenstone. | 9. Hornblende mixed with mica. T. Common Hornblende-rock is almost entirely composed of hornblende. It contains two subordinate kinds; the first is denominated Granular Hornblende-rock; the second, oe ey = 368 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. which differs from the first only in having-a slaty structure, is denominated Hornblende-slate. It passes sometimes into gneiss, and sometimes into chlorite-slate, and often into horn- blende-rock. These two rocks occur in beds, in gneiss, mica- slate, and clay-slate, but the beds are thicker and more nu- merous in the clay-slate than in mica-slate or gneiss. It occurs in the Islands of Arran, Coll, Sud 'Tiree; also in the district extending from Lochlomond to Dunkeld, and many other places of the Highlands of Scotland, It abounds also in Bohemia, Saxony, the Tyrol, Siberia, and many other countries. . 2. Hornblende mixed with Felspar.—'This species contains three subordinate kinds; the first is Greenstone, the second Greenstone-slate ; and the third Hypersthene Greenstone. (1.) The Greenstone comprehends the following varieties : Common Greenstone, Porphyritic Greenstone, Greenstone- porphyry, and Green Porphyry. a. Common Greenstone is a granular aggregate of horn- blende and felspar. b. Porphyritic Greenstone is the pre- ceding kind, including large crystals of felspar, and conse- quently having a porphyritic structure. c. Greenstone Por- phyry. In this variety the granular basis, which is very compact, includes crystals of felspar. It is the Black Por- phyry of the ancients. d. Green Porphyry. In this var lety the granular nature of the basis is no longer visible to the GI eye § it appears uniform and simple; has a blackish- green or pistachio-green colour, and includes crystals of compact felspar. It is the Porfire verte, or antique green porphyry of antiquaries. Greenstone appears sometimes stratified. Its different varieties first appear in gneiss, then in mica-slate, and lastly in clay-slate. In mica-slate, but more particularly in gneiss, the beds are few and inconsiderable ; whereas, in clay-slate, they are numerous and of great magnitude. It probably, in some instances, occurs in an unconformable and overlying position. - It occurs abundantly in this country. Thus the clay-slate and mica-slate, that form so. great a portion of the country SERPENTINE. 369 extending from Loch Lomond, by Callendar, Comrie and Dunkeld, contain numerous beds of greenstone; and there, as is the case in all other countries, the clay-slate contains more numerous and larger beds than the mica-slate. It is al- so very abundant on the continent of Europe, as in Norway, Saxony, Bohemia, Silesia, Thuringia, Hungary, the Alps of Switzerland, and Savoy. (2.) Greenstone-Slate is composed of hornblende and com- pact felspar, and has a distinct slaty structure. The felspar in general is rather more abundant than the hornblende, It sometimes contains scales of mica, It occurs only in clay-slate, and according to Werner is the newest of the primitive traps. It occurs in great beds, and even in mountain-masses; so that in some countries, as Swe- den, it is said to form ranges of hills. It is very metallife- rous, The celebrated mining district of Gersdorf, in Saxo- ny, is situated in this rock. The mining districts of Rudol- stadt in Silesia, and of Adelfors 1 m weng are also in green- stone-slate. (3.) Hypersthene Greenstone.—This ae besides hornblende and felspar, contains hypersthene, and magne- tic iron-ore is also a frequent imbedded mineral. In the Island of Skye it forms whole mountains, where it is asso- ciated with common greenstone, and also with porphyry. 3. Hornblende mixed with Mica.—'This is an intimate mixture of hornblende and felspar, including scales of mi- ca, It occurs, in beds, in gossa and mica-slate. / = 3 ge a Ue AE Ho Messe fu bee. uere J^ ^, d PE ^ d Ue h VII. SERPENT INE. Serpentin, Werner.—Serpentine, K aes a Bro- | chant. 1. Characters.—This Se appears to the eye as a simple mineral; although there are many circumstances that go to prove its compound nature. Its colour is green, sometimes variously marked with tints of brown, red, yellow, and grey. The lustre alternates from dull to glistening, and the frac. - ture from splintery to conchoidal. It ranges from translu- | Y: A a EE 370 ^ PRIMITIVE ROCKS. cent on the edges to translucent. or to semitransparent, as in the finer’ kinds of the Precious Serpentme: of authors. It yields easily to the: knife, but not to the nail. Feels rather greasy, and has a specific gravity of 2.468,—2.704. Its con- stituent porte are, Silica, 32; Magnesia, 91.94; Water, 14; and Iron, 5.50; with minute portions of chrome, alumina, lime, and manganese. 2. Imnbedded: Minerals.—1t frequently contams accidental minerals, or is indetermmately mixed with another mineral. Of the latter only one instance is known. ` It is the mixture of limestone and serpentine, forming what is denominated verde antico. The imbedded: minerals are common talc, m- durated lithomarge, steatite, common \asbestus, amianthus, mica, schiller-stone, native magnesia, magnesite, meerschaum, actynolite, rock-cork, rock-wood, diallage, pyrope; opal, chry-. soprasé, hornstone, amethyst, quartz, and hornblende crystals. 9: Subordinate Beds.—The only beds it contains are lime- stone and euphotide. 4. Stratification.—lt is scarcely ever stratified, and when traces of stratification do appear, they are very indistinct. 5. Metalliferous Minerals.—t always contains magnetic ironstone, either in imbedded grains and masses, or in veins, and these are sometimes so considerable, as to be wer- thy of being worked as mines. There are mines of this de- scription in the Alps. 'Phe chromate of iron, so much va- lued in the arts, occurs disseminated, also in imbedded masses and in veins in this mountain-rock, in. the Shetland Islands, and at Portsoy ; also in Provence and in Stiria; and in the New World, in the United States of America. With ex- ception of iron, this rock contains but few metalliferous mi- ' nerals; nevertheless, near to Joachimsthal in Bohemia, it contains so much galena, that a mine is established in it ; in Cornwall, and the Shetland Islands, it contains native copper. 6. Formations.—It occurs in beds and mountain masses in gneiss, mica-slate, and clay-slate. ". Decomposition.—On exposure to the weather, its sur- face becomes earthy, and the colour changes from green to. TM - . AM e H : SERPENTINE. - 371 Í i ochre-yellow, owing to the change of the protoxide of iron ' W into hydrate of iron. It resists the destroying effects of the S i weather more obstinately than the gneiss, mica-slate, or clay- i li slate, with which it is associated, and hence peaks and other projecting forms of serpentine, are observed rising through the softer and less durable surrounding gneiss and other WEE : $ | Like all other magnesian rocks, it is tical to vegetation. — RK | The mountains of which it is composed, are bare adt bleak ; i and this nakedness, joined to the sombre colour, gives a ` HI dreary and monotonous aspect to most serpentine districts. ae W 8. Geographical Distribution —It occurs in great beds s 1 in the Shetland Islands, along with gneiss, mica-slate, chlo- i rite-slate, and quartz-rock ; in beds at Portsoy in Banffshire, ` | along with quartz-rock, trap-rock, mica-slate, and limestone ; i | near Cortachie in Angusshire ; near to Drimnadrochit in In- | verness-shire; in Sutherland, and other parts of Scotland ; i i and abundantly i in Cornwall in England. ISBN ES It is very abundant in the Alps, in beds, often of enormous . E thickness. Occurs in the Pyrenees, but not so frequently as A inthe Alps. Frequent in the mountains of Silesia, Saxony, Hu the Fichtelgebirge, &c. | | Common in the mountains of the United States of Ame- rica. It occurs in the mountains of Valentiana in Mexico, | d where it alternates with beds of sienite, primitive-trap, and | d clay-slate ; and in the island of Cuba it is associated with sie- ; We nite. 9. Uses.—It is cut and polished, and used as an ornamen- ` tal stone. 777 > i S ? a. a bet 5.3 i " h ei cM ip be Unde diesel Q Ware A of rum ( i 4 e ef ` VIII. EUPHOTIDE, OR Mäzen, ROEK vo d da M Euphotide, Haiiy.—Gabbro of the Halians. gsx M | 1. Constituent Parts.—This rock is composed principally of nit .- felspar and diallage; and contains occasionally, in the b H |» form of accidental intermixed parts, chlorite, mica, quartz, ki actynolite, hornblende, garnet, and iron-pyrites. Those va. | [4 ` i rieties that occur in the vicinity of serpentine are frequently 1 i f intermixed with that rock. = 2. Structure.—Is disposed in beds, varying in thickness = — | from a few inches to many fathoms, in various primitive rocks, Aa 372 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. and sometimes these beds contain cotemporaneous portions of the rocks. 3. Veins and Imbedded Masses.—Veins of dialiage, chlo- rite, asbestus, actynolite, steatite, and of the rock itself, occa- sionally traverse it in all directions; and imbedded masses of various forms and magnitude, of the rock itself, and of the minerals already enumerated, occur in the euphotide of Shet- land, and other countries. 4. Beds in Euphotide.—It sometimes contains beds of ser- pentine, or of gneiss, and other rocks, with which it is asso- «ciated. | ; 5. Formations.—It occurs in beds in gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, and serpentine. 6. Decomposition.—On exposure to the weather it acquires a whitish crust, and frequently splits into numerous angular masses, owing to intermixed thin layers of chlorite; and these in the course of time become disintegrated, and form beds of cay, — ; 7. Geographical Distribution —Occurs abundantly in the Shetland Islands, particularly in the Islands of Unst, Balta, Houna, Fetlar, and Mainland ; also in the serpentine districts in Scotland, and in Cornwall in England. Von Buch found it in great abundance in Norway, even so far north as North Cape; and it has been met with in Germany, Switzerland, and. Italy. : 8. Uses.—Some of the varieties, when cut and polished, present a very beautiful surface; hence it is much esteemed in some countries, as Italy, as an ornamental stone. The Nero di prato, Verde di prato, Granito di gabbro, of the Ita- lians, are either varieties of euphotide, or of serpentine with disseminated metalloidal diallage. IX. Porruyry. Porphir, Werner. —Porphyre, Brochant and Daubuisson. 1. Name.—The Grecian word from which the name por- phyry is derived, signifies red ; hence the name of the forma- tion is borrowed from that kind which is denominated An- tique Red Porphyry. It is worthy of remark, that red, or PORPHY RY. 919 colours bordering on it, or passing into it, prevail in rocks be- longing to the porphyry formation. 2. Composition and Varicties.—It is a compound rock, ha- ving a basis, in which the other cotemporaneous constituent. parts are imbedded, either in the form of grains or crystals. Neither the base nor the imbedded parts are always of the same kind. On the differences of the first, depends the dis- tinction of the different kinds of porphyry. The base is sometimes claystone, forming claystone porphyry, hornstone forming hornstone porphyry, compact felspar forming félspar porphyry, pitchstone, when it is named pitchstone porphyry ; and if it contains much hornblende, it has been named sieni- tic porphyry. The imbedded parts are most commonly fel- spar and quartz, which are usually more or less perfectly cry- stallized. The quartz is usually crystallized, and in double six-sided pyramids. The felspar crystals are broad six-sided ` prisms, but usually very indistinct. The felspar is more or less fresh, sometimes even glassy, sometimes completely disin- tegrated and earthy, or only in white specks. The frequen- cy and magnitude of these mixed parts, of quartz and felspar, modify the appearance of the different kinds of porphyry very much. Sometimes one, sometimes the other, but more frequently both, occur together, and along with several other minerals which are less frequent, as crystals of hornblende and mica. The basis and the mixed parts of the porphyry also differ in colour and several other properties. It some- times contains caleedony and agate, which are in massive pieces, or in small layers or plates. Further, there sometimes occur balls of a greater or less size; in clay-porphyry the centre of these balls is calcedony, but their exterior is horn- stone porphyry ; but in pitehstone-porphyry, these balls are composed of a particular kind of conchoidal hornstone, but the centre is quartz. It sometimes also contains precious and common opal, and these are either disseminated through it, or traverse it in the form of very small veins. — 3. Structure-—Porphyry is seldom stratified, and when it is stratified, the strata are very indistinct. It is usually either massive, and merely traversed by numerous accidental rents, 914 PRIMITIVE ROCKS. or disposed in distinct concretions, which are tabular and co- lumnar, or they are globular, and these, again, are composed of concentric lamellar concretions. A Beds in Porphyry.—Porphyry contains few beds, with the exception of those of granite, gneiss, and greenstone. One of the best examples of porphyry with. beds, is that gi- ven by Beudant, who describes three different sorts as occur- rng in the sienitic porphyry in the environs of Schemnitz in Hungary. ‘These are, 1. Thin beds of mica-slate, that al- ternate with small granular sienite. 2. Beds of quartz. 3. Beds of compact limestone, impregnated with steatite, and in- termixed with serpentine. 5. Metalliferous Minerals.—It contains many metallife- rous minerals. They occur more frequently in veins than in beds; but as the porphyry is seldom: stratified, and as the surface of superposition is not. often seen, it is difficult to de- termine to which of the two kinds of repositories they belong. The richest mines at present known, those of Mexico, are si- tuated in enormous veins that traverse sienitic porphyry. The mines of Hungary, the most considerable on the conti- nent of Europe, are situated in the same kind of porphyry ; and it would appear that the famous mines of Cyprus, so much extolled by the ancients, were also in porphyry. The numerous veins of lead, copper, and silver, worked at Giro- magny, in the Vosges, are in a porphyry tract. 6. Formatións.—Porphyry occurs in imbedded. masses, beds, and veins, in granite, gneiss, mica-slate, and clay-slate. Y: Form of Mountains.—T hey are often conical, sometimes like truncated cones, or appear dome-shaped. i 8. Geographical Distribution.—It. occurs. in. the Shetland Islands, in several of the. Hebrides, and on the mainland of Scotland, in Sutherland, Ross-shire, Inverness-shire, Perth- shire, Ze, In England it is iet with in Cornwall, and in other districts. On the continent of Europe, it occurs in Sweden; it forms a part of the Vosges, and rises in moun- tains in the granite district of F'orez ; also in France. It has not been met with m the Pyrenees, nor is it mentioned as occurring-in the Alps of Switzerland, nor in the northern side PORPHYRY. 215 of the grand chain of the Alps, but it occupies a considerable tract on the southern side, from the Lake of Como to Carin- ` thia and Carniola. It appears, although not very abundantly, in Silesia, Saxony, and Thuringia, and forms extensive tracts in Hungary. It abounds in some districts in Upper Egypt, Siberia, and in North and South America. 9. Uscs.—lt was formerly used extensively in ornamental architecture, and is still worked in considerable quantity as an ornamental stone, in Elfdal in Sweden, where there are considerable quarries of porphyry. Quartz-Rocx. Quarz fels, Werner.—Quartz en Roche, Dawbuisson.— ` Quartzite, Brongniart and Bonnard. A Characters.—Quartz occurs not only as an essential con- stituent part of granite, gneiss, and mica-slate, and dissemi- nated in beds and veins in these rocks, but also in mountain masses and mountains. Quartz-rock, properly so called, is generally of.a white colour, and sometimes reddish or bluish. It has a granular structure ; the concretions vary from the smallest size visible to the naked eye, to that of an egg, or even larger; or it is compact. It frequently contains grains of felspar, and also scales of mica. When the felspar and mica increase in quantity, it passes into granite, or into ' CNVEH gneiss; when only the mica, into mica-slate. 9. Structure.—Occurs either distinctly, stratified, or mas- sive, and without the stratified structure. — crt a Metalliferous M inerals.—It often contains disseminated iron-pyrites, and occasionally lead-glance, copper-pyrites, and blende. ; A Form of M ountains.—Mountains of quartz-rock are of- ten conical, sometimes even peaked, or they are crenated. 5. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds and mountain masses, in granite, gneiss, ymica-slate, and clay-slate, and in- deed in a certain degree associated with most of the rocks of the primitive series. 6. Geographical Distribufion.—Abounds in many districts 4n Scotland, as in the islands of Jura and Isla, the Shetland SL TRS, e oe E ; ; p " z * p E ass x e d — — " i - et? , " " » - P Ai Ó— — -— e cen ii In PU IHR P it v, B m M f M 376 TRANSITION ROCKS. islands; on the mainland, in Sutherland, Caithness, Inver- ness-shire, Argyleshire, &c. FS — ea Crass II. TRANSITION Rocks. Ubergansgebirge, Werner.—Terrains intermediaires, Dau- buisson. The rocks of the primitive class, as already remarked, are distinguished in a general view by their highly crystalline structure, and want of petrifactions, or fossil organic remains. In some countries we observe resting upon them, and even alternating with them, a series of rocks, of which clay-slate is a predominating member, having less of the crystalline aspect, and which contains fossil organic remains. Werner considers this set of rocks as interposed between the grand series of primitive ‘and secondary rocks; and that, although it occa- sionally alternates, on the one hand, with the primitive, and on the other with some members of the secondary class, still its characters are so well marked, that he views it as a distinct . class, to which he gave the name Transition, from its forming, as it were, the transition or passage from the primi- tive to the secondary rocks. Although some mineralogists have abandoned this view, and now arrange the transition rocks along with those of the primitive or secondary classes, we are still inclined to consider them as deserving a separate place in the geognostic system. It is true, that the transition rocks are but a.continuation of the primitive, and, on a gene- ral view, might with propriety be considered as a portion of that series; but their imbedded fossil organic remains, less crystalline aspect, and particular rocks, such as grey wacke, appear to characterise them, if not as a distinct class, yet as a separate group, in the grand series of rock formations. The following are the rocks of this class: 1. Greywacke. . Limestone. Granite and porphyry. . Gneiss, mica.slate, &c. Serpentine. GREYWACKE, 8". ^7. Red Sandstone. | 8. Trap. d 9. Gypsum. ; ai | Er i , I. Giu c. JM, PRES, ay pe SAXREYWACKE: o Clag yg late garth UM 45 LÀ "d Grauwacke, Werner.—'Yraumate, | Daubuisson.—Psawite, y. 2 Brongniart.—Breche, Poudingue, and Gres, of some | | French geologists. , ; | C 1. Composition.—1t is composed of angular or other shaped | / Af portions of quartz, felspar, Lydian-stone and clay-slate, con- Ra ee ‘i nected together by means of a basis or ground of the nature of o | clay-slate, which is often highly impregnated with silica, thus giving to the mass a. considerable degree of hardness. "The Ml “imbedded portions vary in size, but seldom exceed a few : | inches in breadth and thickness. When the imbedded por- tions become very small, the rock assumes a slaty structure, and forms the Greywacke slate of geognosts. When the grains almost entirely disappear, and the rock is principally . composed. of clay-slate, it. 1s named transition clay-slate. H This clay-slate has frequently a much more earthy aspect i ; than the varieties found in primitive districts. Besides the ul grey wacke already described, another rock is occasionally met | | $i with in transition districts, and is named transition conglo- merate, or transition puddingstone. It is composed. of round- ish or angular masses of granite, porphyry, gneiss, and clay- slate, often larger than a man’s head, imbedded in clay-slate, or nearly without a basis or ground. ` Common greywacke does not occur so frequently as grey- ` Jl wacke-slate, and transition clay-slate. ; 9. Subordinate Beds.—Transition clay-slate, and grey- kd wacke, contain occasionally different kinds of rocks in subor- ! E. Í dinate beds, or in veins. The following are the principal of 1 hi these : wy E a. Quartz.—It occurs in beds, imbedded masses, and veins, ——— i í and frequently in very considerable quantity. E | ) b. Tale-—This mineral occurs in imbedded masses, and in. : A8. layers in transition clay-slate. 378 TRANSITION ROCKS. c. Whet-Slate.—'This mineral forms beds in clay-slate. d. Serpentine.—Beds of serpentine, often of great thick- ` ness, and of considerable extent, occur along with transition clay-slate. €. Lydian Stone.— Beds of this rock occur in clay-slate. J. Alum-Stlate.—This rock is clay-slate impregnated with carbon and sulphur. -The sulphur is either combined. with the ‘carbon, or united with iron, forming iron-pyrites. On exposure to the weather the sulphur becomes oxygenated, is converted into sulphuric acid, which acts-on the alumina of the slate, and thus forms a sulphate of alumina. | g Drawing-Slate or Black-Chalk.—This also is clay-slate, but more highly impregnated with carbon than the alum- slate. - When soft it is used as crayons for sketching. h. Glance-Coal.—'l his mineral occurs in beds subordinate to varieties of clay-slate and grey-wacke, which sometimes contain vegetable impressions. Of this there: are examples in Switzerland and in the kingdom of Saxony. i. Compact Felspar.—Beds of this mineral occur in the transition clay-slate and grey-wacke of Dumfriesshire, and along with rocks of the same description in France, Italy, and Spain. k. Greenstone.—This rock is met with ‘in the transition ranges in the south of Scotland, and in similar mountains on the Continent of Europe. | 3. Vegetable Remains.— Transition clay-slate occasionally contains vegetable impressions, particularly ‘those. varieties which are associated with glance-coal. Animal remains are seldom met with in the clay-slate, and still less frequently in the grey-wacke. ‘These are madreporites, trilobites, ammo- nites of a particular description, and -Agsterolites, which are, in some degree, characteristic of ‘this ‘formation, and »which appear to be the nucleus-of the terebratulites -valvarius and paradoxus. It sometimes also contains turbinites and camites. But the ‘rarest and most interesting of the.-animal remains which occur im ‘transition elay-slate, are those of fishes, of which there is an instance at ‘Plattenberg, two leagues ‘south- east of Glaris, in Switzerland. -This fact is stated by several m l _ TRANSITION LIMESTONE. 379 geologists, but we are of opinion) «that it-has not been fully . proved that the rocks of Plattenberg are truly transition. 4. Metalliferous Minerals.—Ores of) various descriptions abound in grey-wacke and transition clay-slate - thus, the lead-mines of. Leadhills and of W anlockhead, are situated in these rocks, and the same is the case with the productive ` lead and silver mines of the Hartz in Hanover, of Vorespo- tack in Transylvania, of Brittany in France, and of Guan- axuato and Zacatecas in. Mexico. -5. Geographical Distribution.—Grey-wacke and transition clay-slate abound in all the mountain. ranges-to the south of the Frith of Forth, are also frequent to the north of the same boundary, and are widely distributed in England. On the Continent of Europe they form a principal feature in the mountains of the Hartz, and extend through Switzerland and the Pyrenees. They occur in vast abundance both in North and in South America. II. Transition LIMESTONE. Ubergangs Kalkstein, A Ne intermediaire. — Daubwisson. 1. Characters.—This limestone is in banera more com. x pact than that met with in decided primitive districts ; yet it is not always so, for it occasionally occurs coarse granular or highly crystallized. Its’ fracture is, in general, splintery, usually combined ‘with very minute foliated, and is translu- cent on the edges. ' It varies very much in colour. It is often ‘black, and frequently many colours occur together, thus forming the variegated marbles of aüthors. ` Many of the varieties are traversed by small cotemporaneous. veins of calcareous spar. Most of tlie ornamental marbles used in architecture belong to the transition class, while the statuary marbles ‘are of primitive, and the ‘coarser ‘marbles of 'secon- dary formation. 2. Subordinate Beds and Imbedded Minerals.—a. Lydian Stone.—It occurs abundantly in bituminous transition lime. ` stones in the north of France, where it is disposed, either in irregular masses like flint in chalk, or 1t forms small plates or 380 TRANSITION ROCKS. tables, or it alternates in beds. The same disposition 1s met with in the transition limestones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Bee, (6.) Mica occurs disseminated or in layers, and sometimes associated with talc or steatite. (c.) Quartz.—It occurs disposed in veins, beds, or disse- minated, and sometimes in the form of rock-crystal. (d.) Pyrites.—It occurs massive, disseminated, or in veins. Le.) Brown Ironstong.— Occurs in veins and beds. (f) Glance-Coal.—Some varieties of black transition lime- stone are highly impregnated with carbonaceous matter, which is occasionally accumulated in particular points, thus forming imbedded masses of glance-coal. 9. Petrifactions.—Fossil organie remains occur but rarely extensively distributed in this rock, but are sometimes abun- dantly accumulated in particular situations. Petrified madre- pores, millepores, sponges, orthoceratites, and terebratulites, are the most frequent, and along with these are entrochites, encrinites, turbinites, ammonites and belemnites. 4. Geographical Distribution.—It occurs, in Scotland, near the Crook, on the road to Moffat, and in other quarters both to the south and north of the Frith of Forth. On the Con- tinent, it occurs at Christiania in Norway ; 3 in many places i in the Hartz, as at Blankenberg, where there are extensive mar- ble quarries, which afford a marble equal to that named ` rosso corallino; in the country of Bareuth, in Saxony, where there are several beautiful varieties, one in particular, of a black colour, with fragments of entrochi, nearly re- sembles the Nero d'Egitto of the Italians. Werner remarks of this petrifaction, the entrochus, that it occurs most fre- quently in black marble, while petrified madrepores and mil- lepores are most common in those of a red colour. In the south of France, and in the Pyrenees, it is a very abun- dant rock ; while in the north of France it forms a part of the great transition. zone which extends from Flanders to the Hartz. ) III. GRANITE, SIENITE, and Ponpnvny. The granite, sienite, and porphyry of the transition series, TRANSITION GRANITE, &c. . 981 bear a strong general resemblance to those of the primi- tive class. The nearest point to Edinburgh where these rocks occur is Fassneyburn, about twelve miles from Had- dington, where transition granite, and porphyry, and also sienite, are met with. Rocks of the same species are also found in Galloway, and in other parts to the south of the Frith of Forth. To the north of the Forth we may mention the vicinity of Macduff in Banffshire, as an example of transi- tion-granite. On the Continent, one of the most striking displays of these rocks occurs in the vicinity of Christiania in Norway, where the following arrangement was detected by Von Buch and Hausmann. 1. Gneiss. 2. Transition clay-slate and limestone. 9. Gra-, nite. 4. Clay-slate and limestone. 5. Greywacke-slate. 6. Flinty slate. NH. Sandstone. 8. Porphyry. 9. Granite. 10, Sienite, with imbedded crystals of zircon. — In this series the gneiss 1s the undermost, while the zircon- sienite forms the uppermost bed of the series. The limestone, in some places, is white and highly crystallized, and contains tremolite, epidote, garnet, blende, &c. but more frequently it is black and compact, and contains orthoceratites, some feet in length, along with pectinites, chamités, trilobites, &c. Similar arrangements have been observed in other parts of the world. IV. GNEISS, Mica-sLATE. These rocks occur in small quantity, associated with grey- wacke and greywacke-slate, in the alpine land to the south of the Frith of Forth, and in some districts to the north of the Forth. An arrangement of the same nature is described by . Brochant as existing in Switzerland. . .N. SERPENTINE. In some districts in the Alps, serpentine occurs in beds in transition rocks. : regne Quantz-Rock. It occurs in beds and in mountain masses, along with clay- E? ECKE erreneren teg Ee emm gene 4. 889 SECONDARY OR FLETZ ROCKS. slate and grey wacke, not only on the Continent, but also in this island. VII. Rep SANDSTONE. This. rock, which is very nearly allied to quartz-rock, occu- pies the same. position as that rock in the primitive series. VIII. Transitton Trap. : Übergangstrapp.— Werner.— Amphibolite.— Daubuisson. The transition trap-rocks are amygdaloid, greenstone, and basalt. These occur in beds and in imbedded masses in Dum- friesshire, and other transition districts in the south of Scot- land. In Ireland it forms beds in a Imestone which ap- pears to belong to the transition series.. The trap-rocks of Oberstein, on the Rhine, and of Voightland, also belong to the transition class. IX.—Transition GYPSUM. Transition gypsum, according to Brochant, is generally white, very fine granular or compact, and contains particles of _ calcareous spar, scales of mica and talc, and portions of rock-salt and of sulphur. He refers the gypsum of Pesey to this class ; also that of Brigg in the Vallais, which is covered witha granu- lar micaceous limestone, and also the deposite in the Val-Cana- ria. The transition clay-slate of Salzburg also contains beds and imbedded masses of gypsum. M. Von Charpentier is of opinion, that the saliniferous gypsum of Bex is situated in beds in a transition limestone. The gypsum is anhydrous in the mid- . dle parts of the beds, but nearer the surface it is in the com- mon state. Crass I1I.—Szconpary or Frerz Rocks. Fleetz gebirge, Werner.— Terrain secondaire, Daubuisson. Secondary rocks, in the regular succession, rest on those of the transition class ; and sometimes the older rocks of the This rock is formed of angular or roundish grains of diffe- rent minerals connected together by means of a basis or ground, or immediately joined without any basis. When the grains are not larger than a hazel-nut, the compound is sim- | 1 | ply named sandstone, but when they exceed that magnitude, | they are denominated conglomerate, if the masses are round- ish, but breccia, if angular. Sandstone is divided. into three 3n kinds, named siliceous, argillaceous, and marly or calcare- . ous. In the siliceous kind, the particles are connected by a | ground or basis of quartz ; in the argillaceous by a basis of clay, which is sometimes highly impregnated with red oxide of iron, and gives a red cast to the whole rock ; and the par- | 1. First, or red sandstone, with the coal formation. 2. Second, or variegated sandstone. | 3. Third sandstone, or quartzy sandstone. 4. Fourth sandstone formation. L Red Sandstone, or Old Red Sandstone. CElter rother Sandstein, Werner.—Rothe todte-hegende, 1 1 German Miners.—Gres ancien, Daubuisson. Hs 1. Characters.—The predominating colour of this rock is n reddish-brown; but some varieties are grey, and others white. i ` It occurs in the form, not only of sandstone, but also of con- - L glomerate and breccia. The grains in the sandstone are prin- 1 D ^ » s E $ 5 A f e i S } ] i i ^ d ; ) é g^ p? d T5 d ^ Lt fen | If. i ^" f Z 4 JE EI j ; [ 4 bb SS i SC , A ` À Sa RE EE EE eg eer Ee ae z A E j h à AM j T a ticles in the marly or calcareous kind, are set in a marly or B calcareous basis. ng The following are the formations of sandstone : i Hi i + SANDSTONE: 383 | | series alternate with clay-slate and other members of the pre- li ceding class, "They are less crystalline than primitive and T transition rocks, and are particularly characterised by the number, variety, and abundance of fossil organie species which al they contain. "The principal secondary rocks are, Sandstone, > A Limestone, Gypsum, and Trap. | d We shall now describe the different formations of these ` ES A1. sandstone, limestone, gypsum, and trap rocks, beginning with a | sandstone. n : I. SANDSTONE. T ; iv 884 SECONDARY OR FL(ETZ ROCKS, cipally quartz, with occasional. intermixtures of felspar, flinty slate, and scales of mica ; the roundish and angular masses 1n the conglomerate and the breccia are frequently of quartz, or of granite, gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, porphyry, sienite, quartz-rock, &c. The basis or ground is generally an iron- shot clay, or it is composed of ‘smaller particles of quartz or felspar, as is often the case in the conglomerates and breccias. The basis is sometimes highly impregnated with silica, and then it is very hard; and, in other varieties, it has a porphy- ritic character. — 9. Subordinate Beds and Veins.—1t contains beds and veins of porphyry, sienite, quartz-rock, slate, limestone, and various trap-rocks, such as amygdaloid, greenstone, ba- salt, trap-tuff, and pitchstone. 9. Petrifüctions.—Very few animal remains occur in this formation, although it frequently alternates with a limestone which contains abundance of marine shells and other similar organic productions. But petrified vegetables are not so un- common, and these are generally of trunks and branches of trees, belonging to the monocotyledonous class,asis proved by their being composed of simple longitudinal fibres, without concentric rings. "A Metall spelen Minerals.—The —! metals found in this formation, are iron, copper, and lead. The iron-ores are the brown and red; the copper ores pyrites and blue copper ; eie the lead, galena or lead-glance. . Geognostic Situation. ën Scotland and Ireland. it is Stace resting on primitive and transition rocks. The same arrangement occurs in Germany, and in other countries on the continent of Europe. 6. Geographical Distribution.—It forms considerable tracts of country in Scotland. Observation —The transition red sandstone, which is eon- nected with quartz-rock, is nearly allied to the present forma- tion. COAL FORMATION. 385 Coar FORMATION. - Coal-measures, or coal-field, English miners.—Steinkohlen- gebirge, Werner.—Terrain houiller, Daubuisson.—Ter- rain à charbon de terre, Older French Geologists. "This very interesting and important formation consists of a considerable number of different rocks.. The following may be enumerated: 1. Coal. 2. Slate. 9. Sandstone. 4. Quartz- rock. 5. Limestone. 6. Ironstone. 7. Clay. 8. Trap. 9. Graphite. Of these rocks, the most frequent are, the sand- stone, slate, ironstone, and coal; the others, from their com- parative rarity, may be viewed as subordinate members of the formation. 1. Coal.—T'wo speciés of coal are found in this formation, viz. black coal, and glance coal, or blind coal; the former has a resinous lusture, and is bituminous, and burns with much flame and smoke; while the other is not bituminous, has a metallic lustre, and burns without flame and smoke. This mineral, whether black coal, or glance coal, occurs rarely in veins, generally in beds, which vary in thickness from a few inches to several yards; and there are rare mstances of their attaining a thickness of three hundred feet, as in the vi- cinity of St Aubin, in Rouergue; but in this case, the coal is disposed rather in enormous imbedded masses, or kidneys, than in true beds. The thickness of the beds often continues: wonderfully regular for a great extent ; but in other instances, they contract and expand in the line of direction; so that, in the course of the same bed, the thickness will vary from an inch to several yards. 9. Slate.—Under this head, we include bituminous shale, slate-clay, and flinty slate. a. Bituminous Shale-—This mineral is clay, more or less. impregnated with coaly matter, of a black colour, with a slaty . fracture, and affording a shining resinous streak. It fre- quently contains impressions of reeds and ferns. It passes. into coal, is frequently intermixed with it, or alternates in. Bb EE ti n Ut te a api n a 486 SECONDARY OR FLOTZ ROCKS: beds, often of considerable we Se, with the other rocks of the coal formation. <0. Slate-Clay.—'Fhis rock is of a grey, or black colour, with a slaty fracture, and affords a dull streak. It some- times contams scales of mica, and grains of quartz and fel- spar; and when these increase in quantity, it passes into sandstone. It frequently contains vegetable impressions, which are principally of ferns and reeds. Like bituminous shale, it alternates, in beds of various magnitudes, with the other rocks of the coal formation. c. Flinty Slate.—The slate-clay is sometimes highly im- pregnated with silica, and then it is very hard and flinty- looking, and passes into the mineral named Flinty Slate. Imbedded masses, and beds of flinty, slate, occur in the slate- clay, and occasionally associated with other members of the- eoal formation. Y 3.. Sandstone.—The predominating mineral in this sand- "stone'is quartz, in granular concretions, which is variously intermingled with flinty slate, felspar, mica, and portions of different species of rock of the primitive species; all of which are generally connected together by a basis ór cement of a. grey-colour and earthy aspect. Sometimes the earthy basis is wanting, when the grains are joined: together in. the same manner as in granite and other rocks of the same descrip- tion, The constituent parts are sometimes so: large as to form conglomerates and breccias; but generally they are small, and when much intermixed with clay, pass into slate- clay, and then they contain more vegetable impressions than. usual. 4. Quartz.—This mineral. in the form of quartz-rock sometimes occurs in beds. m 5. Limestone.— A grey-coloured compact limestone some- times occurs in considerable beds, in coal-fields, and alternates with the various rocks of the formation. In some districts: the limestone is abundant ; in others it is rare; and in many it is entirely wanting. It occurs in the coal-fields near Edin- burgh, and in those i in the i of pee » t gage S p aget Dm m es : PETRO RI ILES scm -} COAL FORMATION: 387 6. Iron-Stone.—This iron-stone, which is sometimes car- bonate, sometimes hydrate of iron, occurs in beds that alter- nate with slate-clay or bituminous shale, or it is disposed in balls and lentieular masses, either irregularly, or in regular rows in the strata. It isa very abundant mineral in most of the coal-fields in Scotland and England, and affords nearly all the iron of commerce produced in Great Brita. ` T. Clay.—The different kinds of fire-clay, so well known in the arts, occur in beds in the coal formation. 8. Trap and Porphyry. — Different species of these di are met with in the coal-fields of Scotland, and of other coun- tries. We have observed the following, viz. Greenstone, Amyg daloid, Basalt, T'rap-tuff, and. Porphyry, in beds. and in veins varying in magnitude and extent. ` 9; Graphite, or Black Lead.—Beds of graphite oceur but rarely i in this formation. "There are examples of this arrange- ment in Ayrshire. à Arrangement of the beds in 1 the Coal Formation, —Al- though no very regular arrangement of the beds occurs in this formation, nevertheless it has been remarked that. in ‘some districts beds of coal are generally contained in the slate; and that as we recede from the coal, the slate be- comes coarser and coarser, and at length passes into sand- stone; in others, the sandstone most generally forms the floor, while the roof is of slate; and in others, the coal is co- vered with trap or limestone, or rests upon these rocks. —— In many coal-fields the beds of coal and. their accompany- ing rocks are frequently repeated in precisely the same order, and in nearly the same thickness, The number of beds of coal superimposed. on each other in the same field is very considerable. At Newcastle, twen- ty-five beds have been penetrated in sinking pits. The hill of Dutweiler in Saarbruck, contains thirty-two beds ; at Liége, there are sixty beds, and at Anzin more than fitfy. Identity of Character of the Formation in di ifferent coun- tries. pi Scotland, the predominating and characteristie members of the formation are sandstone, bituminous shale; slate-clay, clay ironstone, and coal. In England we find in pb2 an ta t e pet EE t i i 988 SECONDARY OR FL(GTZ ROCKS, all the coal-fields precisely the same sandstones, slates, iron- stones, and coals, as in Scotland ; and the same is the case in all the coal mines of France, Germany and America. Every where we meet with the same rocks, the same vegetable im- pressions, and the same general arrangements of the different rocks of the forniation. Stratification.—All the rocks of this formation are stratifi- ed, some more, and others less, distinctly. The most per- fectly stratified are the sandstone and slate; and those hav- ing this structure in the most imperfect degree, are the trap and porphyry rocks. The strata often follow every inequali- ty of the fundamental rock on which they rest; and as the the surface of the fundamental rock is frequently remarkably uneven, the superimposed strata acquire a very irregular and contorted aspect. In some cases the strata do not ap- pear to follow the inequalities of the fundamental rock, but have directions that appear independent both of the surface of the rock, and of the cavity or hollow in which they are contained; Situation.—Tlie rocks of this formation are generally si- tuated at the foot of mountains, or in bason or trough shaped hollows, which vary from a few hundred yards to many miles in extent. It seldom rises high above the level of the sea, and the countries it forms have generally a waved and soft outline. In this island it résts either on the mountain litmestone or red sandstone, and is covered by magnesian limestone and other newer formations. ' Dikes.—The strata of this coal formation are frequently traversed by veins, composed of earthy minerals, which are popularly named Dikes. These dikes are sometimes only a few inches wide, and not many fathoms in extent; in other cases they are upwards of one hundred feet wide, and extend for some miles. Their direction varies, as also their angle of inclination, which latter ranges from the nearly horizontal to the vertical position. The strata in the walls of the dikes, in some cases, correspond on opposite sides, while in others, the corresponding strata on the hanging side are de- pressed some feet, or even fathoms, so that miners, in work- COAL FORMATION. 389 ing a bed of coal for example, when stopped in their progress by a dike, do not find it directly opposite on cutting through it, but some fect or fathoms out of the line of bearing of the bed. When the strata present such an appearance, they are said to be shifted. "The materials of these dikes, or veins, vary, as appears from the following enumeration of the rocks of which they are sometimes formed : Greenstone, - amygdaloid, trap-tuff, porphyry, sandstone, and fragments of the various surrounding strata. The strata, where in contact with dikes, appear sometimes of a different nature from the other parts of their mass; thus, beds of coal, where in con- tact with the dike, appear as if charred, slate-clay hardened, and sand and lime indurated ; yet in the midst of these ap- parently changed portions there occur unaltered minerals, such as calcareous spar, iron pyrites, and clay. Metalliferous .Minerals.—'Fhe ores most frequently met with in this formation, are clay iron-ore, and galena or lead- glance. ‘The iron-ore occurs every where in the coal-fields of this island; but the lead-glance is found in quantity only in the coal districts in the north of England and in Wales. Copper, silver, and even gold, are enumerated among the me- talliferous productions of this formation; and it would appear that cinnabar or sulphuret of its is sometimes also con- tained in it. Petrifactions.—Müneralized organic remains are not un- frequent in the coal-fields of different countries ; and it is wor- thy of remark, that hitherto the same tribes and species have been met with in the coal formations of Great Britain, Ire- ` land, Germany, and France, as in North America and New Holland. Both vegetable and animal remains occur; but of these the former are by far the most varied and abundant. The impressions of plants are frequent, both in slate-clay and bituminous shale; and we do not recollect a coal-mine where these rocks have not been found to contain organic vestiges of this description. Many belong to the monocoty- ledonous class of plants, such are the large reeds and bam- boos ; besides these, we meet with numerous remains of ferns, and species of the genera lycopodium, equisetum, eu- Fo dita. E EEN | 896 SECONDARY OR FL@TZ ROCKS. phorbia, casuarina, &c. Impressions of the branches and fruit of palms, or of vegetables resembling this order, are also occasionally met with. None of these plants are iden- tical with any of the present known living species; and many of them have a tropical aspect. | These vegetable remains seldom occur in the coal, but are abundantly distributed in the slate, particularly where it is near the surface of the bed of coal; and the most frequent remains are those of leaves or of flattened trunks, sometimes changed into coal, enclosed in the layers of the slate; but in other instances the reeds, and other vegetables of large dia- meter, are upright, and are filled with clay, or with the same substances as that in which they are contained. ` The animal remains found in the coal formation are prin- cipally of shells, and of these the most frequent are those which resemble the fresh-water species; such are the differ- ent species of mytulites. diy Origin of Coal.—Two opinions are entertained in regard to the origin and formation of ‘coal. According to the one it is of vegetable origin ; and according to the other it is an ori- ginal chemical formation. Its chemical properties, and nù merous accompanying vegetable remains, which are some- times changed into coal, are the principal facts adduced in fa: vour of its vegetable origin; while its distribution in regular conformable beds, its occurrence in veins, and imbedded masses, its manifold alternations and’ connections with differ: ent strata, some of which never contain vegetable remains, its rhomboidal structure, external characters, its connection with glarice-coal, on the one hand, and with bituminous shale and sindstone on the other, are the appearances which ate consi- dered as illustrating its formation as an original deposit from a state of chemical solution. Bio! ; 2. New Red or Variegated Sandstone. $ Bunter Sandstein, . Werner.—Red Ground, English Geolo- gists.—New Red, Buckland.—Second formation de Gres, et Gres avec argile, Daubuisson.— Gres bigarre, French Geolopists. "NEW RED OR VARIEGATED SANDSTONE. 98901 ‘Characters.—It is small granular, with an argillaceous or marly basis. Its colour varies extremely; being frequently disposed in bands or zones, of red, gréy, green, yellow, and ‘brown ; hence the name ‘variegated, given. to at, by Werner. ‘These different colours are owing to the different states of, -oxidation of the iron in the basis or cement ; but it may be remarked, that the dark colours are often superficial, the in- terior of the rock being of a grey or white colour, while the exterior, by exposure, becomes brown or red. - This sandstone frequently contains masses of variously co- loured clay or marl, which are often lenticular, vary much in size, and contribute to increase its liability to decompo- sition. "Phe clay is sometimes greasy to the feel, and forms a kind of fuller's earth. Although the most common cement or basis of this sandstoneis clay, yet some beds have a marly, and others a quartzy. basis. D Ard It sometimes contains mica, and occasionally in such quan- tity, that it passes into sandstone-slate. It alternates with beds-of a red-coloured. clay, or marl, which is often slaty, and generally intermixed with sand and miea, and sometimes passes into sandstone-slate. "These beds are sometimes of great thickness, and from their being fre- quently short, and very thick, appear like great imbedded masses. ‘Sometimes the marly or calcareous-sandstone passes into limestone. "Phe colouring principle in the clay is occa- sionally -so abundant in some. parts of the beds, that a red _erayon is formed. ‘The thick beds:of clay occur principally towards the upper part of the formation, ewhieh indeed is principally red clay. Sometimes ‘beds of «conglomerate oecur ‘associated with the sandstone, marl, and clay. Subordinate Beds. 1. Limestone.—Beds of. limestone age met. with in this for- mation; but, in general the limestone is very impure, being ‘mixed with clay and sand.; and thus forms a more or less are- 3aceous marl. 2. Oolite or Roe-stone.—This curious. kind of limestone. oceurs but in small quantity, and generally in beds varying from a few inches to two or three feet in thickness. : —— — Qna I ee a tiam 392 SECONDARY OR FL@TZ ROCKS. 3. Iron-ore.—'l'he principal ore of iron met with in this formation, is the red ore, which occurs either in imbedded portions, disseminated, or so minutely diffused, as to colour some of the sandstones of a deep red colour. 4. Heavy Spär; Sulphate of Barytes. —This mineral oc- curs in veins in the sandstone. 5. Celestine or Sulphate of Strontites.—This mineral oc- curs in the clay and sandstone, in the form of veins and Se near Bristol. 6. Gypswm.—It occurs in imbedded masses, beds and veins, in the marl or sandstone of this formation. T. Rock Salt.—The salt of the principal salt mines in Eu- rope is arranged in beds, and imbedded in this formation. 8. Copper Ore.—Traces of copper ore are rarely met with in this formation. | | 9. Coal.— This mineral occurs very rarely, and usually in 1nconsiderable beds. 10. Petrifüctions.—' The most frequent petrifactions are pectinites, pinnites, pholades, turbinites, and large ostracites ; and sometimes petrified wood, and impressions of leaves. Geognostic Situation.—lt rests upon the magnesian or se- - cond limestone, and sometimes even alternates with it, and is immediately covered with the oolite formation. Geographical Distribution.—It is a very widely distribu- ted formation in England, extending, with little i Interruption, from the northern bank of the Tees in Durham, to the nor- thern coast of Devonshire: Also oceurs in Scotland, patum larly i in the southern division. 3, Third Sandstone Formation. z Green Sand of English Gaa a ee Forma- tion de Gres, Daubuisson.—Quader-Sandstein, Werner.— Gres presque entièrement quartzeux, French Geologists. This formation, the characters of which are still but i imper- fectly known, is described by English Geologists, under the name Green-sand, and, according to Mr Buckland, is asso- ciated with various str ata THIRD SANDSTONE FORMATION. 393 Characters.—The sandstone is composed of particles of white quartz, which are either cemented by a calcareous ba- sis, or are united without any cement, and frequently contain scales of mica, and imbedded grains and portions of a green substance, of the nature of chlorite or augite. The quartzy particles are sometimes so arranged and con- nected, that the sandstone is as massive and compact as Ween while, in other instances, it occurs in the state of ‘loose grain or sand. | It frequently contains imbedded cotemporaneous masses of chert, and the same mineral occurs also in beds; and some- . times both the green-sand and chert are traversed by veins of calcedony. Subordinate Beds.—Limestone of a SS and reddish colour in the form of beds, is occasionally met with, and sometimes the limestone is also distributed through the sand- stone in masses of varying magnitude. Mr Buckland enu- merates the following beds as occurring in this formation : 1. Lead-coloured clay; 2. Micaceous and sandy blackish clay, with disseminated green earth ; 9. Iron-sand, usually red and yellow, and containing subordinate beds of clay, ochre, and fuller’s earth, either pure, or inclosing nodules of heavy spar. : Petrifüctions.—1t contains musculites, mytilites, and tel- linites, and sometimes impressions of leaves and stems resem- bling those of the palm-tree and the pine. Coal.—It sometimes contains beds of coal, but these are in general so thin, as to be of no value in an economical point. of view. Geognostic Situation.—It rests upon the upper oolite, and is e by the chalk formation. Geog raphical Distribution.—It occurs abundantly in Eng- land, as in Wilts, Dorset, Sussex, Devon, Oxford, Isle of Wight, Surrey, Ser, And on the Continent of Europe it is met with, both i in Upper and in Lower Saxony. : TAr yee N 394: SECONDARY OR FLUGTZ ROCKS. 4. Fourth Sandstone Formation. g This formation is associated with the rocks that eg upon chalk, and will, therefore, be describd along with these. II. Seconpary op Frorz LIMESTONE. 'The limestones of this series are more compact and less translucent than those of the transition class ; and, further, they abound much more in organic remains of different. kinds. The following are the formations which have been enume- rated by authors, viz. 1. First Secondary Limestone. 2. Second Secondary Limestone. 3. Third Secondary Limestone. 4. Fourth Secondary Limestone. 5. Fifth Secondary Limestone. ER : 2 l. First Secondary Limestone. 3 Premier formatoin du Calcaire Secondaire, Daubuisson.— Alpine and Jura Limestones of German, and some French Geologists.—Mountain Limestone of English Geologists. Characters.—The colours of this limestone are grey, blue, and black. Its lustre varies from glistening to dull; the fracture is splintery, or granular foliated ; and it is opaque or translucent in the edges. Some of the varieties are stink- stone, while the black varieties are those known under the name Jucuilite, and both these, when pounded, emit a very disagreeable smell. Stratification.—1t is distinctly stratified, and the strata are sometimes undulated and contorted. Caves and caverns are not unfrequent in this formation, and extensive fissures frequently traverse it, which either zeach to the surface, or extend to a greater or less distance ander ground, and afford channels for pow springs and sub- erranean rivers. It frequently contains imbedded kiote and beds of Ly- «dian stone, of — in the form of chert, which is either of ECONDARY LIMESTONE. 995 a grey or black colour, and very much resembles the flint in chalk, in the various relations it bears to the limestone. Petrifactions are not unfrequently met with in this forma- tion; and the following are the kinds which have been found in England, viz. entrochites, tubeporites, encrinites, corallites, madreporites, ammonites, pectinites, orthoceratites, &c. Subordinate Beds.—These are amygdaloid, greenstone, trap-tuff, and basalt; also sandstone, magnesian limestone, slate-clay, ‘bituminous shale, coal, and "— Metalliferous Minerals.—This formation in some districts, as in the north of England and in Derbyshire, is particularly abundant in ores of different descriptions. ‘The lead-mines of Northumberland and Durham, and the lead and copper- mines of Derbyshire, are situated in mountain limestone. Geognostical Position.—In what is called the regular suc- cession, it comes immediately after the old red Barada and therefore rests upon it. Geog’ graphical Distribution.—It abounds in the North of lingo also in Derby shire, Wales, and Gloucestershire. Observations.—It is said to occur sometimes in clay-slate, - and also in the coal formation. a Second Secondary Limestone. Erster Flotz Kalkstein, Werner ?—Magnesian Limestone of English Geologists. Characters.—The colours of this limestone are Cb and sometimes brown and grey. It is generally small granular, and glimmering or glistening. One variety is flexible. It contains about 20 per cent. of carbonate of magnesia. Its surface is, in many places, covered with a poor herbage, un- common in limestone, which is said to be owing to the mag- nesia, which is known to be unfavourable to vegetation. Petrifactions.—Organic remains are found in it, such as madreporites, encrinites, producti, and fishes. - Geognostic Position.—lt rests upon the coal SUN sid sometimes alternates with new red sandstone, and with a breccia composed of angular portions of sandstone and lime- yweecwtemmeec io ` MM pectet E pos moy pus oo de EE PER ee —— OPER, EErEE Paea, ee PNEU Albi "e? e: ee e e ege BN. oe EIU = eg 396 SECONDARY OR FL@TZ ROCKS. stone, cemented by magnesian limestone. When it comes in contact wih coal it deteriorates it. It frequently contains imbedded balls of fetid limestone, from the size of a pea to two feet in diameter, which have a stellular radiated struc- ture. The limestone containing these balls, is generally soft, marly, and magnesian, although the balls themselves -contain no magnesia. It forms hills j in some places 600 feet high. Geographic Situation.—It abounds in some districts in England ; thus it extends from Sunderland to Nottingham ; the coal formation near Whitehaven lies under it, and the same is the case in Derbyshire. 3. Third Secondary Limestone. 7] Muschel Kalkstein, Werner ?—Oolite of Geier and Oolite of others. Geognostic Situation.—This formation, according to Mr Buckland, is divided into the following principal members : viz. Lower Oolite, including the Lias dee 2. Middle Oolite. 3. Upper Oolite. The first or lower oolite rests upon the variegated or new red sandstone, and the upper oolite lies immediately under the third sandstone-formation. The following is Mr Buckland's account of this formation. 1. Lower Golite or Lias.—The lowest member of this portion of the series, or that which rests upon the new red sandstone, is the lias, which i is a blue, grey, or white argillaceous lime- stone, disposed in thin beds, in a bluish- -grey slaty marl, or clay. It rarely contains chert, more frequently various pe- trifactions, such as ammonites, pentacrinites, plagiostomites, ostracites, and occasionally remains of crocodiles, as near Lyme, in Dorsetshire. Geographic Situation.—1t extends from a little to the west of Ichester, in Somersetshire, by Bath and Gloucester, near- ly through the centre of England, and terminates a little be- yond Lincoln. A few miles beyond Gloucester, it rises to the height of 1124 feet above the sea SECONDARY LIMESTONE. , 897 Above the Zias is the sand of the inferior oolite, which is thus described by Buckland. e | ( Fine grained yellow, micaceous, loamy sand. Green and yellow calcareo-siliceous sand- “stone, highly micaceous. Green and yellow sandy marl, abounding in large concretions, called sand bats. Sand of infe- rior oolite. ~ It occurs in Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, and Oxford- shire. . Above this sand, sandstone and marl, is the inferior or bas- tard oolite, described as a coarse calcareous freestone, granu- lar, with shelly fragments, and usually ferrugineous. It oc- curs around Grantham, and in other parts of England. The inferior or bastard oolite is immediately covered by fuller’s earth, which forms the uppermost layer of the lower oolite. "This fuller’s earth occurs in layers in a grey-coloured clay, in the middle region of hills around Bath. ` ` 9. Middle Oolite.—'The lowest member of this series is named Great Oolite, or Ketton Stone, and is described as a durable yellow freestone, composed of oolitic concretions and shelly fragments, united by a calcareous cement. It occurs at Ketton in Northamptonshire, and Windrush in Oxford- shire. Resting on it is the next member of the series, nam- ed Stonesfield Slate, which is a calcareo-siliceous oolite, some- times passing into sand, and associated with thin beds of bad coal. The coal of Cleaveland Hills, in Yorkshire, belongs to- this slate. Above the Stonefield slate is the Forest marble, which is a coarse slaty limestone, full of large fragments of shells (Yeovil marble,) and met with near Bath, and in Dor- setshire. The Cornbrash rock lies upon the Forest marble, and is a soft earthy, yellow limestone, often blue and sandy, and occurs in Oxfordshire, and in Wiltshire. Resting on the Corn-brash is the Ki elloway rock, which is a coarse sandy limestone, with many peculiar ammonites, and other shells, . found at Kelloway Bridge, near Calne, in Wilts. A thick deposit of clay, named Oxford, Forest, or Fen Clay, is the next member of the series. The clay is of a bluish-grey ) i umero BIS A P torta aar mas - geg vg CÓ PR hri ice t utt m 398 SECONDARY OR FL@&TZ ROCKS. colour, and includes hard and large septaria. It occurs in the Vale of Thames, from Oxford upwards ; .Vale of Ouse, from Bedford downwards; and the Vale of Blackmore, Dor- set. 3. Upper Oolite.—The lowest member of this series, or that next in succession to the uppermost of the middle oolite, is a calcareous grit or sandstone. It is a siliceous sand, and sandstone with calcareous cement, often shelly, and is met with at Filey, near Scarborough, in Yorkshire, and near Abingdon in Berks. The next member of the series is Co- ral rag, which is a loose earthy oolite limestone, full of coral- line remains, and found at Kiddington, near Oxford; at Highworth and Calne Wilts; and Kirby Moorside, York- shire. Oxford oolite is the next rock of the series. It is a perishable freestone, composed of oolitic concretions and shelly fragments united by a calcareous cement. . It occurs at Heddington in Oxfordshire; Calne, Wilts; and New Malton, Yorkshire. X. wmmeridge clay is the rock next in succession. [It is a blue slaty clay, with selenite, and is some- times highly bituminous: Occurs at the base of Shotover Hill, near Oxford ; in the Island of Portland; and at Kim- meridge, in Isle of Purbeck, Dorset. Above the Kimme- ridge clay is the Portland stone, which is a calcareo-siliceous durable freestone, often oolitic, containing beds and nodules of chert. It occurs in the Isles of Purbeck and Portland ; Chilmark, Wilts; Twindon, Aylesbury. The uppermost rocks of the series are the Purbeck beds. These are strata of slaty clay and marl, alternating with beds of coarse shelly limestone. They occur at Sandwich, Lulworth Cove, and Upway, Dorset ; Lady Down, near Tisbury, Wilts. 4. Fourth Secondary Limestone, or Chalk. Kreide-Gebirge, Werner.—Formation crayeuse, Daubuisson. . This formation consists of three members, viz. chalk-marl, hard chalk, and soft chalk. 1. Chalk-Marl.—This is an argillaceous grey coloured chalk, without flints or cherts, passing into a fine micaceous CHALK. B99 grey sand, or into a grey marl or clay. It rests upon the / third sandstone formation, which therefore separates it from the oolite formation. It occurs at Benson in Oxfordshire ; Cherhill and Norton, Bevant, Wilts; Lewes; Guilford ; Folkstone; Byarsh near Wrotham, Kent. 9. Hard Chalk or Lower Chalk.—This chalk is harder than that which forms the upper part of the formation, and is sometimes of a brick-red colour. It contains few flints or petrifactions. It occurs near Warminster, Shakespeare’s Cliff, Dover; Flamborough. Head, Yorkshire; county of Antrim, Ireland. The red varieties occur in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. S 3. Soft Chalk or Upper Chalk.—This is the common chalk of mineralogists, which is soft enough to mark with. It contains abundance of flint, in the form of tuberose, round- ish, and ovoidal masses, either irregularly distributed in the mass, or disposed in horizontal layers: the flint is sometimes also arranged in beds, which occasionally extend, without interruption, for more than a mile; and, in other cases, veins of flint traverse the chalk in all directions. The flinty mas- ses are sometimes hollow in the centre, and the walls of the cavities are lined with crystals of common quartz. The petri- factions found in the chalk and flint are belemnites, echinites, alcyonites, spongites, ostracites, pectinites, terebratulites, am- monites, plagiostomites, milleporites, &c.; also teeth and palates of fishes of the shark tribe. At the Hill of St Pierre .near to Maéstrich, the remains of a species of monitor have been found in a kind of chalk. zi ; Së Both the hard and soft chalk occur stratified: the strata are generally horizontal; sometimes inclined at a considerable angle, or even perpendicular ; and there are instances, as in the Isle of Wight, of perpendicular strata meeting with ho- rizontal, and also of horizontal, or slightly inclined strata resting on vertical strata. Metalliferous minerals occur rarely in this formation, and almost the only species hitherto met with is iron-pyrites, which is sparingly disseminated through the chalk. enee TON cer - inantea" ` rst o MORET ae ve ptr — — M A00 SECONDARY OR FL@TZ ROCKS. Geognostic Situation.—It rests upon the third sandstone formation. Geographic Situation.—Chalk does not occur any where in Scotland ; but in England it forms extensive tracts of coun- try, and has been traced from near Sidmouth, in Devonshire, to Filey Bay in Yorkshire. 5. Fifth Secondary Limestone. This formation is one of the members of the series above chalk, and will be included in: the description of the Paris formation. IIL SECONDARY GYPSUM. Flætz Gyps, Werner. There are two principal formations of this rock ; one is associated with the rocks of the variegated or new red sand- stone, and the other is a member of the series above chalk, or what is called the Paris formation. l. First Secondary Gypsum, including Salt. Erster und Zweiter Flotz Gyps, and Steinsalzgebirge, Werner. Characters.—It occurs granular, foliated, fibrous, com- pact, in crystals (selenite) and sometimes anhydrous. Its principal colours are white and grey, seldom red or brownish. It occasionally contains imbedded crystals of different kinds, such as quartz, boracite, arragonite, and sulphur ; and some- times disseminated and imbedded masses of clay, marl, sand- stone, limestone, sulphur, and salt. Subordinate Beds.—lt contains beds of marl, clay, lime- stone, sandstone, sulphur, and salt. These beds of salt afford the mineral salt of commerce, and are worked in the salt-mines of Cheshire, Austria, and Poland. Structure.—1t is either distinctly stratified, or is disposed in short, but thick and unstratified beds. Caves varying in magnitude from a few yards to many fathoms in extent, oc- eur in it; and of these there are striking examples.in 'Thu- | GYPSUM. . | 401 ringia, and in other countries. It is conjectured that they owe their origin to masses of salt they formerly contain- ed, and which have been removed in the course of ages by the action of subterranean waters. The magnitude of these caves is further increased by the action of percolating water traversing the gypsum itself. Frequently the roofs of the caves yield and fall in, and thus hollows, often funnel- shaped, are formed in the surface of the country. Peirifactions. —J]t rarely contains petrifactions; and of these, species of the following genera have been met with ; viz. madreporites, ammonites, tellinites, and branches and trunks of trees variously bituminized. Geognostic Sitwation.—It is contained in, or rests upon, the new red or variegated sandstone. Geographic Situation.—It occurs but in small quantities in Scotland, whereas in England it is abundant in some dis- tricts, as in Cheshire, Worcestershire, &c. - 9. Second Secondary Gypsum. . This formation occurs along with the rocks of the Paris formation, and will be described under that head. ——— IV. SECONDARY or FrerTz-TRA» Rocks. Under this division we include, as a matter of conve- . nience, the secondary traps and porphyries. We shall first describe the Traps, and next the Porphyries. . Secondary Trap. Flætz-Trap, German Mineralogists. The rocks of this series are compounds of hornblende, augite and felspar. The following are the different kinds of these rocks, viz. 1. Greenstone; 2. Syenite; 3. Amygdaloid ; 4. Wacke; 5. Basalt; and, 6. 'Trap-tuff. ND bro c pl naf eier Aer Ee SECONDARY OR FLGTZ ROCKS. 1. GREENSTONE. Griinstein, Werner. Composition.—Is a granular aggregate rock, generally of a green colour, of which there are two principal kinds, one composed of hornblende and felspar, and another of augite and felspar. The first kind may be named Hornblende- greenstone, the second Augite-greenstone. The felspar is generally grey, or of a greenish tint, rarely reddish, and is either compact or foliated; the augite, and also the horn- blende, are of a dark blackish-green, or even in some instan- ces of a nearly pure black colour. Of these ingredients the hornblende and augite are the most abundant, the felspar the least frequent, hence the general dark green colour of greenstone. It varies from rather coarse granular to com- pact, when the concretions are only discernible by means, of their glimmering, and then the mass has much of the basal- tic character. d Imbedded Minerals.—'These are augite, basaltic horn- blende, common felspar, glassy felspar, compact felspar, cal- careous spar, steatite, mica, diallage, magnetic and specular iron, and iron-pyrites. In the true porphyritic greenstone, as that of Arthur Seat, the imbedded crystals are of felspar*. Structure.—It is sometimes amygdaloidal, and the amyg- daloidal portions are of zeolite, caleareous-spar or quartz. Frequently it is disposed in columns or pillars, and these are again composed of globular and concentric lamellar concretions. Sometimes the whole mass of the bed is arranged into balls or globular concretions, or is disposed in tabular concretions. The beds vary in thickness from a few inches to many fathoms, and in the thicker beds stratification is discernible. Cotemporaneous Veins.—Very often beds of secondary greenstone include veins of various descriptions that appear to be of cotemporaneous formation with the rock. The fol- * In some imperfectly known greenstones, hypersthene is substituted for hornblende ; this aggregate may be named Hypersthene Greenstone. GREENSTONE. i 408 ` lowing enumeration éontains a few of the veins met with in the secondary greenstones of Scotland : ^E t Calcareous-spar. 2. Calcareous-spar aud quartz; the quartz sometimes in the form of amethyst or rock-erystal, but more frequently as common quartz. 3. Caleareous-spar, common quartz, and calcedony. 4. Calcareous-spar, heavy- spar, and quartz. 5. Calcareous-spar, and heavy-spar, with . glance coal. 6. Calcareous-spar, heavy spar, and brown he- matite. "5. Quartz, with red hematite and iron-glance. 8. Calcareous spar, brown spar and sparry iron. 9. Calcareous spar, heavy spar, prehnite, and zeolite. 10. Felspar, either grey or red. 11. Iron-pyrite 12. Red cobalt. 13. Yel- low copper-pyrites. - er" Petrifactions.—Fossil organic remains are of rare occurrence án trap-rocks. Petrified shells have been found in greenstone, and also in that slaty rock (slaty compact felspar) frequently associated with it. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in beds, imbedded IEOS. mountain-masses, and veins, in the old red sandstone, coal for- mation, variegated sandstone, and in various secondary lime- stones. Veins occur in primitive and transition districts. It is occasionally associated with secondary syenite * Geographic Situation.—It is a very abundant rock in the sandstone and coal districts of Scotland, and is not unfre- quent in many primitive and transition tracts also in this country. Veins of it traverse the coal formation in the North of England, and although met with in other parts of Eng- ` Jand, is by no means so abundant as in Scotland. . SYENITE. Composition. —Is a sedis aggregate rock, of a grey, white, or reddish colour, eegend of felspar and hornblende, with occasional intermixtures of quartz, mica, epidote, and chlorite. In this rock the felspar is die predominating ingredient, while, in greenstone, as already mentioned, the hornblende or r augite are the most abundant constituent minerals. * Also in veins in primitive rocks, Co 404 SECONDARY OX FLOTZ ROCKS Structure.—lt occurs massive, disposed in columns, in globular, and also in lamellar concretions. Geognostic Situation.—It occurs ià mountain masses, beds, and: rarely in veins, in alpine limestone and red sand- stone districts. Geographic Situation—The Craig of Ailsa, at the en- trance of the Frith of Clyde, is Seet of secondary syenite,. it also oecurs in Arran, St Ss Island of Skye, and other: parts of Scotland. 3. AMYGDALOID. Mandelstein, Werner. " Characters.—This rock has a basis or ground includ- ing amygdaloidal portions of various minerals. The basis or ground is generally an intimate combination of hornblende OF augite, with felspar in a very imperfectly crystallized state, or with impure claystone. Its colour is frequently green ;. sometimes reddish, when much iron-shot; or nearly black, when the predominating material is hornblende or augite.. The amygdaloidal masses vary in their nature; some are calcareous-spar, or brown spar, or heavy spar, while others are green earth, quartz, agate, calcedony, heliotrop, ame- ds steatite, or lithomarge, zeolites of various kinds, and. also fluor and arragonite occur in the cavities of amygdaloid. Imbedded Minerals.—Besides amygdaloidal masses, the rock sometimes contains crystals of felspar, augite, or horn- blende, thus affording examples of the union of the amygda- loidal and porphyritic structures. Structure.—It occurs in columnar, globular, and also in. tabular distinct concretions ; and occasionally it is imper- fectly stratified. Geognostic Sitwation.—It generally occurs in mountain. masses or beds, and sometimes in veins, and principally asso- ciated with rocks of the sandstone and limestone series. Geographic Situation.—It is an abundant rock in thé south: and middle divisions of Scotland, both on the mainland and. 2 i WACKE. 405 | among the islands, as in Arran, Mull, Rum, Eigg, Canna, and Sky. - | ! T4 A WXCKE. an, TT ie aba : Wacke, Werner. - ES ccs ui Characters.—'This rock has generally a greenish-grey ‘colour; less frequently it is reddish, or of a brown or black- ish cast. The fracture surface is dull, or only faintly glim- : mering, and the fracture is even or flat conchoidal. It is : opaque, and more or less shining in the streak ; soft and sec- : UM Composition.—It appears in many cases to be a very inti- - mate combination of earthy augite or hornblende and earthy felspar. | e à Structure. —Sometimes occurs in globular and imperfect columnar concretions, and occasionally it has the amygdaloid- tile; easily frangible; and specific gravity about 2.8. } al structure. ve Geognostic Situation.—It occurs in beds, imbedded mas- ses, and in veins in sandstone and limestone. Geographic Situation.—It occurs along with amygdaloid and greenstone in our coal-fields in different parts of Scot- land, and also in the new red sandstone and some other se- 1 condary formations. E Basar. : f Basalt, W. erner. | Characters.—Its colours are generally greyish or green- ish black, and rarely inclines to grey. Internally it is dull | E -or feebly glimmering. The fracture in the coarser varieties | 4 | is large or small grained. uneven; of the more crystalline d varieties, even inclining to large and flat eonchoidal, and sel- il * h dom to splintery. It is opaque, or feebly translucent on the AT edges. It yields a pale grey-coloured streak. Itissemi ES `. ` hard; bordering on hard. It is rather brittle, and is diffi- ` ) d cultly frangible. Specific gravity = 3.08. Composition.—There are two kinds of basalt; one is an intimate combination of hornblende and felspar, and the other 7 3 citm bid cm 406 SECONDARY OR FLETZ ROCKS. of augite and felspar. The felspar generally appears to be the compact kind. Structure, —It occurs in distinct concretions of various de- scriptions. They are generally columnar, varying from a few inches to some fathoms, even to upwards of 100 feet in length, and from a few inches to 10 or 12 feet in thickness ; the number of sides varies from three to nine, and of these the nine-sided are the rarest; they are either straight or curved, and either parallel or diverging ; sometimes they are articulated, and the joints have concave and convex faces. In mountains, these concretions are collected into large groups, and many of these groups or colossal concretions form a hill or mountain, Sometimes it occurs in tabular, sometimes in globular concretions; these latter are frequently composed of concentric lamellar concretions, or of columnar concre- tions radiating from a centre. Some varieties are composed of large, coarse, and fine granular concretions. There is sometimes a tendency to stratification, and varie- . ties occur with the amygdaloidal, and also with the porphy- ritic structures. : | Imbedded Minerals.—'The most frequent imbedded mine- rals are olivine and augite ; besides these, grains and crystals of felspar, and also of basaltic hornblende, calcareous-spar, and magnetic iron-ore, are met with. Decomposition.—Some varieties’ are easily decomposed, particularly those that incline to wacke and amygdaloid, while others long resist the action of the atmosphere. The earth formed by their decomposition has a greasy feel, and the great fruitfulness of basalt countries is owing to this ba- saltic earth. Sometimes the imbedded minerals decompose, at length fall out, and thus leave the basalt with a vesicular structure. . Olivine is one of the most easily decomposable of: the simple minerals met with in basalt, being even more easily broken by the influence of the weather than calcareous-spar ; on the contrary, we often find augite and hornblende un- changed, after the basalt has been reduced to a clayey mass. I TRAP-TUFF. 407 . Forms.—It occurs frequently in the form of mountain Ek | caps, having tabular or conical forms; or it is distributed in = | 33 long ridges, or in scalarlike cliffs and terraces. e Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—It occurs in beds, 11 imbedded masses, mountain masses, and veins in sandstone and limestone formations in Scotland, England, and Ireland. 6. TRArTUFF. |. CSC | H : ue Trap-tuff, Werner. | à Composition.—This rock has a conglomerated structure, and therefore has a basis or ground, with imbedded masses ; E of various forms and sizes. ‘The ground or basis varies in B its nature; sometimes it is wacke or greenstone, or it inelines ae to basalt or amygdaloid. The imbedded masses, which are | Jl of various roundish and indeterminate angular forms, are of | wacke, amygdaloid, greenstone, and basalt; and intermixed ` with these are sometimes masses of sandstone, limestone, slate-clay, bituminous shale, and jasper. The masses vary -in size, from that of a pea, to several yards, or even fathoms, E in length, breadth, and thickness. | | Petrifactions.—-It sometimes contains trunks and branches of trees, more or less bituminised. ; | H Struciure.—1t occurs in beds, which are from a few inches | to many fathoms in thiekness; is sometimes distinctly strati- fied, and occasionally it is disposed in globular distinct eon- cretions, the balls varying from a few inches to several feet ' in diameter, and also in columnar concretions, — ; | Geognostic Situation. —It occurs in imbedded masses, . mountain masses, beds, and veins, along with the other rocks ; -of the secondary trap series already enumerated. ni Geographic Situation.—A. considerable portion of Arthur. ` : A- Seat is composed of this rock ; it abounds in many of our | | red sandstone and coal districts, and is very frequently met, with among the Hebrides, as in Canna and Eigg. - won monem v Brems p a SO Ie ar C E e IU EDO RARIUS ACT SECONDARY OR FL@TZ ROCKS. SECONDARY Porpnyry. Fleetz-Porphir, German Mineralogists. The secondary porphyries are composed of felspar in va- rious states of aggregation, also of hornstone and pitchstone, with mtermixed grains and crystals of felspar, quartz, and other minerals. The following are the rocks arranged under this head : 1. Claystone. 9. Claystone-Porphyry. .9. Felspar. 4. Felspar-Porphyry. 5. Clinkstone. 6. Hornstone-Porphyry. T. Pitchstone. 8. Pitchstone-Porphyry. 1. Claystone. Thonstein, Werner. This rock, which is described in p. 336, appears to be fel- spar in a comparatively loose state of ageregation. It is sometimes conglomerated, and then is named Claystone-tuff, It is disposed in beds and veins in sandstone districts, and in coal-fields both in England and Scotland. It always accom- panies rocks of the secondary porphyry fermation. 2. Claystone-Porphyry. Thonstein Porphir, Werner. Composition.—This porphyry, as its name intimates, has a basis of claystone, in which imbedded crystals of felspar are contained. Structure.—It occurs in columnar, tabular, and globular distinct concretions ; is sometimes conglomerated, rarely vesi- cular, and occasionally imperfectly stratified. Imbedded Minerals.—These are felspar, quartz, either in grains or in double six-sided pyramids, mica, augite, horn- blende, and iron-pyrites. 3 Petrifactions.—Trunks, branches, and twigs of trees, oc- cur imbedded in this rock, and these are generally penetrated or petrified with wood-stone, PORPHYRY. 409 . Geognostic Situation.—1t occurs in mountain masses, im- bedded masses, beds and veins, in secondary sandstone and | limestone districts, and is frequently associated with the se- condary trap-rocks. e | Geographic Sitwation—The Pentland and Ochil Hills, near Edinburgh, contain abundance of secondary perphyry, and the same is the case in some districts in the south and north of Scotland, and also in England and Ireland. It is a frequent rock in similar situations, on the Continent of Europe. | ; j ; 3. Felspar. This mineral occurs as a mountain rock, with red or grey - | colours, and either very minutely foliated, or in a compact i I state. : 7 i Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—lt occurs along f with porphyry and claystone, in the Pentlands and Ochils ; also in Arran, and in several places on the east coast of Scot- land, associated with old red sandstone. 22 4. Felspar-Porphyry. Felspath-Porphir, Werner. This rock differs from the preceding, in always containing imbedded grains and crystals of felspar. Geognostic and Geographic Situationss—lt occurs along | with claystone porphyry, and other rocks of this series, in the Eé 211 Pentlands and Ochils, and in otlier parts of Scotland. ARG een 5. Clinkstone Porphyry, or Porphyry-Slate. aig Klingstein-Porphir, Werner.—Phonolith, Daubuisson. | | This rock has a basis of that kind of felspar named Clink- | | ` stone, with imbedded crystals of felspar, whence it is named T A1 | clinkstone-porphyry, or porphyry-slate, from its slaty struc- | E | ture. The colour of the basis is greenish, yellowish, smoke, , | bluish, or ash grey; sometimes also blackish-green, and, when ` 1 much impregnated with iron, liver-brown and reddish-brown. py E Sometimes several colours occur in the same mass, and it is E Ei: occasionally marked with greyish-coloured spots, and fre- H a 1 ' 410 FORMATIONS ABOVE CHALK. quently shews dendritic delineations on its surface. Its frac- ture is splintery in the small, but slaty in the large. Hard- ness same as that of felspar. It is more or less translucent on the edges, and some varieties are opaque. Imbedded Minerals.—Besides the imbedded grains and crystals of felspar, it also occasionally contains crystals of au- gite or basaltic hornblende, zeolite in drusy cavities, and very. seldom quartz, calcareous-spar, iron-pyrites, and iron-sand. It is sometimes vesicular. Structure. —It is frequently arranged in columns and tables, like those of basalt. | Decomposition.—It long resists the action of the weather, but in course of time it becomes covered with a thin crust, which has usually a greyish-white colour in the pure, but a reddish colour in the ironshot varieties. . Forms.—Like basalt, it frequently forms conical and tabu- lar hills, and exhibits numerous, striking and rugged cliffs. Geognostic Situation.—IJt occurs in mountain masses, im- bedded masses, beds, and veins, in red sandstone, in the coal-formation, and also in secondary limestone. Geographic Situation.—It is a frequent rock in the islands of Arran and Lamlash in the Frith of Clyde; is met with in the Girleton Hills near Haddington, North-Berwick Law, Traprain Law, and Braid Hills, near Edinburgh. 6. Hornstone-Porphyry. Hornstein- Porphir, Werner. This porphyry occurs in imbedded masses, beds, and veins, along with claystone-porphyry, and in similar situations, both geognostically and geographically. 7. Pichstone. Pechstem, Werner. This rock, of which a description is given in page 215., occurs in considerable abundance, in the form of beds and veins in red sandstone, in Arran, and other districts in Scot. Jand. PARIS FORMATION. - 411 8. Pitchstone-Porphyry. Pechstein-Porphir, Werner. | This rock, which has a base or ground of green or black pitchstone, always contams imbedded grains and — of felspar, which is generally the glassy kind. Structure.—It occurs in pu columnar, and tabular concretions. Imbedded Minerals.— Besides felspar, it sometimes contains imbedded calcedony, common quartz, calcareous-spar, and also zeolite. J Geognostic Situation.—lt occurs in beds, imbedded masses ` and veins, in various secondary trap-rocks, in red. sandstone, and in secondary limestone *. Geographic Situation.—It abounds in the island of Arran, occurs also in Lamlash, andi is met with i in Mull, | Eigg, Sky, and other parts of Scotland. J £A Loo Yt (fec P Bones FoRMATIONS ABOVE CHALK. 'These are, first, Paris Formation; and, second, Brown. Coal. I. Paris Formation. ‘Terrain tertiaires, Daubwuisson. Under this division, we include many of the different secon- dary beds which are of posterior formation to chalk. They are principally marl, clay, and sand, interstratified with beds of limestone, sandstone, and gypsum. ‘The only metalliferous minerals they contain are iron-pyrites, and brown ironstone, but many of them abound in organic remains. This set of rocks appears more of a local nature than any of those hither- to described. The following description i is illustrative of this formation as it occurs around Paris. Geographic Distribution —It extends all around Paris; to the north, as far as Senlis and Laon; to the east, to Rheims "e Also in veins in granite, and other primitive rocks, as in Arran, 412 FORMATIONS ABOVE CHALK. and Epernay; to the south, to Orleans; and to the west, to Chartres and Mantes. It may be considered as composed of seven systems of beds, viz. 4. Plastic clay with sand. 2. Coarse limestone, or limestone with cerites, and accom- panying sand and sandstone. 9. Siliceous limestone. 4. Gypsum and marl. 5D MH. 6. Sand and Sandstone. 1. Fresh-water limestone and millstone or buhrstone. The chalk on which they rest, presents numerous inequa- lities, in and over which these beds are arranged, and gene- rally in a horizontal or slightly inclined position. 1. Plastic Clay and Sand. This bed, which rests immediately upon the chalk, consists of an unctuous, tenacious, and variously coloured clay, em- ployed by potters, and. named by Brongniart Plastic Clay. It contains little chalk, but is frequently intermixed with sand, particularly towards its upper part; sometimes this sand is divided into two beds. It varies in thickness, in some points not exceeding a few inches, in others being many pan. It contains a M EQ and A are marine, 4 “9. Cae Limestone, pe ind und Ronde Above this clay is a bed principally of a calcareous nature, composed of an alternation of beds of coarse limestone, marl, and slate-clay, which occur always im the same order, over an extent of 25 leagues of country. The average thickness of the whole together is about 90 feet. ` The lower beds are very sandy, and often contain grains of a green matter, resembling that found in the green sand, already described as lyimg under the chalk formation, and abounds in marine shells. In the superior beds, there are layers several feet thick, of a pale yellow limestone, which is pretty hard, and in large grains, and forms the principal building-stone at Paris. "They es into three beds. Ki 418 contain great abundance of petrifactions, and particularly of eerites, and are covered by marly beds, Siliceous produc- PARIS FORMATION. _tions occur principally towards the upper part of the forma- tion, and these are flint, or flint passing to hornstone, and erystals of quartz. In some places the siliceous matter occurs in considerable masses, even whole beds; sometimes in the form of sandstone, which abounds in marine shells, and ocea- sionally also contains fresh-water shells, such as Due and / / cyclostomse. - a. € d A e ` A ke É Fi E: D we Great ON LU Ae 3 ES GE Tu } Above the coarse. litüestone i is a limestone which contains fresh-water shells. It is stratified, and the strata are some- times soft and white, sometimes grey and compact, and pene- trated with silica. Sometimes the walls of cavities and fis- sures are lined with calcedony and small crystals of quartz ; in other instances the siliceous matter is formed into masses: of vesicular and corroded quartz, named buhrstone or mill- stone, whieh has been regarded as the skeleton body of a siliceous limestone, the calcareous portion of which. has been. removed. : pem of 7A: ves M aes LÀ / ; X ( EN zn d The gypsum [Enos rests on the beds just described. It consists of an alternation of beds of gypsum and marl. Where thickest, as at Montmartre, near Paris, it is divided The lowest bed, is composed of thin layers. of gypsum, which is often lamellar, of solid calcareous marl, and slaty argillaceous ` marl, in which menilite is found; and the under part of this bed sometimes incloses marine shells, In the second bed, the gypsum is in great quantity, but the marl in small quantity; no shells occur, but petrified fishes are met with. The wppermost bed, which is the principal one, is four times thicker than the others, and is that which is. quarried on account of its gypsum ; thin beds of marl occur ; the gypsum is sometimes 60 feet thick ; it is naturally divided into large irregular prisms like basalt; it is pure, and is gra- nular foliated; the lower part often contains flint, and the idi | c A CNN QURE E 414 FORMATIONS ABOVR CHALK. superior part passes into marl. 'This bed is particularly dis- tinguished by the multitude of bones, particularly of quadru- peds, which it contains; and italso contains some fresh-wa- ter shells. This formation at its line of junction with the rock of limestone on which it rests, is intermixed with, and passes into it. Se E Mari. "The marls that rest upon ihe gypsum, and which often re- place it, are of two kinds; one is of the same nature as that which alternates with the gypsum, and contains fresh-water shells, while the other contains marine shells. The first are in general white and calcareous; they contain silicefied trunks of the palm-tree, and species of lymnza and planorbis. Above these are beds of argillaceous marl, which are sometimes 60 feet thick. In these beds balls of celestine or sulphate of strontites occur. It is succeeded by several thin beds, and the whole is terminated by two beds, contain- ing vast abundance of oysters, (6) Sand and Sandstone. Resting upon he marls, when the succession of beds is complete, there is a great bed, composed of sand and sand- stone, sometimes 300 feet thick. The sand consists of angular particles of quartz, mixed with earthy carbonate of lime, and fragments of shells, Sometimes it is quite pure, and it is used for making plate- glass. There is associated with this sand a sandstone, which is used in paving the streets of Paris, and the roads in its vicinity. It is composed of transparent shining angular par- ticles of rock-crystal, immediately connected together, and, therefore, without a basis or cement. Sometimes the par- ticles are so loosely aggregated, that they can be separated by the simple pressure of the finger, while in other cases they are so closely aggregated as to form a mass nearly approaching to compact quartz. The sandstone or quartz is disposed in the sand in various ways; sometimes it is in large or small imbedded masses, or in beds sometimes nul P y t ZZ f Avr n = FS 9 GY A = LAA E C , To NV M wë Bes) PARIS FORMATION. | 415 several feet thick, and extending to a considerable distance. This bed of sand and sandstone contains few marine organic remains, and those that do occur are confined to its upper part, where it is intermixed with a calcareous sand. It is in- deed a general observation, that animal remains occur very rarely in quartzy rocks, but abundantly in those of a calca- reous nature.: Sometimes the sandstone contains cotemporaneous portions of flint, hornstone, flinty-slate, and thus a conglomerate is ` k formed. f "SS. ée : 3 Do L £n t got ke Lé AA, e. ve vt (t. SÉ tn y ei E US n Jj Fresh? Water Limestone, with Millstone or Baal y "There frequently rests immediately upon the preceding s d oue sand and sandstone, a thick bed, consisting of layers of sand, ^ marl, clay, and millstone. The mill or buhr stone, is quartz in a vesicular and corroded form, and which forms beds sometimes upwards of one hundred feet thick. Its vesicu- lar form adapts it for millstones, and hence it is very exten- sively quarried for this purpose, and exported to England and other countries. Above these layers, and forming the uppermost portion of the series of rocks which rests upon chalk, is a formation of limestone different from those already described, and which extends to very considerable distances. It is highly impreg- nated with quartzose matter, and contains abundance of fossil shells, which are said to belong to the division of land and Sresh-water shells, and hence this limestone has been named fresh-water limestone. Tt is of a yellowish-white colour, fracture earthy or conchoidal, varies in hardness from that of - compact limestone to that of the softer marls. It frequently contains flint and hornstone, and also beds of the vesicular quartz, or buhrstone, which, in general, is more compact than that found in the preceding formation. It is further particularly distinguished by its containing numerous irregu- lar cylindrical cavities, and by the mineral remains it con. | tains, resembling, in characters, the genera lymnea, planor. bis, cyclostoma, and helix, of our present marshes. 416 FORMATIONS ABOVE CHALK. Observations on the Paris Formation. This remarkable group of rocks has been sometimes dis- tinguished into four divisions, or beds, according to the kind and distribution of the organic remains it contains. The first or lowest bed includes the plastic clay, coarse limestone and inferior sandstone, in all of which the organic remains are said to be entirely marine. The second bed contains the lower siliceous limestone, and the lower gypsum and marls, both of which contain scarcely any other petrifactions than those of land and fresh-water animals; and hence is called a fresh water formation. The third bed is composed of the superior marls, sands, and sandstones, and the few petrifac- tions it contains are of marine shells. Lastly, the fourth bed is a great fresh-water formation. A series of rocks, possessing many of the characters of those around Paris, occurs in the Isle of Wight, and the neighbouring districts in the south of England, and has been well described and illustrated by an excellent man and good observer, Mr Webster of the Geological Society of London. II. Brown-Coat, ASSOCIATED WITH Rocks THAT LIE ABOVE CHALK. Associated with a group of rocks above chalk, there are sometimes extensive formations of brown-coal. There isa fine example of this arrangement of brown-coal in the North of France, in the country extending from Beauvais to the vicinity of Rheims. ‘There are five beds of brown-coal, varying from two to six feet in thickness, which are sepa- rated from each other by layers of gravel and loam; and both the coal and the layers between it are impregnated with iron- pyrites. ‘The whole is covered with beds of marl and lime- -stone ; those beds which rest immediately upon the coal, con- tain fresh-water shells, while those at a distance from it in- clude marine shells ; and it is said that the uppermost part is a shelly sandstone. M. Marcel de Serres informs us, that in ‘the vicinity of Beziers fresh-water shells are found in a bed MOUNTAIN ALLUVIAL FORMATIONS. 417 of brown-coal, which is covered by bituminous beds, bitumi- nous limestone, with fresh-water shells, compact limestone without shells, and, lastly, with a limestone containing im- pressions of cerites. Sometimes this brown-coal is covered with trap-rocks or lavas. The brown-coal formation contains a few imbedded mine- rals, such as iron-pyrites, bog iron-ore, selenite, honey-stone, retin-asphalt, and a mineral of an inflammable and waxy nature. Crass IV; "Ate, Rocks. Aufgeschwemte-Gebirge, Werner.—Terrain de Transport, Daubuisson.—Terrains d'alluvion, French Geologists. This class comprehends those earthy substances formed from previously existing rocks, by the agency of water and air, which are generally loose in their texture, and are never covered with any real solid and rocky secondary strata. Werner divides them in the following manner : 1. Mountain Alluvial Formations. a. On the summits of mountains. b. In valleys, and at the foot of mountain ranges. 2. Alluvial Formations of Low or Flat Lands. 1. MOUNTAIN AÁrLUviAL FORMATIONS. . à. On Summits of Mountains. The alluvium found on the tops of mountains, and moun- tain-chains, consists generally of a thin bed formed. by the decomposition of the immediately subjacent rocks. This bed, particularly when covéred with vegetable matter, forms a coat which long protects the solid strata from the wasting influence of the weather. | H b. In Valleys. The disintegrated rocks on the sides of valleys, yielding to their own weight, or carried downwards by torrents, are Dd titi Bares: dac ee ene BF dir 418 ALLUVIAL ROCKS. stopped at the foot of the mountain; they are accumulated there, and, in the course of time, form a deep protecting coyer for the lower part of the mountain, and fill up the bottoms of the valleys, €. At the Foot of Mountain Ranges. Besides the alluvial covering on the bottoms of valleys and on the basis of their bounding hills and mountains, there often occur very extensive alluvial formations, extending to a greater or less distance from the general foot of the ac- clivity of the great mountain-chains, or mountain-groups. These formations are composed of fragments of the neigh- bourmg mountains, but are arranged in a vast horizontal bed; thus intimating that they must have been levelled by ` the action of a great mass of water, in the form of a lake or inland sea. The plains of Piedmont and Lombardy, at the foot of the Alps, present a colossal example of this kind of alluvial formation. 2. ALLUVIAL SUBSTANCES oF Low AND FLAT COUNTRIES. The alluvial substances met with in great plains, and in low or flat countries, are coarse conglomerates and sand- stones, rolled masses or boulders, sand and gravel, marl, clay, loam, calcareous-tuff, bog iron-ore, ores, metals, gems, common salt, subterraneous and submarine forests, and peat. a. Conglomerates and Sandstones. ... These alluvial rocks have either a clayey iron-shot basis, which includes fragments, often of considerable size, of quartz, . and other minerals; or the basis is calcareous carbonate, which cements sand or gravel of different kinds. Sometimes, particularly on the shores of many of the West India Islands, fragments of shells and corals become firmly cemented to- gether by minute particles of the carbonate of lime, and thus form a calcareous sandstone, or coarse shell-limestone. b. Rolled Blocks or Boulders. Boulder stones, often of great size, are found in single masses, or accumulated in great quantity, in low countries 5 Ki ZA P MOUNTAIN ALLUVIAL FORMATIONS. 419 . and sea-shores, far removed from their original situation. The distribution of these boulders is connected with the ope- ration of some general cause. c. Sand. Sand of the Desert.—Sand, as is well known, is formed of small ‘grains, supposed to have been derived from previously existing rocks of a quartzy nature. It sometimes covers im- mense tracts of country, and forms great deserts, as those of Barbary and of Arabia. The extreme fineness of the particles renders the sand moveable by the slightest breath of wind, so that when the storm rages, the desert presents a picture of moving waves, mountains, and pillars, that baffle all description, and which overwhelm vast tracts of country, carrying every where deso- lation and destruction. Coral and Shell Sand.—Sands formed of broken corals and shells, are found in considerable abundance on some sea- shores. ‘These are occasionally blown into the interior of the country, and sometimes heaped into hillocks. This sand is often much mixed with comminuted shells, and these furnish a cement, which, in particular cases, binds the particles of sand together. Downs.—W hen the sea-coast is low, and the bottom con- sists of sand, the waves push this sand towards the shore, where, at every reflux of the tide, it becomes partially dried ; and the winds, which almost always blow from the sea, drift up some portion of it upon the beach, By this means, downs, or ranges of low sand-hills, are formed along the coast. These, if not fixed by the growth of suitable plants, either disseminated by nature, or propagated by human industry, would be gradually, but certainly, carried. towards. the in- terior, covering up the fertile plains with their sterile par- ticles, and rendering them unfit for the habitation of mans kind; because the same winds which carried the loose dry sand from the shore to form downs, would necessarily con. tinue to drift that which is at the summit further towards the land. — "due bone '"ALLUVIAL ROCKS. d. Marl. This kind of marl is either formed of shells, generally of land and fresh water tribes, or is a deposition from calcareous waters. ‘The first contains the shells in greater or less abun- dance, and in a more or less perfect state, and is known un- der the name Sheli-Marl, while the second, which is some- times intermixed with the shell-marl, is, properly speaking, but a variety of calcareous tuff. "These marls are founded in -lakes, where they are often associated with peat; also on sea-shores, or in sea alluvial formations. Small formations ^£», of shell-marl sometimes occur pretty high upon mountains. €. Clay and Loam. The clays are frequently potters-clay, and the loam the common varieties of that substance. The following are their characters. Potters-Clay.—The colours are white and grey. Occurs massive. Internally itis dull or glistening. Fracture is earthy or slaty. Is more or less shining in the streak. It is opaque. Soils slightly. It is soft, passing into friable. Tt is sectile. It adheres more strongly to the tongue than loam. It feels rather greasy; and becomes plastic in water. Loam.—Coleur grey, frequently spotted yellow or brown. Occurs massive. It is dull or feebly glimmering, owing to intermixed scales of mica. Fracture coarse earthy. Soils slightly. Easily frangible. Is sectile, and slightly resinous in the streak. Is soft, and more friable than potters-clay. Adheres slightly to the an Feels NE ES. and slightly greasy. 2 | T 277. . Along with these Are coaf'ser blüish SÉ Zeie are some. b, TS, times very soft, sometimes even harder than potters-clay. Many extensive plains are covered with these clays and foams; they also occur filling up hollows in plains, and forming extensive tracts on the sides of lakes, and at the mouths of rivers, where they enter lakes, or meet with the waters of the ocean. These clays and lcams are formed by the disintegration of felspar, micaceous and slaty rocks, and frequently are intermixed with sand and gravel, and some- | ALLUVIAL SUBSTANCES. 421 times even alternate with beds of these substances, and also beds of peat. The porcelain-earth or clay also occurs in beds, or covering the bottoms of lakes. TI J. Calcareous Tuff: There are two kinds of this rock, one of old forma- tion, and another which is daily forming. The first appears to have been deposited from the waters of lakes that for- merly existed in limestone districts, but which have long since disappeared. Thuringia affords. striking examples of this formation of calc-tuff. The tuff there rests upon ` - gravel or on the rocks of which the country is composed : It sometimes forms beds upwards of fifty feet thick, com- posed of strata of compact and porous tuffa, which fre- quently alternate with each other, and between them are : : sometimes thin beds of a brown bituminous earth. "When the lakes contain no plants, then the tuff deposited in them is always compact, but if, on the contrary, they abound in reeds, rushes, confervee, &c. the tuff, owing to this intermix- ture, is porous, and loose in its texture. These tuffs, in Ger... many, contain osseous ` remains of elephants, rhinoceroses, megatheria, deer, Se, and sometimes also remains of fresh ‘water shells, analogous to the species at present met with. Impressions of indigenous plants have likewise been found ; [Ans and very lately fossil human skulls. are said to have been met [ TP! um 4-3 with in this formation. The waters which flow along the surface of the globe, and which are charged with calcareous earth,’deposite it on the dis- tricts they traverse, and thus form tuffas, which are either | porous or compact, and are of the newest formation. An ex- ample of this formation occurs at Starlyburn, near Burnt. island, in Fifeshire. e Bog-Iron Ore. Water, in its passage over and through rocks containing iron, abstracts a portion of it; it also carries away the iron contained in the beds of decaying vegetable matter it passes through, and in both cases a portion of the water combines p Bëbee coe gom cs a veins talem ——ÀÀ ; i e f 7 ds nf saprei Meere fatte cited 499 ` ALLUVIAL ROCKS. with the iron, so that when it comes to be deposited on the bottom of lakes, or spread over the flat country, it ap- pears in the form of hydrate of iron, and thus gives rise to the beds of bog iron-ore met with in alluvial districts. In many distriets in Scandinavia, where the primitive strata are very richly impregnated with iron, bog iron-ore is found in great abundance on the bottom of lakes, and so rich as to yield 60 per cent. of hydrate of iron. ‘The iron is dredged out in some instances every ten, in others every twenty and thirty years, thus shewing the rapid renewal of the deposite. h. Ores, Metals, and Gems in Grains. Some kinds of alluvia, particularly those in mountainous districts, contain masses and grains of ores and native metals, which are derived from metalliferous veins, metalliferous beds, or from rocks through which the metalliferous minerals have been disseminated. If the minerals yield easily to decompo- sition and trituration, they are reduced to very minute par- ticles, and become intimately mixed with various clays and Joams ; but if their hardness and tenacity is such that they resist obstinately, then they appear in rolled pieces, and in grains of various sizes and forms. The ores and metals most frequently met with in this form, are iron-pyrites, tin-ore, native gold, and platina. "The three latter are those which, on account of their value, are extracted from the sands and clays by washing. Many of the gems are obtained by washing alluvial sands and clays; the pyrope or garnet of Bohemia, zircons, rubies, topazes, and diamonds, are collected in alluvial districts. 2. Common Salt. Rock-salt occurs in great abundance in the deserts of Afri. ca and Arabia, on the plains of Persia, and in the steppes of Siberia, k. Subterranean and Submarine Forests. Sometimes whole forests are found covered with alluvial deposites, and these are either under alluvium on the dry land, or extend under the waves of the ocean. The first "ee ALLUVIAL FORMATIONS. 423 are denominated subterranean, and the latter submarine fo- rests. There is an extensive subterranean forest in Lincoln- shire, and another in Lancashire; and on the coast of Lin- colnshire there is an immense submarine forest, which has been particularly described by Mr Correa. The sinking and sliding of the alluvial strata, the breaking down of natural sea-barriers on front of flats, marshes and lakes, and changes in the situation of lakes and rivers, enable us to explain the phenomena exhibited by submarine and subterranean forests. A l. Peat. Peat, which is composed of vegetables of different kinds, in a state of decomposition, occurs generally at the surface, and usually resting upon alluvial soil. It sometimes is obser- ved to alternate with sand, clay, and loam, on the sides and bottoms of lakes, on the sides and at the estuaries of rivers, and on the sea-shore, and even with shell-marl, in inland situa- tions. Although it occurs on the summits of hills, yet it is most abundant in comparatively low and flat situations, where it sometimes forms beds in hollow places, upwards of fifty feet thick. Many varieties are described by authors, and. these exhibit a series from the spongy and earthy to the com- pact, and occasionally bituminous. One remarkable kind, termed Fluid Peat, is a mixture of earthy peat and water, which, on drying, becomes very compact. It is the flow moss of some authors, and is so fluid as sometimes to flow from its original situation over neighbouring tracts. 9. Formations OF ALLUVIAL Rocks. Alluvial substances may be divided according to their for- mation, into the following classes: 1. Diluvian. 2. Post- diluvian. z 1. Dilwoian.—Under this class we include certain sands, clay, and gravels, composed of fragments both of neighbour- ing rocks and of distant rocks, containing remains of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, Be, These appear to have been formed by the deluge. Many of the boulders or rolled masses, so well known to geologists, belong to the same era of formation. "mca 494. VOLCANIC ROCKS. 2. Postdilwoian, or those formed since the Deluge.—Of this class there are the following orders: (1.) Untransported. CG) Fluviatile. (3.) Marine; and, (4.) Those formed by sliding of debris on the sides of valleys. (1.) Untransported.—The alluvium on the summits of moun- tains and hills, which is composed of the broken down and disintegrated rock under the soil, belongs to this order. Striking examples of it occur in sandstone and trap districts ; near Fochabers there is a fine section of conglomerate rock, which is disintegrated to the depth of several fathoms from the surface, thus presenting a deep cover of untransported alluvium. o (2.) Flwoiatile —Those alluvial depositions which are form- ed by rivers in their course towards the sea, and at their es- tuaries, where they flow into, lakes, or meet tlie watets of the ocean, belong to this order. E (3.) Marine.—'T he ‘alluvial formations of this order are of two kinds, viz. Ist, Those formed of the sand and mud thrown on the sea-shore by the waves of the ocean, assisted by winds and currents ; and, 2d, Those formed of sand and comminuted shells, drifted inland by the winds from the sea- shore. | (4-) Those Alluvial Accumulations formed by the slipping or falling down of the disintegrated materials of Rocks alon, ‘the sides of Valleys.—These are entirely formed of the de. bris of the hills on which they rest, and consist of rolled and broken masses of these rocks, more or less intermixed with smaller particles of the same rocks. Crass V) 5 Voucantc Rocks. Volcanic Rocks are those mineral masses considered to have been formed by the agency of volcanoes. They may be di- vided and arranged in the following manner : I. Pseudo-volcanic. II. Volcanic: these are divided inta 1. Ignigenous. 2. Thermal. 3. Muddy. a = PSEUDO-VOLCANIC ROCKS. 425 I. PskevDpo-vorcawic Rocks. Pseudo-volcanic rocks are portions of previously existing ` strata, which have been more or less altered. by the action of heat emanating from beds of coal in a state of combustion. The following species are enumerated by geologists. 1. Burnt-clay. 2. Porcelain jasper. %. Earth-slag. 4. Ca- lumnar clay-iron-ore. And, 5. Polishing-slate. ` 1. Burnt-Clay.—Its colour is usually red, and sometimes grey, yellow, and brown, and occasionally spotted or striped. Sometimes it incloses impressions of plants. It is clay or slate-clay burnt, but not so much changed as to form a por- celanous mass. 2. Porcelain-Jasper. fs g: is slate-clay, or common clay, changed into a kind of porcelain by the action of heat. Like the Sea species, it sometimes contains impressions of plants, a fact which shews that it has not been completely . melted. 9. Earth-Slag.— This is clay, or clay iron- ger convert- ed into a kimd of slag. It is black, brownish, or reddish, and it has occasionally a tempered-steel tarnish. It is amor- phous or vesicular; and has sometimes a metallic lustre. A Columnar Clay Iron-Ore.—This is clay iron-ore, which is supposed to owe its columnar So form to the action of heat. 5. Polishing-Slate. ma a grey or white coloured thin slaty light mineral, which Werner conjectures to be the ashes of burnt coal, which have been carried by water into low situa- tions, and deposited in a slaty form. Juma BW? hil ec É Situation.—Pseudo-voleanoes usually occur in low situa- tions, and sometimes also in hilly country, and always in rocks of the coal formation. Phenomena. — They are discovered by the heat of the sur- face of the earth in their vicinity ; ; sometimes by smoke, and more rarely by flames issuing from rents inthe ground. Sul- phureous and ammoniacal vapours frequently occur, and these, 1 in their course upwards, incrust the fissures of rocks, n 1 426 VOLCANIC ROCKS. and even the surface of the ground, with sulphureous and ammoniacal matters. II. Vorcanic Rocks. | 1. Ignigenous Volcanic Rocks, or True Volcanic Rocks. This series is divided into Modern and Ancient. Rocks of modern Volcanoes, many of which are at present in a state of Activity. The following are the most characteristic of these sub- stances. I. Ts ey, E 3. Volcanic Ashes; 4. Vol- canic Glass. 1. Lava.—Many different kinds of lava are enumerated by geologists; but for our present view it will be sufficient to arrange them under the following heads, viz. Compact, Vesicular, Slaggy and Spumous. a. Compact Lava.—Colour grey ; massive. Lustre glim- mering. Fracture uneven or splintery. Opaque. Semi- hard, approaching to hard. Brittle and easily frangible. Feels dry and rough. Sp. gr. = 2.80. It always occurs in \ the form of streams (coulé), and generally forms the middle cet the stream. b. Vesicular Lava.—Colours grey, black, and brown. Structure vesicular. Generally occurs in the upper, and al- ren on the under sides of streams of lava, when they have run over moist ground. c. Slagoy Lavu.—Colour black or brown, and has a com- pletely slaggy aspect. It occupies the uppermost part of lava streams. EI d. Spumous Lava.—Colour red or brown, and so very vesicular, that it sometimes will float in water. Like slagey lava, it always occurs on the surface of streams. 9. Tuffa is a conglomerated volcanic rock, with an earthy basis, including masses of different kinds of lava, vol- canic glass, &c. -1-8. Volcanic Ashes.—These are the A powdery earthy matters thrown out when volcanoes are in a state of activity. 4. Voleanic Glass —This is lava with the vitreous fracture and lustre, a rare mineral in modern volcanoes. TRACHYTE. 497 Rocks of Extinct and Aneient Volcanoes. Of these there are two principal sets, one includes the rock named Trachyte, and its tuffa,—the other Basaltic Lava, Greenstone Lava, and their tuffa. 1. Trachyte *. This rock, which is of the nature of felspar, is generally porphyritic, the imbedded felspar crystals being most fre- quently of the glassy kind. The colour is generally grey, passing frequently to white, approaching sometimes to black ; and other varieties are said to be red, brown, green, and even yellow. The fracture is generally more or less coarse or earthy ; and some varieties incline to even, and are more compact than those with the earthy fracture. Its hardness varies, some kinds resisting the knife, while others, particularly the coarse earthy, are nearly friable. These latter are almost always rough and sharp to the feel, and this roughness may be said to occur in all the varieties of this volcanic rock. On exposure to the blowpipe, it melts with ease into a white enamel; but some rare dark varieties afford a black enamel. Trachyte, like all other felspathose minerals, on exposure to the atmosphere, disintegrates and falls into a meagre and ashy like earth. ; It is generally a and the crystal it contains are the following: 1. Felspar, which is usually the Glassy kind.—It is often fibrous, and sometimes so much so as to appear like pumice. 2. Hornblende.—1lt is generally acicular, black, foliated, and splendent or shining. | 3. Mica, of a dark colour, and in hexagonal plates. 4. Sphene, said to be rather frequent in some varieties. 5. Augite. —Rarely in the Cayo: of Europe, but fre- quent in that of the Andes. 6. Quartz. —' True trachyte rarely contains crystals of quartz, or imbedded masses, or veins of jasper, calcedony and opal. * Trachyte, from the Greek word Spaus: rough, 428 - VOLCANIC ROCKS. Y. Iron-Glance, or Specular Iron.—This ore of iron oc- curs in cavities and veins. The trachytes of Mont d'Or and Puy de Dóme, and more particularly those of Stromboli, contains crystals of this beautiful mineral. 244; a.z oe home Wee. Daubuisson and others, describe the Peéarl-stone as a Va- yb riety of trachyte, under the title Trachyte emaillé, and ar m range all those Obsidians that afford, before the blowpipe, a white enamel, as varieties of the T'rachyte vitreux. The Pitchstone, too, is considered as a variety of siliceous trachyte ; and all the varieties of true Pumice are maintained to be fibrous and very porous varieties of the trachyte emaillé and trachyte vitreux. . : Structure. —Trachyte is sometimes arranged in columns like basalt, but it has not been observed stratified. Geographical Distribution—It abounds in Auvergne; Banks of the Rhine, Italy, Hungary, and in the Andes. « 2. Tufu of the Trachyte Formation. This tuff has a felspar base, which includes portions of va- rious minerals, such as scoriaceous, vesicular, and basaltic lava; also masses of pumice, pearlstone, pitchstone, and trachyte. It is said also to contain imbedded masses and veins of various kinds of opal, and Drees opalised wood and fossil shells, To this rock, Dr Daubeny remarks, probably must be re- ferred those beds occasionally interstratified with trachyte, which consist of an apparently homogenous rock, having a resemblance to Tripoli, possessing a rough earthy feel and slaty fracture, generally grey, but sometimes of an ochre- yellow colour. Daubuisson supposes, that these beds, as well as the tuff, owe thesr origin to the disintegration of the trachyte, and the subsequent agglutination of the finely di- vided fragments into an bou mass. 3. Basaltic and. Greenstone Zong, and died Tuffa, Scoria, and Slag. Lavas. These lavas bear a striking resemblance to the secondary basalts and greenstone, and many geologists are of opinion, THERMAL ROCKS. ; 429 that they are merely varieties of these rocks which have been softened by volcanic heat. It is said they do not occur in streams (coulé), but in a form very similar to secondary greenstones and basalt. They occur in Iceland, South of France, Italy, Banks of the Rhine, and in mand: other quar- ters. Basaltic Tuffa. This tuffa has a basaltie or clayey basis, which includes — masses of basaltic lava, greenstone, and scoria. „It is said to occur in beds with the basaltic lava. Scoria. The very vesicular basaltic lavas are termed Scoriz, and generally occur on the upper side of the beds of lava. Slag. | Slags differ from scorie, in having a vitreous aspect, and in being very uneven and rugged on the surface, 2. Thermal Rocks, or those formed from the Water of Hot- Springs. hit Iceland and other countries, rocks bearing a strong re- semblance to secondary traps are said to be formed by the agency of hot-springs *. These thermal rocks, as they may be denominated, are alleged to be brought from the interior of the earth by the water of hot-springs, partly in a state of solution, partly in a state of mud, and deposited over flat or hilly tracts of country, where they gradually harden, some- times crystallise, and assume their various permanent charac. ters. The famous rock named Privat ttho by the Italians, and ` which abounds in South-western Italy, is a product partly of hot, partly of cold springs. The ancient temples, and the gorgeous palaces and churches of Rome, and indeed the whole of the streets and squares of the former Mistress of the World, * These hot springs probably owe their high temperature to their coming in contact with the earths in the metallic state; indeed it might be rendered very probable, that many phenomena of volcanoes are caused by a change of the state and position of metalloidal matter seated deep in the earth. : 3 430 VOLCANIC ROCKS. are built of concretionary masses which have been deposited by Springs. There are many considerable hot-springs around Guanca- velica in South America, the waters of which spread over the neighbouring country, and deposite upon it an ash-prey or whitish substance, (calc-tuff, sinter and travertine ?), which ac- quires a great degree of hardness. The spring-water is so highly impregnated with the earthy matter, that the inhabi- tants receive it in square boxes or moulds, which it fills in a few days, arid the blocks, thus formed, are used for building, Indeed the greater part of Guancavelica, like Rome, is built of the concretionary rock formed from springs. 3. Rocks formed by Torrents of Mud flowing from Volcanoes. Torrents of mud are often observed to flow from the cra- ters and sides of the American volcanoes. In the earthquake of the year 17/46, which overturned Lima, four volcanoes opened at Lucanas and in the mountains of Conception, and occasioned frightful deluges. The volcanoes of the king- dom of Quito sometimes exhibit phenomena of the same kind, but accompanied with circumstances so extraordinary, that we shall now state them. The enormous volcanic cones of Cotopaxi, Pichincha, Tungouragua, &c. in South America, never throw out lava, but frequently ashes, scoria, and pu- mice, and sometimes vomit forth immense quantities of water and mud. ‘These eruptions take place more frequently from the sides than from the craters of the volcanoes, and the mud- dy waters appear to be derived from lakes situated in the in- terior of the mountains, which burst forth with incredible fury, when any accidental cause, such as an earthquake, splits, and thus opens the side of the mountain. In the year 1698, the mountain of Carguarazo, near to Chimboraco, fell down and covered eight square leagues of country with mud, In the earthquake of the 4th February 1791, 40,000 persons were destroyed by the eruptions of water and mud (moya.) Muddy waters, resembling those which flow from volcanic mountains, are vomited forth in great quantity, from districts where no volcanic rocks occur, when these are agitated by VOLCANIC MUD, &c. 491 earthquakes or other causes. In Peru and Quito, the devas- tations occasioned by volcanoes are not caused by streams of lava, but by water and enormous streams of mud, which, when hardened, is found to contain crystals of felspar, and to resemble porphyry, particulary that named trachyte. In some countries, jets or great bubbles of water, highly impregnated with mineral matter, are thrown out of the earth by meansof gas. The earthy matter is deposited in the state of mud, principally around the mouths of the cones from whence it is expelled; and as these cones somewhat resemble volcanoes in form, they have been termed Air-volcanoes. One of the most remarkable of these air-volcanoes hitherto described, is that of Macalouba in Sicily, of which an account has been published by Dolomieu. It consists of a hillock of hardened mud, about 150 feet in height. Its superior part forms a plain more than half a mile in circumference, and rising from it are numerous small cones, not more than three feet in height, each of which has a crater or hollow filled more or less deeply with a liquid mud; which is in a state of perpe- tual agitation, owing to the constant passage of great bubbles of air through it. Portions of the mud are constantly thrown : out, and thus add to the bulk and height of the cones. There are many small mud-volcanoes in the neighbour- hood of Modena, whose height is not more than a few feet. They are named Salses, on account of the saltness of the wa- ter they throw out ; and which, indeed, is also the case with the water of Macalouba, and of that of most other muddy eruptions observed in different countries. These volcanoes, during their paroxysms, which are attended with slight agi- tations of the earth, throw out much mud, which extends to the distance of three thousand feet. The gas which occa- sions the eruptions, is sulphuretted hydrogen mixed with pe- troleum, and a little carbonic acid. Similar air-volcanoes: are described by Pallas as occurring in the Crimea, particular- ly in the Island of Taman. In the year 1794, one of these burst with a noise like that of thunder, and flame and smoke — rushed from it to the height of more than three hundred feet. Immense masses of dried mud were projected from it to great 432 VEINS. distances, and it vomited forth currents of a bituminous mud or slime, to the amount of one hundred thousand cubic fa- thoms. Humboldt describes air-voleances which he saw in the middle of an elevated plain, in the province of Cartha- gena in South America. There were twenty small cones, having an elevation of from twenty-one to twenty-seven feet in height, and formed of bluish-coloured clay. Their sum- mits were hollow or crater-like, filled with water, from the surface of which air arose, and burst with an explosion, and often threw out mud. In the Island of Trinidad, and also in Java, there are considerable air or mud volcanoes. & VIII. Description OF VEINS, METALLIFEROUS BEDS, AND [IRREGULAR IMBEDDED Massks. Veins, as already mentioned at page 344., are tabular masses, that generally traverse the strata of the rock or rocks in which they are contained, and are composed of ma- terials that either differ more or less from those of the bound- ing rocks, or are of the same nature. I. External Relations of Veins. ` ~ 1. Incknation.—Veins are usually more inclined than stra- ta or beds; the average inclination of strata is 45°, that of veins much higher. In’ inclined veins, the upper side is de- nominated the hanging side, (hangendes in German; toit in French); and the lower or under side the lying side, (liegendes, German ; mur, French). 2. Width, (machtigkeit, German; puissance, French.)— Veins generally becomes narrower as we approach their ends, and at length terminate in a wedge; or they divide into numerous small branches that soon terminate in the rock. Veins not only ramify towards their ends, but also in their course, sending out branches in many directions from their main body into the adjacent strata. These lateral branches assume a curved direction, and again join the main vein after a longer or shorter course, or they, after a course more or less straight or tortuous, terminate in a wedge-form, or by: VEINS: . 483 division into smaller branches in the strata: Veins vary much in width, some being many fathoms, while others are - even less than an inch in width. The width often varies in the same vein; thus, some veins in one part of their course wil have a breadth of ten feet, while in another and not very distant part, it will not exceed a few inches. In metali- ferous veins, the range of width is not so great as in those composed of mountain rocks; for in mineral veins the range is from the smallest width to 150 feet ; in ged veins from the smallest breadth to 300 feet. 9. Length.—Narrow veins are in general very short, where- as those of considerable breadth extend to a great distance. In this country secondary trap-veins can be traced for several miles. A Depth. v is seldom we have an opportunity m rah. ing the bottom of a vein, so as to ascertain its actual depth. Some metalliferous veins have been worked to the depth of 300 fathoms, without reaching the bottom, while, in other eases, the bottom has been found at a few hundred feet from. the surface. II. Structure and Internal Relations. of Veins. 1. Mass of the Vein not the same as that of the surround: ing Strata.—The mass or body of a vein, as already observ- ed, is generally different from that of the surrounding strata. In some cases, however, as in veins of granite in granite, they are nearly the same; the difference consisting in the state of the constituent parts, and the accompanying minerals, not in the general mass itself. 2. dënn of Veins with the bounding Strata—The sides of veins are sometimes divided from the bounding rock by a seam of clayey substance, named besteg by Ger- man miners. This clay in some instances continues through- out the whole extent of the vein, in others it is only partially distributed. Many veins, at their line of junction with the surrounding strata, are separated from them by a thin seam ; while in other cases, the veins and roek where they meet are Ee EN BL: | 4 j D ES E E ac a E 43 dr 4 D Uu a. E > i d E IE. Á 18 Le «X A Hoc M 33 - -- , 1 E Y i R UNS augu Pneu m o EPA PRU Li 3 = mil ER e E EE 494 l VEINS intermingled, and sometimes the matter of the vein is dissemi- nated through the bounding strata to a considerable distance. 3, Substances of which Veins are composed.—Some veins are composed of mountain rocks, such as granite, gneiss, clay-slate, alum-slate, porphyry, sandstone, conglomerate, secondary limestone, coal, secondary trap, and pitchstone. Metals of every description, and in all combinations, are met with in veins, and frequently in great quantity. 4. Vein-stones.—1t rarely happens that ores and metals occupy whole veins, the metalliferous minerals being generally associated with earthy minerals of different descriptions. Of these the most frequent and. characteristic are the following: 1. Quartz, in the form of common quartz, hornstone or jas- per; 2. Calcareous-spar and brown-spar; 3. Heavy-spar ; 4, Fluor-spar. ‘These earthy minerals are technically named vein-stones, (Matrix, Lat.; Gangarten, Germ.; Gangue, Fr.) In some veins, the vein-stone or matrix is of a clay or loam; and veins of this description, although frequently ste- rile, are not always so; forin some of the richest veins in Peru, the ores are intermixed with a TC clay named paco. 5. Distribution of Ores, &c. in Veins.—T he « ores in veins Occurin various ways, as disseminated in imbedded masses, or arranged in layers with the veinstones. Further, the ore is not equally distributed throughout the whole extent of the vein; in some cases it occurs disseminated through a great extent of the vein; in other instances the ores are concen- trated in partieular, and often distant points, but it rarely happens that ore is found in every part of a metalliferous vein. From the facts just stated, it is evident, that the mi- ner will often have to cut through extensive tracts of vein- stone, in passing from one metalliferous point to another. 6. Structure of Veins.—Some veins are composed of but comparatively few minerals, and these are massive and inti- mately aggregated together; others are composed of a greater variety of minerals, but which shew little regularity in their structure; and lastly, veins frequently occur, having a regu- ^ VEINS. 435 lar structure, where the different materials are arranged i ir layers parallel among themselves and to the walls of the vem ; and these throw great light on the origin of veins, and on the formation of the minerals they contain. When veins are composed of different layers, or are strati- fied, the same succession of layers 1s to be observed from both sides towards the middle. Each succeeding layer rests on the preceding, in such a manner that the crystals of the se- cond layer are always impressed by those of the first. A beautiful example of the venigenous stratified structure occurs in the vein Hulfe-Gottes, at Pes: in Saxony, This vein is from six to nine feet wide, and is composed of parallel layers, which sometimes amopnt to forty in number. These layers are composed alternately of calcareous-spar, fluor-spar, lead-glance, grey copper, with fluor-spar, heavy-spar, and a very small portion of quartz. Similar appearances occur at Leadhills, and in many other mining districts. T. Druses.—Cavities lined with crystals, termed Druses, (Fours, Fr). occur in veins of all kinds, but particularly in those having a stratified structure. They have usually a long- ish shape, and are generally parallel with the vem. They have various contractions and widenings. They vary much in size, being from a few inches to several fathoms in magnitude. 'l'heir surface is covered with crystals, which are usually of the same minerals as those that form the massive part of the vem. Thus, the druses in veins composed of quartz, are lined with quartz-crystals ; those in veins of brown-spar, with brown-spar crystals. When druses are lined with a variety of crystallizations of different minerals, we observe that the one series is laid on the other in a determinate order; the oldest part of the formation being that on which all the other crystals rest; the newest, that which éovers all the others. Druses are sometimes filled with water; and when they. are of great size, the quantity of water they contain is so consi derable, as to endanger the lives of miners, when they are cuf into. It is also observed, that. druses occur most abundantly, Ee 2 3 S 4 i d H 3 KIKES GES GE M^ i M Hs T E 1 | | $ $ 436 VEINS. and of greatest size, in the upper parts of veins, but become gradually smaller, and less numerous in the deeper parts. 8. Stratified Veins composed of Mountain Rocks.—Veins composed of mountain-rocks sometimes present a stratified appearance. In the Island of Arran, wacke and greenstone occur “in. layers in the same vein; in other cases, veins are composed of layers of greenstone, porphyry-slate, and pitch- Stone, or trap-tuff, with occasional layers of sandstone. 9. Open spaces extending from side to side of the Vein — Besides the drusy cavities, there sometimes occur very con- siderable open spaces in veins, that reach from the one side to the other, or from the hanging to the lying side. 10. Converging arrangement of the Layers in Veins.— When we attend to the layers of which veins are composed at different depths, we observe that they frequently approach nearer and nearer to the centre, towards the lower part of the vein, but expand or recede from it in the upper part. ‘Thus, those.layers, which, in the upper part of the vein are near to its sides, are at a considerable distance from them lower down, and, still deeper, approach nearer to the middle of the vein. ll. a. Crossing and Meeting of Veins.—W hen a number of veins that do not intersect one another, occur in the same district, it is observed that they have usually the same direc- tion and constituent parts; thus intimating, that all of them are of the same general formation. When different venige- nous formations occur in the same district, then the direction of the veins of these different formations 1s various, and they are arranged 3n such a manner, that each particular formation has a certain direction. b. Veins running in different directions, either cross, or simply meet one another. When they cross, that which is in- tersected is said to be the oldest, and that which crosses or intersects, the newest,—an opinion, the accuracy of which may be questioned. VEINS. 491 B c. Veins sometimes cross each other, without causing any E change of direction; but more frequently we find the direc- : tion considerably changed. - H d. When veins meet under an acute angle, the newer fre- H quently traverses the older; runs parallel with it to à consi- : derable extent, on its lower side, and then again diverges, un. - ae der the same angle at which it crossed it. Sometimes the newer vein does not fully traverse the older, but changes its direction. in the middle of the older vein; runs through the body of the vein; and after a longer or shorter course, again diverges at 13 the same angle it entered. Sometimes the newer vein does d not even traverse the older ; only meets it ; then runs parallel with it; again diverges ; and this is frequently repeated in the 1 course of the ven, e. Newer veins in some cases do not even run parallel with 3 the older, but fairly terminate in them ; and this takes place | E usually on the hanging or upper side. z 12. Different groups of M inerals or different Formations án the same Vein.—In the same veins we sometimes meet with. two or three different formations. Thus, in some Saxon me- E F talliferous veins, the lowest formation is lead-glance ; imme- 1 diately above it there is a formation of native silver ; and the ih uppermost is sparry-iron. In France, there are veins, whose lowest formation is copper-ore ; immediately above it, a forma- ` tion of silver-ore ; and the uppermost is a formation of iror- ore. Many more examples of the same kind might be men- tioned. ` ` À ii 13. Shifts in the Strata in the walls of Veins.—Sometimes the strata or beds, traversed by veins, are merely separated ; so that the strata or beds on opposite sides of the vein corre- spond. In other cases, there is a dislocation, or what miners call a shift of the strata, that is, the similar strata or beds on opposite sides of the vein do not correspond, but are ~ depressed or sunk generally on the hanging or upper side of the vein. ‘The degree of depression or dislocation usually | ` corresponds to the magnitude of the vein. —— E wee 488 METALLIFEROUS BEDS. 14. Alteration of the Walls of Veins.—The walls of veins. are frequently more or less altered; and this alteration is caused either by an intermixture of the materials of the vein with that of the wall, or by a decomposition of the wall, ow- ing to the agency of percolating water, or ‘the substances of which the vein is composed. Zëss 15. Mode of Formation.—NV eins are either of simultaneous formation with the rock which they traverse, as in granite, metalliferous veins, &c. or are rents that have been filled up from above with the’ mineral matter they now contain, as in those veins that contain, true fragments. | Il. METArrirEROovs BEDS. Erzlager, Germ.—Banc, Bonnard.—Couche, Daubuisson. 1. Metalliferous beds, like beds of mountain rocks, have the same position with the bounding strata. "The smallest extent of the bed. is denominated its thickness ; the rock on which it rests is named its Jloor ; and that by which it is immediately covered, its roof: Beds vary in thickness from a few inches to many fathoms. When the thickness is considerable, the beds are frequently divided into tabular masses, and then they are said to be stratified. Sometimes two beds meet to- gether at their extremities, when the interposed mass of rock, ` which is often of great magnitude, appears as a vast imbedded mass in the bed. ' 2. Distinction of Beds and Veins, —Metalliferous Beds have been confounded with metalliferous Veins; but the. follow- ing, besides other circumstances, serve to distinguish them; Lë "They are parallel with the strata of the mountain in which they are contained ; 2. They are not, asis the case with many veins, divided into equal halves, having the same symmetrical arrangement of the same minerals; 9. Their mass is more uniform than that of yeins, that is, composed of fewer mine- rals; 4. Drusy cavities seldom occur in these beds, and when they do appear, are less numerous, of smaller extent, and con- tain fewer minerals than similar cavities in veins; 5. Layers of 3 . E ae Lee e MÀ — —— O DAE IRREGULAR IMBEDDED MASSES. ~ 439. clay are seldom observed on the sides of beds, these latter, being usually fresh, and unchanged, both in their upper and. under sides. l 3. Outgoing of Beds.—The outgoing of metalliferous beds is, in general, more regular than that of veins, that is, presents, fewer differences in direction, thickness and inclination, and fewer branchings and derangements. 4, Extent.—Metalliferous beds vary in extent; some are not more than a few fathoms long, while others, as bituminous marlslate, may be traced for several hundred miles. Very thick beds are sometimes very short, and assume the form of imbedded masses. In general, metalliferous beds are more extensive in secondary than in primitive or transition moun- tains. 5. Mode of Termination of the Beds.—They generally ter- minate in the wedge-form, more rarely divide into branches at their extremities, or they terminate suddenly in the strata without any diminution of thickness. : : 6. Helation of Metalliferous Beds to the bounding Strata. —Metalliferous beds are sometimes distinctly separated from the secondary strata at their line of junction; in other cases they are intermingled with each other, and veins or branches of the bed shoot into the strata, and. portions of the strata project into the bed *. pg. Formations in which Metalliferous Beds occur.—Mag- netic iron-ore, iron-glance, tin-ore, copper-pyrites, iron-pyrites, Jead-glance and cobalt-pyrites, occur in beds in various pri- mitive rocks, but principally in mica-slate, clay-slate and gneiss ; lead-glance, calamine, clay iron-ore and cinnabar, form frequent beds in secondary formations. ; ru III. IRREGULAR, IMBEDDED MASSES. Short and very thick beds sometimes terminate suddenly in all directions, thus forming great lenticular masses, parallel with the bounding strata. Such may be denominated lenti- * Beds with projecting branches have sometimes been described as Veins. ` 440 ARRANGEMENT OF MOUNTAIN ROCKs, cular imbedded masses. In other cases, all dimensions of the mass are nearly alike, and the surface either uniform or very un- even. Such masses vary in magnitude from a few inches to to several miles. hey are either wholly inclosed in a parti- cular stratum, or a part rises above the surface of the stra. tum, and frequently the great masses rise through whole se- ries of strata, which meet them either in horizontal or various- ly inclined positions. e. Granite, Sienite, Limestone, Quartz-rock, Trap, Serpen- tine, occur in imbedded masses, of all dimensions, and in every variety of form. Magnetic Iron-ore, Iron-pyrites, Cop- per-pyrites, Iron-glance, &c. also occur in irregular masses, in rocks of various descriptions, ES IX. ARRANGEMENT oF Mountain Rocks DE« PENDING ON THEIR STRUCTURE. 1. In the tabular arrangement of Rocks which follows, they are divided into Simple and Compound : The simple rocks are ar- ranged according as they are Compact, Granular, or Slaty ; the compound rocks are divided into Aggregated and Conglo- merated ; the aggregated into granular, slaty, porphyritic, and amygdaloidal, but the conglomerated do not require any sub- division. ‘This scheme, although far from satisfactory, will, I trust, prove useful to the student. Suppose we meet with a compound mountain rock, and we wish to ascertain its name, we examine ‘its structure; if it prove to be slaty, we look under the division Slaty, where we find arranged four kinds of rock, On referring to the short descriptions of these in the account of Primitive Rocks, we shall soon determine to which of the four our ‘specimen belongs. In this manner all the determinations are to be made. - TABULAR VIEW OF MOUNTAIN ROCKS. TABULAR VIEW or Ro S reca STRUCTURE. ^ MOUNTAIN ROCKS. 1. SIMPLE MouNTA:IN Rocks. » f i. Limestone. 2, Chalk. 3. Oolite. 4. Marl. 5. Calc-tuff. ÉL Granular. 4 . 6. Serpentine. 7. Fullers' Earth. ETT 8. Wacke. 9. Basalt. LE NE NE ` 10. Claystone. | 11. Compact Felspar. KE e 12. Pitchstone. 13. Obsidian. ` 14. Pearlstone. | 15. Pumice. XX 16. Clay, includ- ing Potter's, Common and Plastic clay. 17. Loam. *8 pweane 18. Quartz. 19. Jasper. KEK ER E? | 20. Clay iron-stone. 21. Calamine. I. Compact t. + ‘IIL. Slaty. 4 Fee eee’ 22. Coal. | 23. Peat. e | Ho Hm GO tO xe 441 Rocks ARRANGED ACCORDING TO . Limestone. . Gypsum. ; Amor, . Hornblende- . rock. . Felspar. . Calc-sinter. . Clay-slate. . Chlorite- slate. . Tale-slate. . Potstone. . Alum-slate. . Drawing- slate. . Whet.slate. . Bitumi- " nous-shale. 9. Slate-clay. 0. Flinty slate. 1. Adhesive- ` slate. . Polier-slate. . Bituminous- marl-slate. 14. Hornblende- slate. 15. Tripoli. tO pa 0o -3 Dare oo zé Under this head we inelude all those rocks in which the fracture is com- pact, that is, which exhibit varieties of the earthy, uneven, even, These terms are explained in my Treatise on the Cha. or splintery fractures. racters of Minerals, Lone o4 conchoida], RELA Kadett, EE UN Ce Ye I. Granular. : a. Aggregated. [1. ranite. 2. Syenite. 3. Protogine. 4. Whitestone. 5. Greenstone. < * * 6. Quartz-rock. 7. Sandstone. TABULAR VIEW OF MOUNTAIN ROCKS. 2. Compounp MouxTAIN Rocks. -.&. Conglomerated. 1. Conglomerate and many . Sandstones. 2. Conglomerated Granite, Gneiss, Mica.slate, Clay- slate, porphyry, &c. 3. Grey-wacke and grey- wacke.slate. 4. Tuffa LEE trap. | 8. Topaz-rock. claystone. yolcanic, 1. Gneiss. 2. Mica-slate. 3. Greenstone- slate. [ 1. Porphyry. 2. Porphyritic-gra-y nite, Syenite, ` Basalt, Green- stone, Gneiss, Mica-slate. | 3. Trachyte. III. Porphyritic. ( 1. Amygdaloid. 2. Amygdaloidal Porphyry, Greenstone, and Basalt. IV. Amygda- | loidal. ` SHORT CHARACTERS OF THE DIFFERENT MOUNTAIN Rocks. It was my intention to have appended to the tabular view short characters of the different species of mountain rocks ; but, on reviewing the descriptions already given in the preced- ing sheets, this did not appear necessary. We shall now only give the characters of those rocks which have not been al- ready sufficiently described. 1. Fuller? Earth.—The colours of this rock are grey and green. It is dull on the fracture surface, which is fine-grain- ed uneven, sometimes also conchoidal, and even inclining to ` SHORT CHARACTERS OF MOUNTAIN RCCKS. 443, slaty. It is opaque. It becomes shining and resinous in the streak. It yields readily to the nail, and is sometimes nearly friable. It is sectile, adheres slightly to the tongue, and feels greasy. Specific gravity 1.72,—2.198. Chemical Charactérs.—1t falls into powder in water, with- out the crackling noise which accompanies the disintegration of bole. Constituent parts.—Silica, 53.00 ; Alumina, 10.00; Mag- nesia, 1.25; Lime, 6.50; Muriate of soda, 0.10; Oxide di iron, 9.75; Water, 24.00. = 98. 60. 2. Alum-Slate.—Of this rock there are two subspecies, viz. Common, and Glossy Alum-slate. Common Alum-Slate.—Its colour is bluish-black. It oc- curs massive, and sometimes in roundish balls, which are im- bedded in the massive varieties. Its lustre is more or less glimmering. Its fracture is straight slaty, and the fragments. are tabular. It is opaque, and does not soil. It retains its colour in the streak, but becomes glistening. It is interme- diate between soft and semi-hard. Specific gravity = 2.384. Glossy Alum-Slate.—Its colour is nearly bluish-black, and sometimes exhibits on its surface tarnishes of various kinds. Its lustre, on the principal fracture, is semi-metallic, and is splendent, shining, or glistening. On the cross fracture it is dull or glimmering. The fracture is more or less curved - slaty. In other characters, agrees with the common kind. 9. Drawing-Slate or Black Chalk.—lts colour is’ greyish- black. The lustre of the principal fracture is glimmering ; of the cross fracture dull. The principal fracture is slaty ; the cross fracture earthy. It is opaque. It writes and soils. It retains its colour in the streak, and becomes glistening. It is soft and sectile. It feels fine but meagre. Specific gravity 2411. l Constituent Parts:—Silica, = 64.06; Alumina, 11.00; Carbon, 11.00; Water, 7.20; Iron, 2.75. 4. Whet-Slate or Hone.—Its colours are grey and green. Internally it is feebly glimmering- "Phe fracture in the large. n—————— P ———————Ó———— e E 444 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. is straight slaty; in the small splintery. The fragments are tabular. It is translucent on the edges. The streak is grey- ish white. It is soft, sometimes inclining to semi-hard, It feels rather greasy. Specific gravity, — 2.'722. X. PETRIFACTIONS, op FossıL ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MovNTAIN Rocks. Petrifactions, or fossil organic remains, have not been dis- covered in any rocks of the Primitive class. They first ap- pear in Transition rocks, and afterwards more or less abun- dantly in the principal formations of the Secondary and Alluvial classes, but are of comparatively rare occurrence in Volcanic rocks. Their mode of distribution, physical condi. tion, and geographical arrangement, do not enter into our pre- sent view, which is simply to enumerate in systematic order the Classes, Orders, and a few of the Genera and Spot of these interestifig remains, 4«« ` : : flan 8 to RA ed ER Kë d Ate via ie LO0Ct p SysrEMATIC VIEW or PETRIFACTIONS. Division I.—ANIMALS. Crass I.—ANTHROPOLITES. Under this head we include the various remains of the human species found in a fossil situation. They are either complete skeletons or single bones, and seldom occur pene- trated with any fossil matter, being generally merely changed by the action of the weather, or of percolating water. There are no authentic instances of anthropolites having been found in secondary rocks; these remains occurring only imbedded in ri mt RU rit tea RUBRO Sai t po titii uio RM ERN ir EE MAMMALIA. 445 alluvial substances of various descriptions, such as loam, clay, sand, peat, alluvial sandstone; &c *. d | Í d A i, (oA hog Jc abe , T 41 TES A S. : a tani iu : SS d — - Crass II.—MAMMALIA. 7 Orper L—CHIROPTERA. 'The only known fossil animal which approaches to the order Chiroptera, or the bat tribe, is that described by Sóm- mering under the name Ornithocephalus. : It 3s conjectured. to form one of a series of animals inter- mediate between the class Mammalia and the class Aves. In the scale of nature, its place appears to be between flying quadrupeds and birds, and certainly it is more nearly allied to birds than the famed. ornithorynchus or duck-billed quad- ruped of New Holland. Two species have been described by Sómmering, viz. Ornithocephalus brevirostris and antiquus. These occur in secondary limestone, and, should they prove to belong to the order Chiroptera, will fall to be considered as among the oldest or earliest created of the land mammalia. OnpEn II.—DIGITATA. Family GLIRES. | Cavia. | Yn the quarries of slaty limestone of Æningen there occur remains of a species of this genus which Cuvier conjectures to belong to the Cavia porcellus or Guinea pig, or more likely to an unknown species either of this tribe or of that entitled Arvicola. | | Mus. . In the slaty limestone rocks at Walsch, in the circle of Baatz in Bohemia, there are fossil remains of a species of this ‘tribe very nearly allied to the Mus terrestris. ; * Human bones have been lately discovered in loam in gypsum caves, asso. ‘ciated with remains of the rhinoceros, fossil horse, &c., a fact which goes to prove that the human species was in existence when these animals inhabited Europe and other temperate regions. E a E KS E a : 446 — ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. Oe Family Fera. H Ursus. Bear. | 1. U. Speleus.—'The size of a horse, and different from any of the present existing species. 2. U. arctoideus.—Is a smaller species, and appears also ío be extinct. Both species are fossil, and remains of them are found in great abundance in limestone caves in Germany and Hungary. These caves vary much in magnitude and form, and are more or less deeply mcrusted with calcareous sinter, which assumes a great variety of singular and often beautiful forms. The bones occur nearly in the same state in all these caves: detached, broken, but never rolled, and consequently have not been brought from a distance by the agency of water: they are somewhat lighter, and less com- pact than recent bones, but slightly decomposed, contain much gelatine, and are never mineralized. "They are gene- rally enveloped in an indurated earth, which contains animal matter; sometimes in a kind of alabaster or calcareous sinter, and by means of this mineral are sometimes attached to the walls of the caves. These bones are the same in all the caves hitherto examined ; and it is worthy of remark, that they oc- .cur in an extent of upwards of 200 leagues. Canis. Dog. Of this genus several species are described as oecurring in the caves already mentioned ; one species very closely resem- bles the Cape hyena, and is about the size of a small brown bear; another species is allied to the dog or wolf; and a third species is almost identical with the common Ze? A fossil species also resembling the common fox has been found in the gypsum quarries near Paris; and in the same forma- tion there are fossil remains of a genus intermediate between canis and viverra. In the alluvial deposites there are re- mains of the hyena. * Blumenbach has lately described the remains of a fossil hyæna, nearly re- sembling the canis crocuta, which was found in marl along with remains of the lion and the elephant, between Osterode and Herzberg in Hanover. a prm lp T A T FOSSIL CAT, WEASEL, SLOTH, Ee, 44/1 à; Felis. Cat. One species of this tribe occurs in the limestone caves, and . appears to be. nearly allied to the iagwar; another species, nearly allied to the tiger, is found in alluvial soil along with fossil remains of the elephant, rhinoceros, hyena, and masto- don. Viverra. Weasel. Two species of this genus occur in the limestone caves ; E the-one is allied to the common polecat, and the other to the zorille, a polecat belonging to the Cape of Good Hope, Another species allied to the ichneumon, but double its size, occurs in the gypsum quarries around Paris. Family Bruta. Bradypus. Sloth. There are but two living species of the sloth tribe, the ai, or bradypus tridactylus; and the unau, or bradypus didactylus. Cuvier describes two fossil species which are nearly allied not only to these species, but also to the myrmecophaga or ant- eater. The-following are the two fossil species: —— 1. Megalonix. It is the size of an ox, and its bones were first discovered in limestone caves in Virginia, in the year 1796. 2. Megatherium.. 'This species is the size of the rhi- noceros, and its fossil remains have hitherto been found only in South America. Jee 7 A ep WEE ER e st, E fF Ja Didelphis. Opossum. A Aten . One species of this extraordinary tribe of animals has been found in a fossil state in the gypsum quarries near Paris. It does not belong to any of the present existing species, and is therefore considered as extinct. Cuvier remarks, that as all the species of this genus are natives of America, it is evident that the hypothesis advanced by some nuturalists, of all the fossil organic remains of quadrupeds having been flooded from Asia to northern countries, is erroneous. ee NORUNT 448 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. Orver IV.—SOLIDUNGULA, Equus. Horse. Equus adamiticus ; Equus Caballus ? | . Fossil remains of a species of horse are found in alluvia? soil, in different parts of Europe, associated with those of the: elephant, rhinoceros, hysena, mastodon and tiger? Cuvier confesses that he is not in possession of any means of ascer- taining the species of horse to which they belong. It is con- jectured by some naturalists, that they may belong to-the equus caballus, the common horse; by others that they are remains of an extinct species larger * than the present, and which lived in Europe at the same time with the elephant, rhinoceros, &c. Orver V.—BISULCA. Cerous. Deer. 1. Alce gigantea, Blumenbach.— Fossil Elk of Ireland.— This is the most celebrated of all the fossil ruminating ani- mals. It is a different species from any of those at pre- sent known to live on the earth’s surface, and may there- fore be considered as extinct. It was first found in Ire- land, where it generally occurs in shell.marl and in peat- bogs. It has also been found in superficial alluvial soil in England, Germany, and France. A magnificent and perfect skeleton of this species lately dug up in the Isle of Mar, has just reached the Royal Museum of the University of Edinburgh, an account of which will appear in the first part of the fourth volume of the Memoirs of the Wernerian Society. 2. Fossil Roe Deer.—Horns and skulls of an animal Nearly allied to the common roe of this country, are found in peat-bogs, 3. Fossil Red-Deer or Stag.—This species resembles the . red-deer or stag. Its horns are found abundantly in peat- bogs, or sand.pits, in Scotland, England, France, Germany and Italy. * The teeth of the fossil horse are considerably larger than those of the living species. XN à . FOSSIL OX AND RHINOCEROS. . 449 Bos. Oz. 1. Aurochs.—This species Cuvier considers as distinct from the common ox, and differs from the present existing varieties in being larger. Skulls and. horns of this species — have been found in alluvial soil in ap Scotland, Jis Germany, and America. 9. Common Ox.—The fossil skulls of this. species differ from those of the present existing races, in being larger, and . the direction of the horns being different. They occur in al- luvial soil in many different parts of Europe, and are consi- dered by Cuvier as belonging to the Es race of the pe i sent domestic ox. 9. Large Buffalo of Siberia. —The fossil skull Bf thus ani- malis of great size, and appears to belong to a species different ` from any of those at present known. It 1 is not the common . buffalo, nor can it be identified with the large buffalo of India, named arnée. Cuvier conjectures that it must have lived at- the same time with the fossil elephant and ee in the frozen regions. of Siberia. : 4. Fossil Ox, resembling the Musk Ox of ao —The SE fossil remains of this species more nearly resemble the ` — American musk OX, than any other species, and have hitherto been, found as in Siberia. ) Ornar VL —MULTUNGULA. Rhimoceros. - o. ES T Rhinoceros antiquitatis. —Blumenbach.. ... Four species of this genus are at present known to natura- . ; lists, as inhabitants of different parts of the world. These are - KE two species of two-horned rhinoceros of Africa, the one-horned - | — - . . rhinoceros of Asia, and the rhinoceros of the Island of Suma- | : tra. Only one fossil species has hitherto been discovered, ' . which differs from the four living species, not only in struc- | |. ture, but in geographical distribution. It was first noticed in the time of Grew ; and the bones he mentions were SOS out 450 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. of alluvial soil near Canterbury. Since that. period, similar remains have been found in a limestone cave near Plymouth, and in different places of Germany, France, and Italy. In Siberia, not only single bones and skulls, but the whole animal, ' with the flesh and skin, have been discovered. 2. Hippopotamus. ~ Only one species of this genus is at present known to live on the surface of the earth. It is an inhabitant of Africa; and. according to Marsden, also of Asia: for he mentions it as one of the animals of the Island of Sumatra. Two fossil species have been ascertained by Cuvier. The larger is so very ‘nearly allied to the species at present living on the surface of the earth, that it is difficult to determine whether or not it is not the same. Its fossil remains have been found in alluvial soil in France and Italy. The smaller is well characterised, the animal not being larger than a hog, and entirely different from any of the existing species of patpi: 3. T'apir. "The tapir was at one time considered as a genus peculiar to: -the new world; but the specimen of Tapir from India, now in the Royal Museum of Edinburgh, proves that it also oc- curs in the old world.. The Indian species is smaller-than the American. Two fossil species of this genus, different from the living species, have been discovered in alluvial soil in different parts of Europe; and one of these appears to have been as. large as the ap omg s ! 4. F. ossi] Elephant or Mammoth. Elephas primigenus. — Blumenback. Of this genus, two species are at present known as inhabi- tants of the earth. The one, which is confined to Africa, is named the African elephant ; ; the other, which is a native of Asia, is named the Asiatic elephant. Only one fossil species. has hitherto been discovered. It is the mammoth of the Rus- ` sians. It differs from both the existing species, but agrees more nearly with the Asiatic than the African species. Its bones have been found i m many different parts of this island ; 129€ FOSSIL ELEPHANT AND HOC. ` “AST “as in the alluvial soil around London; in the county of North- ampton, at Gloucester, at Trenton, near Stafford, near Har- “wich, at Norwich, in the Island of Sheppy, i in the river Med- way, in Salisbury Plain, in Flintshire in Wales, in Ayr- shire and West Lothian ; and similar remains have been dug up in the north of Ireland. Bones of this animal have been dug up in Sweden; and Cuvier conjectures that the bones - of supposed. giants, mentioned by the celebrated Bishop Pon- toppidan, as having been found in Norway, are remains of the ~ fossil elephant. "Portus mentions a head and tooth of this animal, dug up in the Island of Iceland.» In Russia in Eu- rope, Poland, Germany *, France; Holland, and Hungary, teeth and bones of this species of elephant have been found in abundance. Humboldt found teeth of this animal in -. North and South America : and I have in my possession a grinder found in the new world, high on the stoney mountains near the source of the river Saskashanan, by Mr Auld, late : Governor of that country, But it is in Asiatic Russia that- - they occur in greatest abundance. Pallas says, that, from the Don or the Tanais to Tchutskoinoss, there is scarcely a river, the bank of which does not afford remains of the mam- ` moth ; and these are frequently imbedded in, or covered with, alluvial soil, containing -marine prodactions. "The bones are generally dispersed, seldom occurring i complete skeletons, and still more rarely do we find the fleshy part of the animal preserved, as was the case in the carcass found on the shores of the Asiatic arctic ocean, vy Mr Adams, 3 5. Sus. Hog. A i - Sus scrofa. ue Only single bones and teeth of this tribe have been hitherto met with, and these appear to belong. partly to the Sus scrofa, or common hog, and partly to some race or species different. from the present. They are found in. pedt-nágsses, marl-pits,. andi in other very new alluvial deposites. . Gs * In Germany alone, there have been found above one hundred skeletons of the fossil elephant, generally in varieties of calc-tuff and loam, which appear to have been formed by previously existing lakes. Ff? 452 ORGANIC WA s py ROCKS. GE E E EE This i 13 s entirely a fossil genus, ‘no living species having hi- therto been discovered in any part of the world. It is more - nearly allied to the elephant than to any other animal of the ` present creation. It. appears to have been a herbivorous ani- ` mal; and the largest species, the great mastodon of Cuvier,’ jo ee to have been equal in size to the er JR Five species are described by Cuvier. 1. Mammuth Ohioticum, Blumenb.—Great M. 2 - c Mammoth op the Americans.—This species has been hitherto found in greatest abundance in North America, near the river Ohio, and remains of it have been also dug up in Siberia. It has been frequently confounded with the mammoth or fossil. elephant, and in North America it is named Mammoth. It is not, as was formerly supposed, a carnivorous animal, but is herbivorous. 9. Mastodon with narrow Grinders.—The fossil remains of this species have been dug up at Simorre, and many other places in Europe, and also in America. 3. Little Mastodon with small Gë, This species IS. much less than the preceding, and was found in Saxony and Montabusard. 4. Mastodon of the piss —This species was discov- ered in South America by Humboldt. Its grinders are square, and it appears to have equalled in size the gem ma- stodon. E 5. Humboldien Mastodon. ie which is the Sn species of the genus, was found in America by Humboldt. oC Palæotkerium *. This is a new and entirely fossil genus, of the order mul- tungulata, which occurs in the rocks of the Paris. formation, ‘and also in alluvial soil. Cuvier describes ten species, some of which equal the rhinoceros in magnitude, while others are not larger than the sheep. * Paleotherium signifies ancient large animal, or beast. $ D E size from that of the horse to the Guimea pig. NERIS isi AL s He HRS RGB EE RP Re EE a 4 FOSSIL — AND LAMANTIN. 458 oe e: RES ` Anoplotherium *. Big POR The species of this genus are entirely extinct, and vary in = : ORDER VIL—PALMATA. x | er, Family GLIREs. | Se Castor. Beaver. ` - Fossil condim of the Castor fiber, or common a ace have z been found in beds of shell marl in Loch Marlee, i in the pa — yish of Kinloch in Perthshire, and in a similar situation in the estate of Kimmerghame in the parish of Edrom, néar the head. district of Berwickshire called the Merse. The skull ` found in Berwickshire is preserved in the Royal Museum of Edinburgh. An account of the Fossil Beaver of this country has been published by Mr P. Neill, in the 8d volume of he ) Memoirs of the b Society. Family FERE. - Phoca. Seal.’ The remains of a species of seal nearly three times the size of the common seal, or Phoca vitulina, have been found in the SCC UIN coarse marine limestone of the department of the Maine and ` Loire. Another species of this genus, but somewhat less than the common, is also described by a as Gage in the same limestone. . Family Brora. Lamantin. Two species of this remarkable genus have been ined: me j bedded i in the coarse marine limestone of the dek ag of the Maine and Loire. H S i Kióplothelsdin TIENE aio without weapons 5 ius referring to its dis. tinguishing character its want of canine teeth. ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. Onnens VIIL--CETACEA. Balena. Whale. _ The entire skeleton of a whale, seventy-two feet in Poole now in the Royal Museum of Edinburgh, was found at the depth of four feet and a-half, in a bed of clay under peat, at the foot of the Ochil hills. According to measurement, this skeleton was imbedded in the clay about twenty feet above the surface of the present highest tides in the river Forth: Mr Bald, Civil Engineer, has mbal a short account of it in the Edinburgh Phaldsogilig Journal Cortesi found a : complete skeleton of a whale near Pulgnasco in Italy, in a bed of black marine clay. | Genéral Observations.—Of ng true mammalia, the oldest or first formed, appear to be those of a marine nature, such as seals and lamantins, because these are the first met with in our secondary rocks, while the terrestrial mammalia do not appear until the period of the formation of the fresh water series of. rocks above chalk. ` Of these land quadrupeds, the oldest are the Palszeotherium and Anoplotherium : next in the order of formation are the elephant, rhinoceros, mastodon, &c. All the other remains found along with these latter, are either unknown, or at least doubtful. Those fossil mammalia that appear to agree with the presently existing, occur only in the ` newest alluvia, in the bottoms of marshes and of lakes, on the sides of rivers, and sometimes in the fissures and caves of some rocks, and even in the soil itself. Crass TII. —AVES. Fossil remains of S Sed: have been met with in the secondary limestone of Sohlenhoff, Pappenheim, Œningen, and in the Heinberg near Göttingen. ] ; Sturnus. Vieng. | Fossil remains of species of this gerius occur in the second. ary formations around Paris. ee diia min m RE aa tiim titii a comic FOSSIL BIRDS AND TORTOISES. _ 455 bus: ‘Coturnia. ` Quail. Bones of. this tribe of. birds have been found in the second- A E strata near Paris. t - Sterna. Tare. . Bones ER terns are occasionally found along with those of the quail in the Parisian strata. l = ; Galline. Bonds of a gallinaceous bird, nearly resembling the domes- tic fowl, bave een found ‘in loam in gypsum caves in Ger- many, —a fact, which proves that Europe formerly Possessed a species of gallus, but different from the Spec which 3s _ originally a native of India. role. Waders: ‘Bose: of birds resembling those of the order pn e have * - been found near r Paris inclosed in the solid. rocks. Pelecanus. Pelican. Bones nearly resembling those of the pum ier occur .— in the Paris formations. ` ; Observations. —Ornitholites o or fossil remains of Bonds: are of rare occurrence in secondary rocks, and in alluvial strata are P poris in a oe state in the newer eae zy D pears AMPHI mus. ` y d UA e ven) REPTILES. ` A ` Testudo. Tortoise. Fossil remains of this tribe are met with in different parts of Europe. Thus, fossil marine tortoises, of unknown spe- cies, are found imbedded in coarse marine limestone at the village of Melsbroeck, in the environs of Brussels ; and ze mains of the same description occur in the coarse chalk or ‘limestone of the chill of Saint Peter, near Maestricht. "They are irregularly: distributed throughout tlie rock, along with different marine productions, and bones of the gigantic monitor. sp get t AA IELTS OSL = E Tone e e " " i - e "omg » imi Men n : Ba * - : ly Eres —— a tmd 456 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. Remains of a marine, but unknown species of tortoise were found in the limestone slate of Glaris: 5 and unknown species have also been dug out of the rocks of a formation analogous to that around Patis, situated in the vicinity of Aix. The gypsum quarries near Paris, which are so remarkable on ac- count. of their geognostical relations, have See specimens of fresh water tortoises, In j Crocođitus. Crocodile. Two extinct species of fossil crocodiles, nearly allied to , the gavial (Lac. gangeticus) or gangetic crocodile, occur in a pyritical bluish-grey compact limestone, at the bottom of the cliffs of Honfleur and Havre; and one of these species at least is found in other parts of France, as at Alençon and elsewhere *. It would also appear that the skeleton of a , crocodile, discovered at the bottom of a cliff of pyriti- "el slate, about half a mile from Whitby, by Captain Wil- liam Chapman, probably belongs to one of these species. And it may further be remarked, “that the fragments of heads . of crocodiles found in the Vicentine, may be referred to the same species, while the, fossil heads found at Altorf, are different from those of the gavial, and have a longer snout than that of the animal of Honfleur, and may therefore be- long. to the other fossil species found in France. The ` remains of an unknown species of fossil crocodile was found near Newark, in Nottinghamshire, by Dr Stukely ; and the supposed crocodiles found along with fish in the copper-slate, or bituminous marl-slate, of horis arereptiles of the genus Monitor. Monitor. In the well-known quarries of Maestricht there occur re- mains of a large fossil monitor lizard. This species, which i is ` e Cuvier describes bones of a crocodile found in the slaty limestone of Altorf, which had been considered as remains of the human Species. - . Sir Everard Home has described, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London for the year 1814, the fossil remains of an animal possessing charac- ters partly of the crocodile, partly of the species of the class of fishes. It was found in a blue-coloured clayey limestone, named Lias, on the estate of Henr y Host Henley, Esq» bet veen Lyne and Charmouth, in Dorsetshire, H rene m me CHER ate eo ti sari ga E I i cae n p — m E | FOSSIL CROCODILE AND MONITOR. 451 one of the most celebrated of all the fossil species of oviparous Aa quadrupeds, occurs in a. soft limestone which contains flint, and the same kinds of petrifactions as are observed in the chalk near Paris. Even so early as the year 1766 it had ene gaged the attention of enquirers, and up to the present day - has not ceased to be an object of discussion and investigation among naturalists. Some have described it as a crocodile, others as a whale; and it has even been arranged along with I shen Cuvier, after a careful: study of its osteology, ascer- tained that it must have formed an intermediate genus be- tween those animals of the lizard tribe, which have a long E . ` and forked tongue, and those which have a short tongue and ^ - ` the palate armed with teeth. The length of the skeleton ap. pears to have been nearly twenty-four feet. ‘The. head is a sixth of the whole length of the animal; a proportion ap- proaching very near to that of the crocodile, but differing much from that of the monitor, the head of which animal . ` forms hardly a twelfth part of the whole length. "The tail must have been very strong, and its width at its extremity must have rendered it a most powerful oar, and have enabled the animal to have opposed the most agitated waters. From this circumstance, and from the other remains which accom- pany those of this animal, Cuvier is of opinion that it must have been an inhabitant of the ocean. We have here, then, an instance of an animal far surpassing in its size any of the ` š animals of those genera to which it approaches the nearest in its general characters; at the same time, that, from its ace companying organic remains, we find reason to believe it to ` have been an inhabitant of the ocean, whilst none of the ex- . isting lizard tribe are known to live in salt water. However - | ANA remarkable these circumstances are, still they are not more - E. wonderful than those we contemplate in many of the nume- = ` yous discoveries in the natural history of the ancient world, | ` We have already seen a tapir of the size of an elephant; the megalonix, an animal of the sloth tribe, as large as a E" rhinoceros ; and here we have a monitor possessing the mag- d K n s . IE S ` \ ; | nitude of à crocodile. 3 " | SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF PETRIFICATONS. Salamandra. ‘Salamander. In the valley of Altmühl, near Aichsted and Pappenheim, : and also at CEningen, there is a formation of calcareous slate rich in petrifactions. One of the most remarkable of these is that described by Scheuchzer, under the name * Homme Fossile,” and which some naturalists maintained to be the Siluris glanis of Linnzus, but which is, in reality, no- thing more than an unknown, and probably extinct species of salamander or proteus. It was found imbedded in the limestone of Œningen. | ics ` Bufo. Toad. ; Fossil remains of an animal of this tribe occur in the slaty limestone of Œningen; Dr Karg, who has published a . long description of the CEningen quarries, is of opinion, that this petrifaction is that of a common toad; whereas Cuvier is ` inclined to refer it to some species nearly allied to the bufo ` calamita. 5 Crass V. PISCES. Safai Cuvier mentions in a very general way, the few genera of ' fossil fishes met with in the gypsum quarries around Paris. - Five species are enumerated. The first described belongs to a new genus allied to that named amia, and is conjectured to _ be a fresh-water species. The second is nearly allied to two ` fresh-water genera, viz. the mormyrus of La Cepede, natives of the river Nile, and the pacilia of Bloch, natives of the fresh waters of Carolina. The third appears to be a species of sparus, different from any of the present species. The fourth and fifth are very dubious. en fx La Cepede describes thirty species, partly of marine, partly of fresh-water fishes, found in the limestones of Bolca and _ Pappenheim, and in the bituminous marl-slate of Hessia. Several of these nearly resembles living species, but no abso- Jute identity has been proved. : Vertebrae, teeth and scales of fishes are met with in second. g Ns FOSSIL CRABS AND INSECTS. ` veo 459 ary limestone, newer sandstone, chalk, and i in various aliua _ formations. - Crass VI. a Various fol 1 remains of mcum of Mis cines have been i drawn and described by naturalists. pec or Segoe Crabs. "Several tribes of this order have been found in a fossil state, but are to be considered `as of comparatively rare oc- - currence. They are met with in the Jura limestone, also in other newer limestones, as in chalk; and fine specimens are found in alluvial districts. In the works of Herbst, Catesby, Rumphius, and Rösel, there are many figures which resemble petrified species of crabs, but none of them are ‘identical with the fossil kinds. ` Trilobites: This remarkable fossilized animal, which was ge Enio- : molithus by Linnzeus, is referred by some writers to the class Mollusca, by others to the present class Insecta. Data are still - wanting for enabling us to give it its true place; in the mean time, it is here METI with the Insecta, from its near re- semblance. to those animals in several of its characters. -It occurs in transition limestone and slate in Norway and Swe- den; in limestone at Dudley, and hence is sometimes named the Dudley fossil; in limestone in Derbyshire ; and i in fullers? earth 1 in other parts of England. pes in Limestone. - The more perishable kinds of insects rarely pier ina ZE state. Schroeter gives an account of the impression of a but- E terfly in the limestone-slate of Sohlenhoff, which he refers to .the Linnea generis Sphinx, and says was as large as the species termed Tigustri. The same author also describes the impression of an insect resembling the genus Cerambyx, Lin. TAM á T e : 460 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. and enumerates specimens in his cabinet of species of the genus Bombilio, Lin., and impressions of larvee of insects of the ge- nera Phryganea, or Ephemera, all found in the limestone of Sohlenhorff. Impressions, and even petrified insects, are found in the limestone of CEningen. Insects in Coal. Petrified insects of the genus Hydrophylus Fabric. are sometimes found in the brown coal of France; and fossil remains of the genus Carabus, Lin. occur in the brown coal of Hessia. j HE }-Insects in Amber. Amber frequently incloses insects of various descriptions. Accounts of these have been published at different times by collectors, but, in general, in so loose a manner, as to render ` a revisal of nearly the whole of them absolutely necessary, in order to enable us to judge with certainty of the species. Species of the genera Cimex, Blatta, Tenthredo, Cynips, Ich- neumon, Formica, Termes, Tipula, Culex, Empis, Musca, Lepisma, Phalangium, and Aranea, are enumerated by ay. thors as occurring in amber, dp. Ds Ic 0- ER Crass VIL- MOLLUSCA: 2077. In this class are included all the different tribes of fossil shells, but these are so numerous that we cannot venture to ` . enumerate them in this sketch. * ort ad L Crass VIII. CRUSTACE AN "am P 'The different tribes of petrified Asterias or star-fish, of Echinus or sea-urchin, and of Encrinus, are arranged in this class. Pixma e | FOSSIL CORALS AND PLANTS. 461 ` D Crass IX. CORALLIA. . All the fossil corals, and ee bodies of the same e general description, are included in this class. "The following are the genera enumerated by naturalists : 1. Isitolites. 8. Hypurites. 2. Corallinites. x: cs Madreporites.- 3. Keratophytes. .. 310. Milleporites, - 4. Escharites. 11. Tubiporites. 6. Fungites. 12%. Spongites. | 7. Porpites. 13. Alcyonites. Diviston IL —PLANTS. From the imperfect state of the fossil remains of vegetables, it is very difficult to classify and describe them. Many natu- ralists still follow the old method of arranging them under the names Phytolites, Bibliolites, Carpolites, &c. which were given to them in the 16th century. Mr Parkinson divides them in the following manner: 1. Fossil trees*; 2. Fossil plants +; 3. Fossil roots]; A Fossil stalks; 5. Fossil leaves ||; 6 6. Fossil fruits and seed-vessels $. Schlotheim, i in his Potictuitsliridi adopts a better mode of arrangement, - of which the following i is an outline, I. Dendrolites. S 1. Lithowylites. Different kinds of petrified wood. 2. Lithanthracites. Wood more or less m changed into coal. piss . 8. Bibliolites. Petrified leaves, - a o Phytolithi, ah of Linnæus, Lithoxyla of Wallerius, and Stelechites and Dendrolithes of others. -` , + Phytolithi plantarum of meio Bis and Plantze petrifiata: of Wallerius. - -$ Rhizolithi of Wallerius. | || Lithophylla of Wallerius. BS Carpolithi of Wallerius, and Spermolithi of others. pa Mere — us awd prr ia A Ee Së . 462 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. "scat : ] 2.. Botanolites. Under this division are included those fossil plants which _cannot be included under any of the preceding divisions; ~ such are the fine examples of chara in calc-tuff, &c, 9. Phytolites. l. Palmacites. Plants of the palm tribe. ; 2. Casuarinites. Plants resembling the casuarina tribe. 8. Calamites. Plants of the reed tribe. 4. Filicites. Plants of the fern tribe. Se 5. Lycopodiolites, Plants of the lycopodium tribe. 6. Poacites. Plants of the poa tribe. | 4. Carpolites. ` Under this division are included the different kinds of fossil fruits and seeds. ` we B5. Anthotypolites. Fossil impressions of the flowers of plants are of rare oc. currence, and these belong to the present division. | In arranging and describing fossil vegetables, we cannot use the methods of botanists, because the stamina, cotyledons, &c. never occur. In many cases, the bark affords us excellent characters ; in others, the form and arrangement of the leaves, In using the bark as a character in the arrangement and de- termination of fossil vegetables, we find that the spiral ar- rangement of the scales or tubera around the stem afford general characters for the families; and the differences of ` their form, the number of their glandulz, Sec, enable us to determine the species. The following tabular view of the cha. racters of several of the fossil trees and reeds of the coal formation of this country, as given by Count Sternberg in his Flora of a Former World, will shew the degree of certainty to be obtained by following this method of determination. 5 J l ie 4 | | i i FOSSIL PLANTS. i 463 $ Tentamen Classificationis Systematica Plantarum : sPrimenditdiun. f Wagn L tert * Character essentialis. —Caudex E squamis folii. - feris caudicem spiraliter ambientibus. Conspectus Zëtteg — Tribus 1. pe squamis con- xexis. . A. Dee 2 B. Escutate, 1l. ` Tribus 2. (Alveolaria; squamis subconcavis, 3. e — MÀ Tribus I. Lepidotee squamis convexis, ag A. Scutatis. Y e 1. Lepidedendron dichotomum. Caudige arboreo, ame. dio dichotome ramoso, squamis inferioribus obovatis, superio- | ribus rhomboidalibus, medio scutatis, scutis ad insertionem - foliorum glandulis tribus horizontaliter notatis. Foliis angustis linearibus, 12—18 policum longitudine. Sternber g, Flora der Vorwelt, t. i. ii. in. Burntisland, Fifeshire. 2. Lepidodendron obovatum. Candice arboreo, squamis obovatis inferne attenuatis seu decurrentibus, medio linea verticali ad scutum usque divisis glandula una in utroque la- tere, scuto paleformi venoso. Id. t. vi. f. 2. et vin. f. 1. B.a.etb. Near Bradford, in Yorkshire. iue 9. Lepidodendron aculeatum. -€audice arboreo, squamis sub-rhomboidalibus margine revolutis, eosta media aculeata, . glandula una in utroque latere, scuto transverse rhomboidali, glandulis. tribus horizontaliter | notato. Id. t. vi. f. 9. et t. vii. f. 1. B. a. et b. ; ; Ib E Lepidodendron crenatum. Caudice SESCH squamis sub-thomboidalibus, utrinque acuminatis, costa media cre~. nata, glandula una in utroque latere, scuto triangulari eglan- duloso. Id. t. vili; f 2, A. a. et b. 5. Lepidodrendron rimosum. ‘Caudice motas; cortied i m- c . ter squamas distantes rimoso, squamis lanceolatis Sage at- $ * From Aen, squama, and d:Deos, lignum. ` aa ie iai la - = 404 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNT AIN ROCKS. tenuatis nudis, glandula unica sub scuto transverse rhom- boidali, glandulis scuti oblitteratis. Id. t. x. f. 1. 6. Lepidodendron undulatum. Squamis rhomboidalibus continguis dextrorsum spiraliter imbricatis undulato-lineatis, scuto orbiculari linee mediae insidente, uni Sege, Id. t. x. f. 2. Near Bradford, in Yorkshire. Y. Lepidodendron laricinum... Caudice arboreo, squamis imbricatis, arcuatis, (in planta fossili) plerumque laceris, scuto transverse rhomboidali, glandulis tribus horizontaliter notato. Id. t. xi. f. 2, 3, A Midlothian coal-field. DB. Squamis escutatis. 8. Lepidodendron punctatum. Caudice arboreo, squamis obovatis, acuminatis margine inferiore e septem punctatis, me- dio (ad insertionem petioli trigoni ?) in figuram, forficum ton- sorum excisis. Id. t. iv. et t. viii. f. 9. A. a. b. Synonima ad hane tribum spectantia denuo inquirenda. Cylindrus lapideus Byerleus compressior echini facie, aceta- bulis majoribus oblongis e puteis carbonariis } prope Byer- ley in Yorkshir. Petiv. gaz. nat. et art. dec. 2da, t. xvi. f. 1. Schistus Byerleus caucaloides, ibid. t. xxii. f. 19. Schistus pinoides major et minor, ibid. t. xxxv. f. 9, 10. Volkmann, Sil. subt. t. xv. f. 4. Strobilus laricinus ejusdem, p. 197, t. xxiv. f. 4. Forte ic. nost. t. xi. f. 2. a pictore ob similitudinem. squamarum in figuram strobili coacta et app. t. iv. f. 4, 5, 6. Mevand. die Kunst auf Steinkohlen zu bauen, t. vi. f. 5. t. Vill. f.9,4, Ds 6. s Musep Bomar, et t. ix. f. 5, 6. Tribus II. WI. squamis subconcavis. 9. Lepidodendron alveolare. Caudice arboreo, squamis minutis subconcavis subrotundo ovatis, ad basim glandulis tribus. horizontaliter notatis. Sege Flora, t. ix. f. 1. a. et b. | 10. Lepidodendron trigonum. Ciis arboreo, squamis .'Subconcavis trigonis, glandulis tribus i in medio squamarum. Id. t. xi. f. 1. FOSSIL PLANTS. > 465 Sos, Is tah, eee S.A exemplar defectuosum squa- mis oblitteratis. Morand. 1. cit. t. vi. f. 8. ic, mala glan- dulis deficientibus. 11. Lepidodendron hexagonum. Caudice arboreo, squamis . subconcavis perfecte hexagonis, glandula unica? in medio squamarum. Knorr. Lap. Dil. test. t. i. t. x. a. £ 1. Morand. i. cit. t. ix, ta ` Inquirenda Knorr i. cit. t. x. a. f. 9, II. Variolariz. | Character essentialis. — Caudex scutatus seu verrucosus scutis foliiferis caudicem spiraliter ambientibus. ` 1. Variolaria fícoides. Caudex arborescens, diametri 2—4 olicum, alterne ramosus, scutis orbicularibus ad i insertionem ` 5 foliorum uni glandulosis, foliis lineari-lanceolatis, basi cuneata coarctatis 4—6 policum longitudinis. Sternberg, dësser t. xii. f. 1, 2,3. Midlothian coal-field, and Fifeshire. Synonima Auctorum. Cylindrus lapideus Byerleus, compressior echinite laticlavii -maximi facie acetabulis, rotundis e puteis carbonariis prope Byerley i in Yorkshire. Pet. gaz. dec. 11. t. xviii. f. 11, E v. opuntiae gene Volkm. Sil. subt. P 106. |. . aiti variolis depressis, schistus variolis elevatis. Mo- 2 Leis tix, LS 4. “TH St Character essentialis. Caudex striatus ad internodia sutu- \ ris interceptus. 1. Calamitis pseudo-bambusia. Caudex arboreus lineis pa- rallelis striatus, ad mternodia secundum magnitudinem plantze plus minus distantia, suturis interceptus. Sternberg, Flora, t. xin, f. 9. Midlothian and Fifeshire coal-fields. Synonima auctorum plures forte species includentia denuo indaganda. : Calamite. Valch. Lapid. Dil. test. t. iv. suppl. p. 148. tidin f£ 8. £u £ 1-4 £6 b Arundini saccharinze germanice similis. Valk. Sil. subt, p. 110.41. x8. £ 7. e E g 1 Pe TER n 466 ORGANIC REMAINS FOUND IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS. - . IV. Syringodendron. Character essentialis.— Caudex arboreus,: fistularum sibi invicem. aglutinatarum forma, glandulis: nudis, caulem spira- liter ambientibus. 1. Syringodendron organum. ` Caudice arboreo, fistulis la- tioribus, glandulis integris. Sternberg’s Flora, t. xii. f. J. Fifeshire. : 2. Syringodendron pes-capreoli. Caudice arboreo, fistulis angustioribus, glandulis duabus conjugatis, vel una, divisa. Id. t. xui. f. 2. : Synonima Auctorum comparanda. | Knorr, Lap. Dil. test. t. i. t. x. c. f. 2, 8. Knorr, 1. cit. t. x. b. £.1. t. x. a. £.9. t. x. c. £.4 Volkm. Sil. subt. app. t. iv. f. 2. Morand. t. vi. f. 1, 2, 4. KAPA ——— MÀ ADHESIVE SLATE AND ARSENICAL dILVER.. 467 DESCRIPTIONS OMITTED. 1. Adhesive Slate. Klebschiefer, Wer ner. ; External Characters. — Colours grey and white. Occurs massive. Internally dull, Fracture straight, and thick or thin slaty. Fragments tabular. Soft, passing into very soft. Sectile. Feels slightly greasy. Adheres strongly to the oo Sp. gr. = 9. 080, Klaproth. "Chemical Characters.—Infusible before the TUER Constituent Parts.—Silica, 58.0; Alumina, 5.0; Magnesia, 6.5; Lime, 1.5; Iron and ae SI at 19. dae .100, Bucholz. Geognostic Situation.—Occurs in Véi? in secondary gyp- sum above chalk, and frequently contains imbedded menelite. Geographic (eegen, Dër in the Paris Formation, near Paris. l -2. Arsenical Silver. Arsenik-Silber, Werner. External Characters. —Colours on the fresh surface tin- white, which soon tarnishes greyish-black. Occurs massive, reniform, and in lamellar concretions. Internally glistening, .and metallic. Fracture uneven. ^ Constituent Parts——Arsenic, 35.00; Iron, 44.25; Silver, 12.75; Antimony, 4.0; = 96.00, Klaproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs in primi- ` tive and also in transition rocks in Germany and Spain, GEN ek, Wé mI kee 468 NATIVE MAGNESIA AND CORNEOUS LEAD. 3. Native Magnesia. External Characters.—Colour snow-white, passing occa- sionally into greenish-white. Occurs in coarse granular and prismatic concretions, and in regular six-sided prisms. Lustre pearly and shining ; alternates from transparent to translucent. It adheres slightly to the tongue. Hardness = 1,—1.5. Sp. gr. = 2.13,—2.33, = Chemical Characters.—Dissolves entirely in muriatic, sul- phuric, and nitric acids. Constituent Parts.—Magnesia, 0.0; Water, 30; = 100. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs in veins in.serpentine at Portsoy, and in serpentine in Shetland, A Corneous Lead. Hornblei, JVerner. External Character.—Colours white, grey, and pale wine- yellow. Occurs crystallized in oblique four-sided prisms. In- ternally splendent, and lustre adamantine. Threefold cleav- age, the cleavages parallel with the planes of the prism. Fracture conchoidal. More or less transparent. Rather softer than white lead-spar. Sectile, and easily frangible. Sp. gr. = 6.065, Chenevia. ; Chemical Characters. —On exposure to the blowpipe on charcoal, it melts into an orange-coloured globule, and ap- pears reticular externally, and of a white colour when solid ; when again melted it becomes white; and on encrease of the heat, the acid flies off, and minute globules of lead remain behind, i Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Lead, 85.5; Muriatic Acid, 8.5; Carbonic Acid, 6.0; — 100, E laproth. Geognostic and Geographic Situations—Oceurs in Crom, ford Level, near Matlock, in Derbyshire; and has also been met with in Germany, and in North America, — ARSENIATE OF LEAD. S 469 5. Arseniate of Lead. P is divided into three kinds, viz. Reniform, Filamentous, and Earthy. l. Réniform Arseniate of Lead. External Characters.—Colour on the fresh fracture reddish- brown and brownish-red ; externally ochre-yellow and straw- yellow. Occurs reniform and tuberose; also in curved la- mellar concretions. Internally shining and resinous. Fracture conchoidal, sometimes inclining to even and uneven. Opaque. Soft, and brittle. Sp. gr. = 3.933. Chemical Characters.—It is insoluble in water. Before the blowpipe on charcoal, it gives out arsenical vapours, and is more or less perfectly reduced. It bloen glass of borax lemon-yellow. Constituent Parts.—Oxide of. Lead, 95.0; Arsenic Acid, 95.0; Water, 10.0; Oxide of Iron, 140; Silver, 1.15; . Silica, 7.0; Alumina, 2.0; = 95.15. Geognostic and Geographic Situations. —Occurs. at t St. schinsky, 1 in Siberia. p Filamentous Arseniate of Lead. External Characters.—Colours green and yellow. Oceurs massive, in granular concretions, and either in small acicular six-sided prisms, which are collected into flakes, or-in very - delicate capillary silky fibres, which are transparent, slightly flexible, and easily frangible. Sp. gr. = 5.0,—6.4. — Constituent Parts.—Oxide of Lead, 69.76; Arsenic Acid, 96.4; Muriatic Acid, 1.58; = 100, Gregor. Geographic Situation. —Occurs in the mine of Huel Unity in Gwennap, and in other mines in Cornwall. 3. Earthy Arseniate of Lead. External Characters.—Colour yellow. Occurs in crusts. Fracture earthy. Friable. Sp. gr. = 5.6. ` SZ Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Occurs along with filamentous arseniate of lead at St Prix, and also near St Oi- sans, in France. TRIPOLE AND NATI VE-MINIUM. 6. Tripoli. Tripel, Werner. External Characters.—Colours grey, white, and yellow. Occurs massive, and in whole beds. Internally dull. Fracture sometimes fine, sometimes coarse, earthy; and in the great in. clines to;slaty.- Opaque. Soft, sometimes passing into very soft. Not very brittle, and rather easily frangible. Feels meagre, and rather rough. : Does not adhere to the tongue. Sp. gr. = 2.02, Buchols. | Chemical Characters.—1t ig infusible before the blowpipe. Constituent Parts.—Silica, 4; Alumina, 86; Carbon, 10; = 100. Phillips. Geognostic and Geographic Situations.—Oécurs in beds in ‘coal-fields; also in’ beds in secondary. limestone, alternating with clay, under secondary trap. It is found at Bakewell, in Derbyshire, where it is named Rotten. Stone. - Uses.—On account. of the hardness of its particles, it is used for polishing stones, metals, and glasses of different kinds. 7. Native Minium, or Native Red Oxide of Lead. External Characters.—Colour scarlet-red. Occurs massive, and pulverulent; but when examined by the lens, exhibits a crystalline structure, like that of galena, on which it generally - rests. Chemical Characters.—Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it.is, first converted into litharge, and then into metallic lead. Geographic Sttuation.—It is found in Grassington Moor, Craven ; Grasshill Chapel, Wierdale, Yorkshire. INDICES. rd a T E s er TENTS ( 419 ) INDEX TO THE SIMPLE MINERALS. Acips ' A arsenic - boracic carbonic muriatic sulphuric Actynolite ` asbestous common glassy à Adhesive-slate Adularia Agalmatolite Agaric, mineral Agate : de Alabaster, calcareous gypseous Albin ` Allanite ` ENGLISH NAMES. Allohrote . . 296 Allophane 316 - 5 Alum 17 4 Alum-earth 302 3 Alum-slate » 4 |. common 363 ib. .. glossy ib. Alum-stone 20 172 Aluminite | 314 173 Amalgam 261 ib Amber 207 467 Amblygonite 816. 154 Amethyst 126 /.. common ; 194 44. thick fibrous 195 207 Amianthus, or flexible asbes- __ 45 - tus 3 176 22 Ammoniac, sal, 11 151 Analcime 142 Jrg- 2 e m ZE EE "pages? codi e fis Ari A Asbest a. 414 Andalusite Anhydrite compact convoluted fibrous sparry, or cube-spar scal Anthophyllite / Antimony-glance Antimony-mica | Antimony, native Antimony-ore, grey red Antimony, white Antimonial silver Apatite chonchoidal, or aspa- ragus-stone foliated Aphrite Aplome Apophyllite Arenaceous atacamite Argentiferous copper-glance Arragonite common F ` coralloidal Arsenic acid : Arsenic, native Arseniate of lead Arseniate of iron Arsenical silver Arsenical pyrites Asbestus common . flexible ligneous Asbestous actynolite tremolite Asparagus-stone Asphaltum Atacamite Atmospheric air water Augite, foliated granular conchoidal common Automalite 321 5 36 5 257 469 os -467 267 176 176 177 INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. Axinite Azure-spar Azurestone . Baikalite Baryte, prismatoidal di-prismatic prismatic . pyramido-prismatic Basaltic hornblende > Bergmannite Beryl Bismuth, native native Bismuth-glance Bismuthic silver Bituminous-wood Bituminous marl-slate Bituminous shale Black coal Black chalk Black copper Black lead-spar Black manganese-ore Black tellurium Blende, antimony manganese ruby zine Blue copper Blue iron earthy fibrous foliated ` Blue lead Blue-spar Blue-vitriol Bog iron-ore Bole : Boracic acid, native Boracite Botryolite earthy fibrous Brittle silver-glance Bronzite Brown coal, Brown coal i conchoidal earthy fibrous trapezoidal ` . Brown hematite Brown lead-spar Brown spar columnar ^ foliated Butter, rock C ` Cacholong Calaite ` Calamine, compact -earthy sparry y electric Calamite Calcareous-spar Calc-sinter Calc-tuff Candle or cannel acis Calcedony Carbonic acid Carburetted lta Carinthine : Carnelian Cat’s-eye Celestine fine granular fibrous foliated prismatic. = radiated ‘Cellular pyrites. Cerium-ore dcad Ceylanite Chabasite Chalk, common - black SS. M Chiastolite Chlorite common .. earthy foliated ENGLISH. NAMES Chlorite, compact slaty Chrome. ore, or Chromate of. iron e Chromate of lead Chrysoberyl Chrysolite Chrysoprase Cimolite Cinnabar Cinnamon-stone Clay, Potters slate Clay-iron ore, red |. brown Clay-slate Claystone Clinkstone Coal, bituminous glance . Cobalt mica . Cobalt pyrites | .hexahedral . - octahedral Cobalt, silver-white . tin-white Coccolite ‘Colophcnite Columnar glance-coal ` Columnar clay-iron-ore Columnar heavy-spar Common asbestus: Comptonite Conite ` ` Copal, fossil Copper glance Common garnet Compact felspar Copper-green Copper-mica Copper, native Copper-ore, red ` Copper-nickel, | - Copper-pyrites ` Copper-sand Corneous Silver Corneous Mercury Corneous lead 476 INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. Cornish tin-ore Corundum Crichtonite Cross-stone Cryolite Cube-ore D Datolite . Diallage, green Diamond Diaspore Diopside Dolomite, columnar compact granular Drawing-slate E Egeran Egyptian jasper Ehohte ^ P. Elastic mineral-pitch Electric calamine Emerald, precious Emerald copper Emery Epidote Epsom-salt uclase Eudialite F Fassaite | Felspar adularia ` compact common earthy glassy Labrador TRU slaty Fibrolite Figurestone Flint Flinty-slate Floatstone luor-spar, compact Fluor-spar, foliated earthy Foliated granular limestone Foliated zeolite Fullers-earth G Gadolinite Galena i Garnet blende Garnet, common precious resinous Gehlenite Gieseckite Glance-coal conchoidal slaty columnar ' fibrous Glance, antimony bismuth copper rol lead melane molybdena silver tellurium Glauber-salt Glauberite * Gold, native Gurhofite Graphic ore Graphite, scaly : compact Green earth Green lead-spar Grenatite Green vitriol Grey antimony -Grey copper Grey manganese Grossulare Gypsum compact : scaly foliated earthy 30 31 38 150 442 231 280 288 227 226 ib. 323 328 806 ` ib. 307 ib. 984 283 '276 284. Gypsum, foliated granular fibrous sparry Gurhofite Haiyne CDS. Heavy-spar ~ compact columnar curved lamellar disintegrated earthy fibrous granular radiated e straight lamellar prismatic Heliotrope S Helvine Hematite brown red. Hepatic cinnabar Hepatic pyrites Hepatite Hollow-spar Hone - Honeystone Hornblende basaltic common > Hornblende-slate | Hornstone : conchoidal splintery . woodstone Hyalite Hyecinth - Hydrogen gas Hypersthene I Tce-spar E Ichthyophthalmite carburetted sulphuretted phosphuretted ENGLISH NAMES. Iolite Iron-flint Iron-glance, or specular iron- ore Iron meteoric native terrestrial Iron-ore ` d brown . bog ; magnetic red specular ` Jron-pyrites cellular common cockscomb hepatic . magnetic radiated or pris- matic. Spear Iron-sand lronshot copper-green earthy = slaggy Iron-vitriol Iserine J Jasper, agate common Egyptian porcelain S striped ` D ^ .- Jaspery red clay-iron-ore Jet ; K Kaolin Karpholite Kollyrite Kerate Kyanite or Cyanite È Labrador felspar Labrador schillerspar Y D: Amd guo Lu 472 Lake-salt Lapis lazuli Laumonite 35 Lead-glance or galena common compact Lead-spar indurated friable Lead-spar - black brown earthy green red white yellow z Lenticular red clay iron-ore Lenticular copper Lepidolite Leucite Lievrite Limestone ; compact foliated fibrous Lithomarge friable 11 317 146 . 280 ib. INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. Marl compact earthy Meadow-ore Meershaum Meionite Melanite | Menachanite Menace ironstone Mellilite Menilite Mercury, native Mesoty pe Meteoric iron Mica antimony cobalt copper iron uran pearl tale Miemite granular prismatic Milk-quartz Mineral charcoal Mineral oil indurated Mineral pitch à earthy elastic slaggy Mineral turquois M Molybdate of lead Magnesian limestone __ Molybdena : Magnesite Molybdena silver Magnetic iron-ore Montmartrite Magnetic pyrites . Moonstone Malachite - Moor-coal- compact Morass-ore e fibrous Mountain or rock cork Manganese-ore -Mountain-soap black Mountain or rock wood grey Muriate of copper brown S 2 Manganesespar i, N Marble ` , gl . Nacrite : Naphtha Loam Lucullite ydian-stone e NÉE j Native amalgam 261 antimony 259 arsenic D bismuth 260 copper 265 gold 269 iron 964 magnesia 468 mercury 260 minium 470 nickel 326 platina 264 silver 261 tellurium 258 Natron D Natrolite 147 Needle-ore 326 Nepheline 153 Nephrite . 327 Nickel, native - 326 Nickeliferous grey pu 327 Nitre 8 O Obsidian translucent 214 transparent 215 Octahedrite 235 Olivine 219 Olivenite ` acicular 96 di-prismatic 98 hexahedral -95 prismatic 96 radiated 329 Opal common ` 211 fire ib. jasper SS 212 mother-of-pearl 211 precious 210 semi 22 wood ib. Ore cerium 242 chrome ib. copper 236 iron 948 ENGLISH NAMES. Ore manganese tantalum tin titanium |J. uranium wolfram zinc ore Orpiment red : yellow - P Pearl-mica Pearl-spar Pearlstone Pearl-sinter Peastone Peliom | Petalite Petroleum . Phosphate of copper Phosphate of lead Phosphat of Goes Pitch-coal Phosphorite ese common ` earthy Physalite nt Pinite Pistacite Pitchstone ` Plasma . Platina, native Polishing-slate Porcelain-earth Porcelain-jasper Potstone Potters-clay Prase . Precious garnet opal Prehnite fibrous foliated Pumice Pyrites arsenic cobalt 480 Pyrites, copper iron magnetic nickel tin Pyreneite Pyrope Pyrophysalite Pyrosmalite Q Quartz, common fusible milk or rose rhomboidal uncleavable Quartzy, or siliceous sinter Radiated acicular olivinite pyrites . Zeolite Red antimony Red chalk Red clay iron-ore Red cobalt-mica earthy radiated sla Red iron-ore ` = compact fibrous ochry scaly Red lead-spar Red manganese Red orpiment Red silver Red zinc Ehomb-spar Rock-butter Rock-cork crystal salt wood Roestone Rose-quartz Ruin-marble Ruby, oriental INDEX ZR SIMPLE 275 271 274 266 332 225 228 190 329 196 214 196 193 208 208 329 273 149 290 249 ib. MINERALS. Ruby, spinel Ruby-blende Rutile Sahlite Sal ammoniac ; conchoidal volcanic Sapphire Sassoline Satin-spar Sassurite Scapolite common foliated radiated Schiller-spar Schorl, common Schorlous topaz or schorlite Selenite Semi-opal Serpentine Shale, bituminous Siver 5 antimonial bismuthic corneous muriate of native auriferous red ruby | Silver-glance, or vitreous sil- _- ver brittle Silver-white cobalt . Skorodite Slate-clay Slate-coal Slate-spar Sodalite Spak Spar brown calcarecus cube . , felspar fluor Spar, heavy lead . rhomb schiller Sparry iron Specular iron-ore Spherulite Sphene, common foliated ` Sphragide Spinel . Spinellane Spodumene Staurolite, op grenatite Steatite, or soapstone Stilbite Stilpnosiderite Stinkstone Striped jasper. Strontianite . Sopa of ammonia cobalt copper iron lead. magnesia zine Sulphur, common volcanic Sulphuret of manganese Sulphuric acid Sulphurous acid Sunstone Swamp-ore Swinestone T Tabular-spar Talc-mica Tale ` common indurated Tantalum-ore . 'Tantalite ` Tellurium black native yellow ENGLISH NAMES. 71 81 60 130 61 245 330 232 233 314 183 331 135 229 . Whet-slate Hh Tellurium-glance 281 Tennantite 382 -Tin-ore 238 Tin-pyrites aes 332 Tin-white cobalt 269 Titanium-ore 232 Topaz 188 Touchstone’ i B01 . Tourmaline 221 . Tremolite ) asbestous 174 common ib. -—- glassy: ^,^. 175 Tripoli ` 470 Tuffaceous limestone, or Wide MN e 746 Tungsten ES ; 68 Turquois mineral 318 tke taba " 253 Uran-mica, or Unanite 107 Uranium-ochre - 108 Uranium-ore 24] V Variegated copper-ore Lr Velvet-blue copper 332 Vesuvian i ; 293 Vitreous silver 279 copper 278 Vitriol $a . blue 14 . green ` 13 ` red. 15 white ib. ` Vivianite = 115 Volcanic sulphur 295 . Vulpinite . 27 eke W Water atmospheric. 7 i 3 sea ib. Wavellite 338 Wernerite 2 x 169 - 443 482 INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. White antimony lead-spar vitriol Witherite Wolfram , Wood opal stone tin Y Yellow eařth : copper-pyrites gold-glance lead-spar .orpiment^ Yellow tellurium Yenite or Lievrite Yttro-cerite Z Zeolite fibrous foliated mealy radiated. Zircon Zoisite common friable GERMAN AND FRENCH NAMES. Actinote Albin ? Alaun-Haloid. Alumine fluatée alcaline Ammoniaque muriaté Amphibole S Amphigéne Analcime Anhydrite ; . Anthophyllite Anthracite Antimoine natif oxydé sulfuré ` ` nickelifére Argent antimonial antimonié sulfuré antimonié sulfuré noir muriaté ual sulfuré Argil ocreuse pup Arsenic Ben . natif oxydé | sulfuré Jaune | rouge ` Arsenikkies Arsenik silber B Baryte carbonatée sulfatée, Berg-Butter, Bergcork | . Bergholz Bergmilch Hh2 D Beril ; 192 172 Bernstein : 192 151 Bildstein 196 29 Bimstein * . 216 28 Bismuth natif 260 11 sulfuré 283 169 _plombo-cu- i 141 prifére 326 142 Bitume 298 25 Bituminóser Mergelschiefer 54. 133 Bituminóses Holz 301 306 Bittersalz 16 259 Bliütterzeolith : 150 113 Blattriger Anthophylli LE 285 Blau-Bleierz : 281 2297 Blaue-Eisenerde 116 259 Blauspath 180 291 Bleierde 84 287 Bleifahlerz 321 -—.90 Bleiglanz 280 261 Blende 287 279 Bol : 314 240 Brandschiefer 385 Braun-Bleierz 86 957 Brauneisenstein 250 5 Braunkohle 301 293 Braun-Manakerz 232 294 Braunspath . 59 , 60 268 Braunsteinblende 288 Brithyne-Salz 19 Buntkupfererz — . 218 TO C à 71 Carneol 208 18 Coelestin ; 2 78 175 Cerin ; 319 177 Cerererz P 242 44 Cerium oxydé silicifüre ib. le got Lk Ph cv tee «adm it i ai t og, y ra ip ll lng P " PAY gon "-— UMP TUE Le 484 INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. Chabasie à : 145 Eisenpecherz Chaux anhydro-sulfatée . 95 Eisenschüssig Kupfergrün . boratée siliceuse 139 Eisenvitriol carbonatée i 36 Eisspath carbonatée magnésifère 60 Eisenrahm, brauner fluatée ; E 30 rother phosphatée à 32 Elaolit sulfatée ` : : 20 Emeraude Chlorit d ; . 119 Epidote Chroin- Eisengtelfi : 249 Erdol Cobalt arseniaté ; 109 Erdiger Talk arsenical 269 ` Erdpech EEN a ib. Esmarkit oxidé noir ; .111 Essonite ` Corindon granulaire RS 185 Etain oxydé harmophane, «= 180 sulfuré Cuivre arseniaté . . 94, 106 Euclase carbonate P, i 02 bleu : 98 vert ‘ 102 Fahlerz dioptase : 100 Faserkiesel gris antimonifére 277 Faserzeolith arsenifére S 276 Fassait z muriaté : 104 Feldspath apyre natif 3 a 265 bleu oxydulé : eege" ` dichter phosphaté : 101. Fer arseniaté pyriteux gne 275 arsenical hepatique’ — 278 chromaté sulfaté i de 14 natif sulfuré `. e 278 oligiste Cymophane : : 186 oxydé : oxydé carbonaté D oxydule, Demant : ; : 187 phosphaté Demantspath 186 sulfaté Diallage metalloide 130, 131 sulfuré vert e i 130 blanc Diopsid: : eoe 168 ferrifére Dioptase 3 : : 100 Feuerstein Dipyre : RS 162 Fluss Haloid Disthene * ; 134 Fraueneis Dolomit pi Wc DO Dystom-spath T oe Gadolinit Galena Egeran ^. . e 223 Galmei Eisenglanz e 245 Gas e Eisenglimmer — . : 115 Gediegen Arsenik Eisenkiesel. à PC TOS- Eisen (Glauber ^ —. 7... - Glaubersalz s GERMAN AND FRENCH. NAMES. Gediegen Gold Kupfer Platin à H Quecksilber Silber Silvan Spiesglas ` Wismuth Gelb-Manakerz - Rauschgelb Gemeiner Granat Kieselschiefer Gieseckite Gelb-Bleierz Glance-Blende Glanzkobold Glaserz Glaskopf, brauner ; rother Glimmer Gold Granat Graphit 23 Grauer Braunstein Grauspiesglaserz Grenat Grenatite Grossular Griin-Bleierz | Grünerde Gurhofian Gyps H Habroneme-Malachite Harmotome ` Haüyne Heliotrop . Helvin Hialith Hiazinth Hohlspath Honigstein Hornblei Hornblend . Hornerz Hornstein Hyalit : Schwefelkies : IBT 262 262 ' 965 . 964 260 261 258 259 260 233 293 gU 200 271 323 88. 288 269 279 251 - 248 19 DÀ í 223 BT 256 285 223 229 294. 85 191 57 20 101 143 :998 204 224 209 230 318 296 469 90 199 209 Hyperstene | Ichthyophthalm Idocrase : Iolithe Iserin J Jade néphr Sg e Jaspis J ayet Kalamit Kalksinter Kalkspath Kalkstein | Kalktuff Kalzedon Kamkies | Kaneelstein Karinthin Karpholith | Katzenauge po Kerat Liebsehicier. Klingstein ‘Kobalt Vitriol Kohle , Kokkolith Kolophonit 'Kórniger Strahlstein Kornisch Zinerz Korund Kouphon Spath Kreide : Kreutzstein Krisoberil Krisolith . Krisopras Kryolith Kupferglanz Kupferglimmer Kupfergrün Kupferkies Kupferlasur Kupfernickel Kupfersammterz Kupfersand 486 ` _ INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. Kupferschmaragd Kupfervitriol Kean 3 Lasurstein Lave vitreuse Lazulite ` Lazurspath Leberkies ` Lepidolit Leucit Linsenerz i Liricone-Malachit Lomonit M Macle eiiis Magnésie boratée carbonatée sulfatée — Magnet-eisenstein Magnetkies Malachite Manak Eisenstein Manganese oxydé oxydé carbonaté phosphaté sulfuré ` Melane-Glance Melanit Mellite ; Menachanite Menilite Mercure argental muriaté natif ` sulfure. Mergel Mesotype E Mesotype épointée Molybdena-Glance Silber Molybdéne sulfuré Morasterz Muriazit ‘Nacrite Nagyagerz Natiirlich Amalgam Natiirlicher Alaum Salmiac Salpeter Schwefel Natürliches Bittersalz Glaubersalz Mineral Alkali Nepheline - Nickel arsenical Nickelkies Nickelspiesglanzer Z Nigrine " O Obsidian . Octaedrit Olivenerz Olivin Omphazit Opal Or natif Paranthine Paulit Pechstein Pelion Peridot ‘Perlstein. Petrosilex résiniforme Phisalit — Phonolith ? Phosphor Kupferens Piknit Pinit Pirenàit Piro Pistecit Pleonaste Piomb carbonatée chromaté molybdaté phosphaté sulfaté sulfuré i antimonifére Potasse nitraté Prehnit Pyroxene GERMAN AND FRENCH NAMES. 487 Q Quarz `, Quecksilber Hornerz Le mec Rautenspath ; Rauschgelb gelb ; roth Rhatizit ` Roth-Bleierz Kupfererz Rauschgelb Rotheisenstein Rother-Braunstein | Rother-Erdkobold Rothspiesglaserz Rubin-blende Rutil i S Sahlite Salz kupfererz . ` Seapolith Schaalstein Schabasit Schaumerde ‘Schaumgyps Schéelin calcaire - ferruginé ` Schieferspath Schillerstein. Schmaragd Schmelstein Schmirgel Schorl Schrifterz = Schwarz-Bleierz Schwarz-Eisenstein Schwarzer-Braunstein —. Sewharzererz | Schwarzkohle Schwarzspiesglaserz Schwerspath Schwerstein Schwimstein Silberkupferglanz Skapolith : Skorodite Smaragd Soude boratée: qa p MET | carbonatée ` . sao .Sulphatée : i 7 Soufre c : 295 Spargelsten |... DX Spürkies x ess 273 . .Spath en Tables —Á n Spatheisenstein ` . e 61 Sphene à de: 232 Spiesglas-Silber — . 259 Spinel e : 183 Spinelle zincifere — - 184 Spodumen ; COSE 185 Spreustein S Sor DRE Spródglaserz tes i pK Staphylin-Malachit : 92 Staurotide 3 i COME Steimark EE o. Steinsalz d : 10 Stilbite : $ 149 Stinkstein . EL BO Strahlerz : 329 Strahliger Anthophyllit 133 Strahlstein = oe om Strahlzeolith ep E. 149 Strontiane carbonatée li Oe sulfatée queer Succin : "HA iud Sumpferz e ‘ . B54 T ; Talkerde, reine COCA ae Tellure natif is de 258 auro-argentifére 284 p 281 , Thonstein š à 161 Titane Anatase, . : - 985 Titane oxydé m 234 siliceo-calcaire Sc CHE . Topfstein ` . . . 124 Triphan-Spath — ; 185 Tripel e S 470 Tungsten i : 68 | - Turmalin pv : 929] Urane oxydé ; REEL Sf oxydulé . ^ 941 . Uran-glimmer : i 107 Uran-pecherz on os 241 Vivianit ^. 115 (Si 13 ! 34 1 + H 1 E E i la Senge o vit . 488 INDEX TO SIMPLE MINERALS. W Wasser-Blei Weis-Bleierz Weis-Spiesglaserz Weisser Spieskobold Weissilvanerz Wiesenerz Wernerite ` Wismuthglanz Wismuth Silbererz Wolfram Würfelerz Zeilauit Zellkies Zeolit Ziegelerz Zinc-Baryt carbonaté ore oxydé sulfaté sulfuré Zinkies Zinkvitriol Zinnober Zinnstein Zircon Zoisit MOUNTAIN ROCKS. A ADHESIVE-SLATE Alum-slate common. glossy |. Amphibolite Amygdaloid Aphanite Augite greenstone B Basalt Bituminous shale Bituminous marl-slate Black chalk Breccia | Calamine Calc-tuff sinter > Chalk : Chlorite-slate. m Pit E Potters plastic Clay ironstone red brown Claystone Clay-slate Coal formation ke ABD 21) INDEX E TO THE ciuis felspar 158,409 — 1:3 vompact and granular felspar 357 Conglomerate zs 383, A18 | ` 83, 418 Conglomerated : : : gneiss 2560 mica-slate 259 porphyry 408 D . | D ; Diabase SS ‘ 267 Diallage-rock _ : St ` Drawing slate. : 443 : E , Euphotide - io £p DH F 1 Felspar . . 409 Fullers-earth Gees? 442 G Gneiss primitive ` . © 355 transition . 381 Granite : primitive | : 346 ` transition : 880. Greenstone, augite «402 hornblende ib. hypersthene, 359, 402 Miet tait Iis 490 . INDEX TO THE MOUNTAIN ROCKS. Greenstone, primitive - 368 Porphyry secondary 402 claystone transition - 382 ‘clinkstone Greenstone-slate - = 869 felspar Green sand. REUS 392 hornstone Grey-wacke ; , 377 pitchstone Grey-wacke slate S ib. primitive Gypsum . secondary primitive i 366 transition secondary - 400 Pumice ë transition . 882 Protogine H ` Hone, or whet-slate 448 Quartz rock, Hornblende, greenstone 402 primitive — rock ‘ 267 , transition, slate 171, 368 Hypersthene greenstone 369, 402 R -Red ground, or new red sand- J stone ` ^ Jasper ; 204 Red sandstone, or old red sandstone | L Lias m : Limestone — -- Sand primitive à Sandstone secondary ; first, or old red transition ^ second or new red, Loam : : or variegated. Lo. MA - green sand, or third M fourth Magnesian limestone : Serpentine ` . Marl, chalk, $ ; primitive compact : transition shell ` — à Slate-clay Mica-slate Syenite primitive à primitive transition ` ` secondary transition ei Obsidian : 214, 428 $ Oolite à 396, 42 Talc-slate EIN 363, à Trachyte = Transition, conglomerate Peat des : 493 clay-slate Pearlstone $ 428, 416 puddingstone Pitchstone T 410, 215. Trap ` Polishing slate e s 495 primitive ‘Potstone : . 124, 363 390 392 304. 369 381 386 354 403 380 123 427 377 ib. ib. 307 Trap secondary transition Tripoli Topaz rock Tuff claystone trap | INDEX TO THE MOUNTAIN ROCKS. Tuff trachyte dest 401 volcanic 382 470 wW ` 854 Wacke S Whitestone 403 Whet-slate A 407 / FINIS. Ki PC UN à e e . PRP Phry PP Hite ANTE a eS ám Pm RE - WORKS by. Professor JAMESON, Published e A. CONSTABLE & Co. Edinburgh. 1: A : SYSTEM ` -x MINERALOGY. By ROBERT JAMESON, PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. E ^ Three Vols. Octavo. : A New Edition, being the Third, greatly Improved. With numerous Plates. L. 2, 16s. boards. | 1t. A. TREATISE. . ON THE EXTERNAL, CHEMICAL, anp PHYSICAL CHARACTERS or MINERALS. By ROBERT JAMESON, PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, Third Edition. Svo. 12s. boards. — Za ees ii WI Hi K d $ — — —— SSS Pounttsuen by ARCH. CONSTABLE & Co. 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