i S~~. * JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Vol . LXXIV LONDON : PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54 , HATTON GARDEN, AND PUBLISHED BY THE ASIATIC SOCIETY, ], PARK STREET, CALCUTTA. 1910 . L-Sf ? 4 I: ^ , h J K / £Tf 1 X^vJL 8l.(= • I a. fflUNfr ^ |t,njn2 DATES OF PUBLICATION. Pages 1-386, 4th January, 1906. ,, 387-626, 20th February, 1908. ,, 627-728, 27tli March, 1908. 729-908, 6th May, 1909. JOURNAL & PROCEEDINGS " ■ oi tmOo , f ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL V©Ti-i-,- Extra Number. V vl • 1 4 f* O ( I 1908 . LONDON : Printed by West, Newman & Co., 54, Hatton Garden, and Published by the Astatic Society, 57 , Park Street, Calcutta. 1905 . Issued Jan. A 1906. PRICE Rs.4. List of Officers and Members of Council OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL For the year 1905. President : His Honour Sir A. H. L. Fraser, M.A., LL.D., K.O.S.I. Vibe-Presidents ; The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Asutosh Mukhopadhyaya, M.A., D.L., F.R.S.E. T. H. Holland, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S. C. W. McMinn, Esq., I.C.S., (retired.) Secretary and Treasurer .- Honorary General Secretary : J. Macfarlane, Esq. Treasurer : The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Asutosh Mukhopadhyaya, M.A., D.L., F.R.S.E. Additional Secretaries : Philological Secretary: E. D. Ross, Esq., Ph.D. Natural History Secretary : Captain L. Rogers, M.D., B.Sc., I.M.S. Anthropological Secretary: N. Annandale, Esq., B.A., D.Sc. Joint Philological Secretary : Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Shastri, M.A. •Numismatic Secretary: H. N. Wright, Esq., I.C.S. Other Members of Gouncil : The Hon’ble Mr. Justice F. E. Pargiter, B.A., I.C.S. Kumar Ramessur Maliah. I. H. Burkill, Esq., M.A. H. E. Kempthorne, Esq. 4 W. K. Dods, Esq. The Hon ’Me Mr. A. Earle, I.C.S. Lieutenant- Colonel J. H. Tull Walsh, I.M.S. H. H. Hayden, Esq., B.A., F.G.8. E. Thornton, Esq., F.R.I.B.A. Pandit Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana, M.A. H. E. Stapleton, Esq., B.A., B.Sc. PRES ‘VASTER at Harvard CONTENTS. Pages Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. — By Sib George King, K.C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S., late Superin- tendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta; and J. Sykes Gamble. C.I.E., F.R.S., late of the Indian Forest Department JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. , ;f :v5s» 0" lJ >E Yol. LXXIV., Part J£— -Extra .Number, 1905. H i/i AR 1 1906 v f N c , 'v Materials for a Flora 'of the Malayan P'minsula. — By Sib Geoege King, K.C.I.E., LL.D., F.~R.S.,~Zafc Superintendent of the Boyal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, and J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., late of the Indian Forest Department. No. 16. The present contribution commences with an account of the genus Psychotria, which concludes the Natural Order Bubiacece. In addition, it contains accounts of the Natural Orders Valeriancce and Composites (prepared by Sir G. King) ; Stylidiece, Goodenoviece, and Campanulacece (prepared by Mr. Gamble) ; Vacciniacece and Fricacece (Sir G. King) ; Epacridece and Plumbaginece (Mr. Gamble). For the new genera and species proposed in these Orders the authors are jointly responsible. The account of the Order Monotropece has been supplied by Lieut. - Col. Prain, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta; and that of the Order Gentianece has been added, having been drawn up by Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., late President of the Linnean Society of London. It is somewhat out of its proper sequence, but has been included, as the descriptions were ready for publication. In addition, therefore, to the account of the Rubiaeeous genus Psychotria, with 29 Malayan Peninsular species, of which 11 are new to science, this fasciculus contains accounts of the Malayan members of 11 Natural Orders, including 48 genera and 81 species, of which 2 genera and 17 species are new to science. Nat. Ord. LIX. RUBIACEiE. 53. Psychotbia, Linn. Shrubs or small trees, erect or occasionally climbing or twining; rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of 3 or 4. Stipules free in pairs, or connate, often with glands or hairs, deciduous or persistent. Flozvers rather small, in terminal, rarely axillary, cymes 1 2 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. corymbs or fascicles, braeteolate or not, never involucrate (in the Malayan species). Calyx-tube short ; the limb persistent in part or deciduous. Corolla-tube straight, short ; the throat naked or hairy ; the lobes of the mouth 5, rarely 4 to 6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the throat or mouth ; anthers linear or obtuse, attached dorsally near the base to short or long filaments. Ovary 2-celled ; style long or short, bifid ; ovules often cuneiform, solitary, erect from the base of each cell. Fruit small, baccate or drupe-like, ovoid globose or oblong, smooth or ridged, composed of two plano-convex, 1-celled, 1-seeded pyrenes ; or didymous and separating into two cocci. Seeds plano-convex, the ventral surface grooved or plane, the dorsal smooth, ridged or suleate ; testa thin, albumen hard ; embryo small, basal ; cotyledons broad, thin ; radicle inferior. — D istbib. Species about 550 ; tropical or sub-tropical. Seandent : — Flowers 4-merous : — Panicles lax ; leaves elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate . . 1. P. laxiflora. Flowers 5-merous : — Seeds with 4 ridges on the dorsal surface, the ventral surface plane Flowers sessile in small capitula at the ends of the branches of the cymes : — Leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, 1'75 to 2-5 in. broad ; inflorescence puberulous . . . . . . 2. P. ? norindteflora. Leaves narrowly elliptic, less than l - 25 in. broad ; inflorescence coarsely pubescent . . . . 3. P. Maingayi. Flowers pedicellate in cymosely branched cymes : — Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate to elliptic, the midrib sometimes pubescent on the lower surface, otherwise glabrous ; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs ; petioles • 4 to •75 in. long; fruit -25 in. long .. ..4. P. sarmentosa. Leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong, main-nerves 4 to 6 pairs ; petioles -4 to ’8 in. long ; fruit -35 in. long . . 5. P. Kunstleri. Leaves broadly obovate or sub-ovate ; main-nerves 5 to 10 pairs ; petioles -5 to 1-5 in. ; fruit -4 in. long. . 6. P. penangensis. Seeds with 3 ridges on the dorsal surface, the ventral surface plane : — Flowers pedicellate, in cymosely branched paniculate cymes; fruit narrowly ellipsoid .. ..7. P Scortechinii. Flowers on short pedicels in globular cymes at the ends of the branches of the panicles : — Leaves and stems glabrous ; fruit subglobose, -2 in. long . . . . . . . . . . 8. P. pilulifera. Leaves and stems and inflorescence rusty-pubescent 9. P. ovoidea. Seeds with more than 4 ridges on both dorsal and ventral surfaces . . . . . . . . . . 10. P. Ridleyi. 3 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Seeds faintly ridged on the dorsal surface, the ventral surface with a shallow groove .. .. 11 . P. polycarpa. Erect shrubs, usually small : — Flowers 4-merous : — Leaves with a strong pale intra-marginal nerve . . 12. P. calocarpa. Flowers 5-merous : — Flowers shortly pedicellate, in dense globular cymules at the ends of the long-peduncled branches of a terminal umbellate cyme ; leaves deciduously puberulous, with 9 to 13 pairs of main-nerves ; fruit -3 in. long ; seeds 4-ridged on the dorsal surface, slightly concave on the ventral . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. P. multicapitulata. Flowers sub-sessile, in short condensed dichotomous sessile axillary cymes; leaves with scurfy pubescence and 8 to 11 pairs of main-nerves ; seeds 5-ridged on the dorsal and broadly grooved on the ventral surface . . . . 14. P. tortilis. Flowers in a terminal umbellately branching cyme Seeds with a single dorsal ridge, the ventral ' surf ace plane : — Leaves quite glabrous : — Leaves 6 to 10 in. long ; main-nerves 12 to 15 pairs . . . . . . . . 15. P. Griffithii. Leaves usually under 6 in. long, main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs .. .. .. ..16. P.angulata. Leaves adpressed-pubescent, 6 to 12 in. long . . 17. P. Helferiana. Seeds with a single dorsal ridge, the ventral surface with a groove ; leaves 5 to 8 in. long, quite glabrous, main-nerves 7 to 8, rarely 10 pairs . . . . 18. P. montana. Seeds with 5 ridges on the dorsal surface, the ventral surface plane : — Leaves glabrous : — Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, 3-5 to 8 in. long ; fruit - 25 in. long . . . . 19. P. viridiflora. Leaves softly pubescent Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong, the bases cuneate rounded or cordate, 3\5 to -5 in. long ; fruit '25 to •3 in. long . . . . . . . . 20. P. Birchiana. Leaves elliptic, the upper surface glabrous except the midrib, 5 to 7 in. long ; fruit - 45 in. long . . 21. P. fulva. Seeds 5-ridged on the dorsal surface and 2-grooved on the ventral ; leaves glabrous on the upper surface, their margins crenulate . . . . . . 22. P. fulvoidea. Seeds with 5 ridges on the dorsal surface and 1 ridge on the ventral ; leaves glabrous, usually oblanceolate 23. P. stipulacea. Seeds 4-ridged on the dorsal surface, plane on the ventral : — Leaves elliptic, tapering equally to each end, 9- to 10-nerved ; calyx-lobes very long caudate-acuminate 24. P. Curtisii. Leaves obovate-oblong or obovate-oblanceolate, 10- to 14-nerved ; calyx-lobes short, broad, blunt . . 25. P. rhinocerotis. 4 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Seeds with 4 ridges on the dorsal surface and a faint groove on the ventral ; leaves elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, 12- to 18-nerved . . . . . , 26. P. malayana. Species Imperfectly Known. Psychotria Wrayi, No. 27. „ inayualis , No. 28. ,, condensa, No. 29. 1. Psychotria laxiflora, Blume Bijdr. 964. Scandent or epiphy- tic, glabrous except the inflorescence ; young branches slightly thicker than a crow-quill, terete, dark-coloured, brown, shining. Leaves membranous, narrowly elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate, much acuminate, the base cuneate ; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, the lower the paler, midrib distinct ; main-nerves 4 to 6 pairs, faint, curved, ascending; length 2 to 4 in.; breadth ■ 5 to 1 in.; petiole -15 to - 2 in. long. Stipules forming a tube from -15 to -3 in. long, sharply toothed. Panicles solitary, terminal, lax, more than half as long as the leaves, on naked peduncles about 1 in. long ; branches cymose, with small acute bracteoles at their bases, puberulous. Flowers -15 to '2 in. long, puberulous, -in cymules of three at the ends of the branchlets; their pedicels short, with broad acute caducous bracteoles at their bases. Calyx shortly funnel-shaped, the mouth sub-truncate or obscurely 4 toothed. Corolla longer than the calyx, broadly clavate in bud, funnel-shaped ; the mouth with 4 broad obtuse lobes, throat sericeous. Anthers 4, elliptic, blunt, sub-sessile. Fruit clavate-ellipsoid, with 8 vertical ridges (2 of them double), glabrous ; seeds with 4 bold ridges on the dorsal surface ; the ventral surface quite flat. Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 187. Singapore : Bidley 13, 4828. Johore : Bidley. Perak : King’s Collector 4117, 8428; Wray 110.— Distrib. Sumatra, Forbes 1297, 1309, 1710, 2466 ; Java, Hoarders 23550b. 2. Psychotria morindjeflora, Wall. Cat. 8438 A.B.C. in part. A woody climber, 15 to 20 feet long, glabrous except the puberulous inflorescence ; young branches thinner than a goose-quill, dark brown when dry, terete, somewhat thickened at the nodes, the internodes minutely lenticellate and faintly striate. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to elliptic, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, shortly and rather bluntly acumi- nate, the base slightly cuneate or rarely rounded ; upper surface oliva- ceous-greenish when dry, the lower purplish-brown ; the midrib channelled on the upper surface, prominent on the lower ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, rather straight, spreading, thin but rather distinct on both surfaces when dry ; length 3 to 4-5 in. ; breadth 1-75 to 2-5 in. ; petiole 5 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. ~2 to '5 in. Stipules caducous, leaving a pale narrow scar between the petioles. Cymes terminal, about 2 in., rarely 3 in. long; the branches compressed and angled, scurfy-puberulous, two of them springing from the base, the other three umbellate at the apex of the main axis, each bearing at its apex a dense, many-flowered, minutely braeteolate capitulum less than • 5 in. in diam. Flowers '2 in. long, sessile. Calyx cupular, the mouth with 5 small blunt teeth. Corolla twice as long as the calyx ; the mouth with 5 deep oblong blunt lobes ; throat densely sericeous. Anthers 5, short, elliptic, basifixed on stout fila- ments. Style cylindric, thickened upwards ; stigma of 2 broad lobes. Fruit short, compressed ovoid-elliptic, with 8 vertical ridges (2 of them double) crowned by the small calyx, • 25 in. long and -15 in. in diam. from front to back ; seeds with 4 dorsal ridges ; ventral surface plane. Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 166. Psychotria ? Wall. Cat. 8355. Perak : King’s Collector 2585, 2665 ; Scortechini 1826 ; Wray 4001. Penang : Wallich ; Curtis 478. 3. Psychotria Maingayi, Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 166. A slender woody climber ; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill, pubes- cent, ultimately pale and glabrous. Leaves thickly membranous, nar- rowly elliptic, caudate-acuminate, the base much narrowed ; both surfaces glabrous, when dry pale olivaceous, the upper rather the darker ; main-nerves about 6 pairs, indistinct on both surfaces like the midrib ; length 2 to 3'25 in. ; breadth '65 to P2 in. ; petiole •1 to -2 in., slender. Stipules cartilaginous, persistent, connate into a tube - 15 in. long with a few hairs at the truncate and toothed or acute apex. Cymes axillary, on slender, compressed, coarsely pubescent peduncles shorter than the leaves, few-branched. Flowers sessile, bracteoles linear. Calyx much longer than the pubescent ovary, widely campanulate ; the lobes ovate-triangular, caudate-acuminate, spreading. Corolla unknown. Fruit broadly ellipsoid, with 8 deep vertical grooves, pale, nearly glabrous when ripe, -2 in. long. Singapore : Maingay (K.D.) 926 ; Ridley 6924. 4. Psychotria sarmentosa, Blume Bijdr. 964. Scandent ; woody ; young stems thinner than a goose-quill, pale, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblanceolate to elliptic, acute or shortly and abruptly acuminate, much narrowed at the base, edges slightly recurved ; both surfaces pale brown tinged with olivaceous when dry, minutely reticu- late ; the upper glabrous, the lower sometimes pubescent only on the stout midrib ; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, curving slightly upwards, faint ; length 2'5 to 4 in. ; breadth 1 to 1-75 in. ; petioles '4 to '75 in., winged above. Stipules broad at the base, the apex caudate-acuminate. 6 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula Cymes terminal, puberulous, shorter than the leaves, on short peduncles, cymosely branched ; the branches angled, spreading, many-flowered ; braeteoles minute, linear. Flowers about -15 in. long, puberulous out- side, on short pedicels. Calyx campanulate, with 5 short triangular teeth. Corolla villous at the base in the interior. Fruit ellipsoid, •25 in. long, with 10 vertical ridges (2 of them double). Seeds with 4 dorsal ridges, the ventral surface plane. DC. Prod. IV. 522 ; Wight Ic. 1038 ; Thwaites Enum. PL Ceyl. 148 ; Kurz For. FI. Burrn. II. 14; Hook. fil. FI. Hr. Ind. III. 165. P. obovata, Wall. Cat. 8380. Gncmilea Junghuhniana, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 296. Psychotria sp., Wall. Cat. 8382, 8352 ?, 8384. Singapore : Ridley 2874, 2875, 9112. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3043. Perak : King's Collector 4967, 7572. Penang : King 1346 ; Curtis 951, 2781. — Distrib. Burma, Wallich ; Heifer (K.D.) 3041, &c. ; Indian Peninsula ; Ceylon ; Malay Archipelago ; Andaman Islands. Var. pachyphylla, King & Gamble. Leaves thickly coriaceous, shining, greenish when dry, 3 to 4 in. long ; fruit '25 in. long, sub- globular. Penang : Ridley 9363 ; Curtis 2215. 5. PsYCjHOTRiA Kunstleri, n. sp., King & Gamble. A glabrous epiphyte with slightly angled stems thinner than a goose-quill, pale yellowish when dry. Leaves succulent, glossy and bluish-green when fresh, but yellow on both surfaces and dull when dry, narrowly elliptic- oblong, rarely oblong-oblanceolate, gradually and equally tapering to each end ; the midrib bold, channelled on the upper surface ; main- nerves 4 to 6 pairs, spreading, very indistinct; length 3 to 5'5 in.; breadth '8 to l - 4 in. ; petioles -4 to '8 in. long. Stipules forming a car- tilaginous persistent cup with an entire mouth, about -1 in. long. Cyme solitary, umbellate, terminal, longer than the leaves (the naked peduncle of 2 to 3 in. being included), lax, from 2 to 4 in. broad; branches spreading, dividing near their apices into umbellate cymes ; braeteoles few, linear, acute. Floivers not seen : on basally bracteolate pedicels as long as themselves. Fruit '35 in. long, ellipsoid, deeply 10-grooved, crowned by the rather large remains of the 5-toothed calyx, 10-ridged. Seeds dorsally 4-ridged, the ventral surface flat. Perak : Scortechini ; King’s Collector 1886, 4953, 6588 ; Wray 2230. — Distrib. Sumatra, Forbes 2823. 6. Psychotria penangensis, Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 175. A shrubby epiphyte or climber, 8 to 12 feet long, all parts except the inflorescence glabrous ; young branches slightly compressed, thinner than a goose-quill, dark-coloured. Leaves thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic-obovate or sub-ovate, shortly and abruptly triangular, acumi- 7 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nate, much narrowed at the base into the broad petiole ; both sur- faces brown when dry, the upper slightly olivaceous; the midrib broad, channelled on the upper surface, main-nerves 5 to 10 pairs, spreading, thin, distinct on the lower surface ; length 3 to 4-5 in. ; breadth 1-5 to 2'5 in. ; petiole '5 to 1-5 in. long, slightly winged above. Stipules broadly ovate, sub-acute or blunt, sub-tubular, some- times bifid, -2 to -4 in. long. Cymes umbellate, solitary or terminal, pedunculate, as long as or longer than the leaves (including the com- pressed naked 1 to 2 in. long peduncle) ; primary branches long, spreading ; the ultimate umbels with broad-based subulate unequal bracteoles. Flowers -2 to -25 in. long, sessile or on short pedicels; bracts -25 in. long. Calyx-tube obconic, its teeth triangular. Corolla longer than the calyx, shortly and widely tubular, deeply divided into 5 broad lobes thickened near the apex, the apex itself sharp and indexed, glabrous inside except for the ring of hair in the throat at the insertion of the short filaments. Anthers elliptic, blunt, entire. Fruit ellipsoid, compressed, with 10 obtuse vertical ridges (2 of them double), glabreseent, crowned by the rather large calyx; length -4 in. ; breadth '25 in. Seeds 2, plano-convex, the dorsal surface with 4 blunt ridges, the ventral surface plane. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 920. Singapore : Bidley 2870. Perak: Scortechini 2034 ; King’s Collector 3049, 4591, 10723. Selangor : Bidley 7425. Pangkore : Curtis 1621. 7. Psychotria Scortechinii , n. sp., King & Gamble. A climber,, all parts glabrous ; young branches pale brown, thicker than a crow- quill, terete, smooth. Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acuminate, the base narrowed or rarely rounded ; both surfaces brown when dry (the lower slightly paler) , the midrib prominent ; main- nerves 5 or 6 pairs, curved, spreading, not prominent ; length 2'5 to 4 in. ; breadth 1 to 1-5 in. ; petiole '15 to -2 in. Stipules oblong, acute, connate at their bases, '15 to '2 in. long, caducous. Cymes paniculate, solitary, terminal, rarely axillary, spreading, lax, cymosely branched, in flower as long as or nearly as long as the leaves, in fruit longer, the branches bracteolate, angled, divaricating. Flowers on the ultimate branchlets in threes, -15 in. long, on short pedicels, each with a bracteole at the base. Calyx cupular, with 5 short acute teeth. Corolla longer than the calyx, cylindric, with short triangular lobes, the throat with tufts of yellowish hairs between the 5 stamens. Anthers on short filaments. Style cylindric, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, tapering to each end, sometimes clavate, slightly compressed, 8-ridged (2 being double), crowned by the calyx, '35 in. long and '2 in. in diam. Seeds with 3 broad dofsal ridges, ventral surface plane. 8 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak : Scortechini 311, 404, 426 ; King’s Collector 897, 2566, 5373. This closely resembles P. laxiflora, BL, but has 5-merous flowers and longer, less clavate fruit. 8. Psychotria pilulifera, n. sp., King & Gamble. A small tree or climber ; all parts except the inflorescence glabrous ; young branches about as thick as a crow-quill, terete, pale brown when dry. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly elliptic, much tapered to both ends ; both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the lower slightly the paler ; main-nerves 6 or 7 pairs, inconspicuous, the midrib bold beneath when dry ; length 2-5 to 3-5 in.; breadth -75 to 1 in. ; petiole -35 to -4 in. long, slender. Inflores- cence a terminal, few-branched, puberulous panicle of condensed 8-10- flowered globular cymes. Floivcrs and their short pedicels minutely tomentose. Calyx shortly campanulate, the mouth with 5 spreading triangular acute lobes. Corolla tubular ; the lobes oblong, broad, with small inflexed apices. Anthers 5, attached to the throat by short fila- ments surrounded by coarse hair. Fruit sub-globose, with 10 bold vertical ridges (2 of them double), crowned by the small calyx, -2 long and - 15 in. in diam. Seeds with 3 bold ridges on the dorsal surface ; ventral surface plane. Perak, at elevations of 3,000 to 5,000 feet : Wray 287, 398, 434, 946, 3870. 9. Psychotria ovoidea, Wall. Cat. 8383. A slender woody climber, 20 to 40 feet long ; stems thinner than a goose-quill, densely rusty- pubescent. Leaves with recurved margins, coriaceous, ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate or rounded, sometimes minutely cordate ; upper surface olivaceous when dry, glabrous, the main-nerves depressed ; the lower brown, pubescent on the stout midrib and 5 to 7 pairs of prominent curved ascending main- nerves, puberulous on the interspaces; length P5 to 2-5 in.; breadth -85 to 1-25 in. ; petioles ‘15 to -25 in. long. Stipules connate, ovate-lanceo- late, -25 in. long, caducous. Cymes -75 to 2 in. in diam., trichotomous, solitary, terminal, rusty-pubescent, on angled peduncles -5 to 1 in. long. Floivers about -15 in. long, on short pedicels, crowded in dense cymes at the ends of the branches and mixed with linear bracteoles. Calyx campanulate, with 5 spreading acute teeth. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, salver-shaped, with 5 lobes, the tube villous inside. Fruit ovoid-globose, '15 in. long, the apex crowned by the calyx, the sides with 6 faint vertical ridges. Seeds faintly 3-ridged on the dorsal surface ; the ventral surface broad, flat. Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 166. Singapore : Wallich, Seeman 2348. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 923 ; Ridley 97, 8407. 9 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 10. Psychotria Ridleyi, n. sp., King & Gamble. A small shrub ; all parts glabrous except the inflorescence ; stems half as thick as a goose-quill, terete, greenish when dry. Leaves membranous, oblong- to elliptic-oblanceolate, the apex abruptly and very shortly acuminate, the base much narrowed, both surfaces pale olivaceous when dry, the midrib rather prominent, the upper sometimes with scattered minute, adpressed white hairs ; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, slightly curved, spread- ing, faint on both surfaces ; length 3 to 5'5 i 15- to 30-flowered. Involucral bracts not numerous, lanceolate, awned or acute, usually at first pubescent outside, inside glabrous, shining, 1-nerved ; longer than the glabrous or glabrescent corollas. Cypselas less than 1 in. long, 4- or 5-ribbed, glabrous. Pappus scanty, white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 78; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 235. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 26 (in part). Cyanopis pubescens and C. villosa, DC. Prod. V. 69. Conyza chinensis, Lamk. Diet. II. 83 (not of Linn.). C. punctulata, Wall. Cat. 2995. Eupatorium menthce- folium, Wall. Cat. Cynanthillium villosum and C. pubescens, Blume Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 27 Bijdr. 889 and 890. Gentratherum chinense, Less, in Linnsea (1829) 320. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7136. Penang : J. Scott ; Curtis 931 ; King ; Deschamps ; Malacca : Cuming ; Griffith; Hullett 634. Singapore: King. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago, Philippines. 3. Vernonia cinerea, Less, in Linnasa, IV. 291, and VI. 673. Herbaceous, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with more or less minute whitish pubescence everywhere ; stems slender, striate. Leaves membranous with variable petioles, ovate or lanceolate, sometimes obovate or oblan- ceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, the edges obtusely or acutely toothed, the base narrowed, both surfaces olivaceous-cinereous when dry, the upper glabrous or nearly so, the lower more or less cinereous-pubes- cent ; length 1-5 to 3 in. ; breadth -3 to - 5 in. ; petiole '1 to - 5 in. (in the lower leaves). Heads -2 to -25 in. in diam., on 10- to 20-flowered, loose, terminal, long-peduneled, corymbose cymes with divaricate branches ; bracts of peduncle very few. Involucral scales linear-lan- ceolate, acuminate or almost awned, shorter than the florets, 1-nerved, •1 in. long, densely pubescent. Corolla pubescent, the tube very narrow lavender. Cypselas minute; pappus copious, dirty white, the outer row very short. DC. Prod. V. 24, in Wight Contrib. 6 ; Wall. Cat. 3008 ; Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 234 ; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. II. 11 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. V. conyzoides, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prod. V. 25. V. rhomhoidea and V. montana, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 62. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 (in part) ; Wight Ic. 1076. V. abbreviata and leptophylla, DC. l.c. 25. V. laxiflora, Less, in Linnsea, VI. 646 ; DC. l.c. 25. V. physalifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 ; Prod. FI. Pen. Ind. Or. 24. V. parviflora, linifolia, and fasciculata, Beinw. in Bl. Bijdr. 893. V. Z oiling eriana, Schultz- Bip. in Miq. PL Ind. Bat. II. 16. V. cyanonioides, Walp. in Linnaia XIV. 509. Gonyza abbreviata, Wall. Cat. 3048 ; C. bcllidifolia, id. 3047 ; cinerascens, 3062 ; incana, 3046 ; linifolia, 3063 ; elegantula, 3049 ; ovata, 3097, and sub-simplex, 3003. C. cinerea, Linn. Sp. PI. 862 ; Wall. Cat. 3008. C. prolifera and C. heterophylla, Lam. Encyl. II. 84. Serratula cinerea, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 60. Chrysocoma purpurea, Porst. Prod. 54. C. violacea, Schum. PI. Guin. 384. Cyanopis decurrens, Zoll. In all the provinces, in waste places near cultivation. — Distrib. All tropical countries. 2. Elephantopus, Linn. Perennial rigid herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, penninerved, entire or dentate, mostly radical. Heads homogamous, each containing 1 to 5 28 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. flowers, and collected into ovoid or globose clusters, surrounded by several large leafy, bracts. Involucre-proper compressed, its component bracts oblong, acute, about 8, dry, stiff, unequal, alternately fiat and conduplicate ; receptacle naked. Floivers all equally 4-lobed, and cleft on one side, and with the lobes spreading in a somewhat palmate manner. Anthers obtusely sagittate at the base. Style-arms subulate. Cypselas truncate, 10-ribbed; bristles of pappus few, rigid, shining, ■slender and dilated below or chaffy. — Distrib. 10 or 12 species, chiefly tropical American — one cosmopolitan. Elephantopus scaber, Linn. Sp. PL, 814. Stems dichotomous, from a few inches to 2 feet high, terete, finely strigose. Leaves membranous, the radical ones obovate, oblong to elliptic-oblong, taper- ing to the short petiole, the edges dentate or crenate, up to 6 in. in length and P25 to 2-5 in. broad ; the cauline few, smaller, sessile, both sets scabrid on the upper surface and finely strigose on the lower ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs in the cauline, more numerous in the radical leaves, all slightly prominent on the lower surface. Collective heads hemispheric, -5 to -75 in. in diam., solitary, terminal, on long peduncles. Bracts of the conjoined heads 3, leaf-like, about -5 in. broad, broadly ovate or reniform, apiculate, nervose and pubescent behind ; bracts of the involucre-proper shining, glabrous ; pappus of 5 shining tubereulate bristles, dilated at the base. Wall. Cat. 2979 ; DC. Prod. V. 86 ; Eoxb. El. Ind. III. 445 ; Don Prod. 169 ; Wight Ic. 1086 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28 ; Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind. III. 242 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 590. In all the provinces, in cultivated places. — Distrib. In most tropical ■countries. 3. Adenostemma, Eorst. Herbs, glandular- pubescent or glabrous. Leaves mostly opposite, petiolate. Heads homogamous, in lax corymbose cymes ; involucre ■campanulate ; its bracts numerous, sub-2-seriate, narrow, herbaceous, sometimes connate ; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all equal, tubular, regular, with short tube and campanulate 5-toothed limb. Anthers truncate, with glandular apiculus, their bases obtuse. Style-arms elongate, dilated near the apex. Cypselas obtuse, 5-ribbed, glandular ; pappus of 3 to 5 short rigid, often clavate hairs, joined at their bases by a narrow ring. — Distrib. Species 5 or 6 American, 1 cosmopolitan. Adenostemma viscosum, Eorst. Char. Gen. 20. An erect, rarely decumbent annual, slender or robust, glabrous ; pubescent or viscidly pubescent. Leaves membranous, sessile or petiolate, opposite or the upper alternate, from linear to broadly ovate, acute sub-acute cuneate or cordate at the base, the edges serrate crenate or entire, the upper surface usually smooth but sometimes rugose ; length from 2 to 6 in. ; 29 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. petioles varying in length. Heads -3 to -4 in. in chain., in lax corym- bose, pedunculate cymes. Involucral bracts oblong, obtuse or acute, glabrous, glandular or scabrid. Corollas white, pubescent near the mouth, styles much exserted, the arms clavate. Cypselas usually warted, crowned by a glandular ring, bearing pedicellate lobed glands. DC. Prod. Y. Ill ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28 ; Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 242 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 591. In all the provinces, but not abundant in any of them. — Distrib. The tropics generally. In the Flora of British India, III. 242, Sir Joseph Hooker recognises seven varieties of this widely distributed and variable species. And to one or other of these he reduces the following eleven species of De Candolle : A. fastigiatum, DC. Prod. Y. Ill, A. leiocarpum, A. Roylei, A. datum, A. latifolium, l.c. p. 112, A. macraphyllum, A. parviflorum, A. reticidatum, A. vucosum, A. madurense, A. erectum, l.c. p. 113. He also reduces here the following : Ageratum aquaticum, Roxb. FI. Ind. III. 415 ; A. strictum, Bot. Mag. t. 2410 ; Lavenia fastigiata, macrophylla and parviflora, Blunie Bijdr. pp. 905 and 906 ; and the following Nos. of the Wallichian Catalogue, viz., Lavenia erecta, 3218 ; carnosa, 3219 ; alba, 3220 ; rugosa, 3221 ; viscida, 3222. 4. Ageratum, Linn. Erect herbs. Leaves opposite in the lower part of the stem, alter- nate in the upper. Heads in panicles or corymbs, homogamous. Invo- lucre narrowly campanulate; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, linear, subequal; receptacle convex, naked or with deciduous scales. Corollas all tubular, equal, regular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers with slight apical appendages, their bases obtuse. Style-arms elongate, obtuse. Cypselas 5-angled ; pappus of 5 short, free or connate scales, or of 10 to 20 narrow, unequal scales. — Distrib. About 20 species, all probably American, several introduced in the Tropics of the Old World. Ageratum conyzoides, Linn. Sp. PI. 839. Annual, 1 to 2 feet high, everywhere with sparse white, rather soft pubescence. Leaves membranous, ovate, sub-acute, the base broad and sub-truncate, sometimes cuneate ; the edges coarsely crenate or dentate ; both sur- faces greenish when dry, the upper sparsely hispid ; the lower glabrous, boldly reticulate ; main-nerves about 2 or 3 pairs, ascending, curved, the lower one branching; length 1 to 3 - 5 in. Heads - 25 in. in diam., in terminal or axillary corymbose cymes. Involucral bracts shorter than the flowers, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, puberulous. Corollas pale blue or white. Cypselas black ; pappus of 5 shining, spreading scales, with broad, often serrate bases. DO. Prod. Y. 108 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 30; Wall. Cat. 3176; Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind. III. 243 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 591. A. cordifolium, Boxb. El. Ind. III. 415 ; Wall. Cat. 3177. 30 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. In all the provinces, in cultivated places. — D isteib. The tropics generally. 5. Mikania, Willd. A twining herb (in Indo-Malaya). Leaves opposite, petiolate. Heads small, in spikes racemes or panicles, homogamous, usually 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, its bracts 4, narrow, sometimes with a small outer one ; receptacle small, naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular, the tube narrow ; the limb campanulate, 5-fid. Anthers appendiculate, the base obtuse. Style-arms long, acute. Cypselas with truncate apices, 5-angled ; pappus with one or more rows of scabrid hairs, often con- nate at the base. — Disteib. About 60 species, all in the warm parts of America and Africa except the following. Mikania scandens, Willd. Sp. PI. 1743. A glabrous or puberulous climber ; young branches less than half as thick as a goose-quill, brown and striate when dry. Leaves membranous, on long petioles, ovate, acuminate ; the base broad, cordate, often almost sagittate, the edges sinuate ; main-nerves a single pair, ascending from the base and branching outwards ; length 1 to 2 in. ; breadth -6 to 1-25 in. ; petioles ■5 to 1 in., slender. Heads narrow, 4-flowered, in lax corymbose cymes, on slender peduncles much longer than the leaves, peduncles and branches angled when dry, puberulous. Scales of involucre chaffy, narrowly oblong, obtuse. Cypselas glabrous ; pappus reddish. DC. Prod. V. 199 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 34 ; Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 244 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 592. M. volubilis and M. chenopodifolia, Willd. l.c. 1745 ; DC. l.c. 199 and 201. Eupatormm scandens, Linn. ; Jacq. Ic. t. 169. In all the provinces, common.— Disteib. British India, Malay Archipelago, Tropical Africa. 6. Dicheocephala, DC. Annuals, with alternate toothed lyrate or pinnatifid leaves. Heads small, heterogamous, globose or hemispheric, not rayed, in panicles; Outer florets S , in many rows, slender, fertile, rigid, 2-3 -toothed or cleft. Dish-florets $ , fertile, narrow, 4- or 5-toothed. Anthers with truncate bases. Style-arms of ? florets short, flattened, the tips lanceolate ; pappus none or (in the ? ) of 2 minute bristles. — Disteib. Species 5, Asiatic and African. Dicheocephala latifolia, DC. in Guill. Archiv. Bot. II. 518. An annual weed, 12 to 24 in. high, erect or spreading, glabrous pubescent or villous. Leaves very variable, ovate lanceolate or obovate, entire pinnatifid or lyrate, with the terminal lobe broadly ovate and coarsely 31 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. toothed ; length 1 to 4 in. ; petioles -25 to 1-25 in. Heads about '15 in. in diam., globose, on pedicels many times longer than themselves, in lax, few-branched, cymose panicles. Bay-florets ? , filiform, obscurely 2-3-toothed, white. Disk-florets % , 4-cleft, yellow. Cypselas very small, smooth, with a callous margin, and often with 2 small bristles. DO. in Wight Contrib. 11, Prod. V. 372 ; Wight Ic. 1096 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 36 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 245. D. gracilis and D. sonchifolia, DC. l.c. 371, 372. Cotula sinapifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 63, FI. Ind. III. 437 ; Wall. Cat. 3237. C. bicolor, Both Cat. Bot. II. 116. C. latifolia, Pers. Syn. II. 464. Grangea latifolia, Lam. 111. t. 699. Hippia bicolor, Smith in Bees Cyclop. XVIII. Ethulia integrifolia, Don Prodr. 182. Pebak : Scortechini. — Distbib. British India, tropical and sub- tropical Asia and Africa. 7. Micboglossa, DC. Slender shrubs, often scandent. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads small, heterogamous, collected in large corymbose panicles. Bay-florets j , in 1 or more series, fertile, the ligule minute, white. Disk-florets few or many, $ , fertile, tubular, with dilated 3- to 4-fid limb. Involucre campanulate, composed of several series of narrow bracts, the outer shorter. Beceptacle flat, naked or nearly so. Corolla, the ligulate or ray ones narrow, about as long as the style ; those of the disk (the tubular) longer. Anthers with obtuse bases, entire. Style-arms of the 4 flattened ; their tips long, lanceolate. Cypselas angled ; pappus hairs numerous, slender, silky, in one or two series, somewhat unequal. — Distbib. About 6 species, Asiatic and African. Micboglossa volubilis, DC. Prod. V. 320. A sub-scandent shrub; branches half as thick as a goose-quill, ridged, glabrous. Leaves mem- branous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate or rounded, the edges obscurely toothed ; both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous, the lower sometimes slightly pubescent ; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, little curved, ascending, prominent beneath ; length 1-5 to 2 in. ; breadth -65 to l - 25 in. ; petioles ‘25 to '4 in., slender. Heads • 35 in. in diam., on short peduncles, crowded in dense corymbose terminal cymes, much longer than the leaves. Cypselas compressed, 4-angled, puberulous ; pappus copious, reddish, much longer than the minute achenes. Clarke Comp. Ind. 57 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. II. 82 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 257. Gonyza volubilis, Wall. Cat. 3057. Erigeron pyrifolius, Benth. FI. Hongk., 176. Pebak : Bidley 2890 ; Wray 2472. Penang : Wallich 3057. — Distbib. British India, Burma, Malay Archipelago, China. 32 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 8. Blumea, DC. Herbs, annual or perennial, glandular-pubescent or woolly. Leaves alternate, rarely entire, usually lobed or toothed. Heads in pani- culate cymes, rarely in racemes, heterogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Bay-florets in several series, 2 , fertile, filiform, 2- or 3- toothed. Disk-florets ^ , few, fertile, with slender tube and 5-toothed limb. Involucre ovoid or campanulate ; its bracts in several rows, narrow, acute, herbaceous, the outer smaller ; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with sagittate bases produced into small slender tails. Style- arms of the hermaphrodite flower flattened or filiform, rarely connate with the nearest anthers. Cypselas small, sub-terete or angular, with or without ridges ; pappus hairs in a single row, slender, often caducous. — Distrib. About 60 species, in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. Seandent ; pappus white Large shrub ; pappus red Erect herbs ; pappus white : — Heads in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3 in the axils of small bracts on an elongated pseudo-spike Heads few (1 to 6), in short, axillary, condensed, pedunculate cymes ; leaves oblaneeolate or obovate, dentate but not lobed ; flowers purple Heads sessile or sub-sessile, in lax, shortly-branched, leafy cymose panicles ; leaves oblaneeolate, dentate but not lobed ; flowers yellow . . Heads sessile or sub-sessile, in axillary spikes several inches long, arranged in a pseudo-panicle ; leaves oblaneeolate, den- tate and sometimes lobulate ; flowers yellow 1. B. chinensis. 2. B. balsamifera. 3. B. glomerata. 4. B. Wightiana. 5. B. laeera. 6. B. membranacea. 1. Blumea chinensis, DC. Prod. V. 444. Seandent; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill, glabrous, much striate and dark brown when dry. Leaves membranous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, acuminate or acute, narrowed to the rounded base, the edges with remote, narrow, small sharp teeth, or sub-entire ; both surfaces glabrous, the upper dark-brown and shining, the lower paler and tinged oliva- ceous ; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, thin but distinct on the lower surface, faint on the upper ; length 2-25 to 3 - 25 in. ; breadth '85 to 1-4 in. ; petiole -2 to - 3 in. Heads -35 in. across, sessile, in small pedunculate axillary cymes, 3 in. long, diminishing upwards to •75 in. in length ; the peduncles and their branches everywhere pubes- cent, sometimes a small cyme with 2 to 4 heads in the same axil as a longer one. Involucral bracts of the outer two series short, ovate-lan- ceolate, blunt, densely pubescent, those of the inner two twice as long 33 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (or more), linear-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous or almost glabrous, 1-nerved, longer than the copious white pappus ; corolla-lobes hairy ; receptacle and cypselas silky, white. Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 268. Gonyza chinensis, Linn. Sp. PI. 862 ; Blume Bijdr. 898. B. longispina, Zoll. et Morr. Syst. Verz. 121. G. serici-vestita, Wall. Cat. 2996b. Baccharis jiitida, Wall, Cat. 3043. Penang : Gurtis 2824 ; Wallich 2996, 3043. Singapobe : Bidley 2744. Pebak : Scortechini 1471. Vab. riparia, King & Gamble. Young leaves and stems somewhat hairy ; main-nerves of leaves 3 to 4 pairs, depressed on the upper surface. Blumea riparia, DC Prod. Y. 444 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 85. Gonyza riparia, Blume Bijdr. 899. Pebak: King’s Collector 1214; Scortechini. — Disteib. Java, Borneo. 2. Blumea balsamifeba, DC. Prod. Y. 466. A shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; young branches nearly as thick as a goose-quill, tomentose, striate. Leaves thickly membranous or sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceo- late, coarsely and unequally serrate dentate or sub-entire, acute or sub-acute, narrowed at the base ; upper surface dark olivaceous-green, minutely tomentose or strigose, the lower surface with dense silky cinereous-yellowish tomentum ; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces, but especially on the lower ; length 2 to 3 in. ; breadth -75 to l - 5 in. ; petioles -2 to -75 in. long, the longer ones often with lateral auricles ; in the lower part of the branches the leaves often much larger. Heads sub-cylindric, sessile, or on short pedicels, arranged in large, lax, and spreading or dense, often leafy, corymbose or panicled, axillary and terminal tawny-tomentose cymes. Involucral bracts linear, acuminate, densely tomentose ; hermaphrodite florets very numerous in the centre, narrowly tubular ; receptacle naked. Cypselas 10-ribbed, silky ; pappus copious, red. Clarke Comp. Ind. 89 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. II. 82 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 270 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 598. Gonyza balsamifera, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. II. 1208 ; Wall. Cat. 2998; Boxb. FI. Ind. III. 427. G. vestita, Wall. Cat. 2998. C. appendiculata Blume Bijdr. 895 ( not of Lam.). Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3143 ; Ilervey. Penang : Walker 160 ; Scott ; Curtis 29. Pebak : Scortechini ; King’s Collector 6343 ; Wray 1741. Singapobe: G. Thomson', Hullett 372; Bidley 2742. Johobe : King. — Disteib. British India, Malay Archipelago. Vab. angustifolia, King & Gamble. Leaves narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, less than -5 in. broad. Singapobe : Bidley 2742. 3. Blumea glomebata, DC. in Wight Contrib. 15. An erect 3 34 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. herb, about 18 to 24 in. high ; stem at the base nearly as thick as a goose-quill, sparsely sub-glandular-pubescent, the hairs spreading. Leaves membranous, olivaceous, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, the hairs on the upper surface with bulbous bases; the lower sessile, lyrately lobed, the lobes dentate, the apex acute ; the upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate, dentate. Heads from '2 to - 25 in. in diam., in small sessile clusters of 2 or 3, all in the axils of small leaf-like bracts along the long slender branches, forming a pseudo-spike. Invo- lucral bracts narrowly linear, pubescent, 1-nerved ; receptacle glabrous. Outer florets with very slender corollas. Cypselas faintly 8-10-ribbed, glabrous; pappus in a single row, white, shining. DC. Prod. V. 443 ; Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 262. B. fasciculata, DC. l.e. 442 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 81. B. fistulosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, II. 187. B. holosericea, racemosa, spinellosa, gracilis, purpurea, and leptoclada, DC. l.c. 442, 443. Conyza fistulosa, Boxb. Pl. Ind. III. 429. Conyza racemosa, sericea, glomerata, gracilis , purpurea and holosericea, Wall. Cat. 3002, 3021, 3055, 3064, 3076, 3103. Penang : Deschamps. — Disteib. British India, Malay Archipelago, China. 4. Blumea Wightiana, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect, little-branched herb, 1 to 3 feet high, covered everywhere with silky white, scanty or copious, soft, sub-adpressed hairs ; stem terete, about as thick as a goose-quill at the base, striate, brown, and nearly glabrous (from the fall of the hairs) when old. Leaves diminishing in size from below upwards, thickly membranous, obovate-oblong or elliptic-obovate, the apex acute or sub-acute, gradually narrowed from about the middle to the short petiole ; the edges with a few irregular coarse teeth, sometimes slightly lobed ; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, and clothed, but especially the lower, with adpressed, short white pubescence ; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces ; length 1-25 to 3 in. ; breadth -5 to P25 in. ; petioles from •! to -25 in. long or even more, sometimes aurieled about the middle. Heads paniculate, about -3 or -4 in. across, axillary, solitary or in pairs (reduced cymes), or 4 to 6 in very short rounded axillary cymes on peduncles of varying length, but always short, the upper few inches of the stem crowded by a dense mass of cymes. Involucral bracts in several rows, diminishing in size outwards, the inner linear, somewhat longer than the pappus, all pubescent and 1-nerved ; receptacle naked. Outer florets very numerous, their corollas very slender. Inner florets about 4, much wider than the outer. Cypselas small, puberulous ; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 435; Clarke Comp. Ind. 74 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, II. 156 (excl. syn. hymeno- 35 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. phylla) ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 261. B. trichophora, parvifolia, and phyllostachya, DO. l.c. 436, 437, 438. Gonyza lactuccefolia, paniculata, hifoliata, and Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part), 3090a, 3091, 3093. Erigeron molle, Don Prod. 172. Penang and Singapobe : By roadsides, not common. — Disteib. British India and Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, tropical Australia and Africa. 5. Blumea laceba, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14. An erect herb, 2 to 3 feet high ; stems at the base nearly as thick as a goose- quill, adpressed-pubescent. Leaves thickly membranous, oblanceolate obtuse or sub-acute, much narrowed to the petiole, the edges unequally and remotely dentate ; both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the lower somewhat the paler and with thin, pale pubescence ; the upper glabrous, sub-scabrid ; length 1-5 to 2 in. ; breadth -5 to 1 in. ; petiole ‘3 to '5 in. long. Heads -3 in. across, sub-sessile or sessile, in small rounded crowded cymes, on slender ebracteate axillary peduncles, 1 to 2-5 in. long, sub- tended by small leaf-like bracts, and occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear-oblong, tomentose, about as long as the pappus ; receptacle naked. Heads -4 in. across, sessile or nearly so, in a lax, shortly-branched, leafy, cymose, pubescent panicle, 12 to 18 in. long. Involucral bracts nearly uniform, linear, acuminate, 1-nerved, puberulous, as long as the pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, naked. Cypselas narrowly oblong, glabrous, not ribbed ; pappus in a single row, white. DC. Prod. V. 436 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 76 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 263. B. Musra, DC. l.c. 435 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 23. B. villosu, Schultz-Bip. in PI. Hohenack. n. 2a. Gonyza lacera, Eoxb. FI. Ind. III. 428 ; Wall. Cat. 3082. C. thyrsiflora, villosa, and Musra, Ham. ; Wall. Cat. sub 3082, 3083, 3095. C. lactucifolia, DC. l.c. 435; Wall. Cat. 3088 (in part) ; Burm. FI. Ind. 180, t. 59, f. 1. Pebak : Scortecliini 141, 1430. Singapobe: Cantley; Ilullett 227. — Disteib. British India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, tropical Africa. 6. Blumea membbanacea, DC. Prod. V. 440. A rigid erect herb, 1 to 2 feet high ; stem at the base half as thick as a goose-quill, minutely pubescent from base to apex, terete, striate. Leaves thinly membranous, oblanceolate, much tapered to the base, sub-sessile, the apex acute, the edges coarsely and often irregularly dentate, sometimes lobulate ; both surfaces pale olivaceous-brown when dry, the lower paler, sparsely strigose ; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces; length 2 to 3'5 in. ; breadth -8 to 1'5 in. ; the leaves of the upper part of the stem smaller and bract-like. Heads -25 in. in diam., sessile or sub-sessile, in spikes several inches long, from the 36 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. axils of small leaf-like bracts, arranged in a narrow pseudo-panicle occupying the upper half of the stem. Involucral bracts linear, acumi- nate, pubescent, 1-nerved, as long as the inner pappus. Corollas very narrow ; receptacle naked. Cypselas small, glabrous ; pappus white, in two rows, the outer very short. Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 265. L. hymenophylla, DC. l.e. 440. Conyza mcmbranacea and hymenophylla. Wall. Cat. 3019, 3038. C. virens, Wall. Cat. 3037d. C. cliffusa, Boxb. PL Ind. III. 429. Penang : Curtis 2759; Deschamps. — Distrib. British India, Malay Archipelago. 9. Laggeka, Schultz. -Bip. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, often rigid and decur- rent. Heads panicled or axillary, heterogamous, disciform. Outer flowers $ , in several rows, fertile, filiform, the mouth minutely toothed. Disk-floivcrs $ , in several rows, fertile, tubular, 5-fid. Involucre cam- panulate ; bracts many-rowed, narrow, often rigid, the outer shorter ; receptacle flat, naked. Anthers 2-lobed or sagittate at the base , the auricles obtuse or acute, often unequal, not tailed or connate with the adjoining anthers. Style-arms of the hermaphrodite flowers and the pappus as in Blumea. — Distrib. 9 or 10 species, in tropical Africa and British India. Laggera flava, Benth. in Gen. PI. II. 290. A glabrous or puberulous herb, 6 to 30 in. high; stems striate, simple or corymbosely branched. Leaves membranous, shining, glabrous ; the radical some- times on short petioles ; the cauline sessile ; the lower cauline oblong, acute, cordate and sub-amplexicaul at the base ; the upper cauline smaller and narrower than the lower, lanceolate ; all sharply and un- equally toothed ; main-nerves about 8 pairs, distinct, like the wide reticulations. Heads few, ’25 in. in diam., on slender peduncles; receptacle glabrous ; corollas yellow ; anthers sagittate. Cypselas minute, glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 90; Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 270. Blumea flava, DC. Prod. V. 439. Erigeron falcatum, Don Prod. 172 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 1877, II. 191 {excl- syn.). Conyza fasciculata, Wall. Cat. 3017. Penang : Wallich. — Distrib. British India. This has not been collected within our area since Wallich’s time. 10. Pluchea, Cass. Shrubs or herbs, tomentose or glutinous. Leaves alternate, dentate or rarely entire, sometimes pinnatifid. Heads usually small, in ter- minal corymbose cymes, or large and sub-solitary, heterogamous, disci- Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 37 form, white yellow, or lilac. Outer florets ? , in several series, fertile, filiform. Disk-florets $ , few, sterile, tubular and 5-fid. Involucre broadly ovoid or campanulate ; its bracts few or in many rows, imbri- cate, ovate or lanceolate, dry, rigid ; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas of the 2 flowers filiform, shorter than their own styles, their apices with 3 teeth; corollas of the $ flowers regular, tubular, the limb slightly widened, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, their basal auricles tailed. Style-arms of the £ flowers filiform, entire or bifid. Cypselas small, 4- or 5-angled. Hairs of pappus slender, rigid, in a single series, free, or (in the sterile cypselas) connate in groups. — Disteib. About 30 species, tropical and sub-tropical. Pluchea indica, Less. ; DC. Prod. V. 451. A low shrub, glabrous or nearly so ; stems smooth, terete. Leaves membranous, obovate or oblanceolate, the apex obtuse or acute, acuminate or apiculate, narrowed to the base ; edges dentate, serrate or sub-serrate ; both sur- faces olivaceous-brown when dry, glandular ; main-nerves 3 to 6 pairs, curving upwards, bold beneath ; length -5 to 2-75 in. ; breadth -3 to 1- 25 in. ; petioles - 1 in. to -4 in. long. Heads '25 in. in diam., in com- pound terminal puberulous corymbose cymes, much longer than the leaves ; involucral bracts few, rather broad, obtuse. Florets of the disk 3 ; those of the ray numerous. Cypselas minute, ribbed, nearly glabrous ; pappus scanty, spreading, reddish-white. Wight 111. t. 131 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 93 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 272 ; Prain Bengal Plants 600. P. foliosa, DC. l.c. 451. Conyza corymbosa, Boxb. FI. Ind. III. 426 ; Wall. Cat. 3009. C. indica, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 58. Baccharis indica, Linn. Malacca : Griffith. Penang : Wallicli. Singapore : Kurz. Din- dings : Curtis 3451. Perak : Scortechini 848 ; King's Collector 2893. — Disteib. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Australia 11. Sph^jranthus, Linn. Annual herbs with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, toothed, .decurrent. Floiver-lieads proper, small, heterogamous, disciform, sessile, on a common receptacle, bracteate or not, and forming solitary, globose, or ovoid, a head-like terminal cluster, usually bearing at its base an involucre of a few empty bracts. Outer florets 2 < few or many, fertile, slender ; inner solitary or few, § , fertile or sterile ; involucre narrow, its bracts dry, narrow, unequal, acute ; receptacle ■small, naked ; pappus none. Florets : 2 with filiform, minutely 2- 3-toothed corollas ; $ with regular corollas with thickened tube and 4-5-toothed limb. Anthers with sagittate bases acute or tailed. Style of £ florets with filiform arms or entire. Cypselas oblong, sub- 3g Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. compressed, without pappus. — Distrib. About 8 species, tropics of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Sph^iranthus africanus, Linn. Sp. PI. 1314. Annual, glabrous or pubescent, the stem and branches with long decurrent, entire wings. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate, acute or sub-acute, with a small bristle-point at the apex, the base narrowed and confluent with the wing of the branch, the edges bristle-serrate ; length 1 to 3 in. ; breadth •25 to 1‘25 in. Clusters of heads globose, - 3 to - 4 in. in diam., peduncu- late, their involucres few, scarious, rounded or jagged, not imbricate ; the peduncles - 25 to '4 in. long, glabrous, with a wing widening at the base. Female florets about 15, gibbous. Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 275 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 601. S. africanus and S. microcephalus, Willd. Sp. PI. III. 2395. S. microcephalus, DC. Prod. V. 360 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 97. S. indicus, Willd. l.c. 2394 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 62, FI. Ind. III. 446. S. africanus, Wall. Cat. 3179 (in part). Malacca: Griffith. Kedah: King’s Collector 1701. Singapore: Ridley 5069. Penang : Curtis 1942 ; Descliamps. Province Welles- ley : Ridley 7125. Perak : Scortechini 1640. — Distrib. British India, Malay Archipelago, China, Philippines, Australia, Africa. 12. Emilia, Cass. Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or hairy, often glaucous, some- times sarmentose. Leaves alternate, radical, crowded, petiolate, entire, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline few, stem-clasping. Heads on long peduncles, solitary or loosely corymbose, ebracteolate at the base, homogamous, discoid, yellow or red ; florets all $ , fertile, tubular, the limb elongate and 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric ; its bracts in a single series, equal, free or cohering, striate ; receptacle flat, naked. Style-arms sub-terete, their apices short and obtuse, or long and acute. Cypselas sub-terete, or 5-ribbed or -angled ; pappus hairs numerous, white, silky. — Distrib. Species 14 or 15; all Indo-Malayan and tropical African. Emilia sonchifolia, DC. Prod. VI. 302. Annual, usually erect, sometimes diffuse and sarmentose, 12 to 30 in. high. Leaves : the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, rarely elliptic, glabrous or puberulous, sometimes scaberulous, 1-5 to 4 in. long ; petioles variable but rarely exceeding an inch in length ; cauline leaves much smaller, hastate or linear-hastate, dentate, sessile and aurieulate, more or less stem-clasping. Heads -4 in. long and the same in diam. when expanded, on long ebracteate or scantily bracteate peduncles, collected in lax terminal long pedunculate spreading corymbs. Involucre nearly as long as the purple florets, eealyculate ; its bracts linear-oblong, sub- 39 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. acute. Gypselas truncate at each end, minutely hairy. DC. in Wight Contrib. 24. E. sonchifolia, vars. a and /3, Clarke Comp. Ind. 174. Calcalia sonchifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. 835 ; Eoxb. FI. Ind. III. 413 ; Don Prod. 180; Wall. Cat. 3144. E. glabra, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3145. Gynura ecalyculata, DC. l.c. 298. Prenanthes sarmentosa, Wall. Cat. 3262e. E. scabra, DC. l.c. 303; Wight Ic. 1123. E. mucronata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 175. Singapore : Hullett 240. Penang : Deschamps ; Scortechini ; Stolickza. — Distrib. British India, Malay Archipelago, China. Var. minor, King & Gamble. Little more than a foot high, lower leaves broadly ovate, truncate at the base, on long narrow winged petioles. Perak : King’s Collector 301. Penang : in Klang and Batu Gaja jungles : Deschamps. In this variety the terminal lobe only of the leaf is developed, the lower part being long and narrow like a petiole. 13. Gynura, Cass. Succulent herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes climbers, glabrous or hispid. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatisect. Heads solitary or in corymbs, bracteolate at the base, homogamous, disciform, yellow or purplish. Florets yellow : all the $ tubular, fertile (rarely a few of the outer ones more slender and $ ) the limb 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric or sub-campanulate ; the bracts 10 or 12, in a single series, narrow, equal; their margins scarious; receptacle flat, pitted or shortly fimbrillate. Anthers with bases entire or sub-auricled. Style-arms slender; their apices long, slender, subulate, hispid. Cypselas narrow, many-ribbed ; hairs of pappus copious, in many series, slender, white. — Distrib. Species about 20, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Scandent ; leaves subentire or slightly dentate, petiolate . . 1. G. sarmentosa. An erect herb ; leaves always boldly dentate and often pinnatisect or pinnatifid, sessile and often snb-amplexicaul or auriculate .. 2. G.licolor. 1. Gynura sarmentosa, DC. Prod. VI. 298. Stem and branches loosely twining, glabrous except the puberulous peduncles, thinner than a goose-quill, pale brown and striate when dry. Leaves succulent, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base cuneate, the edges subentire or slightly dentate, both surfaces brown when dry, glabrous ; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces ; length 1 to 3 in. ; breadth - 4 to 1 in. ; petioles of the lower leaves - 15 to - 4 in. ; the small upper leaves often sessile. Heads few, •65 to -75 in. long, and as much in diam., on slender puberulous 40 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. pedicels usually in scanty, lax, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal cymes longer than the leaves ; bracteoles of the panicle and of the calyculus at the base of the involucre few, small, linear. Involucre spreading little, its bracts narrowly oblong, subacute or blunt, glabrous ; their edges scarious, nearly as long as the florets. Cypselas small, brown, with 10 puberulous ribs; pappus white. Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 335. G. Finlaysoniana, DC. l.c. 299 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. IV. t. 55. Cacalia cylindrifolia, reclinata, and Fin- laysoniana, Wall. Cat. 3150, 3151, 3162. Sonchus voluhilis, Rumph. Herb. Amb. Y. t. 103 f. 2. In all the provinces, common. — Distbib. Malayan Archipelago; Siam ; Philippines. 2. Gynuba bicoloe, DC. Prod. YI. 299. Herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high, glabrous or sparsely and minutely glandular-hairy on the upper part ; stems erect, branched, about the thickness of a quill near the base, boldly striate when dry. Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatifid, the lobules acutely dentate ; the terminal lobe narrow and acuminate, narrowed at the base into a petiole varying in length from -5 to 1 in. ; the upper sessile and often auriculate at the base, or shorter and narrowly obtuse with large teeth ; length 2-5 to 5 in. ; breadth -4 to 3 in. Heads about -5 in. long, less in diam. Involucral bracts narrow, with scarious margins and acute often recurved tips. Cypselas very slender, much ribbed, sub-glabrous; pappus copious, white, tinged with pink. Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 335. Cacalia bicolor, Roxb. FI. Ind. III. 412 ; Salisb. Hort. Parad. t. 25 ; Bot. Regist. t. 110. Singapobe : Ridley 1618. Johobe : Ridley 2741 ; King. Peeak : Wray 1445, 3599. Penang: Deschamps. Malacca: Griffith (K.D.), 3235. — Distbib. China, Moluccas. 14. Siege sbeckia, Linn. Glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in leafy panicles, heterogamous, sub-radiate, yellow or white. Ray- florets ? , in a single series, fertile, the corollas short-tubed, with 2-3-fid limb or a short, broad ligule. Disk-florets £, fertile, or the inner ones sterile ; the corollas regular, tubular, the limb cam- panulate and 5-fid or narrow and 3- to 4-toothed. Involucre cam- panulate or hemispheric, the bracts few, herbaceous, glandular, the outer usually 5, spathulate, spreading ; the inner enclosing the ray- florets. Receptacle small ; the pales membranous, concave. Anthers with entire bases. Style of $ florets with short, flattened, sub-acute arms. Cypselas obovoid-oblong, often incurved, their apices obtuse ; 41 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. pappus none. — Distrib. Six species, one cosmopolitan, tropical and sub-tropical, the others South American and African. Siegesbeckia orient alis, Linn. Sp. PI. 900. An erect annual, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the lower branches opposite, everywhere clothed with pubescence, often glandular and crisped. Leaves mem- branous, opposite, the lower ovate sub-rhomboid, the upper ovate- lanceolate, dentate or crenate, passing into linear-lanceolate, and sometimes entire ; all euneate at the base ; both surfaces olivaceous when dry ; the upper scabrid, hispid ; the lower more softly hairy ; main-nerves 3 or 4 pairs, curved, spreading ; length 1 to 4 in. ; petioles very short or absent. Involucre with the outer bracts longer than the inner. Cypselas black, the outer enclosed in the glandular involucral bracts. Boiss. PI. Orient. III. 250; DC. Prod. V. 495; Wight Ic. 1103 ; Wall. Cat. 3182 ; Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind. III. 304 ; Prain Bengal Plants, 607. S. glutinosa, Wall. Cat. 3182. S. brachiata and S. orientalis, Boxb. El. Ind. III. 432. Minyrantlies lieterophylla, 'Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Misc. 1851, I. 181. In all the provinces, near habitations. 15. Eclipta, Linn. Strigose or hirsute annuals. Leaves opposite. Heads small, axillary -or terminal, pedunculate, heterogamous, rayed. Bay-florets ? , sub- 2-seriate, fertile or sterile, ligulate, small, entire or bifid, white rarely yellow. Dish-florets . lucida. Leaves 15 to 2 -5 in. broad : — Stamens about 12 ; main-nerves of leaves 8 to 9 pairs 10. D. pachyphylla . Stamens about 16 ; main-nerves of leaves 6 to 7 pairs 11. D. clavigera. Stamens 16, in pairs; main-nerves of leaves 5 pairs 13. D. styraciformis . Leaves usually more than 5 and less than 7 "5 in. long : — Leaves under 6-5 in. long, over 2-5 in. broad ; fruit olive- shaped, nearly 2 in. long and 1-25 in. in diam. . . 12. D. bilocularis. Leaves under 2-5 in. broad : — Leaves under 65 in. long ; main-nerves of leaves not visible, probably many pairs ; fruit depressed-globose, 1-35 in. in diam. ; persistent calyx thick, woody . . 25. D. oleifolia. Leaves under 7'5 in. long ; main-nerves 5 to 8 pairs ; fruit ellipsoid, 1 in. in diam. ; persistent calyx with large membranous lobes . . . . . . 27. D. paniculata. Leaves usually more than 6 and less than 12 in. long : — Leaves beneath covered with appressed sericeous hair ; stamens 20 to 24 ; main-nerves of leaves not visible .. 21. D. argentea. Leaves beneath glabrous except the midrib, which is covered with dark hair ; main-nerves of leaves 7 to 8 pairs; fruit glabrous .. .. ..17. D. tristis. Leaves beneath glabrous or only minutely puberulous : — Leaves usually 3 to 3*5 in. broad : — Main-nerves of leaves 8 to 10 pairs ; apex caudate- acuminate, base cuneate .. .. .. 18 . D. pauciflora. Main-nerves of leaves 10 to 12 pairs ; apex acute, base rounded . . . . . . . . 19. D. ellipsoidea. Leaves reaching 4 in. broad ; fruit glabrescent : — Main-nerves of leaves 8 to 14 pairs; apex sub-acute 23. D. Horsfieldii. Main-nerves of leaves 16 to 20 pairs ; apex shortly acuminate . . . . . . . . 24. D. toposioides. Leaves 3-5 to 4'5 in. broad ; main-nerves of leaves 8 to 12 pairs ; apex acute ; fruit densely rusty-tomentose, ridged . . . . . . . . . . 28. D. Kunstleri. Leaves 8 to 14 in. long, 2-5 to 5 in. broad ; main-nerves 14 to 18 pairs ; fruit sub-globose, 1 in. in diam., immersed in the thickened calyx . . . . . . . . 20. D. Walliehii. Leaves 10 to 18 in. long, 2 to 4 in. broad ; main-nerves 14 to 20 pairs ; fruit depressed-globose, 2 in. in diam., seated on a cupular calyx . . . . . . 22. D. rigida. Calyx 5-lobed : — Leaves glabrous beneath, 7 to 9 in. long, 3 to 3-75 in. broad ; main-nerves 16 to 18 pairs . . . . 15. D. oblonga. Leaves puberulous on the midrib and main-nerves beneath, 5 - 5 to 7’5 in. long, 2-5 to 3-25 in. broad ; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs . . . . . . . . . . 16. D. Hclferi. Leaves glabrous beneath, 5'5 to 9 in. long, 1-5 to 2-5 in. broad ; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs . . . . 26. D. brachiata. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous above, puberulous beneath ; both s and ¥ flowers in few-flowered cymes, on long, slender, extra-axillary peduncles, pendulous ; calyx 5-lobed, not accres- cent in fruit . . . . . . . . . . 29. D. nutans. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 209 Species imperfectly known. Calyx of fruit long, woody, its lobes pointed and much reflexed, leaves glabrous Leaves oblong, hairy beneath, cordate at the base. Calyx in fruit small. Fruit globular, rusty-pubescent . . Leaves quite glabrous, elliptic, narrowed at each end, not cordate. Fruit globular with small calyx Leaves coriaceous, quite glabrous, oblong, areolar-reticulate. Male flowers in terminal tonientose cymes Leaves membranous, oblong or oblong-elliptic, glabrous. Female flowers in fascicles of about 3. Calyx with reniform lobes ; pedi- cels bi-bracteolate. Corolla salver-shaped Leaves membranous, puberulous beneath. Male flowers in dense short hairy glomeruli. Stamens 8 Leaves puberulous beneath. Calyx-lobes 4 ; stamens 16 31. D. penangiana. 30. D. reflexa. 35. D. glomerulata. 36. D. caliginosa. 33. D. areolata. 32. D. rufa. 34. D. Curtisii. 1. Diospyeos Weayi, King & Gamble, n. sp. A shrub 4 to 12 feet high ; young branches as thick as a crow-quill, cinereous- or rusty- puberulous. Leaves small, alternate, membranous ; ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate ; both surfaces dark olivaceous ; the upper very shining and minutely reticulate, glabrous except the puberulous depressed midrib ; the lower more brown and dull, the midrib pubescent and prominent, the reticulations less distinct ; length 2 to 4 in., breadth -75 to 1’5 in. ; petioles '05 to - 1 in. Male flowers -25 in. long, 2 to 4 together in small axillary cymes, black when dry, puberulous, pedicels very short. Calyx less than -1 in. long, narrowly campanulate with 4 deep ovate lobes. Corolla three times as long as the calyx, salver-shaped, sub-glabrous ; limb with 4 oblong lobes. Sta'mcns 16, united in pairs by the bases of the unequal filaments, broadly lanceolate, inserted near the base of the tube. Female flowers like the $ but longer — especially the calyx. Staminodes about 8, lanceolate. Ovary glabrescent, ovoid-conic, tapering into a rather long style ; stigmas 4, fleshy, short. Fruit globular, crowned by the short style, glabrous, shining, black when ripe (when dry) ; calyx at its base - 75 in. across, coriaceous, deeply divided into 4 oblong blunt or sub-acute reflexed lobes. Perak: Scortechini; Wray 2764, 3272, 3955; King’s Collector 2076, 2993. 2. Diospyeos sub-rhomboidea, King & Gamble, n. sp. A shrub 4 to 6 feet high ; young branches thinner than a crow-quill, softly tawny-pubescent, pale brown when dry. Leaves small, alternate ; lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate or sub-rhomboidal, bluntly acuminate, the base cuneate ; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, the upper dark, glabrous except the puberulous midrib, the lower sparsely adpressed pubescent especially on the bold midrib ; main- 210 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces ; length 1- 5 to 2'25 in., breadth -6 to -8 in. ; petiole about -1 in. Male floiaer ■6 in. long, solitary, axillary on a short tomentose pedicel with 2 broad bracteoles. Calyx less than -1 in. long, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, deeply divided into 4 broad obtuse almost quadrate imbricate lobes. Corolla salver-shaped ; the tube cylindric, tapering to the apex, tomentose outside ; limb as long as the tube but less hairy outside, glabrous inside like the tube, deeply divided into 4 oblong sub-acute lobes with indexed edges, twisted to the right in bud. Stamens 8, attached near the bottom of the tube, 4 shorter than the others ; anthers all lanceolate, and on short filaments. Female flower not known. Fruit ellipsoid, sparsely adpressed-puberulous, crowned by the conic style, -8 or -9 in. long and -4 in. in diam. Calyx at its base •25 in. across, flat, with 4 spreading, broad, blunt lobes. Perak : Wray 4055 ; King’s Collector 7302. — Distrib. Sumatra, Forbes 2004. 3. Diospyros microphylla, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 27, t. cxxxiii. (1874), and PI. Sylv. Madr. cxlv. A tree 20 to 30 feet high ; young branches as thick as a crow-quill or thinner, densely pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, alternate, distichous ; ovate-lanceolate, sub-rhomboid, the apex sub-acute, the base cuneate; upper surface dark olivaceous- brown, glabrous except the pubescent depressed midrib ; the lower dark brown, puberulous, the midrib pubescent; main-nerves obsolete on both surfaces ; length 1 to l - 4 in., breadth - 45 to ’65 in. ; petiole '05 ; the largest leaves towards the ends of the branches. Male flowers solitary or 3 together in a minute cyme. Calyx -05 long, deeply 4-lobed, tube glabrate. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx with 4 rounded lobes. Stamens about 16. Female flowers ■ 2 in. long, axillary, solitary, pedicel- late or in a pair on a short peduncle. Calyx eampanulate, deeply divided into 4 sub-rotund imbricate very obtuse lobes, sericeous on the middle outside and on the edges, otherwise glabrous. Corolla salver- shaped, somewhat longer than the calyx, deeply cut into 4 unequal rotund lobes, adpressed-puberulous on the back of the lobes, otherwise glabrous. Ovary ovoid, sericeous near the apex and base ; style thick, 2- fid ; stigmas 4. Ovary 4-celled, ellipsoid, conic, 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fruit cylindric or oblong-conical, dry, glabrous, 1-celled, 1- rarely 2-seeded, '75 to 1 in. long. Clarke in Hook. fil. PL Br. Ind. III. 559. 1). buxifolia, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 218. D. vaecini- oides, Wall. Cat. 4130 (in part). Leucoxylum buxifolium, Blume Bijdr. 1169 ; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. II. 1050 ; Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 43 t. 2, Malacca: Griffith (K.D.) 3643 ; Walker 170 ; Maingay (K.D.) 966. Singapore: Ridley 6045. Penang: Curtis 1513, 7175. Perak: Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 211 Scortechini 2052. — Disteib. Andaman Islands, South India, Malay Archipelago. 4. Diospyeos dumosa, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree ; young branches as thick as a crow-quill, glabrous, dark-coloured when dry. Leaves small, alternate, membranous ; lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate ; upper surface dark olivaceous when dry, glabrous; lower yellowish, slightly puberulous on the slightly pro- minent midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of curved ascending nerves ; length 1'5 to 2 in. ; breadth -5 to '75 in. ; petiole -05 in. Male flowers -5 in. long, in small axillary sessile fascicles of 3 or 4. Calyx -25 in. long, deeply divided into 3 or 4 ovate-lanceolate acuminate lobes, concave along the midrib, and with undulate edges, pubescent. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, narrowly tubular, deeply divided into 4 narrow oblong glabrous lobes, the tube pubescent inside and outside. Stamens 12, inserted at its base on unequal slender filaments ; anthers broadly lanceolate, much apiculate. Female flowers solitary, axillary, shortly pedicellate, ■4 in. long. Calyx cleft to the base into 4 large broadly ovate reniform bluntly acuminate undulate lobes, sparsely adpressed-pubescent on both surfaces, -25 in. long and as much across. Corolla a little longer but less hairy than the calyx, fleshy, tubular, tetragonous, divided for half its length into 4 narrow oblong lobes. Staminodcs 8, linear-lanceolate, apiculate, on slender filaments. Ovary narrowly ellipsoid, tapering to the rather long style, glabrous. Fruit unknown. Pebak: Wray 3508. Junkseylon (Tongka) : Gwrtis 2907. 5. Diospyeos geacilifloea, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 191 (1873). A glabrous tree 40 to 50 feet high; young branches less than half as thick as a goose-quill, deciduously puberulous, dark- coloured and striate when dry. Leaves thickly membranous, alternate ; rather narrowly elliptic, shortly and bluntly apiculate to caudate- acuminate, the base much narrowed and often slightly oblique ; both surfaces dull dark olivaceous-brown when dry, glabrous except for some minute hairs on the nerves beneath ; main-nerves about 5 pairs, curved, ascending, depressed or obscure on the upper surface, pale and slightly prominent on the lower like the midrib ; length 2 - 5 to 4 - 5 in., breadth -75 to 1-35; petioles T to -2 in. Male flowers -5 in. long, few together, in small axillary cymes about as long as the petioles, sessile, puberulous. Calyx large, two-thirds to one-half the length of the corolla, but much wider, deeply divided into 4 large ovate-rotund undulate semi-erect lobes. Corolla narrowly tubular, one-third to one- half longer than the calyx ; the tube externally with 4 lines of pubescence, otherwise glabreseent ; limb with 4 deeply oblong broad blunt glabrous spreading sub-undulate lobes. Stamens 8, in two rows, 212 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 4 of them smaller than the other 4 ; anthers linear-lanceolate, apicu- late, the filaments flat, very short ; rudimentary ovary small, narrowly ovate, glabrous. Female flowers like the 3 and often mixed with them, but sometimes solitary. Ovary broadly ovoid, with short style, glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid, 1 in. long and -75 in. in diam., glabrous, crowned by the short remains of the style, and subtended by the calyx with 4 spreading, undulate, sub-glabrous lobes. D. flavicans, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 205 (as to female plant partly). D. decipiens, Clarke in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 563. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 972 (? only). Peeak: Scortechini 181, 198; Wray 1298, 2843, 3214, 4227; King’s Collector 884, 3298, 3354, 3366, 3588, 3394, 5173, 6742, 7990, 10463. Penang: Curtis 3041. — Distbib. Java, Beccari 1560. 6. Diospyeos Scobtechinii, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 15 to 30 or even 50 feet high; young branches as thick as a crow-quill, tawny -puberulous, angled, pale when dry. Leaves alternate, small, membranous ; narrowly elliptic-oblong, acuminate, much narrowed at the base to the short petiole ; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, the upper glabrous, the lower often puberulous, especially on the midrib ; main-nerves 8 to 12 pairs, spreading, curved, ascending, somewhat distinct on the lower surface, faint on the upper as are the transverse reticulations ; length 2 to 4 in., breadth -6 to 1-25 in. ; petiole -1 to 15 in. Male flowers -5 in. long, in shortly pedunculate axillary fascicles of 2 or 3, or solitary and pedicellate. Calyx 1 in. long, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 1 in. long, campanulate, deeply divided into 4 broad almost truncate lobes. Corolla coriaceous, •3 in. long, glabrous ; tube tapering a little to the apex ; lobes 4, oblong, sub-acute, spreading. Stamens 8 ; anthers shortly lanceolate, as long as the filaments. Female floivers longer than the 3 , solitary, the pedicel as long as the calyx, tomentose. Ovary ellipsoid, densely pilose ; style short, conic ; stigmas small, glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid, crowned by the very short style, puberulous. Calyx at its base cupular, -2 in. across, tomentose outside, -75 in. long and -4 in. in diam. Peeak: Curtis 2092; King’s Collector 2407, 4126, 5002, 5296, 6356; Scortechini 377 ; Wray 638. 7. Diospyeos flavicans, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 205 (1873). A tree 40 to 70 feet high ; young branches rather thicker than a crow-quill, cinereous-puberulous becoming glabrous. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous ; elliptic to oblong-elliptic, apex shortly acuminate, the base cuneate ; upper surface when dry olivaceous, glabrous, the lower pale brown, densely puberulous on the stout midrib ; main-nerves 5 to 213 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 7 pairs, curved, ascending; length 3-25 to 5 in., breadth 1-35 to 2-5 in. ; petioles T to '15 in. Male floivers -45 in. long, 2 to 6 together, in axillary or extra-axillary bracteate sessile tomentose fascicles. Calyx sub-sessile, campanulate, pubescent outside, glabrous inside ; the limb deeply divided into 5 broadly ovate, bluntly acuminate spreading lobes. Corolla salver-shaped; tube slightly inflated and glabrous in the lower half outside, cylindrie and pubescent in the upper half, inside glabrous ; limb with 4 broadly oblong obtuse glabrescent spreading lobes. Stamens 12, of different lengths, attached in 3 rows in the tube; anthers lanceolate-cordate, apicu- late ; filaments slender and of varying length ; rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers conspicuously bi-bracteate, in cymes like the $ but shortly pedunculate. Calyx as in the $ but less deeply lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, not much narrowed at the ends, slightly tetragonous, glabrous, -75 in. long and about -35 in. in diam., crowned by the short remains of the style ; the calyx clasping its base, about half as long, with 4 deep triangular lobes. Seeds 4, ridged. Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 562 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI., ii. 236, For. FI. II. 135. Guatteria ? flavicans, Wall. Cat. 7295. Fbenacea, sp. 2, Griff. Notul. IV. 291. Malacca: Griffith (K.D.) 454, 3623; Maingay (K.D.) 972 (as to male plant only)-, Heifer (K.D.) 3639? Penang: Curtis 1602. Selangor : Ridley 10556. Perak : 2058 ; King’s Collector 2480, 3354, 3380, 3774, 6149, 6633, 10007. 8. Diospyros apiculata, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Philos. Soc. XII. 186 (1873). A shrub or small tree ; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill, fulvous-hirsute. Leaves alternate, membranous ; oblong or elliptic-oblong, sometimes rather oblanceolate, finely caudate- acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded or somewhat cuneate base ; both surfaces dark olivaceous-brown when dry, transversely reticulate; upper surface sparsely adpressed-pubescent, the midrib and main-nerves pubescent and slightly depressed ; lower surface darker, and with many long rather coarse hairs, especially on the prominent midrib and 8 to 10 pairs of slightly curved ascending main-nerves; length 5-5 to 7 in., breadth 1-5 to 2-5 in.; petiole ■1 in., tomentose. Male flowers about 3 together, axillary, sub-sessile, •35 in. long. Calyx 4- to 5-partite, about '25 in. long, pubescent, lobes narrowly lanceolate. Corolla tubular, 4-lobed, - 4 in. long, the lobes spreading, oval, obtuse. Stamens 6 to 12, unequal, glabrous ; anthers linear-oblong, acuminate ; filaments often geniculate, dilated and some- what united at the base,, rudimentary ovary small, hairy. Female flowers 1 to 3 together on short axillary, minutely hispid cymes. 214 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Fruit sub-sessile, solitary, ovoid-eonie, finely rusty-setose, especially in the upper half, about 1 in. long and - 5 to - 75 in. across, apieulate. Seeds about 4, albumen not ruminate. Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 553. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 1514. Perak: King’s Collector 5127, 6770. Penang : Curtis 1584. 9. Diospyros LANCEiEFOLiA, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 93 (1814). A tree ; young branches twice as thick as a crow-quill, adpressed-puberulous, dark brown when dry. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; oblong, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base rounded or cuneate, the edges recurved; both surfaces olivaceous-brown when dry, the upper darker and shining, the lower paler and dull ; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, spreading, faint on both surfaces ; midrib bold on the lower surface, depressed on the upper ; length 2 to 3 in. ; breadth - 65 to 1 in. ; petiole -15 to -2 in. Male flowers sessile in clusters. Calyx •15 in. long with 4 ovate tawny-sericeous lobes. Corolla '35 to - 5 in. long, narrowed upwards, the lobes - 15 in. long. Stamens about 16; anthers linear, glabrous or slightly pilose at the base ; filaments minutely pilose. Female flowers solitary or in pairs on the branches below the leaves, -5 in. long. Calyx -3 in. long, very coriaceous, densely sericeous-pubescent on both surfaces, deeply divided into 4 erect, broadly reniform, acute lobes. Corolla a little longer than the calyx, densely sericeous-tomentose outside, the tube glabrous inside ; lobes of limb 4, oblong, very thick. Staminodes 8, linear compressed. Ovary broadly ovate, acuminate, densely silky; stigmas 4, glabrous. Fruit ovoid or sub-globose, rusty-villous ; its calyx 1 in. in diam. with thickened tube and spreading lobes. Roxb. FI. Ind. II. 537 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 232 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 213 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. XLVI., ii. 236, and For. FI. II. 136 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 562. D. multiflora. Wall. Cat. 4144; A. DC. l.c. 231. D. amcena, Wall. Cat. 4139; A. DC. l.c. 231. Singapore : Ridley 4964. Pahang : Ridley 1601. — Distrib. Assam range of hills, Burma, Sumatra. The chief characters separating this from I), lucida, Wall., are the longer lobes of the calyx of the female flower and the somewhat larger and more hairy fruit. This species is not common within our area, whereas D. lucida is a common tree. 10. Diospyros pachyphylla, Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 568 (1882). A tree ; young branches rather thinner than a goose-quill, deciduously puberulous, soon glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, alternate ; elliptic or oblong, sub-acute, the base rounded ; both surfaces when 215 Flora oj the Malayan Peninsula. dry rather pale olivaceous-brown, glabrous ; the upper shining, the lower glaucous, dull ; main-nerves 8 or 9 pairs, curving upwards, faint on both surfaces midrib bold on the lower surface, depressed on the upper; length 3 to 5 in., breadth 1-5 to 2-5 in. ; petiole -25 to ‘4 in Male flowers in short rusty-pubescent axillary and extra-axillary cymes from - 5 to '75 in. long, bracts ovate, -1 in. long. Calyx -15 in. long, campanulate, adpressed rusty-tomentose on both surfaces, cut half- way into 4 broad triangular erect lobes. Corolla tomentose externally ( fide 0. B. Clarke) nearly -5 in. long, its lobes about -1 in. Stamens about 12 ; anthers linear, with villous connective and glabrous filaments. Female flowers unknown. Fruit globular, the apex con- cave and bearing the short remains of the style, -65 in. in diam., minutely rusty adpressed-pubescent, becoming glabrous ; the calyx at its base woody* cupular, with 4 broad lobes with reflexed apices. Malacca : Maingay (K.I>.) 974. Singapore : Biclley 5644. This does not agree with D. unclulata, Wall., of which Hiern, in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soo. XII. 215, makes it a variety. It comes much nearer to, but is smaller in all its parts than, the plant named by us D. Wallichii , which was originally issued as D. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 4141. 11. Diospyros clavigera, Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 558 (1882). A tree ; all parts glabrous except the minutely pilose-ciliate margin of the calyx. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, elliptic, tapering slightly to each end (sub-rhomboidal) ; both surfaces warm brown when dry, the upper glabrous, shining, the lower dull ; main-nerves 6 or 7 pairs, little curved, ascending, slightly prominent on the lower surface, faint on the upper ; length 3'25 to 4-5, breadth 1-5 to 2-15 in. ; petioles -15 to - 2 in. Male flowers 3 to 16 together in small sub-sessile axillary and extra-axillary cymes. Calyx -15 in. long, deeply divided into 4 obtuse lobes. Corolla (in bud) -35 in. long, clavate, glabrous outside, the upper part very thick, 4-lobed. Stamens about 16, glabrous ; anthers oblong, shortly apiculate. Female floioer and fruit unknown. D. Ebenum, Hiern ( not of Koenig) in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 208 (in part). Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 971 ; Griffith (K.D.) 3635. Langkawi : Curtis 3418. Singapore : Maingay 5066. 12. Diospyros bilocularis, Oliver in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 2336 (1894). A glabrous tree 60 to 80 feet high ; young branches about the thickness of a goose-quill, dark purplish when dry and shining, slightly striate. Leaves thickly coriaceous ; elliptic, sub-acute, the base slightly cuneate, the edges (when dry) recurved ; both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the upper shining, the lower paler and dull ; midrib inconspicuous and 216 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. slightly channelled on the upper surface, bold on the lower; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs, slightly curved, spreading, interarching far from the edge, faint on both surfaces ; length 5 to 6'5 in., breadth 2'5 to 3'25 in. Male flowers -65 in. long (in bud) on rusty-pubescent pedicels -3 to ■4 in. long, in axillary and extra-axillary fascicles of 2 to 4, with a few tomentose bracteoles at their bases. Calyx very coriaceous, "25 in. long and nearly as much in width at the mouth ; limb 4-lobed, the lobes very short and broad. Corolla narrowly tubular, -4 in. long, very thick ; lobes of limb long, narrowly oblong. Stamens 16 ; sub-sessile, linear, sub-equal, apiculate ; rudimentary ovary none. Female flower; calyx and corolla as in the $ , staminodes none; ovary oblong or oval-ovoid, narrowed at the apex, longer than the calyx, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell i and pendulous. Fruit olive- shaped, shortly apiculate, T5 to 2 in. long and 1 to 1'25 in. in diam. at the middle, yellow when ripe ; its pedicel obconic, stout, woody, -4 in. long ; calyx in ripe fruit flat, with 4 broad blunt lobes. Seed solitary ; pericarp thin, only -3 in. across, albumen large stellately ruminate. Maba Maingayi, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 107 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 552. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 976; Derry 1092. Singapore: Bidley 27, 2755, 4920. Perak: at elevations of 1,500 to 2,000 feet, King's Collector 7383. 13. Diospyros styraciformis, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree (?) ; young branches rusty-pubescent, slightly thicker than a crow-quill. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, the apex sub- acute or acute, the base cuneate ; upper suface dark olivaceous, shining, glabrous except the depressed midrib ; the lower surface dull, paler, with deciduous rufous pubescence, especially on the prominent midrib ; main-nerves about 5 pairs, ascending, little curved, slightly prominent on the lower surface only; length 2-5 to 4 in., breadth 1 to 2 in. ; petiole - 2 to '35 in. Male flowers a few together in short cymes grouped in small axillary clusters. Calyx -2 in. long, narrowly campanulate, densely rusty-tomentose externally like the corolla, the mouth with deep narrowly-triangular teeth. Corolla - 5 in. long, narrowly tubular, cut half-way down into 4 oblong blunt lobes. Stamens 16, in pairs, unequal, linear, apiculate; filaments unequal in length; rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers solitary, calyx much longer than in the $ ; its 4 lobes thick, broad, reniform, rusty-pubescent. Corolla not known ; ovary hairy. Fruit globose with the apex truncate and depressed in the middle, densely but minutely pale rusty-tomentose, -5 in. long and about '65 in. in diam. Calyx at its base deeply cupular with 4 spreading triangular teeth. D. nov. spec., C. B. Clarke in Herb. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 217 Kew. D. hirsuta, Linn, fil., ? var., Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 165. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 969. Singapore : Ridley 3787. Kidley’s No. 1084, from Bukit Timah, in Singapore, seems to belong to this. The only specimen I have seen is imperfect. 14. Diospyros lucid.a, Wall. Cat. 4127 (1829). A tree 40 to 50 feet high; young branches from half as thick to as thick as a crow-quill, minutely puberulous, becoming glabrescent, dark-coloured. Leaves alter- nate, coriaceous ; oblong or elliptic-oblong, sub-acute or obtuse, the base rounded or euneate, sometimes a little oblique ; both surfaces when dry pale olivaceous-brown, glabrous ; main-nerves 5 to 9 pairs, spreading, curved, faint on the lower surface, slightly depressed on the upper ; midrib bold on the lower surface, somewhat depressed on the upper ; length 1-25 to 4-5 in., breadth -5 to P5 in. ; petioles -2 to ‘4 in. Male flowers sessile, in small fascicles. Calyx nearly T5 in. long, campanulate, with 4 erect broadly triangular lobes, tomentose on both surfaces. Corolla narrowly tubular, more than twice as long as the calyx, tetra- gonous in bud, serieeous-tomentose outside, the tube glabrous inside ; limb deeply divided into 4 narrowly oblong thick lobes. Stamens 12 to 16, in pairs united by their short filaments and face to face ; anthers linear, glabrous, minutely apiculate, and on short sericeous filaments ; rudimentary ovary linear. Female flowers 1 or 2 together, axillary or extra-axillary, sub-sessile. Calyx longer than in the $ , lobed nearly to the base ; lobes broadly ovate, their recurved margins minutely tomentose. Fruit globose, ‘75 in. or more in diam., sub-truncate and slightly umbonate at the apex, adpressed rusty-pubescent at first, ultimately glabrous, 4-6-seeded ; the accrescent calyx at its base woody, cupular, -6 in. across with 4 short broad reflexed lobes ; albumen of seed not ruminate. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 233 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 568. D. hirsuta, var. lucida Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 163 {not of Linn, fil.) Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3637 ; Maingay (K.D.) 970, 973, 977, 3,500; Derry 1439. Perak: Scortechini ; Wray 3018, 3056. Penang : Curtis 250, 1602 ; King’s Collector 1050, 1760. Singapore : Ridley 2119, 2749, 3580, 4962, 4963, 6129, 8115, 9212, 9517. This is probably only a southern form of the Indian species D. lanceafolia, Boxb. 15. Diospyros oblonga, Wall. Cat. 4124 (1829). A tree ; young branches thinner than a goose-quill, purplish-brown when dry, glabrous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, glabrous ; oblong-elliptic, shortly and abruptly apiculate, the base rounded or slightly euneate ; both surfaces 218 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. faintly reticulate, quite glabrous, shining ; main-nerves 16 to 18 pairs, spreading, little curved, interarching boldly at a little distance from the edges, prominent on the lower surface, depressed on the upper ; midrib very bold on the lower surface, depressed on the upper ; length 7 to 9 in., breadth 3 to 3'75 in. ; petiole -1 in., very stout. Male flowers about •5 in. long, salver-shaped, in short axillary cymes, coriaceous, sub- sessile, '5 in. long. Calyx and corolla everywhere adpressed-tomentose. Calyx shorter than the corolla, campanulate, cleft to near the base into 5 oblong, blunt, sub-erect lobes. Gorolla-tiobe narrow, not constricted at the throat ; limb with 5 large broad rotund lobes with recurved edges. Stamens 10, united in pairs by the bases of their filaments, the inner ones smaller, all inserted on the base of the calyx- tube. Female flowers 1 to 5 together, - 25 to '3 in. long, with 5 deep ovate-oblong auriculate sub-plicate lobes. Corolla '35 in. long, densely hairy outside, deeply lobed ; staminodes 5 ; ovary 10-celled, rusty-hairy. Fruit sub-globose, sub-truncate at base and apex, glabrous when ripe ; the hispid accrescent calyx '75 in. across, its lobes auriculate ; albumen of seed not ruminate. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 243 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 243 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind. III. 569 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 1045. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 967. Penang : Curtis 1564, 2487. 3658. Singapore: Bidley 2747, 3031, 6311. Perak: King’s Collector 3794, 4924, 7237, 8278. 16. Diospyros Helperi, Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 569 (1882). A tree 20 to 30 feet high ; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill, pale puberulous, the bark dark. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, sub-acute or obtuse, the base broad or sub- acute ; the upper surface dark olivaceous-brown when dry, glabrous except the depressed puberulous midrib, the reticulations minute but distinct ; lower brown, glabrescent but puberulous on the rather stout midrib and nerves ; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs, rather faint, spreading, horizontal, interarching boldly about -25 in. from the edge ; length 5-5 to 7 - 5 in., breadth 2-5 to 3 - 25 in. ; petiole '4 to - 5 in., stout, pubescent. Male flowers unknown. Female flowers - 5 in. long, axillary, solitary or 2 together, sessile. Calyx coriaceous, densely pubescent inside and out, deeply divided into 5 broadly oblong, sub-acute lobes, accrescent, and becoming concave along the midribs of the lobes. Corolla some- what longer than the calyx, sericeous externally ; the tube short, the limb-lobes deep, broadly oblong, blunt ; staminodes few, flat. Ovary broadly ovoid, densely sericeous-tomentose. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly 1 in. long, and slightly less in diarn., glabrous ; the accrescent calyx embracing its base deeply 5-lobed, plicate. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 219 Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3632. Kedah : Curtis 2596, 8327 ? ; Ridley 327. 17. Diospyros tbistis, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 40 to 50 feet high; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill, covered with deciduous almost black tomentum. Leaves alternate, coriaceous; oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, the base rounded or cuneate ; both surfaces dingy olivaceous-brown when dry, minutely reticulate ; upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower dull, the prominent midrib densely clothed with dark hairs; the 7 or 8 pairs of prominent ascending main-nerves and the intermediate spaces with a few similar hairs with bulbous bases; length 6 to 9 in., breadth 2 to 2-75 in.; petioles -4 to -5 in. Male flowers -3 in. long, in short axillary cymes -75 in. long, the branches and pedicels densely dark rusty-tomentose outside. Calyx glabrous inside ; the mouth with 5 broad short obtuse teeth. Corolla fleshy, glabrous, like the calyx in shape and of about the same length. Stamens 24 ; anthers lanceolate, shortly appendiculate at the apex, sessile. Female flowers unknown. Fruit depressed-globose, glabrous, shining, nearly 2 in. in diam. ; the calyx at its base thick, woody, fiat, 1-5 in. across, with 5 spreading triangular lobes. Perak : Wray 2190 ; King’s Collector 5521. 18. Diospybos pauciflora, King & Gamble, n. sp. A glabrous shrub or small tree ; young branches rather thinner than a goose-quill, their bark dark and rough. Leaves rather large, alternate, very coriaceous ; oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, shortly caudate-acuminate, the base slightly cuneate ; upper surface olivaceous, shining, lower ochraceous, dull; main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs, spreading, curved, and interarching boldly -1 or -2 in. from the slightly recurved edge ; length 5 to 10 in., breadth 1-75 to 3 in. ; petiole -25 to -3 in., corrugated. Male flowers -3 in. long, sessile and in sessile axillary fascicles of from 3 to 6. Calyx -25 in. long, narrowly tubular, somewhat narrowed at base and apex, coriaceous, pale in colour, the mouth with 4 broad triangular short erect lobes, outer surface with a layer of minute adpressed tawny tomentum and scattered over it many black adpressed hairs ; the interior paler, pustular, with a few similar scattered hairs and a thick ring of them near the base surrounding the rudimentary ovary and clothing it also. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx, fleshy, widely tubular, divided for half its length into 4 broad obtuse lobes with a broad line of adpressed black hairs along the midrib of each outside, the rest of the outer surface adpressed-sericeous, the interior quite glabrous. Stamens 12, viz., 8 in pairs standing face to face and united by their short filaments, and 4 free; anthers of all linear, densely hairy, on short glabrous filaments. Female flowers not seen. 220 Flora of tlic Malayan Peninsula. Perak : King’s Collector 7363, 7749. 19. Diospyros ellipsoidea, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree or shrub ; young branches somewhat thinner than a goose-quill, deeidu- ously and densely rusty-puberulous. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous ; oblong to elliptic-oblong, rarely slightly oblanceolate, apex acute, base rounded ; both surfaces when dry olivaceous-brown, the upper glabrous, the midrib sometimes rusty-puberulous, the lower surface darker, minutely puberulous ; midrib and 10 to 12 pairs of curved ascending nerves faintly prominent on the lower and depressed on the upper surface; length 6 to 10 in.; breadth 2-25 to 3'5 in.; petioles -25 to •3 in. Male flowers in dense axillary cymes of 6 to 12, not much longer than the petioles ; braeteoles few, broad, densely rusty-tomentose. Calyx sub-sessile, tomentose externally, glabrous internally, divided into 4 sub-rotund blunt lobes. Corolla glabrous, very fleshy towards the apex, with 4 broad deep lobes. Stamens at the base of the tube, broadly ovate, apiculate, filaments flattened. Female flowers in sub- sessile clusters of 3 or 4. Calyx with 4 rounded lobes, reflexed, coriaceous, and in fruit only - 35 in. across. Fruit ellipsoid, glabrous, crowned by the short style and subtended by the reflexed broadly-lobed small calyx, 1 to 1"25 in. long and - 8 in. in diam. Seeds few, ellipsoid, apiculate, two of the sides compressed. Perak: King’s Collector 2233, 3250, 7098, 7269, 7320, 7689, 8215 ; Scortechini 1615. 20. Diospyros Wallichii, King & Gamble. A tree 30 to 60 feet high ; young branches covered with minute coarse hair, the older verrucose. Leaves alternate, coriaceous'; oblong or elliptic-oblong, apex acute, base cuneate or rounded ; edges slightly recurved ; upper surface glabrous and shining, lower paler, minutely pubescent at first but becoming glabrescent, both olivaceous when dry ; midrib depressed on the upper surface, bold on the lower ; main-nerves 14 to 18 pairs, slightly curved, spreading, prominent on the lower surface, faint on the upper; length 8 to 14 in., breadth 2-5 to 5 in. ; petiole -5 to -75 in. Male cymes '5 to - 75 in. long, in clusters (often crowded) on the branches, 7-10-flowered ; braeteoles broad, blunt, concave, thick like the calyx and corolla, and like them densely rusty-tomentose externally. Calyx -1 to -15 in. long, tubular; the mouth with 4 blunt triangular erect teeth ; tomentose on both surfaces. Corolla thrice as long as the calyx ; narrowly tubular, glabrous inside. Stamens 16, in 2 rows, the inner attached to the outer at the bases of their filaments; all linear; rudimentary ovary small, hairy. Female flower rather larger than the $ , but in smaller cymes ; the calyx tetragonous and deeply grooved, very fleshy, becoming woody, very large and boldly 4-angled and 221 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. grooved in the ripe fruit. Corolla as in the $ , but somewhat longer. Staminodes about 16. Ovary conical densely hairy ; stigma glabrous, with 4 deep oblong truncate lobes. Fruit 1 in. in diam., nearly twice as much across the calyx, sub-globose, deeply immersed in the large thickened calyx, its apex truncate-concave ; seeds 4 or 5. D. macro- phylla, Wall. Cat. 4141 ( not of Blume). D. undulata, Wall. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 233 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 216 (in part ) ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 23, and For. PI. II. 135 (in vart) ; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 568. Penang: Curtis 1085; Ridley 7174. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.), 974 ; Griffith (K.D.) 3636. Perak : Scortechini 1976 ; Wray 2535, 2865. King’s Collector 2966, 2982, 4058, 6779, 7459, 7619, 10123. Kedak : Curtis 2594. Selangor : Ridley 2748, 8544. This is the plant issued by Wallieh as No. 4141 of his Catalogue under the name D. macrophylla. Being different from the older D. macropliylla of Blume, a new name had to be found for it. This was done by De Candolle, who reduced it, as a variety, to Wallieh’s D. undulata with the type specimen of which in Wallich’s own herbarium it does not agree. De Candolle was followed by Hiern, Kurz, and Clarke ; we now restore it to specific rank. The true D. undulata, Wall., is a Burmese species. It is found also in the Andaman Islands, but it has not as yet been collected in Malaya. 21. Diospyros argentea, Griff. Notul. IV. 288 (1854). A tree 15 to 50 feet high ; young branches about as thick as a goose-quill, covered with sub-deciduous yellowish silky hairs. Leaves large, coriaceous ; oblong, apex acute, base rather abruptly cuneate or rounded; upper surface warm brown when dry, glabrous and shining, the midrib depressed ; lower densely covered with yellowish adpressed sericeous hair, the midrib very stout ; main-nerves invisible on both surfaces ; length 6 to 10 in.; breadth 1-65 to 3-5 in.; petioles -1 to -25 in. Male flowers in somewhat supra-axillary few-flowered shortly pedunculate spike-like cymes 1 to 1'25 in. long (peduncle included) ; bracts ovate -2 in. long. Calyx -25 in. long, deeply 4-lobed, villous. Corolla • 35 in. long, tubular, lobed half-way down, very villous outside. Stamens 20 to 24. Female flower solitary on a peduncle -2 in. long ; calyx campanulate, •5 in. long, with ovate lobes. Corolla -65 in. long. Staminodes 4 to 5. Ovary 4-eelled, 8-ovuled, densely hairy ; styles 4, erect, hairy. Fruit. ellipsoid, apiculate, 2 to 2'5 in. long and 1 to 2 in. in diam., densely rusty- tomentose ; the calyx persistent, its lobes enlarged, broad, very coria- ceous, shortly hairy. Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 262 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 569. D. discolor, Wall. Cat. 4131 (not of Willd.). Malacca: Griffith (K.D.) 3625; Maingay (K.D.) 968, 970; Goodenough 16 222 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1301, 1476. Singapore : Ridley 3648, 5898 ; Hullett 825. Perak : Wray 172, 1392; King's Collector 4812, 5862, 6387, 6896, 8003, 8142 ; Scortechini 498. Pangkore : Curtis 1365. Selangor : Ridley. 10271. Pahang : Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, III. 318 in Tahan woods. 22. Diospyros rigida, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 257 (1873). A tree 30 to 60 feet high ; young branches as thick as a goose-quill, minutely dark rusty-tomentose. Leaves alternate, very coriaceous, large ; oblong or elliptic-oblong, equal-sided, the apex sub-acute, the base rounded and neither oblique nor cordate ; upper surface dark olivaceous-brown when dry, shining, minutely reticulate ; lower paler olivaceous-brown, covered except the midrib with a very thin film of minute tomentum, minutely reticulate , midrib very bold on the lower surface, pubescent at the sides, slightly depressed on the upper ; main-nerves 14 to 20 pairs, spread- ing, interarcbing '35 in. from the edge, slightly distinct on the lower surface, invisible on the upper ; length 10 to 18 in., breadth 2 to 4 in. ; petiole -4 to '6 in., very stout. Male flowers when in bud -4 in. long and nearly '3 in. in diam., few, in short extra-axillary cymes, densely covered with black tomentum ; the pedicels stout, deflexed, about '75 in. long. Calyx densely tomentose, ovoid, tapered to the apex, its mouth with 4 broad shallow blunt teeth. Corolla (apparently) not much longer than the calyx, very coriaceous, glabrous, the tube ovoid ; the lobes short, oblong, blunt. Stamens about 20, inserted at the base of the tube, unequal ; anthers lanceolate, apiculate, almost sessile. Female flowers unknown. Ripe fruit in cymes, depressed- globose, glaberulous, with a woody rind, 1'75 in. in length from base to apex and 2 in. in diam. ; remains of style none ; calyx at base of fruit cupular, 1'5 in. across, divided into 4 reticulate leathery spreading broadly ovate lobes ; peduncle '75 to 1-25 in. long, with dark hispid hairs. Perak : King’s Collector 4024, 5732, 5971, 6801 ; Wray 3708. — Distrib. Borneo. 23. Diospyros Horsfieldii, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 193 (1873). A tree 20 to 40 feet high, all parts except the cymes glabrous ; young branches thinner than a goose-quill, pale. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, apex sub-acute, base slightly cuneate or rounded, the edges slightly recurved when dry; upper surface when dry olivaceous-green, lower surface brown; the midrib and nerves depressed ; the reticulations, midrib, and 8 to 14 pairs of curved spreading main-nerves very bold and prominent ; length 6 to 10 in., breadth 2-5 to 4 in. ; petioles -35 in. Cymes 2 to 3 in. long, 223 Flora oj the Malayan Peninsula. covered with black pubescence, few-flowered, collected on extra-axillary or axillary tubercles, sometimes forming small panicles, consisting mostly of flowers, and often with only a few 2 , with many oblanceolate blunt bracts - 25 to "3 in. long, and some smaller brac- teoles ; branches of the cyme striate when dry. Calyx -15 in. long, divided to its base into 4 broadly ovate undulate lobes. Corolla in bud cylindric, tetragonous at the base ; about -4 in. long, tomen- tose, deeply divided into 4 narrowly elliptic blunt lobes. Stamens about 16 in 2 rows, united into a tube, the anterior row smaller than the posterior, all narrow and apiculate, the filaments short, and hairy. Female flowers like the $ as to calyx, but with corolla somewhat longer and with about 12 flat staminodes. Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, attenuated into a long style. Stigma with several small lobes; ovary 8-celled. Fruit when ripe ovoid-globular, 1 to 1'25 in. in diam., glab- rescent, subtended by the accrescent calyx with large reticulate undulate lobes. Seeds compressed, oblong. Clarke in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. III. 571. D. frutescens, Hassk. PI. As. Ear. 467 (not of Blume). Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3620. Perak : Scortechini 1765 ; King’s Collector 8261. — Disthib. Java. Specimens of this sent from Herbarium Koordersianum, Buitenzorg, have pentamerous flowers; but in other respects they do not differ from the Perak specimens in Herb. Calcutta. 24. Diospyros toposioides, King & Gamble, n. sp. A glabrous tree 15 to 40 feet high, sometimes only a shrub ; young branches rather thinner than a goose-quill, pale brown and striate when dry. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate or acute, base rounded ; edges slightly recurved when dry ; both surfaces pale olivaceous when dry, minutely but distinctly reticulate, the upper shining, the lower darker and dull ; midrib channelled on the upper surface, strong and prominent on the lower ; main-nerves 16 to 20 pairs, spreading, little-curved, interarching far from the edge, the intermediate nerves nearly as prominent ; length 7 to 11 in. ; breadth 2 to 4 in. ; petiole -3 to -4 in. long, stout, wrinkled when dry like the midrib. Male flowers -25 in. long, on pedicels longer than themselves, in cymose axillary panicles about 1 in. in length. Calyx coriaceous, glabrous, campanulate, with wide truncate entire or sub-entire mouth. Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx, ovoid, inflated below, contracted to the 4-toothed apex. Stamens numerous, linear, slightly auricled at the base, filaments very short. Female floivers when in bud -3 in. long, conical. Calyx acutely 4-angled in' bud ; the 4 lobes deltoid, very coriaceous, puberulous outside, rusty-tomentose inside like the ovary and young 224 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. fruit, accrescent in fruit. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx, tubular, with 4 short erect ovate lobes, quite glabrous. Staminodes about 12, flattened, villous behind. Ovary conical, densely rusty- tomentose. Stigma glabrous, short, with 8 small lobes. Fruit in cymes, depressed-globular, 1 to 1-25 in. in diam., much exceeding the minutely reticulate calyx, glabrescent, minutely tuberculate. Seeds compressed. Perak : King’s Collector 4106, 4361, 4889, 5769, 8242, 8357; Scortechini ; Ridley 3079, 10302 ? The leaves of this in texture and reticulations much resemble those of D. Toposia, Ham. The flowers and inflorescence are, however, different from those of that species. 25. Diospyros oleifolia, Wall. Cat. 4128 (1829). A tree; young branches twice as thick as a crow-quill, almost black when dry, sparsely pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, alternate ; narrowly oblong to elliptic, sub-acute or acute, the base cuneate ; upper surface pale olivaceous, glabrous, shining ; the lower yellowish, dull, for the most part glabrous, but usually with sparse adpressed black detachable hairs near the midrib and base ; main-nerves invisible on either surface ; midrib strong on the lower surface, slightly depressed on the upper, length 6'5 in. ; breadth 2 in. ; petiole -25 in. long. Male cymes on axillary peduncles about -3 in. long, each bearing 3 unequally pedicellate flowers -5 in. long ; all very dark in colour and with black hairs like those on the outer surface of the calyx. Calyx •4 in. long, tubular-campanulate, densely adpressed rusty-tomentose inside, cut half-way down into 4 triangular erect lobes. Corolla tubular, slightly longer than the calyx, very thick, densely tomentose like the interior of the calyx ; its lobes 4, very thick, oblong, spreading slightly. Anthers attached near the base of the tube, 16, linear- lanceolate, sessile. Female flowers on longer panicles than the males ; pedunculate calyx with 4 triangular acute lobes, velvety outside, tawny - tomentose inside. Fruit depressed-globose, 1'35 in. in diam. ; the pericarp woody, glabrous when ripe, tawny-tomentose when young, the persistent calyx at its base thick, woody, nearly 1 in. in diam., with dark tomentum outside. A. DC. Prod. VII. 132 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLI., Pt. II. 72, id. XLVI., Pt. II. 235, and For. FI. II. 132 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 204 ; Clarke in Hook fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 567. Penang : Curtis 1573. Perak : King's Collector 3876 ; Scortechini. — Distrib. Burma, Java. 26. Diospyros brachiata, King & Gamble, n. sp. A glabrous tree Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 225 20 to 40 feet high ; young branches half as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, the base slightly cuneate or rounded ; upper surface pale olivaceous when dry, lower pale brown; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs, curved, ascending, prominent like the midrib on the lower surface, depressed somewhat on the upper ; length 5'5 to 9 in. ; breadth 1-5 to 2 - 5 in. ; petioles - 3 to - 5 in. Male flowers about ■ 5 in. long. Calyx -2 in. long, campanulate, divided almost to the base into 5 ovate-acute erect lobes, each folded vertically along the midrib so as to form a deep dorsal groove, everywhere minutely rusty-tomentose. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, narrowly tubular ; the tube 5- angled, externally divided, the 5 lobes twice as long as the tube, linear-oblong, contorted in {estivation, the external half of each lobe tawny-tomentose, the inner half and the whole of the anterior surface glabrous. Stamens 14, linear, apiculate, sub-sessile. Female floioers - 4 in. long, collected in compound umbellate axillary cymes l - 5 to 1'75 in. long and about as much across, the branches compressed, rusty-puberulous, spreading, bearing a few oblong obtuse bracts ; flower-pedicels varying in length from ’1 to -2 in., bibracteolate. Calyx fleshy, tomentose outside, deeply divided into ovate-acuminate erect grooved lobes. Corolla tubular, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, very thick, deeply divided into 4 oblong lobes. Staminodes about 8, lanceolate, flattened. Ovary ovoid, tapering into a short style, tomentose. Fruit depressed-globose, puberulous, ’75 to •9 in diam., and about the same from below the calyx to the somewhat concave apex ; calyx woody, thick, 1 in. wide, with triangular deeply grooved sub-acute lobes. Penang : Curtis 1453, 1454, 10230. 27. Diospybos paniculata, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. IV. 109 (1852). A tree 50 to 70 feet high ; young branches less than half as thick as a goose-quill, rusty-puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, alternate ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly and bluntly apiculate or acuminate ; the base cuneate or rounded ; both surfaces pale olivaceous when dry, the reticulations minute and distinct, especially on the glabrous upper surface ; main-nerves 5 to 8 pairs, curving upwards and forming arches far from the edge, bold like the midrib on the lower surface and slightly depressed on the upper ; lower surface softly pubescent ; length 4 to 7‘5 in., breadth 1-65 to 2 - 5 in.; petiole -25, stout, channelled, pubescent. Male and female flowers not seen. Fruit in lax raeemoid cymes, ellipsoid, crowned by the small remains of the style, rufous- hirsute when young, ultimately glabrous, 1'5 in. long and 1 in. in diam. ; the accrescent calyx at its base with 4 large broadly ovate membranous lobes with many vertical nerves and numerous distinct 226 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. minute reticulations, each lobe 1'25 long and nearly as wide. Dalz. & Gibs. Mora Bombay, 141 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. cxxv, and FI. Sylv. Madr. cxliv; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XII. 190; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. III. 570. Perak: King’s Collector 7637, 8163. The scanty specimens from Perak are in fruit only, but the leaves and fruit agree so well with those of D. paniculata — a species hitherto known only from the west of the Indian Peninsula — that, in spite of the anomalous geographical distribution, we, temporarily at least, refer the Perak specimens to that species. 28. Diospyros Kunstleri, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 20 to 40 feet high ; young branches as thick as a goose-quill, glabrous. Leaves alternate, large, thickly membranous ; elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute, the base rounded ; both surfaces, -when dry, olivaceous-brown, the lower rather darker than the upper, somewhat shining, faintly reticulate ;■ main-nerves 8 to 12 pairs, much curved, spreading, ascend- ing, and forming wide arches ‘25 in. from the edge, prominent on the lower surface like the midrib, somewhat depressed on the upper ; length 8 to 12 in., breadth 3'5 to 4 - 5 in. ; petioles "25 to - 35 in. Male flowers unknown. Female flowers in short axillary and extra-axillary puberu- lous cymes, nearly 1 in. long, pedicellate ; bracts narrow, nearly as long as the pedicels, oblong. Fruit in short stout cymes (unripe) depressed- globular, crowned by the short remains of the style, with 4 or 5 vertical ridges, everywhere densely rusty-tomentose, subtended by the accres- cent almost woody calyx, with 4 deep reniform-cordate apiculate erect undulate lobes. Perak : King’s Collector 4343, 7633, 8229. 29. Diospyros nutans, King & Gamble, n. sp. A shrub or small tree 8 to 16 feet high ; young branches less than one-third as thick as a goose-quill, deciduously villous, the older much thicker with deeply channelled dark-coloured, sub-glabrous bark. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous ; oblong or sub-oblanceolate-oblong, apex shortly caudate- acuminate, the base rounded ; both surfaces brown when dry, the upper glabrous, the lower puberulous, but often villous on the prominent midrib ; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, curved, ascending, interarching near the margin, the reticulations distinct ; length 5 to 7 in., breadth 1-5 to 2-25 in. ; petiole - 15 in. Cymes umbellate, few-flowered, borne on the apices of slender slightly supra-axillary flexuous puberulous peduncles much longer than the leaves (often twice as long) ; bracteoles few, small, lanceolate, concave. Male flowers in different cymes from the females, •5 in. long, on short pedicels less than -1 in. long. Calyx puberulous, campanulate, with 5 long lanceolate lobes. Corolla four times as long Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 227 as the calyx, narrowly tubular, slightly constricted at the throat, hairy outside, glabrous inside ; the limb with 5 deep oblong lobes. Stamens 10, linear-elliptic, apieulate, inserted in the bottom of the tube, 5 sessile and 5 with filaments. Female flowers shorter than the $ , with small filamentous staminodes. Ovary narrowly ovoid, densely rufous- hirsute, attenuated into a long pubescent style crowned by 5 short glabrous reflexed small stigmas. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, sparsely hairy, -6 to 1 in. long and -5 in. in diam., crowned by the persistent style and subtended by the non-accrescent calyx. Seeds few, narrowly ellipsoid. Perak : Scortechini 67 4, 1678; King’s Collector 378, 2675, 2987, 3573, 7087. Differs from all the other Malayan species by its long pecluneled pendulous inflorescence. Species imperfectly known. 30. Diospyros reflexa, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 50 to 70 feet high ; young branches as thick as a goose-quill, covered with a layer of minute deciduous rusty pubescence. Leaves alternate, thickly coriaceous ; oblong to elliptic, shortly acuminate, the base cuneate ; upper surface olivaceous-brown when dry, the lower pale brown, both minutely reticulate ; main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs, spreading, interarching •15 in. from the slightly recurved edges ; length 5 to 7'5 in., breadth 1-75 to 3 in. ; petiole -4 or -5 in. Floivers unknown. Fruit hemi- spheric with depressed truncate apex, under 1 in. in diam. ; the calyx embracing the very base of the fruit with 4 fleshy much reflexed revolute triangular fleshy lobes, densely rusty-tomentose like the fruit. Perak : King's Collector 7676, 7747. The curious fleshy calyx with much-reflexed lobes distinguishes this from all the other Malayan species. 31. Diospyros penangiana, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 20 to 30 feet high ; young branches twice as thick as a crow-quill, covered with deciduous hair of two sorts, namely, a uniform coat of minute rusty tomentum with long rusty bristle-like hairs protruding through it. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; oblong, shortly and bluntly acuminate, narrowed below the middle to the rather broad auriculately cordate base ; upper surface when dry pale brown, shining, glabrous except the puberulous depressed midrib ; lower surface reddish-brown, transversely reticulate, with pubescence like that of the young branches on the stout midrib and 10 to 14 pairs of ascending rather straight main-nerves, otherwise glabrescent ; length 5 - 5 to 7‘5 in., breadth 1-25 to 2-25 in. ; petioles - 15 to '2 in. long, hispid. Male and female floivers unknown. 228 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Fruit sessile, globular, from -75 to 1 in. in diam., densely covered with minute rufous tomentum, crowned by the short remains of the style and subtended by the small calyx with 5 broad reflexed lobes. Penang : Curtis 2221. Collected only in Penang. In leaves this resembles the Bornean plant named by Hiern Maba } cordata. The 5-eleft calyx of this is suggestive rather of Diospyros than of Maba. 32. Diospybos kufa, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 60 to 80 feet high ; young branches about half as thick as a goose-quill or thicker, glabrous, brown and rough when dry. Leaves alternate, thickly coria- ceous ; oblong- elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, the apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, the base much narrowed ; upper surface warm brown when dry, glabrous, very shining ; the lower dull, glabrous or slightly puberulous towards the base ; main-nerves 7 to 10 pairs, spreading, little curved, interarching near the slightly incurved edges, slightly prominent on the lower surface and somewhat depressed on the upper when dry; length 5'5 to 7‘5 in., breadth 1-75 to 2-25 in.; petioles •4 to ’6 in., stout, channelled. Male and female flowers unknown. Fruit glohular-ovoid, blunt, l - 25 to 1'5 in. long and about 1 - 15 in. in diam., densely rusty-tomentose. Calyx at base flat, 4-angled, '4 in. in diam., rusty-tomentose. Pebak : King’s Collector 3330, 4945, 5409, 6712. 33. Diospybos aeeolata, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 50 to 60 feet high ; young branches thinner than a goose-quill, rusty-puberulous becoming glabrous. Leaves alternate, very coriaceous ; oblong, sub- acute, the base rounded ; both surfaces glabrous except the puberulous midrib and sometimes the main-nerves, hepatic-brown when dry ; the upper shining, minutely and faintly areolate ; the lower dull and boldly areolar-reticulate ; midrib bold on the lower surface, slightly depressed on the upper ; main-nerves about 7 pairs, curved, ascending abruptly, faint on the lower surface, almost invisible on the upper ; length 4'5 to 6 in.; breadth 1*5 to 1‘75 in.; petioles - 5 or - 6 in. Male floivers (only buds seen) under '5 in. in length, collected near the ends of the branches in tomentose cymes "5 to 1 in. long. Calyx coriaceous, on a thick pedicel shorter than itself, ovoid in bud ; the mouth with triangular short teeth. Corolla like the calyx, but glabrous and fleshy. Stamens about 21 ; anthers linear, apieulate, nearly uniform, sub-sessile or on short broad flat filaments, sometimes slightly attached in groups of 3. Female flower probably solitary, much broader than the $. Calyx velvety outside and inside, divided nearly to the base into 4 ovate-triangular very acute lobes '4 in. long. Corolla fleshy, glabrous, - 6 in. long, its 229 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. tube wide with staminodes like the anthers of the $ but not so numerous ; limb about as long as the tube, with 4 deep, broad, sub- quadrate spreading lobes. Ovary ovoid-conic, densely rusty-pilose. Stigmas 4, oblong, fleshy, glabrous. Fruit unknown. PeeAk : Scortechini 476 ; King's Collector 5813. 34. Diospybos Cubtisii, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree (?) ; young branches rather thicker than a goose-quill, rugulose and dark-coloured when dry, glabrous. Leaves alternate, thinly membranous ; oblong or oblong-elliptic, shortly and bluntly acuminate, base rounded or slightly cuneate ; both surfaces glabrous, the upper olivaceous when dry, the lower brown ; main-nerves 7 to 9 pairs, slightly curved, ascending, faint on both surfaces ; the midrib prominent on the lower surface, slightly so on the upper ; length 2’5 to 5 in., breadth l - 25 to 2 in. ; petioles - 2 in. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers - 25 in. long, in extra-axillary or axillary fascicles of about 3 on the younger branches ; pedicels about ■2 in. long, cinerous-pubescent, each with 2 oblong obtuse bracteoles at its base, about - 5 in. long. Calyx coriaceous, nearly - 2 in. broad at the base, deeply divided into 4 triangular-reniform glabreseent lobes. Corolla partially glabrous, about as long as the calyx, salver-shaped; tube short ; limb divided into 4 deep, broadly ovate, spreading lobes. Staminodes about 4, linear-lanceolate, compressed. Ovary narrowly oblong, tapering into the short thick style, densely tawny-tomentose. Fruit unknown. Pulau Poongah : Curtis 2942. 35. Diospyeos glomebulata, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree 40 to 60 feet high ; young branches rather thicker than a crow-quill, densely clothed with minute rufous pubescence. Leaves membranous, alternate; elliptic, shortly and bluntly apiculate, the base rounded or slightly cuneate ; upper surface olivaceous when dry, glabrous ; the lower brown, puberulous, midrib bold ; main-nerves 5 or 6 pairs, slightly curved, ascending ; length 2-25 to 3 '5 in., breadth l - 25 to l - 75 in. ; petiole about -1 in. Male flowers -2 in. long, crowded in dense sessile axillary and extra-axillary globular capitules '4 in. across. Calyx sessile, campanulate, tomentose, deeply divided into 4 broadly triangular sub- acute erect lobes. Corolla tubular, tetragonous, thick, about as long as the calyx ; tube glabrous, the 4 lobes pubescent outside, oblong. Stamens 8, separate. Anthers broadly lanceolate, apiculate, filaments short. Female flowers and fruit not known. Pekak : King’s Collector 8590. The following description of a Diospyros from Pahang is taken from Ridley’s account of the Flora of the Eastern Coast of the Malay Peninsula. 230 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 36. Diospyros caliginosa, Eidley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, III. 318 (1893). A graceful lofty tree ; bark black ; branches pubescent. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, acute ; 8 in. long, 3 in. broad ; main- nerves 13 pairs ; glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath on the midrib and nerves ; petiole -25 in. long, minutely pubescent. Flowers on old wood, fascicled ; peduncles short, covered with a black pubescence. Calyx of S flower patelliform ; sepals 4, broadly ovate, obtuse, covered without and on the margin with black hair. Corolla urceolate, white, silky, -5 in. long ; lobes 4, short, ovate, recurved. Stamens 16, collected in pairs ; filaments thick, minutely hispid ; anthers glabrous, long-conical with acute tips. Ovary abortive, 4-lobed, irregular, the lobes furrowed ; style conical. Flowers of ? not seen. Fruit small, globose, surrounded by the accrescent sepals. Pahang : in thick woods at Kota Glanggi and Kwala Tembeling, Bidley. We are unable, having seen no specimen, to make quite sure of the place of this species. It seems to come very near to No. 17 D. tristis, King & Gamble. Order LXXIII. STYBACE7E. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules none. Flowers in simple or branched axillary or terminal racemes or spikes, sometimes solitary ; usually white, rarely red ; bracts small, often minute or obso- lete. Calyx gamosepalous, the tube more or less adnate to the ovary, so that it may be superior or inferior ; limb 4-5-toothed or truncate, persistent. Corolla of 4 to 5 petals, the tube usually short, sometimes none; petals imbricate or sometimes valvate or contorted. Stamens adnate to the petals, equal in number to them or double or very many ; 1-many-seriate ; filaments free or connate; anthers round or linear, dehiscing laterally. Ovary inferior or superior, 2-5-celled or some- times, by the separation of the septa, 1-celled ; style filiform, sometimes thick ; stigma capitate, entire or lobed ; ovules 1 or more, on the inner angle of each cell, pendulous or erect. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent, 1-, rarely 2-3-seeded. Seeds albuminous, testa thin or coriaceous, hilum generally broad ; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons terete or flat- tened; radicle cylindrical or short. — Distrib. Warmer regions of Asia, Australia, and America, absent from Africa ; genera 7 or 8, species about 350. Stamens many, in several series . . Stamens 10, in one series . I. Symplocos. . 2. Stykax. Flora of the Malayan Pemnsula. 231 1. Symplocos, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often turning yellow when dry, entire or toothed. Floivers white, sometimes red, in axillary simple or compound spikes or racemes, sometimes in few-flowered fascicles, occa- sionally reduced to one flower ; bracts small, solitary at the base of the pedicels ; bracteoles 1 to 3, small, at the base of the flower. Calyx-tube adnate, short when in flower, campanulate, often enlarged in fruit ; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5 in one series, or 6 to 10 in two series, free or somewhat connate, or sometimes connate in a tube, imbricate. Stamens adnate to the corolla, at the base of the petals or higher up the tube, numerous, many-seriate, the outer the longest ; filaments filiform, or sometimes flattened ; anthers short, dehiscing in longitudinal parallel cells. Ovary inferior, or semi-superior, 2-5-eelled ; style filiform ; stigmas capitate, slightly lobed ; ovules 2, pendulous from the inner angle of each cell. Fruit an oblong, ovoid or sub-globose drupe ; endo- carp woody or thin, often ridged or ribbed, 1-3-seeded. Seeds usually 1 only (by abortion) ; embryo terete, straight or curved, in the centre of fleshy albumen ; cotyledons much shorter than the radicle. — Distrib. Warmer regions of Asia, Australia and America, species about 290 to 300. Filaments more or less pentadelphous ; corolla-tube divided nearly to the base (Subg. I. Hopea) : — Fruit (where known) more or less ampulliform ; embryo curved (Sect. i. Paluba) : — Inflorescence compound, branching at any rate at the base : — Branches of the inflorescence paniculately racemose, drupe nearly -5 in. long .. .. ..1. S. odoratissima. Branches of the inflorescence racemose : — Racemes densely ferruginous-tomentose ; pedicels scarcely -05 in. long, thick .. .. ..2. S.fulvosa. Racemes ferruginous-villous ; pedicels -2 in. long, slender ; leaves elliptic, under 4 in. long . . 3 . S. nivea. Racemes pulverulent; pedicels -2 in. long, slender; leaves obovate . . . . . . . . 4. S. pulverulenta. Racemes glabrous or slightly pubescent ; pedicels longer than -05 in., slender : — Leaves over 4 in. long and 2 in. broad ; calyx-lobes glabrous . . . . . . . . 5. S. monticola. Leaves under 4 in. long and 1-5 in. broad; calyx- lobes pubescent . . . . . . . . 6. S. fasciculata. Branches of the inflorescence spicate : — Leaves beneath and inflorescence glabrous or nearly so ; (7. S. npicata. endocarp of seed thin . . . . . . i var. malasica. Leaves beneath and inflorescence ferruginous- villous ; endocarp of seed hard, bony . . . . . . 8. S. ferniginea. 232 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Inflorescence simple, racemose ; racemes very short, almost reduced to fascicles . . . . . . . . 9. S. Eidleyi. Fruit (where known) ovoid-oblong, not ampulliform ; embryo straight (Sect. ii. Lodhka) : — . Inflorescence paniculate, branching usually from the base only : — Branches of the inflorescence racemose, more than -5 in. long : — Leaves glabrous or nearly so ; fruit glabrous : — Leaf-margins prominently broad-crenate, apex shortly and bluntly acuminate .. ..10. S. celastrifolia. Leaf-margins obscurely crenate or entire : — Leaf-margins prominently glandular, texture almost coriaceous .. .. .. 11 . S. adenophylla. Leaf -margins not glandular, texture chartaceous. . 12. S. perakensis. Leaves very hairy ; fruit villous . . . . 13. S. Brandiana. Branches of the inflorescence racemose, under -5 in. long ; leaf -margins entire or nearly so . . . . . . 14. S. concolor. Inflorescence unbranched : — Inflorescence racemose : — Bacemes 2 to 3 in. long, slender, few-flowered . . 15. S. calycodactylos. Bacemes very short : — Leaves coriaceous, acute or rounded or emarginate at apex ; fruit ovoid-oblong, under *5 in. long . . 16. S. opliivensis. Leaves chartaceous, long-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; fruit cylindric-oblong, over -5 in. long . . 17. S. Curtisii. Leaves chartaceous ; fruit not known : — Leaves 6 to 7 in. long, abruptly acuminate at apex, usually sub-cordate at base, quite glabrous . . 18. S. crassipes. Leaves 4 to 7 in. long, long acuminate at apex, rounded at base, ferruginous-pilose beneath . . 19. S. penangiana. Inflorescence spicate : — Drupes large, over 1 in. in length ; endocarp with 8 prominent sharp ridges ; leaves nearly glabrous : — Leaves usually under 6 in. long and 2 in. broad ; young inflorescence without prominent bracts .. 20. S. cerasifolia. Leaves usually over 6 in. long and 2 in. broad ; young inflorescence prominently bracteate so as to appear strobilate . . . . . . . . 21. S. rigida. Drupes small, under -5 in. long ; endocarp with faint ridges only ; leaves rusty-pubescent beneath ; young inflorescence strobilate . . . . . . 22. 8. rubiginosu. Filaments connate in a staminal tube ; corolla-tube elongate (Subg. II. Coedyloblaste) : — Corolla-tube scarcely -3 in. long . . . . . . 23. S. confusa. Corolla-tube about 1 in. long : — Inflorescence densely rusty-tomentose ; leaves pubescent beneath . . . . . . . . . . 24. S'. Maingayi. Inflorescence slightly grey-pubescent ; leaves glabrous . . 25. S. Scortechinii. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 233 Subgenus I. — Hopea. 1. Symplocos odoratissima, Choisy ex Zoll. Syst. Verz. 136 (1854). A tree with spreading branches reaching 60 to 70 feet in height and 18 to 24 in. in diam. of stem ; branches grey, stout ; branchlets dark greyish-brown, angled, striate, minutely puberulous ; leaf-buds acumi- nate, ‘15 in. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, cuneate or slightly rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margin entire or serrate, blackish-brown when dry ; 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2-5 in. broad ; midrib slender, prominent beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs, arching upwards to and along the margin where they meet in an intramarginal looped nerve near it ; reticulations transverse, not pro- minent; petiole - 4 to '6 in. long, flattened above. Inflorescence of grey-pubescent panicles, 1-5 to 2 in. long, axillary to the upper leaves, longer in fruit and stouter ; branches paniculately racemose ; bracts very small, deciduous ; bracteoles 2, below the calyx-tube, ovate-acute* reflexed, -05 in. long ; pedicels '15 in. long. Calyx-tube -05 in. long, pubescent ; lobes 5, as long as tube, rounded. Corolla-tube very short ; lobes ovate-obtuse, -15 in. long, pubescent on back, ciliate, white. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite corolla-lobes, very many, 80 to 100 in all ; filaments slender ; anthers rounded. Ovary villous ; style thick, •075 in. long, stigma lobed ; cells 3, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit an ampulliform drupe, -4 to '5 in. long, -25 in. broad, lower part rounded, upper cylindrical, crowned by the calyx-rim and connivent lobes, the calyx-rim -075 in. broad ; exocarp corky, rusty-brown, slightly pubescent ; endocarp hard. Seeds 1 to 3, usually 1 only perfect ; testa membranous, albumen fleshy; embryo slightly curved, '15 in. long, radicle long. Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2, 468; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. VII. 148; Brand Monog. Sympl. 35. Dicalyx odoratissimus, Blume Bijdr. 1116, Perak : King’s Collector 10030, 10411, 10777. Singapore : Ridley 4428 (this latter specimen has leaves up to 8 in. long and 3‘5 in. broad). — Distrib. Sumatra ( Beccari 834), Java, Borneo ( Beccari 4014). This is var. divaricata, Brand, which seems to us hardly separable, unless by the leaves being almost entire. In the Java and Sumatra specimens of G. odoratissima the leaves are markedly serrate. 2. Symplocos fulvosa, King & Gamble, n. sp. A very large tree, reaching 150 feet in height (Scortechini) ; branchlets dark-brown, young ones and innovations densely terruginous-tomentose. Leaves chartaceo- coriaceous ; elliptic, abruptly long blunt-acuminate at apex the acumen often curved, cuneate or attenuate at base ; glabrous and shining above, 234 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. glabrous and dull beneath, ferruginous-brown when dry ; margins faintly crenate-serrate, with a row of glands, slightly recurved ; 3 to 4-5 in. long, 1-25 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender, slightly impressed above ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, the lowest pair close to the margin, the rest gradually more distant upwards, curved upwards to and along the margin where they meet in a looped intramarginal nerve ; reticu- lations many, forming an elegant network; petiole - 75 in. long. Inflorescence of tripartite sessile panicles of racemes, the racemes 1 to 2 in. long, densely ferruginous-tomentose ; bracts and bracteoles minute, hidden in the tomentum ; pedicels thick, -05 in. long ; flowers white, then yellowish. Calyx-tube short ; lobes very short, rounded, densely tomentose without. Corolla-tube short ; lobes ovate-oblong, glabrous, -15 in. long, 3-5-nerved. Stamens many, obscurely separated in bundles ; filaments slender ; anthers very small rounded. Ovary and disk glabrous, style glabrous, -075 in. long, stigma capitate ; cells 3. Fruit unknown. Pebak : Scortechini 563, 567. 3. Symplocos nivea, Brand Monog. Sympl. 36 (1901). A tree, reaching 50 to 60 feet in height ; branchlets slender, rounded, dark brown, glabrous ; leaf-buds ovate-acuminate, tawny-pubescent. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous and shining above, glabrous and pale beneath, dark olive-brown when dry ; margins obscurely undulate- crenate, recurved; 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1-75 in. broad; midrib slender, impressed above ; main-nerves 5 to 6 pairs, irregularly spaced and often branched, at first straight then curved upwards to and along the margin where they anastomose in a looped intramarginal nerve ; reticulations obscure ; petiole slender, -3 to -4 in. long. Inflorescence an axillary panicle of villous racemes 2 to 3 in. long, the racemes 12-15-flowered; bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, villous, quickly caducous; pedicels slender, -2 in. long. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; lobes 5, oblong-obtuse, -1 in. long, glabrous, persistent. Corolla pure white ; lobes twice as long as those of the calyx. Stamens about 60, as long as the corolla. Ovary glabrous, 1-celled, ovules appa- rently 2 ; style slender from a conical villous base. Fruit unknown. Penang: at Pulau Boetong, Government Hill and Muka Head, Curtis 715. 4. Symplocos pulvebulenta, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree (?) ; ultimate branchlets and inflorescence grey- or golden-pulverulent-scaly ; leaf-buds lanceolate-acuminate. Leaves membranous ; obovate, abruptly short acuminate at apex, cuneate often unequally at base ; glabrous on both surfaces except on the nerves, olive-green when dry; margins Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 235 entire ; 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above; main-nerves 8 to 9 pairs, curving upwards to and along the margin ; reticulations transverse, prominent and slightly raised above ; petiole - 7 to -8 in. long, smooth, pulverulent-pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary panicles of racemes about 2 in. long ; main rachis '7 in. long ; branches sub-opposite, about 2 pairs, '5 to 1 in. long ; bracts short, ovate, caducous ; bracteoles 2, ovate-acute, under the calyx-tube ; pedicels slender, -15 to 2 in. long; flowers yellow, buds globose. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, '06 in. long ; lobes 5, short, rounded. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, pulverulent-pubescent. Stamens very numerous, probably 200 at least, in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes ; filaments slender ; anthers very small, rounded. Ovary and disk pubescent ; style stout, stigma capitate ; cells 2, ovules several. Fruit not known. Singapore : at Chanchukam, Ridley 4786. 5. Symplocos monticola, King & Gamble, n. sp. A shrub or small tree reaching 20 feet in height and 3 in. in diam. of stem ; branchlets somewhat slender, pale brown, sinuous ; leaf-buds small, acuminate. Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, cuneate or somewhat rounded at base; glabrous on both surfaces, greenish-brown when dry ; margins serrate except near the base, slightly recurved ; 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2-5 in. broad ; midrib slender, pale, im- pressed above ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, close near the base, gradually more distant, curved upwards to meet in a looped intramarginal nerve ; secondary nerves few, reticulations transverse; petiole '25 in. long, channelled above. Inflorescence a fascicle of racemes either from the axils of leaves a little below the last, or from the new wood below them ; racemes -5 to 1-5 in. long, 6-8-flowered, all parts nearly glabrous ; bracts ovate, very minute ; pedicels 0 to - 1 in. long ; bracteoles 2, ovate, acute, ciliate, -05 in. long, at the base of the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube short ; lobes as long (-1 in.), thin, glabrous, round. Corolla-tube very short; lobes 5, thin, oblong, obtuse, -2 in. long, 3-nerved. Stamens many, more than 80, in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes ; filaments slender ; anthers rounded. Ovary and disk glabrous or slightly pubes cent ; style short, -1 in. long ; stigma capitate ; cells 3. Fruit not known. Perak : Scortechini 533 ; King’s Collector 3804, 6927, in dense jungle on the summits of mountains at 4,000 to 4,600 feet. 6. Symplocos fasciculata, Zoll. Syst. Verz. 136 (1854). A tree with spreading branches reaching 40 to 50 feet in height and 10 to 15 in. in diam. of stem ; branchlets pale greyish-brown, slender, innovations greyish-pubescent. Leaves thinly chartaceous or membranous ; oblong- lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, the acumen curved and mucro- 236 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nate, rounded or obtusely rhomboid at base; glabrous and shining above, glabrous beneath except on the midrib, yellowish when dry; margins entire or obscurely and distantly serrate, slightly recurved; 2 to 4 in. long, -7 to l - 5 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above, minutely pilose beneath ; main-nerves about 5 to 7 pairs, indistinct, curved upwards and meeting in an intramarginal looped nerve rather distant from the margin ; secondary nerves and reticula- tions slender, obscure ; petiole -2 in. long, bordered above by the deeurrent margin of the blade and minutely pilose. Inflorescence a short fascicle of axillary cymes or racemes -5 to -7 in. long, ashy-pubescent ; bracts very minute ; pedicels slender, -15 in. long ; bracteoles 3, minute, ovate, acute, ciliate. Calyx-lobes 5, rounded, obtuse, '05 in. long, pubescent without. Corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, ■1 to ‘15 in. long, glabrous, 5-nerved ; tube very short or almost none. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes, about 20 to 25 or some- times more; filaments slender, outer ones exsert; anthers minute, rounded, emarginate. Ovary depressed at top, disk glabrous, cells 3 ; style slender, -075 in. long, ending in a flattened 3-lobed stigma. Fruit an ampulliform drupe, ovoid below for ‘2 in. in length, -15 in. in diam., glabrous, 5-6-ribbed, tipped by a cylindric beak -05 in. long and by the persistent calyx-lobes ; exocarp thin, endocarp hard, furrowed, furnished within with 3 to 6 strong ribs, enclosing a much-lobed seed ; testa thin ; albumen fleshy ; embryo very slightly curved, -15 in. long. Miq. El. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2. 467 ; Clarke in Hook. f. El. Br. Ind. III. 574 ; Koord. & Yal. Bijdr. 7. 150 ; Brand Monog. Sympl. 34. Dicalyx tinctorius, Bl. Bijdr. 1116. Penang : Curtis 3171. Perak : Wray 1865, 2418, 2466, 2739, 3561 ; Scortechini 128, 1527 ; King's Collector 1042, 2021, 3003, 4739, 5175, 5337, 10525. Selangor: Bidley 8209. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 958 ; Griffith (K.D.) 3665 ; Holmberg 867. Johore : G. King. Singa- pore : Murton 143 ; Bidley 3626a, 8209. — Distrib. Sumatra ( Forbes 2355, 2358, 2563, 2812); Java ( Forbes 218); Borneo (Beccari 2380; Haviland 1024, 1545). After a great deal of trouble the seed with albumen and embryo were separated. The walls of the shell of the fruit are furnished inside with projecting ribs, so that the seed resembles that of a small walnut and the embryo is slightly curved, long and narrow, and might be called straight. Koorders & Valeton’s description is thus confirmed. 7. Symplocos spicata, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 40 (1814), and FI. Ind. II. 541 ; Wall. Cat. 4417 ; A.DC. Prod. VIII. 254 ; Wight 111. 1. 150 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2. 465 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. Madr. cxlix; Brandis For. FI. 300 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 239 and For. FI. II. 146 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 573 ; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 104 ; 237 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Cooke PI. Bomb. II. 108 ; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. VII. 144. S. polycarpa. Wall, Cat. 4423 ; DC. l.c. 255 ; Kurz ll.c. S. Loha, Don Prod. 144 ; DC. l.o. 255. S. racemosa, Wall. Cat. 4418 [in part, not of Eoxb). Var. malasica, Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 573. A small tree with spreading branches, reaching 30 to 40 feet in height and 1 foot in diam. of stem ; branchlets dark grey-brown, smooth, innovations glabrous ; buds lanceolate acuminate. Leaves coriaceo-chartaceous, alternate ; elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; entire or serrate, glabrous on both surfaces, turning yellow when dry ; margin distantly and slightly denticulate, glandu- lar ; 4 to 7 in. long, 1-5 to 2'5 in. broad ; midrib thick, impressed above ; main-nerves about 10 pairs, irregular, curved upwards and branching towards the margin ; secondary nerves few ; reticulations prominent on the under surface ; petiole -4 to -7 in. long, channelled above. Inflorescence an axillary panicle of spikes, the branches mostly near the base ; spikes 1'5 to 4 in. long, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; bracts very small, deciduous ; bracteoles under each flower 3, ovate, acute or obtuse, ciliate, - 05 in. long. Calyx-lobes 5, rounded, imbricate, glabrous, tube as long as lobes, the latter -05 in. long. Corolla 5-lobed, white or yellowish ; tube very short ; lobes ovate- orbicular, -1 to -15 in. long. Stamens indefinite, about 40, the outer ones longer than the petals, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments slender ; anthers short, rounded. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; ovules 3 to 4 in each cell ; style thick, - 1 in. long, stigma capitate. Fruit a globose drupe -15 to • 2 in. long, surmounted by a rim formed by the short calyx-lobes, smooth, olive-coloured, exocarp and endocarp thin, ribbed. Seed 1, testa thin, albumen rather scanty ; embryo curved. Perak : Wray 2798 ; Scortechini ; King’s Collector 6299, 6903. Malacca : Griffith ; Maingay (K.D.) 957 ; Derry 506. Var. acuminata, Brand Monog. Sympl. 40. Leaves long acuminate, blunt at the tip, serrulate, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad ; main- nerves 7 to 8 pairs, all nerves and reticulations, except the impressed midrib, prominent on the upper surface in young leaves. Floivers sometimes pedicellate. Fruit somewhat urceolate, ribbed. Symplocos acuminata, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2. 467. Dicalyx acuminatus, Bl. Bijdr. 1119. Perak : Scortechini 1556. — Distrib. Java, Sumatra ( Forbes 3208). Var. attenuata, Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 573. Leaves long acuminate at apex, long attenuate at base, 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1-25 in. broad ; margins serrate. Spicate branches of the inflorescence slender, usually short. Fruit small, often only -1 to -15 in. in diam. 17 238 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. S. attenuata, Wall. Cat. 4426 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 256 ; Brand Monog. Sympl. 39. Kedah : King’s Collector 1764.— Disteib. Assam, Burma. 8. Symplocos febeuginea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 40 (1814), PI. Ind. II. 542. A tree with spreading branches reaching 50 to 60 feet in height and 1 foot in diam. of stem ; branchlets stout, dark brown, smooth, inno- vations densely ferruginous-villous. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous and shining above, ferruginous-villous especially on the nerves beneath, turning yellow when dry; margins serrulate, denticulate or almost entire, recurved; 5 to 8 in. long, 1'5 to 3 in. broad; midrib stout, very prominent beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 12 to 14 pairs, pro- minent beneath, parallel at first and straight for some distance then arching near the margin ; secondary nerves few ; reticulations obliquely transverse, not prominent ; petiole '3 to -5 in. long, densely rusty-villous, thick. Inflorescence an axillary panicle of spikes, 2 to 6 in. long, the spikes and panicle short in bud, longer in flower, much elongated in fruit, the branches of the panicle mostly near the base, densely ferru- ginous-villous ; bracts very small, ovate-acute, villous ; bracteoles under each flower 3, the central one -12 in. long, ovate-acuminate, the two outer shorter, ovate-acute, the three together as long as the calyx. Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes ovate-obtuse, -1 in. long, pubescent without. Corolla 5-lobed, white, rotate; tube '05 in. long; lobes -1 in. long, oblong-obtuse, 3 -nerved. Stamens indefinite, 40 to 70, in 5 fascicles inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments slender, gradually increasing in length from the inside outwards, the outer ones a little longer than the petals ; anthers rounded, short. Ovary depressed, disk glabrous ; cells 3 ; style thick, •1 to -2 in. long, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules several in each cell. Fruit a globose or ampulliform drupe, faintly ribbed, -15 to -2 in. long, sur- mounted by the persistent calyx with enlarged connivent teeth ; exoearp thin ; endocarp very hard, bony, about 12-14-ribbed, globose below, cylindric and very short above. Seed 1, testa thin, albumen rather scanty; embryo curved, -1 to -15 in. long. Wall. Cat. 4412 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 257; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2. 466; Clarke in Hook, f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 574 (var. exc.) ; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. VII. 141 ; Brand Monog. Sympl. 40. S. mollis, Wall. Cat. 4433; G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 3. S. Verhuellii, Jungh. & de Vriese PI. Nov. Ind. Or. 12 ; Miq. l.c. 467. S. javanica, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 239 (syn. S. rubiginosa exc.) and For. PI. II. 145. S. lachnobotrya, and S. Horsfieldiana, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 475. Dicalyx javanicus, Blume Bijdr. 1117. Penang : Wallich 4433 ; Phillips ; Curtis 206 ; King’s Collector 239 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1353. Perak : Wray 3387; Scortechini 900; King's Collector 925, 4376, 4395, 4683, 5235, 6219, 7091, 8646, 11019. Pahang : Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, III. 318. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 956.— Distrib. Assam, Burma, Java ( Forbes 682, 798, 861, 1203), Sumatra ( Forbes 2614, 2691, 3150 ; Beccari 842), the Moluccas, the Philippines, and S. China. The leaves in this species are very variable ; for instance, those of King’s Collector Nos. 4395, 4683 have oblong-lanceolate leaves 6 to 8 in. long and about 2 in. broad, with more distant nerves, and are nearly glabrous beneath ; but some of the leaves approach very nearly to those of other specimens, and we cannot therefore separate it as a variety. The marked elongation of the fruiting inflorescence is another source of difficulty in superficial identification. 9. Symplocos Ridleyi, King & Gamble, n. sp. A medium-sized tree ; branchlets glabrous, angled, striate ; leaf-buds acuminate, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous ; ovate or oblong, acuminate at apex, attenuate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, shining above, greenish-yellow when dry; margins entire or remotely and faintly denticulate, recurved ; 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib slender, raised above ; main-nerves 8 to 9 pairs, raised on both surfaces, straight, meeting in a looped intra- marginal nerve; secondary nerves few; reticulations prominent, raised above ; petiole -3 in. long, channelled above. Inflorescence of sessile or very short few-flowered axillary racemes, as long as the petiole ; raebis silky-pubescent ; bracts and bracteoles orbicular, ciliate, pubescent ; pedicels none or very short. Calyx-lobes orbicular, thin, ciliate, T in. broad, concave ; tube very short. Corolla-tube very short, lobes ovate, •12 to T5 in. long, 3-5-nerved, white. Stamens about 50, in bundles opposite the corolla-lobes ; filaments slender, the outer ones a little longer than the corolla-lobes ; anthers rounded. Ovary villous, 3-eelled, ovules 2 in each cell; disk glabrous; style thick, -1 in. long, stigma capitate, lobed. Fruit not known. Singapore : Ridley 5684. A species very closely allied to S. phyllocalyx, Clarke, of N. India and China, and to S.japonica, A. DC. of Japan. 10. Symplocos celastrifolia, Griff. MS.; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 575 (1882). A tree (?) ; branchlets smooth, slender, glabrous. Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly and bluntly acuminate at apex, euneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, greenish-brown above, yellowish beneath when dry ; margins crenate, slightly recurved; 2-5 to 5 in. long, 1-5 to 2-25 in. broad; midrib slender, impressed abovd ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, irregular, not pro- minent, at first straight, then curving upwards and branching to meet 240 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. near the margin in an intramarginal network ; reticulations obscure ; petiole -2 to "3 in. long, bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Inflorescence a few- and basally-branched pubescent panicle of long slender racemes, 2'5 to 3 in. long ; racemes 12-16-flowered ; pedicels '1 in. long; bracteoles 2, lanceolate, - 05 in. long, ciliate, pubescent. Calyx- tube -05 in. long ; lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, ‘075 in. long. Corolla white, sweet-scented; tube very short; lobes ovate-oblong, •2 in. long. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes, 40 to 70, the outermost the longest and equal to the corolla-lobes. Ovary depressed, disk glabrous ; cells 3 ; style -125 in. long, stigma capitate. Fruit an ovoid-ellipsoid drupe, -25 in. long, smooth, tipped with the rim and erect teeth of the persistent calyx. Seeds 1 to 3, testa membranous; embryo slender, straight, -1 in. long. Brand Monog. Sympl. 48. Penang : Curtis 3459. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3651. — Distrib. Borneo ( Teysmann , Motley, Beccari 2374, Haviland 509b, 1642, 3706). 11. Symplocos adenophylla, Wall. Cat. 4427 (1829). A tree reach- ing 50 to 60 feet in height, stem 15 to 20 in. in diam. ; branchlets dark brown, smooth, upper parts and innovations dark rusty-glandular- pubescent. Leaves ebartaceo-coriaceous; narrowly lanceolate to elliptic- lanceolate and elliptic ; obtusely long caudate-acuminate at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, shining or not, olive-brown or dark reddish-brown when dry ; margins crenate or sub- entire, the crenatures with large glands, sometimes recurved ; 3 to 5 in. long, -7 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above ; main-nerves 5 to 8 pairs, distant, arching upwards to join in a looped intramarginal nerve at about two-thirds of the distance to the margin ; secondary nerves and reticulations obscure ; petiole -3 to -5 in. long, often bent. Inflorescence a 3- and basally-branched axillary panicle of racemes, glandular-rusty-pubescent, 1 to 2 in. long, racemes about 12-flowered ; bracts ovate-acute, caducous ; pedicels -05 to - 1 in. long ; bracteoles minute, thin, obtuse. Calyx-tube glabrous or minutely pubescent, -05 in. long ; its teeth very minute, triangular or rounded, rusty -pubescent. Corolla yellowish- white, tube short; lobes oblong, rounded, about •15 in. long, incurved at tip. Stamens 40 to 50, in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes, outer ones as long as those lobes ; filaments slender ; anthers small, rounded. Ovary depressed, disk glabrous, cells 3 ; style slender, -1 in. long ; stigma capitate. Fruit an oblong-cylindrical or ellipsoid drupe -3 to - 35 in. long and half as broad, smooth, pale yellowish-brown, crowned with the minute, inconspicuous, much- incurved, persistent calyx-teeth ; exocarp smooth, thin ; endocarp bony, ribbed. Seed 1 ; embryo straight, pendulous. G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 3 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 257 ; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2, 466 ; 241 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Clarke in Hook. f. PL Br. Ind. III. 575 ; Brand Monog. Sympl. 48 ; Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soe. 2nd Ser. IV. 204. S. iteophylla, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 476 ; Brand l.c. S. bancana, Miq. l.c. Kedah: Ridley 5533. Penang: Wallich 4427a; Maingay (K.D.) 959“ Curtis 402, 445. Pebak: Wray 1119, 3842, 3925, 4123; Scor- techini 490 ; King's Collector 1269, 2606, 6873. Selangor: Ridley 7553, 8549. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3649. Singapore : Wallich 4427b ; G. Thomson; Hullett 828; Walker 255; Ridley 3635a, 3809. — Distrib. Sumatra ( Beccari 147) ; Bangka ( Horsfield 39) ; Borneo ( Beccari 2115, Lobb, Haviland 1187). A variable species as regards the leaves and the length of the inflorescence ; the prominent glands on the margins of the leaves are a noticeable character. 12. Symplocos perakensis, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree with spreading branches reaching 50 to 60 feet in height ; stem 15 to 20 in. in diam ; branchlets dark brown, very slender. Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic, long caudate-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, green when dry ; margins entire, recurved ; 2 to 3-5 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib slender ; main-nerves 6 to 7 pairs, the two lowest near the margin and produced upwards along it, the others curved upwards to meet in a looped intramarginal nerve, which is rather prominent ; secondary nerves and reticulations obscure ; petiole '2 in. long, channelled above. Inflorescence a sessile 3-branched panicle of racemes axillary to the upper leaves or on the branchlets below them, 1 to 2 in. long or less ; panicle branches and racemes very slender, the latter about 8-10-flowered ; rachis grey-pubescent ; 1 bract and 2 bracteoles, ovate-acute, scarcely '05 in. long, persistent; pedicels about -05 in. long. Calyx-tube short ; lobes 5, rounded, grey-pubescent, ciliate, ’05 in. long, as long as tube. Corolla-tube short ; lobes oblong, white, T25 in. long. Stamens about 40, in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes ; filaments slender, exsert ; anthers rounded, minute. Ovary villous; cells 3; style rather thick, villous, T in. long, stigma small. Fruit a cylindrical glabrous drupe, -4 to -5 in. long, -25 in. in diam., the top rusty-hirsute and crowned by the persistent rusty- hirsute calyx-lobes, the calyx-rim T in. broad ; exocarp fleshy, endo- carp hard, bony. Seeds 3, testa rather thick, embryo straight. Perak : Scortccliini 646 ; Wray 2593, 2944 ; King’s Collector 4446, 4570, 4586, 7863, 10163, 10501, 10515, 10801, 10985. Selangor: Ridley 10223. This species is very near to S. adenophylla, but the leaves are' entire, much thinner and smaller, and not glandular, and the inflorescence is more compound, more slender, grey- and not rusty-pubescent, and has rounded calyx-lobes. 242 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 13. Symplocos Beandiana, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree reaching 15 to 25 feet in height ; stem 4 to 6 in. in diam. ; branchlets round, densely covered with soft ferruginous tomentum and long stiff hispid hairs ; innovations densely ferruginous-silky-tomentose. Leaves mem- branous; ovate-oblong, long acuminate at apex, rounded or cordate at base ; pilose on both surfaces, at length glabrescent above, paler beneath, olive-brown when dry ; margin entire, recurved, thickly villous ; 3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender, prominent beneath ; main- nerves about 8 pairs, much curving upwards to join as a looped intra- marginal nerve, raised beneath ; reticulations obscure ; petiole scarcely •1 in. long. Inflorescence of axillary few-flowered racemes or panicles up to 1-5 in. long, lax-flowered ; raehis slender, thickly ferruginous- villous, as are the bracts and calyx ; bracts leaf-like, cuspidate- acuminate, '2 to '4 in. long ; bracteoles 2, similar but smaller ; pedicels •1 in. long ; flowers white. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes linear- lanceolate, -1 to - 2 in. long. Corolla-tube very short ; lobes elliptic- obtuse, glabrous, 3-nerved, -15 in. long. Stamens 60 to 70 or even more, in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes ; filaments slender ; anthers small, rounded. Ovary and disk villous, style slender, stigma capitate. Fruit oblong-cylindrical, light blue, constricted above the middle, villous, -8 in. long, -3 in. broad ; exocarp fleshy, endocarp crustaceous ; cells 3, the lower one bearing 1 seed ; albumen fleshy ; embryo slightly curved. Perak : Curtis 2030 ; Scortechini 346, 349 on Maxwell’s Hill, 3,000 feet; Wray 677 at Waterfall Hill, Larut; King's Collector 1887, in dense jungle on rocky creeks. We have named this handsome species in honour of the author of the most recent monograph of the genus. 14. Symplocos concolor, Brand Monog. Sympl. 65 (1901). A tree, reaching 30 to 40 feet in height; branchlets dark brown, innovations tawny-pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; oblong or oblong-obovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, the acumen mucronate, attenuate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, shining above ; margins entire or obscurely dentate ; 3 to 4 in. long, 1-1-5 in. broad ; midrib slender, slightly raised above ; main-nerves 6 to 7 pairs, rather obscure, arching upwards to anastomose near the margin; reticulations prominent; petiole about -1 in. long. Inflorescence of sessile or very shortly peduncled, 3-branehed panicles up to -5 in. long, all golden-pubescent, about 10-12-flowered ; bracts ovate-acute, small ; bracteoles smaller, 2 to each pedicel ; pedicels slender, about -1 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, -05 in. long; lobes 5, rounded, short. Corolla-tube very short; lobes oblong, -1 in. 243 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. long. Stamens about 60, scarcely exsert. Ovary and disk silky- pubescent ; style slender, stigma capitate, 3-4-lobed. Fruit an oblong glabrous drupe, -3 in. long, -15 to -2 in. broad, surmounted by tlie slightly depressed disk which is shortly overtopped by the calyx-lobes. Penang : on Penam Bukit at 2,000 feet, Curtis 1039. 15. Symplocos calycodactylos, Brand Monog. Sympl. 63 (1901). A tree (?) ; branchlets villous with long tawny spreading bristles, innova- tions densely villous. Leaves membranous; oblong-lanceolate, long- acuminate at apex, rounded at base, sometimes almost cordate ; both surfaces covered sparsely with tawny bristles, especially on and along the nerves beneath ; margins distantly long glandular denticulate ; 4 to 5-5 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above ; main-nerves about 8 pairs, curving slightly upwards at an angle of about 30° with the midrib to anastomose near the margin ; reticulations prominent, primary ones transverse parallel ; petiole stout, villous, - 15 to -2 in. long. Inflorescence a slender, axillary, tawny-villous raceme, 2 to 3 in. long, with about 4 to 5 flowers ; bracts lanceolate-acuminate, •25 in. long, caducous ; pedicels -5 in., very slender, ending in a dense tuft of tawny bristles beneath the calyx. Calyx-tube short; lobes 5, linear oblong, densely tawny-bristly without, glabrous within, -25 in. long. Corolla-tuba short ; lobes 5, obovate, glabrous, as long as calyx- lobes or slightly longer. Stamens about 80, 5-adelplious, filaments flattened; anthers small, rounded. Ovary and disk villous; style slender, -1 in. long; stigma small, capitate. Fruit unknown. Peeak : at Waterloo, 3,000 feet, Curtis 1330. 16. Symplocos ophibensis, Clarke in Hook. f. PL Br. Ind. III. 479 (1882). A bush (Wray), or more probably a small tree; branches terete, nearly black, glabrous ; innovations appressed-tawny-pubescent ; buds ovate-acuminate, silky, -1 in. long. Leaves coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, acute or rounded or sometimes emarginate at apex, cuneate or rounded at base ; glabrous and usually shining above, sparsely pubescent beneath when young, afterwards glabrous, reddish-brown when dry ; margins entire or very obscurely denticulate, recurved ; 2 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib stout, impressed above ; main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs, raised on both surfaces, straight at first, then curving upwards and joining in an intramarginal looped nerve; secondary nerves many, similar, reticulations prominent ; petiole stout, -1 to -2 in. long. Inflorescence of very short racemes, from the axils of the upper leaves or from the new wood below them ; racemes *3 to 4 in. long, silky-pubescent, 5-7-flowered; bracts and bracteoles very small, ovate, acute ; pedicels 0 to -1 in. long. Calyx-lobes 5, silky-pubescent, ovate- acute, ciliate, - 6 in. long ; tube - 1 in. long. Corolla-tube short , lobes 244 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. white, oblong-obtuse, - 2 in. long, 5-nerved. Stamens in bundles of 6 to 12 each opposite the corolla-lobes, 30 to 60 in all ; filaments slender, outer as long as petals ; anthers rounded, very small. Ovary and disk nearly glabrous at top ; style slender, -15 to "2 in. long, stigma capitate ; cells 3, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, blueish-purple when ripe, - 3 to - 4 in. long, - 2 in. broad, surmounted by calyx-rim with patent lobes, nearly as wide as the top of the fruit ; exocarp crustaceous ; endocarp very hard, bony, obscurely ribbed and irregularly indented. Seed 1, testa membranous, albumen fleshy, embryo straight. Brand Monog. Sympl. 58. Symplocos No. 42, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook f & Th. Perak: on Gunong Bubu, 5,000 feet, Wray 3919; Soortechini. Malacca : on Mount Ophir, Griffith (K.D.) 3650 ; Bidley 10083 ; Derry 623 ; Lohh. The specimens of Wray and Scortechini have the leaves rounded at both ends, but there seems no reason to keep them as a separate variety from the specimens from Mount Ophir which are acute at apex and cuneate at base. 17. Symplocos Cdrtisii, Oliv. in Hook. Icon. t. 1757 (1888). A shrub or small tree, reaching 10 to 15 feet in height ; branchlets slender, pale brown, glabrous ; leaf-buds small, acuminate, pubescent. Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic, abr-uptly long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, pale greenish-brown when dry; margins obscurely denticulate, slightly recurved; 4 to 9 in. long, 1-5 to 3 in. broad, midrib slender, raised beneath, impressed above; main-nerves 5 to 7 pairs, the lowest pair very near the margin, the rest gradually more and more distant, all curving upwards to and along the margin, v liei e they form an intramarginal looped nerve ; secondary nerves very few or none ; reticulations transverse, fairly prominent, rather distant ; petiole 2 to 4 in. long, channelled above. Inflorescence of short (up to ■4 in. long) racemes axillary to the upper leaves or on the young wood below them ; racemes about 5-flowered ; bract ovate-acute, -1 in. long, keeled, villous ; bracteoles 2, similar but smaller ; pedicels stout, about 05 in. long. Calyx-tube about - 1 in. long ; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, as long as tube, all minutely pubescent without. Corolla-tube very short, lobes elliptic-oblong, -2 in. long, 5-nerved, white. Stamens many, 60 or more ; filaments slender, longer than corolla-lobes ; anthers rounded, minute ; staminal bundles only noticeable in bud. Ovary villous, disk glabrous ; style slender, -2 in. long, stigma capitate ; cells 3, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a cylindric oblong berry, bright blue when ripe, -5 to •8 m. long, somewhat constricted at about one-third distance from the top ; the top surmounted by the calyx-rim and connivent teeth ; exocarp 245 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. crustaceous, endocarp woody ; cells 1 to 3. Seed usually 1, testa mem- branous, albumen fleshy, embryo straight. Brand Monog. Sympl. 69. Penang : Curtis 1099. Perak : Wray 692, 2830 ; Scortechini 328, 646, 1423 ; King’s Collector 2084, 2099, 2406, 8431. 18. Symplocos crassipes, Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 580 (1882). A tree (?) ; branchlets stout, smooth, grey. Leaves stoutly chartaeeous ; large, elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate at apex, sub- cordate or obtusely rhomboid at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margins sub-entire, slightly recurved ; 6 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. broad ; midrib prominent, thick ; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs, irregular and at irregular angles, usually only slightly curved upwards to meet in a looped intra- marginal nerve "25 in. from margin ; secondary nerves and few trans- verse reticulations prominent ; petiole very stout, '15 to '2 in. long. j Racemes axillary, 4-flowered ; pedicels very small, "1 in. long at most ; bracts ovate-acute, like the rachis and calyx densely ferruginous- pubescent. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes ovate, - 075 in. long. Corolla- tube short ; lobes *1 to ‘15 in. long, oblong-obtuse. Stamens about 30, slightly exsert. Ovary 3-celled ; disk fulvous-pilose. Fruit not known. Brand Monog. Sympl. 52. Malacca : on Mount Ophir, Maingay (K.D.) 960. 19. Symplocos penangiana, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree (?) ; branchlets rounded, upper ones and innovations densely dark ferru- ginous-hirsute. Leaves chartaeeous ; lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, somewhat rounded at base ; glabrous above, sparsely pilose beneath with long stiff ferruginous hairs especially on and along the nerves ; greenish-brown when dry ; margins distantly but sharply serrate in the middle part, entire on the acumination and near the base, revolute; 4 to 7 in. long, 1 to 1-25 in. broad ; midrib prominent beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 4 to 6 pairs, irregularly distant, curving upwards and meeting about '2 in. from the margin in a looped intramarginal nerve; secondary nerves and transverse reticulations scanty but pro- minent ; petiole short, '15 in. long, stout, hirsute. Inflorescence a sessile very short raceme or panicle of flowers on the young branches , bracts several, very small, densely rusty-hirsute. Calyx-tube short , lobes o, oblong, obtuse, -125 in. long, glabrous within, densely rusty-hirsute without. Corolla-tube, short; lobes 5, oblong, rounded, ‘2 in. long. Stamens about 30 ; filaments slender ; anthers rounded. Ovary villous ; style slender, pubescent, - 15 in. long ; stigma capitate. Fruit unknown. Penang : at West Hill, 2,500 feet, Curtis 325. 20. Symplocos cerasifolia, Wall. Cat. 4434 (1829). A tree, reach- ing 60 feet and even 80 feet in height ; stem with a diam. of 20 in. ; branchlets glabrescent, smooth, somewhat angled, reddish-brown ; leaf- 246 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. buds nearly globose, scales rounded, acuminate. Leaves coriaceo- chartaceous ; oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base ; glabrous above, sparsely pilose on the nerves beneath otherwise glabrous, dark greenish-brown when dry ; margins crenately serrate except at the very base and on the acumination, slightly recurved ; J to 7 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad, midrib slender, impressed above ; mam-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, conspicuous, at once curving upwards and round to join each other in a well-marked looped ring -2 to -3 in. from the margin; reticulations transverse; petiole -5 to -7 in. long, slender, channelled above. Inflorescence of axillary and sub-terminal pubescent spikes ; the rachis stout, angular ; bracts broad, round, villous, early caducous; bracteoles 2, ovate-acute, -075 in. long, villous; flowers about 12 m each spike. Calyx-tube short, -05 in. long; lobes lanceolate, acute, pilose, -125 in. long. Corolla-tube short; lobes oblong-acute, neived, 2 in. long. Stamens about 30, or very numerous — over 100 (Scortechim), on the corolla-tube, fascicles not well separated; blaments very slender; anthers rounded, very minute. Ovary and disk slightly hairy ; style slender, curved, -2 in. long, stigma capitate ; ce s 3, ovules 2 to 3 in each cell. Fruit a cylindrie oblong drupe 1-5 to 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, truncate at both ends and tipped above by the persistent calyx-tube and lobes, the rim about -2 in. broad; smooth, yellowish-brown ; exocarp thick, corky; endocarp woody with 7 to 8 sharp star-like ridges. Seed 1, testa membranous; albumen thin, embryo straight, pendulous ; radicle long. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 257 ■ Clarke in Hook. f. PL Br. Ind. III. 580 ; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2. 466- Brand Monog. Sympl. 52. Bobua ccrasifolia, Miers in Journ. Linn. Soe’. XVII. 304. Penang: Wallich 4434; Curtis 1503, 3096. Perak: Wray 445, 3003 ; Scortechini 515 ; King's Collector 6283, 6950. Malacca ■ Maingay (Iv.D.) 962 Scortechmi considered his No. 515 to represent a species separate from S. ccrasifolia but with a large series of specimens before us we find it difficult to agree to this. 21. Symplocos rigida, Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 581 {not of Wall.) (1882). A tree with spreading branches, reaching 60 to 80 feet m height and 18 to 24 in. in diam. of stem ; branehlets stout, dark brown, glabrous, angled when dry, marked with the pro- minent round raised scars of fallen leaves ; branch-buds large, covered with oblong glandular-serrate stipular scales, softly silky on the back; leaf-buds acuminate, -3 to -5 in. long, silky-pubescent. Leaves coriaceo-chartaceous ; oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; glabrous on both surfaces 247 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. and usually shining, dark greenish-brown when dry ; margins entire or very shortly serrate, recurved when dry ; 6 to 12 in. long, 2-5 to 5 in. broad ; midrib stout, much raised beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 10 to 13 pairs, raised beneath, curving upwards to and along the margin ; secondary nerves few or none ; reticulations transverse, parallel, not prominent ; petiole '7 to 1'3 in. long, stout, glabrous. Inflorescence of simple spikes, strobilate when young and scarcely -5 in. long, in flower 1-5 to 2 in. long with pubescent rachis, in fruit reaching 3 in. long with stout nearly glabrous rachis, in the axils of upper leaves or the young branchlets below them ; bracts broadly ovate, acute, concave, minutely grey or tawny-pubescent ; bracteoles 2, lanceolate-acute, '1 in. long, all early deciduous ; buds ovoid, grey-pubescent. Calyx-tube '075 in. long; lobes 4, ovate-acute, blunt, '1 to '15 in. long, both grey-pubescent. Corolla-tube short, lobes 5, white, oblong, acute, '25 in. long, 5-nerved. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite the corolla-lobes, about 60 ; filaments very slender, outer ones longer than corolla-lobes ; anthers rounded, minute. Ovary and disk glabrous ; style curved, "25 in. long, stigma capitate ; cells 3, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 1 to 1-5 in. long, '75 to 1 in. broad, waxy greenish-white when half ripe, dark blue when ripe ; pale brown, shining, smooth, obscurely angled when dry ; surmounted by the calyx-rim -15 in. broad with erect calyx-teeth ; exocarp thick, fleshy ; endocarp very hard, woody, with 8 sharp star-like ridges ; cells 3. Seeds 1 to 3, testa thin fibrous, albumen fleshy, embryo straight, radicle long. Brand Monog. Sympl. 52. Doxomma rigidum, Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2. Bot. I. 104. Barringtonia rigida, Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. II. 510. Pebak : Wray 1294, 3207 ; Scortechini 2046 ; King's Collector 4246, 4277, 4613, 5045, 5048, 6095, 6179, 7260, 7898, 8543, 10013. Seeangob : Ridley 10544. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 767, 965. Sixgapobe : Cantley 50 ; Ridley 1798, 5960. 22. Stmplocos bubiginosa, Wall. Cat. 4432 (1829). A large shrub or a tree sometimes reaching 70 to 100 feet in height and 15 to 20 in. or more in diam. of stem ; branches stout, grey, nearly glabrous , branchlets stout, angled, glabrous or cinnamomeous- or ferruginous- hirsute ; leaf-buds lanceolate, '3 to - 4 in. long. Leaves coriaceo- cbartaceous ; obovate-oblong, acute or shortly and abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous above, pubescent especially on the nerves beneath, the pubescence pale rusty-brown, pale greenish- brown when dry ; margins shortly dentate especially on the upper half, sometimes nearly entire, recurved; 5 to 11 in. long, 2 to 4 in. broad ; midrib stout, prominent beneath, impressed above ; main- 248 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nerves 10 to 13 pairs, parallel, very prominently raised beneath and usually impressed above, curving upwards to and along the margin ; secondary nerves few or none ; reticulations many, pro- minent, transverse, parallel; petiole thick, densely pubescent, -5 to 1 in. long. Inflorescence of simple erect spikes, from the axils of upper leaves or from the young branchlets below them ; spikes 1 to 2 in. long, softly cinnamomeous-pubeseent, the rachis stout especially in fruit ; flowers about 12 to 16 in each spike, each flower supported by a broad ovate rounded bract -175 in. long and two ovate-acute braeteoles -1 in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, ’06 to '07 in. long ; tube as long as lobes. Corolla-tube short, lobes white, oblong, -15 in. long, 3-nerved, glabrous. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite to the corolla-lobes, usually about 30; filaments unequal, the outer ones longer than the corolla-lobes ; anthers minute, round. Ovary and disk glabrous, style slender, about -15 in. long, stigma capitate or lobed; cells 3. Fruit an ovoid-oblong drupe, -4 in. long, - 25 in. broad, surmounted by the calyx- rim '1 in. in diam., pale brownish-yellow when dry, glabrous or softly pilose ; exocarp thin, crustaceous, fragile ; endoearp woody, faintly ridged; seeds usually 3. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 257; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2. 466 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 580 ; Brand Monog. Sympl. 53. Lodhra rubiginosa, Miers in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVII 299. Penang: Wallich 4432; Curtis 528, 1692; G. King. Pebak: Scortechini 1825 ; King’s Collector 5192, 5771, 7112, 8105, 10015, 10021. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 955 ; Griffith (K.D.) 3652. Johore : Ridley 11115. Singapore: Cantley 72; Ridley 4117. — Distrib. Sumatra {Forbes 1991), Borneo {Beccari 1216, Haviland 1679, 3480). Subgenus II. — Cordyloblaste. 23. Symplocos confusa, Brand Monog. Sympl. 88 (1901). A shrub, 5 to 8 feet high (Lobb) ; branchlets rough, dark brown, marked with pro- minent cushion-like sears, uppermost ones and innovations ferruginous- pubescent. Leaves chartaceous; variable in shape, elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate bluntly acute at apex, attenuate often unequally at base ; margins entire or slightly undulate, recurved ; glabrous on both suifaces; 3 to 4 in. long, P5 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender; main-nerves inegular, about 6 pairs; secondary nerves and reticulations also irregular, indistinct , petiole '2 to ’3 in. long, slightly pubescent. Inflorescence of very short, 1-4-flowered, axillary, grey-silky racemes about -25 in. long ; biacts very small, ovate-acute ; braeteoles also minute, 2 to each pedicel ; pedicels - 05 to -1 in. long; flowers white, sweet-scented. Calyx-tube 249 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. campanulate, grey-silky, -1 in. long ; lobes 5, short, rounded, ciliate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, -2 to -3 in. long, glabrous ; lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, spreading, -15 in. long. Stamens very many (40 to 60), inside a staminal tube somewhat longer than the eorolla-tube ; filaments very short, slender ; anthers small, rounded. Ovary and disk villous ; style slender, hirsute or glabrescent, -3 to -5 in. long ; stigma large, capitate. Fruit not known. S. Eenschelii, Benth. & Hook. f. ex Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 588 ; Forbes & Hemsl. in Joum. Linn. Soc. XXYI. 73. Malacca : on Mount Ophir, Griffith (Iv.D.) 3644 ; Lobb ; Maingay (K.D.) 954. — Distrib. Borneo (Beccari 2405), China. This species, which in the FI. Br. Ind. was placed under S. Henschelii , has been separated by Brand, who considers the true S. Henschelii (Cordyloblaste Henschelii, Moritzi in Bot. Zeit. vi. 604 (1848), to be a Java plant only. It is not thought neces- sary to maintain Clarke’s var. hirtistylis. 24. Symplocos Maingayi, Benth. ex Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind III. 588 (1882). A tree with spreading branches reaching 40 to 60 feet in height and 10 to 15 in. in diam. of stem; branches stout, light brown ; branchlets and innovations densely ferruginous-velvety- pubescent. Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, broadly attenuate or rounded at base; glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above, sparsely pubescent beneath except the nerves which are hirsute, marked also beneath by numerous faint transverse lines ; margins entire ; 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2 - 5 in. broad ; midrib stout, very prominent beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 8 pairs, curving upwards and joining in a looped intramarginal nerve, impressed above; secondary nerves few and with the reticulations rregular ; petiole ’3 to -5 in. long, stout, densely ferruginous- pubescent. Inflorescence of stout densely ferruginous-pubescent racemes, 1 to 1-5 in. long, bearing about 8 to 10 flowers, in the axils of the upper leaves ; bract 1, ovate, acute, - 2 in. long ; brac- teoles 2, similar but smaller; pedicels stout, - 1 to - 15 in. long. Calyx- tube campanulate, densely rusty -pubescent ; teeth 5, rounded, '05 in. long. Corolla-tube narrow funnel-shaped, 1 to 1'5 in. long, densely white-tomentose without ; lobes - 5 in. long, oblong, reflexed. Staminal- tube adnate to the corolla-tube as far as the lobes, then free above it ; top of tube truncate, 15-20-lobed, the lobes separable as ligules stamens inserted irregularly on the tube and lobes, about 40 to 60 ; free part of filaments short, slender ; anthers ovoid. Ovary and disk hairy ; style slender, as long as corolla-tube, stigma capitate ; cells 3. Fruit obovoid, obtuse, glabrous, 1'75 in. long, 1'25 in. broad, crowned 250 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. with the remains of the calyx-rim '125 in. wide, pericarp very thick, woody. Brand Monog. Sympl. 90. Pekak : King’s Collector 6728. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 961. 25. Symplocos Scoktechinii, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree (?) ; branchlets pale brown, slender, scurfy ; innovations sparsely grey- pubescent. Leaves chartaceous ; oblong-lanceolate, attenuately blunt- acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces dark brown when dry, margins entire ; 4 to 5 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender, raised beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs the lowest close to the margin, the others curved upwards to meet in a looped intramarginal nerve ; secondary nerves many and, with the reticulations, irregular, fairly prominent ; petiole -5 in. long, channelled above, slightly pubescent when young. Inflorescence of axillary or pseudo-terminal racemes, '7 to 1 in. long, sometimes giving the appear- ance of a terminal panicle ; rachis grey-pubescent, angular ; bract and 2 bracteoles lanceolate-acuminate, '1 to ’15 in. long; pedicels '2 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate, -2 in. long, grey-pubescent without, as are the rounded obtuse '05 in. long teeth. Corolla-tube slender, funnel-shaped, 1 to 1-5 in. long, densely white-tomentose without; lobes -5 in. long, oblong-obtuse, much imbricate in bud. Staminal-tube adnate to the corolla-tube as far as the lobes, then free above it, top of tube truncate, about 15-lobed, the lobes separable as ligules ; stamens inserted irregu- larly on the tube and lobes, about 40 to 50 ; free part of filaments short, slender ; anthers rounded. Ovary and disk hairy ; style slender, as long as corolla-tube, stigma capitate ; cells 3, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit obovoid-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, 1'75 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, crowned with the remains of the calyx-rim - 1 in. in diam. ; pericarp thick, corky ; seed 1. Pebae : Scortechini. This species comes ver - y near to S. Maingayi in respect to its flowers and fruit, but the branches are much more slender, the dense ferruginous tomentum is absent, and the leaves are different, so we have no hesitation in describing it as a new species. The following Bornean species seems worthy of description here : it may possibly be found also in the Peninsula : — Symplocos Havilandi, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree (?) ; branchlets stout, somewhat flattened, yellowish-brown ; leaf-buds conical, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous ; elliptic, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, orange- brown when dry; margins entire, recurved; 3 to 4 in. long, 1-25 to 1-75 in. broad; midrib stout, impressed above ; main-nerves 7 to 8 pairs, the lowest pair near the margin and more acutely angled (about 45°) than the others, straight at first at an angle of 60°, then curved to meet in a widely looped intramarginal nerve, prominently raised above when dry ; secondary-nerves and reticulations also raised ; petiole -4 to •5 in. long, stout, rough, the upper half winged by the decurrent margin of the blade. Inflorescence a nearly sessile, few-branehed panicle of racemes, about i -i in. long; 251 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. flowers about 12 ; rachis glabrous, flattened ; bracts and bracteoles minute, caducous ; pedicels none or very short, scarcely -05 in. long ; buds globose. Calyx-tube -05 in. long; lobes orbicular, ciliate, as long as tube. Corolla-tube very short; lobes 5, -15 in. long, ovate-oblong, ciliate. Stamens about 50, in 5 bundles of about 10 each, opposite the corolla-lobes ; anther-cells orbicular ; filaments slender, the longest as long as the petals. Ovary conical, glabrous ; style slender, -1 in. long, stigma capitate. Fruit not known. Borneo : in Sarawak, near Kuching, Haviland No. 1954, 2. Styrax, Linn. Trees and shrubs, usually more or less lepidote or stellate-tomentose on all parts except the upper-surface of the leaves, rarely glabrous. Leaves various in shape, entire or serrulate. Floioers generally white, in lax axillary or terminal, simple or compound, often pendulous racemes ; bracts very small. Calyx campanulate, free or slightly adnate to the base of the ovary, truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 5, erecto-patent, elliptic-oblong, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 10, 1-seriate at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments more or less flat- tened, continuous with the connective ; anthers large, linear, the cells parallel, erect. Ovary nearly free, at first 3-celled, later often 1-celled ; style subulate ; stigma capitate, somewhat 3-lobed ; ovules few in each cell, in free ovaries nearly all erect from the lower basal angle, in half- adnate ovaries upper pendulous lower erect. Fruit globose or ellip- soid, seated on the cupuliform or patelliform calyx, breaking up irregularly. Seeds 1 or rarely 2 or more, integuments 2, the outer chartaceous or hardened, the inner membranous ; albumen fleshy, copious ; embryo straight, axile or excentric ; cotyledons broad, with a longish terete radicle. — Distrib. Warmer regions of Asia and America, a few extending to temperate Asia and South Europe, species about 60. Leaves green beneath, slightly stellate-pubescent . . . . 1. S. serrulatum. Leaves white or greyish-white beneath, with occasional rusty-stellate hairs : — Leaves small, under 5 in. long and 2-5 in. broad ; calyx about one-third of the length of the corolla . . . . . . 2. S. Benzoin. Leaves large, over 5 in. long and 2-5 in. broad ; calyx about half of the length of the corolla . . . . . . . . 3. S. crotonoidcs. 1. Styrax serrulatum, Eoxb. FI. Ind. II. 415 (1832). A shrub or small tree, reaching 50 feet in height ; branches slender, branchlets stel- lately grey-pubescent. Leaves membranous ; ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded or cordate, sometimes acute at base ; nearly glabrous above, glabrescent beneath, but with stellate hairs on both sides of the nerves ; margins sparingly and irregularly serrate, sometimes sub- 252 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. entire, slightly revolute ; l - 5 to 5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad; midrib slender ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, curving upwards and anastomosing near the margin ; secondary nerves and reticulations prominent, the latter transverse ; petiole -2 in. long, stellate-pubescent. Racemes terminal or from the axils of the uppermost leaves of the branchlets, 6-8-flowered or fewer, sometimes reduced to 1 only, sometimes panicu- late from the absence of leaves, 1 to 2 in. long ; rachis slender, densely white-stellate-pubescent ; pedicels -2 in. long ; bracteoles linear, nearly as long as pedicels ; flowers white. Calyx campanulate ; tube white- pubescent without, glabrous within, -15 in. long; teeth 5, -05 in. long, irregular, repand-dentate, white-pubescent on both sides. Corolla-tube ■15 in. long, cylindric ; lobes 5, -25 in. long, oblong, sub-acute, densely white-pubescent without and within except the lower part of the tube. Stamens 10, 2-5 in. long ; filaments inserted on the corolla-tube, wide and white-tomentose at the base, narrower and glabrous above, con- tinued in the connective ; anthers broadly linear, erect, as long as the filaments, rounded at top, cells 2 parallel. Ovary densely white-villous ; style slender, -3 in. long ; stigma small, capitate ; cells 3. Fruit ellip- soid, -4 to 1 5 in. long, -3 in. broad, white- or grey-pubescent, supported by the patelliform calyx ; pericarp fleshy, rather thin, irregularly breaking up. Seeds 1, rarely 2 or more ; outer integument smooth, hard, shining, brittle ; inner one membranous, brown ; albumen firm, grey ; embryo erect, nearly as long as the endosperm ; cotyledons cordate, T5 in. long ; radicle thick, terete, as long as cotyledons. Wall. Cat. 4402 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 267 ; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5950 (syn. excl.) ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 237 and For. PL II. 142 ; Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 588 ; Prain Beng. Plants I. 656. S. Porterianus, Wall. Cat. 4401 ; A. DC. l.c. ; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2, 463. S. floribunda, Griff. Notul. IV. 287. Penang : Wallich 4401 ; Phillips ; Curtis 1187, 1538 ; Ridley 7176. Pebak : King’s Collector 1662. — Distrib. India, at 3,000 to 7,000 feet from Nepal to Assam, Chittagong and Burma. The plant is frequently affected by galls. 2. Styrax Benzoin, Dryand. in Phil. Trans. Vol. LXXVII. 308, t. 12 (1787). A tree with slender drooping branches, reaching 60 to 80 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in diam. of stem ; branches rounded, glabrous ; upper branchlets rusty-grey-stellate-pubescent. Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic, acuminate at apex, attenuate or rounded at base ; glabrous above, densely grey-stellate-pubescent beneath ; margins entire or rarely slightly denticulate ; 4 to 5 in. long, 1-5 to 2 - 5 in. broad ; midrib slender, prominent beneath, impressed above; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, curving 253 Flora of the. Malayan Peninsula. upwards to and along the margin; reticulations transverse, regular, pro- minent ; petiole '3 to - 5 in. long, channelled above, densely grey-stellate- pubescent. Racemes paniculate, terminal or axillary to the upper leaves, grey-stellate-pubescent ; bracts ovate, caducous ; pedicels slender, angular, -1 to -2 in. long ; braeteoles linear, as long as the pedicels or nearly so ; flowers silvery-white. Calyx cupular, '15 in. long, densely grey-stellate-pubescent without ; teeth 5, minute. Corolla-tube '15 in. long, cylindric ; lobes 5, '3 in. long, oblong-linear, acute, white-pubes- cent without and more or less within, recurved. Stamens 10, '3 in_ long, attached to the tube of the corolla ; filaments flattened, '15 in. long, white-pubescent, continued in the connective ; anthers linear, slender, erect, acute at tip, as long as filaments, cells parallel. Ovaiy conical, villous above ; style slender, '3 in. long ; stigma small, capitate ; cells 3, ovules 2 or more in each cell, placentas central. Fruit depressed- globose, variable in size, reaching '8 in. in diam. and '6 in. in height , white-pubescent, supported by the flattened persistent patelliform calyx , pericarp corky, rather thick, irregularly dehiscing. Seed usually 1, pale-brown with a broad basal hilum ; outer integument hard, brittle, inner membranous ; albumen firm ; embryo horizontal or oblique, nearly as long as the endosperm ; cotyledons flattened, oblong-cordate, ■2 in. long ; radicle smooth, '15 in. long, cylindric. Blume Bijdr. 671 , Roxb. PI. Ind. II 416 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 260 ; Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. HI. t. 169 ; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. I. Pt. 2, 463 ; Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 589 ; Giirke in Engl. & Prantl Pflanzenfam. IV. i. 178, fig. 93; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. VII. 132. Pebak : Wray 808, 1208 ; Scortechini 1998 ; King's Collector 4459, 7840, 7884, 8615, 10203, 10305. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 963, 964 ; Griffith (K.D.) 3668. Singapore : Ridley 2650.— Distbib. Sumatra ( Beccari 699; Forbes 3120a); Java ( Forbes 1183). This species gives the gum “Benzoin,” or “Benjamin,” of commerce. The plant is often affected by galls, causing curious tassel-like excrescences on the branches. The tree has the odour of violets (Wray). 3. Styrax ckotonoides, Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 589 (1882). A tree, 60 to 80 feet high and 15 to 20 in. in diam. of stem ; branches spreading and drooping ; branehlets rather thick, grey, ultimate ones and innovations densely clothed with whitish-grey and rusty-stellate tomentum, the rusty hairs large and scattered among the rest. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous ; broadly oblong or elliptic-oblong, abruptly acu- minate at apex, attenuate or cuneate at base ; glabrous above except on the nerves, densely white-tomentose beneath, and with scattered rusty-stellate hairs ; margins entire or undulate ; 5 to 7 in. long, 2'5 to 18 254 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 4 in. broad ; midrib prominent beneath, impressed and stellate-pilose above ; main-nerves about 10 pairs, prominent, arched upwards to and along the margin; reticulations prominent, transverse ; petiole '3 to - 4 in. long, stellate-pubescent. Bacemes in terminal and axillary panicles, 4 to 8 in. long, densely white-tomentose and rusty-steliate-pilose, in- cluding calyx; pedicels very short, 0 to -15 in. long; bracts oblong- lanceolate, glandular-dentate, '25 in. long ; bracteoles 2, linear-subulate, •15 in. long; flowers creamy-white. Calyx-tube cupular, -2 to '25 in. long, truncate ; teeth 5, very minute. Corolla-tube short, '15 long, glabrous at the very base, appressed white-pubescent above ; lobes 5, valvate, - 3 in. long, linear-oblong, acute, afterwards recurved. Stamens 10, about - 3 in. long ; filaments short, flat, glabrous, continued in the connective which is white-pubescent on the back ; anthers - 2 in. long, linear, mucronate, cells parallel. Ovary 5-lobed, white-villous, conical ; style slender, as long as corolla ; stigma capitate ; cells 3, ovules 5 to 6, erect. Fruit ovoid, grey-pubescent, mucronate, '75 to 1 in. in diam., supported by the cupuliform calyx ; pericarp thick, corky. Seed 1, outer integument pale brown, smooth, crustaceous, with a broad basal hilum, inner integument membranous ; albumen firm, endosperm cushion-like ; embryo somewhat oblique ; cotyledons cordate, -2 in. long ; radicle thick, terete, as long as cotyledons. Grotoni affinis sp. Wall. Cat. 7348. Perak : Scortechini 179 ; King’s Collector 7775, 7967, 8558, 10734. Singapore : Wallich 7848 ; Cantley 60. This species, like the others, is also frequently found with large tassel-like insect galls in place of the inflorescence. Order LXXIV. OLEACEiE. Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, unarmed. Leaves usually oppo- site, rarely alternate or verticillate, simple or pinnately 3-few-foliolate, entire or toothed ; stipules none. Inflorescence sometimes dichoto- mously cymose and centrifugal, sometimes trichotomously paniculate, some or all branches centripetal ; cymes or panicles axillary or ter- minal. Flowers hermaphrodite, often dimorphous, sometimes polyga- mous or dioecious, regular. Calyx free, usually small, campanulate, 4- or more-toothed or -lobed, rarely 0. Corolla gamopetalous ; tube long or short ; lobes or petals 4 to 12, imbricate or induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens usually 2, sometimes 4, inserted on the corolla, or hypogynous if the petals are free or 0 ; filaments usually short ; anthers rather large, ovate or oblong, rarely linear, dehiscing on the margin. Ovary free, 2-celled ; style short or long ; stigma simple or 2-lobed ; ovules 1 to 2, rarely more, in each cell, attached to the inner angle near 255 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. the apex or base. Fruit capsular, loeulieidally 2-valved or indehiscent, or a berry or drupe. Seeds solitary or 2 in each cell, erect or pendu- lous ; testa thin or bony ; albumen fleshy or horny or 0 ; embryo straight ; radicle inferior or superior. — Distrib. Tropical and tempe- rate regions of the world ; genera about 18, species about 280. Corolla-lobes imbricate : — Seeds exalbuminous ; usually climbing shrubs Seeds albuminous ; small trees.. Corolla-lobes valvate : — Radicle superior ; trees or erect shrubs : — Corolla-tube very short, petals often in pairs Corolla tubular, sometimes absent Radicle inferior ; climbing shrubs 1. Jasminom. 2. OSMANTHUS. 3. Linociera. 4. Olea. 5. Myxopyrcm. Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn., is found in gardens in cultivation. 1. Jasminum, Linn, Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, simple trifoliolate or imparipinnate, generally entire ; petiole usually articulate. Flowers often handsome, white pink or yellow, often sweet-scented, in 2- or 3-chotomous or simple cymes or sometimes solitary, axillary or terminal, inflorescence centrifugal ; bracts linear and small or ovate, sometimes petaloid, braeteoles usually linear. Calyx-tube usually funnel-shaped or eampanulate ; lobes 4 to 9, linear, long or short or 0. Corolla-tube narrow, more or less elongate ; lobes 4 to 9, spreading, much imbricate. Stamens 2, usually included in the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers oblong, attached to the filaments at the back near the base, cells parallel, connective broad, usually pro- duced in a mueronate point. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules usually 2 in each cell, attached near the base ; style filiform, long or short, often both in different flowers on the same plant ; stigma oblong or capitate, gene- rally bifid. Berry didymous or simple by suppression of one carpel ; carpels globose, ellipsoid or elongate, pericarp usually of two layers, the outer (exocarp) membranous, the inner (endocarp) fleshy or fibrous. Seeds usually 1 in each carpel, sometimes 2, testa very thin ; albumen none ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle inferior, very small, included within the cotyledons or slightly exsert. — Distrib. Tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia, one species in Europe, many in cultivation : about 90 species in all. Leaves simple : — Leaves penninerved, basal pair of nerves not opposite nor pro- duced to form an intramarginal nerve : — Inflorescence terminal : — Erect or straggling shrub .. .. ..1. J.Sambac. 256 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Climbing shrubs : — Calyx-lobes -2 in. long or longer ; leaves rather large : — Leaves chartaeeous : — Leaves and branchlets fulvous-pilose, main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs Leaves and branchlets glabrous, main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs Leaves membranous : — Calyx-lobes spreading, -25 in. long or longer ; fruit- ing pedicels thickened Calyx-lobes erect, - 5 in. long ; pedicels very short Calyx-lobes under -2 in. long, pubescent ; leaves small : — Corolla-tube short, -25 in. long Corolla-tube '6 to - 8 in. long. . Inflorescence axillary Leaves penninerved, basal pair of nerves opposite, produced to form an intramarginal nerve : — Basal pair of nerves prominent, branchlets round : — Flowers in few-flowered long-peduncled cymes ; pedicels 1 to 1-5 in. long Flowers in many-flowered short-peduncled cymes ; pedi- cels under • 5 in. long . . Basal pair of nerves not prominent, branchlets 4-angular . . Leaves 3-foliolate 2. J. GriffithiL 3. J. Maingayi. 4. J. Wrayi. 5. J. Gurtisii. 6. J. decussatum. 7. J. bifarium. 8. J. adenophyllum - 9. J. longipetalum. 10. J. smilacifolium . 11. J. insigne. 12. J. Scortechinii. 1. Jasminum Sambac, Ait. Hort. Kew. I. 8 (1789). A sub-erect, straggling, scarcely climbing shrub ; branches terete, smooth ; branch- lets slender, pubescent. Leaves membranous ; variable, usually ovate, often broadly so, acute or obtuse at apex, cuneate or rounded or cordate at base ; glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves beneath, often with tufts of hair in the axils of the main-nerves ; margins recurved ; 1-5 to 4-5 in. long, 1 to 2-5 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves 4 to 6 pairs, arching upwards to and along the margin, raised beneath ; reticulations distinct on both sides ; petiole '1 to -25 in. long, pubescent, articulate in the middle. Floivers white, very fragrant, solitary or in 2-3-flowered terminal pubescent cymes ; bracteoles linear-subulate ; pedicels -25 in. long, pubescent. Calyx-tube campanulate, -1 in. long ; teeth 5 to 9, linear-subulate, -1 to •25 in. long. Corolla- tube slender, funnel-shaped, -5 in. long; lobes 8 to 9, spreading, as long as tube, oblong acute or obtuse. Stamens included in the tube ; filaments short ; anthers oblong. Ovary rounded ; style slender; stigmas 2, clavate. Berry didymous or with 1 carpel only by suppression ; carpels black, -25 in. in diam., sub-globose, surrounded by the sub-erect persistent calyx-teeth. Bot. Beg. t. 1 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1785 ; Wall. Cat. 2868; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 301; Wight Ic. t. 704; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. PL 137 ; Brandis For. FI. 311; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 257 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Beng. XL VI. ii. 242, and For. FI. II. 153 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 591 ; Blume Bijdr. 677 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 542 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. Ill ; Prain Beng. Plants 659. J. fragrans, Salisb. Prod. 12. J. undulatum, Willd. Sp. PI. I. 36 (not of Ker). J. Zambac, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 2, and FI. Ind. Ed. Carey & Wall. I. 87. J. quinqueflorum, Heyne ; Wall. Cat. 2878 ; A. DC. l.c. 302. J. pubescens, Wall. Cat. 2880, not of Willd. Nyctanthes Sanibac and undulatum, Linn. Sp. PL 8. Mogorium Sambac, Lamk. Diet. IV. 210 ; 111. t. 6, fig. 1. M. undulatum, Lamk. Diet. IV. 212. “ Kudda-mulla,” Rheede Hort. Mai. VI. tt. 50, 51. Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 58, fig. 2. Perak : Seortechini 997. — Distrib. India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam. Much cultivated in India and in all tropical regions. The cultivated forms have many-flowered cymes and rounded corolla-lobes, and they are often found with double flowers. 2. Jasminum Griffithii, Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 593 (1882). A slender climbing shrub; branchlets densely and patently ful- vous-villous. Leaves chartaceous ; ovate- or elliptic-oblong, bluntly acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or cordate at base ; fulvous-pilose on both surfaces, sparsely above, more densely beneath but glabrescent when old, the uppermost often whitened ; 4 to 6 in. long, P5 to 3'5 in. broad ; midrib prominent beneath ; main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs, at first straight then arching upwards to join in a prominent looped intra- marginal nerve ; secondary nerves few ; reticulations rather indistinct ; midrib and all nerves impressed above and pilose, raised and densely fulvous-villous beneath, tufted in the axils ; petiole stout, -2 to -4 in. long. Flowers creamy-white, in terminal, many-flowered, fulvous- pilose cymes, 1 to 1-5 in. long and up to 2 in. broad ; bracts leafy, lan- ceolate, about -5 to 1 in. long, few ; bracteoles many, linear, similar to calyx-lobes, of various lengths. Calyx-tube slender, -1 in. long; lobes 5, linear, -2 in. long. Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above, -75 in. long ; lobes 5, spreading, -25 in. long, elliptic, apiculate ; lobes and tube minutely pubescent without. Stamens included or slightly exsert; filaments broad; anthers oblong-lanceolate with a broad connective, -15 to -2 in. long. Ovary glabrous ; style slender ; stigma clavate. Berry didymous ; carpels waxy-white, globose, - 3 to '4 in. in diam., pericarp crustaceous, glabrous. Seed usually one, testa fibrous ; cotyledons thick, plano-convex, -2 in. in diam. Perak : King’s Collector 10229. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3704. Singapore : Ridley 8455. Var. cuspidata, 'King & Gamble. Leaves thinner than in the type, oblong, abruptly and sharply cuspidate-acuminate at apex, attenuate and 258 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. abruptly rounded at base, 5 to 5'5 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. broad, much less pilose, main-nerves 8 to 10 pairs ; seeds 1 to 2, testa crustaceous. Penang: Curtis 2787. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 998. Johore: at Gunong Palai, 1,400 feet, G. King. 3. Jasminum Maingayi, Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 594 (1882). A climbing shrub ; branchlets light brown, terete, internodes somewhat elongate, innovations and inflorescence tawny-pubescent. Leaves char- taeeous ; ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate and often mucronate at apex, rounded or attenuate or cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margins recurved ; 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2-5 in. broad ; midrib stout ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, arching upwards to join in a looped intramarginal nerve about - 2 in. from the margin ; secondary nerves few ; reticulations distant, obscure ; all nerves strongly impressed above and raised beneath ; petiole -5 to -7 in. long, articulate in the middle, twisted, the bases of each pair connected by a raised nodal line. Flowers in terminal or axillary, paniculate, tawny-pubescent, trichoto- mous cymes, 1-5 to 2 in. long, sessile or peduncled ; bracts oblong or spathulate, leafy ; bracteoles linear, about -25 in. long or less ; pedicels blueish, -15 in. long; flowers white, sometimes slightly tinged with pink. Calyx-tube campanulate, -07 to -1 in. long ; teeth 6, linear- subulate, - 325 in. long. Corolla-tube slender, -5 to - 7 in. long, glabrous ; lobes 8 to 10, spreading, rotate, oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, -4 in. long, with prominent nerves. Stamens included in the corolla- tube ; filaments slender, appressed to the tube ; anthers oblong, mucronate, ■15 in. long, connective broad. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous ; style slender, -4 to -5 in. long ; stigma clavate. Fruit of one carpel, oblong, •5 in. long, '3 in. broad, exocarp thin shining, endocarp fibrous. Seeds 2, testa thin. Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7823. Penang : Maingay (K.D.) 1000 ; Curtis 643. Pekak : Scortechini 139, 304 ; Curtis 2032 ; King’s Collector 2761, 2762, 3975.— Distrib. Borneo ( Haviland & Hose 911). Vab. kedahensis, King & Gamble. Branchlets and inflorescence thickly rusty-pubescent. Leaves more ovate, rounded at base, nerves fewer, rarely 3 to 4 pairs, the two lower pairs very strong. Drupe nearly globose. Kedah : Ridley 5535. A well-marked variety which may prove, when better known, to be a species. 4. Jasminum Wrayi, King & Gamble, n. sp. A slender climbing shrub; branchlets pale brown, slender, terete. Leaves membranous; oblong or obovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, attenuate or rounded, sometimes slightly auricled at base ; glabrous on both surfaces except 259 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. for tufts of tawny hairs in the axils of the main-nerves beneath ; 3 to 7 in. long, 1-5 to 2-5 in. broad ; midrib very slender, raised beneath ; main- nerves about 7 pairs, curving upwards to and along the margin where they are obscurely connected in an intramarginal looped nerve, usually slightly impressed above and raised beneath ; secondary nerves and reticulations obscure; petiole -3 to -5 in., slender, twisted. Flowers cream-coloured, in terminal, about 15-20-flowered corymbose cymes 2 to 3 in. long ; peduncle 1 to 1-5 in. long, branches at right angles to rachis in fruit, -7 to 1 in. long ; bracts lanceolate-acuminate, -5 in. long ; bracteoles linear- subulate, -2 to -3 in. long ; pedicels slender in flower, clavately-thickened in fruit and then -3 to -5 in. long. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes 5, linear-subulate, spreading, curved, -25 in. long, glabrous or slightly pilose. Corolla-tube slender, -75 in. long, slightly enlarged above ; lobes 8 to 9, narrow, -3 to -4 in. long. Stamens included in the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers oblong, long-mucronate. Ovary cylindric, depressed; style slender; stigma slightly clavate. Fruit didy- mous ; carpels ovoid-globose, greenish-white, -25 to '5 in. long, exocarp thin shining, endocarp fibrous. Seed 1, testa very thin, membranous ; cotyledons plano-convex, thick. Perak : Wray 2297, 2905, 3147 ; King’s Collector 1838, 2484. Var. hispida, King & Gamble. Upper branchlets and inflorescence including calyx sparsely hispid, also midrib and main-nerves of leaves beneath ; under-surface of leaves often pubescent ; main-nerves up to 10 pairs. Perak : King’s Collector 5893, on limestone hills. Selangor : Curtis 3774. Var. axillaris, King & Gamble. Leaves rather small, sparsely pubescent, especially on the midrib and main-nerves ; inflorescence axillary, few-flowered (5 to 7), calyx hispid ; fruit large, up to '5 in. in diam. Perak: on Maxwell’s Hill, 3,000 feet — a slender climber, Scorte- chini 273. 5. Jasminum Curtisii, King & Gamble, n. sp. A climbing shrub (?) ; branchlets slender, terete, minutely rusty -pubescent. Leaves mem- branous ; ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces except for pubescence on the nerves above and tufts of hair in the axils of the main-nerves beneath ; 3 to 5 m. long, 1 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender ; main-nerves 5 to 6 pairs, distant, curving upwards and joining in a looped nerve '1 to '2 in. from the margin, raised and prominent on both surfaces ; secondary nerves and reticulations few, irregular ; petiole "4 in. long, pubescent, twisted, articulate in the middle, the bases of each pair connected by a faint 260 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nodal line. Flowers in a terminal trichotomous rusty-pubescent cyme, supported by pale (white ?) leafy, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent bracts 1 to 1'25 in. long; bracteoles similar but smaller; pedicels -15 in. long; flowers in each cyme about 15 to 20. Calyx-tube campanulate, - 15 in. long ; lobes 6, linear-subulate, - 5 in. long. Corolla-tube slender, cylin- drical, 1 in. long; lobes 8 to 9, spreading or recurved, -5 in. long, oblong- lanceolate, acute. Anthers oblong, - 125 in. long, mucronate. Ovary cylindric, glabrous; style slender; stigmas 2, clavate. Fruit not known. Perak : at Ipoh, Curtis. A remarkable species, distinguished by the very long hair-like calyx-lobes and the coloured or white large leafy bracts and bracteoles. 6. Jasminum decussatum, Wall. Cat. 2860 (1829). A climbing shrub ; branehlets slender, densely rusty-pubescent. Leaves chartaceous ; ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded at base ; sparsely pubescent above, more densely so beneath ; 2 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib ratber stout ; main-nerves 4 to 5, lowest pair obscure, rest curved upwards to meet near the margin, impressed above, raised beneath ; petiole - 3 to '4 in. long, pubescent, articulate near the base, the bases of each pair of petioles (as also branehlets) joined by a raised nodal line on either side. Floivers in densely pubescent axillary and terminal trichotomous corymbose cymes about 1 to 2 in. long, sup- ported by a pair of large leaf-like bracts ; bracteoles linear-subulate ; pedicels - 1 to - 2 in. long. Calyx-tube short ; teeth 6, subulate, ’1 in. long. Corolla-tube slender, -25 in. long ; lobes 8 to 9, as long as tube, oblong-lanceolate, apiculate. Stamens included in the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers oblong, - 1 in. long, mucronate. Ovary rounded, glabrous ; style slender, longer than the corolla-tube (in short-stamened flowers); stigmas two, clavate. Fruit of one ellipsoid carpel, '2 to '3 in. long, glabrous. A.DC. Prod. VIII. 306 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. XLVI. ii. 241, and For. PL II. 151 ; Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 596. Penang : King’s Collector 1425, at Trang, 100 to 300 feet. — D istrib. Burma ( Wallich 2860, Griffith 3699). t. Jasminum biparium, Wall. Cat. 2866 (1829). A climbing shrub ; branehlets slender, terete, brown when dry, pubescent or nearly glab- rous. Leaves chartaceous, usually bifarious; ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, rounded or truncate sometimes almost cordate at base ; pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous on both surfaces ; 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to F5 in. broad; midrib slender, pubescent, impressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves 4 to 6 pairs, pubescent, prominent beneath, arched upwards to join in an intramarginal nerve ; secondary nerves and reticulations very obscure ; petiole - 2 to '3 in. long, twisted, articu- 261 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. late in the middle, the bases of each pair connected (as are the branch- lets) on either side by a raised nodal line. Flowers white, in few- (4-12-) flowered, pubescent, sub-capitate cymes, sub-sessile in the axils of the two uppermost bract-like leaves ; bracteoles linear-subulate, - 15 in. long ; pedicels -1 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth 5 to 7, linear- subulate, -1 to -15 in. long. Corolla-tube slender, cylindric, p 6 to -8 in. long ; lobes 6 to 9, ovate-oblong, spreading, apiculate, - 2 to - 3 in. long. Stamens included in the corolla-tube ; filaments short, slender ; anthers oblong, mucronate, T to - 15 in. long, connective broad. Ovary cylin- dric, glabrous ; style slender, exsert ; stigmas 2, clavate. Fruit a didy- mous berry; carpels ovoid, -5 in. long, -2 in. broad; exocarp membranous shining, endocarp fibrous. Seed conform to carpel, testa very thin, membranous. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 305 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 595. J. bracteatum, Wall. Cat. 2867. J. nummular oides, Blume Mus. Lugd. Bat. I. 275 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 537. Penang: Wallicli 2866, 2867 ; Curtis 1920; Ridley 9361. Perak : Wray 4180 ; King’s Collector 860, 4920, 10699 ; Deschamps ; Scortechini 59, 144, 238. Selangok : Ridley 7550, 8567. Pahang : Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc., Ser. 2, III. 319. — Distrib. Java. Vab. glabra, Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 595. Leaves larger, elliptic, rhomboid or rounded at the base, more glabrous, less bifarious; calyx-teeth rather longer. J. Lessertianum, A.DC. Prod. VIII. 304. Junkseylon (Tongka) : Curtis 2911. Penang : Maingay (K.D.) 999 ; Deschamps. Perak: Wray 4180; Scortechini ; Kunstlcr 122. Malacca: Griffith (K.D.) 3708; Goodenough 1995. Johore : Ridley 4217. Singa- pore : Lobb ; Ridley 10760. — Distrib. Sumatra. 8. Jasminum adenophyllum, Wall. Cat. 2876 (1829). A very slender wiry climber; branehlets extensively twining, glabrous. Leaves mem- branous; ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, variable, acuminate and mucronate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous above except on the midrib, glabrous beneath except the tuft of tawny hairs in the axils of the main-nerves; margins somewhat undulate; l - 5 to 5 in. long, - 75 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib slender ; main-nerves very slender, obscure, about 6 pairs, curving upwards to meet in a faint intramarginal looped nerve ; petiole slender, twisted, articulate in the middle, p 2 to p 3 in. long, hispid. Floivers white, solitary, or 2 to 3 together in a slender, sometimes leafy, umbel from the axils of the leaves ; peduncle "75 to 1‘25 in. long, flattened above and with a pair of opposite bracts near the middle ; bracts of umbel 2, linear-subulate, - 3 in. long ; pedicels very slender, '75 to 1 in. long, clavately enlarged in fruit. Calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous, ribbed, •! in. long; lobes linear-subulate, keeled on the back, 262 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. sparsely hispid, - 4 to -5 in. long, points recurved. Corolla-tube slender, funnel-shaped, -75 in. long; lobes as long or slightly longer, 8 to 9, recurved, oblong-ligulate, about ‘25 to -3 in. broad. Stamens included in the corolla-tube ; filaments short, slender ; anthers oblong, mucro- nate, -15 in. long, connective broad. Ovary cylindric ; style slender ; stigma clavate. Fruit globose, shining, young carpels - 25 in. in diam. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 314 ; Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 597. Penang: Xing’s Collector 1736. — Distrib. Kbasia Hills ( Wallich ). This species is clearly quite a small climber, and while the Penang specimens have only small leaves those from the Khasia Hills show comparatively large ones, but this is not unnatural, and we believe the identification to be correct. 9. Jasminum longipetalum, King & Gamble, n. sp. A large climb- ing shrub, reaching 30 to 40 feet ; brancblets slender, terete, pale brown. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous, 3-nerved ; elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, attenuate or cuneate or slightly rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces; margins slightly recurved ; 2 to 6 in. long, l - 5 to 3 in. broad ; midrib slightly impressed above, shortly raised beneath ; main-nerves 7 to 8 pairs, the basal pair opposite, at about 25° with the midrib produced in an intramarginal nerve about ‘25 in. from the margin, looped where the others, which are at about 65° with the midrib, join it ; secondary nerves and reticulations very indistinct ; petiole -2 to -4 in. long, twisted. Flowers white tinged with pink, fascicled 3 to 6 together in the axils of the upper leaves, forming sessile umbellate cymes ; bracts very small, ovate-acute, deciduous ; pedicels 1 to 1'5 in. long, very slender, summit enlarged in fruit. Calyx-tube short; lobes 6, glabrous, linear-subulate, '1 in. long, margins inflexed. Corolla-tube very slender, -75 in. long; lobes 9, linear-oblong, acute, 3-5-nerved, ‘75 to 1 in. long, much recurved in flower. Stamens within the tube ; filaments short, slender ; anthers oblong, '175 in. long, obtuse. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled ; style slender ; stigma flattened, minutely pubescent. Fruit didymous ; carpel usually 1 only by suppression, black, globose, - 4 to '5 in. in diam. ; pericarp fleshy, glabrous. Seeds 2, testa very thin, cotyledons plano-convex. Perak : King’s Collector 2765, 6005 — on rich soil at 300 to 800 feet elevation, scarce. Singapore : Ridley 10937. A particularly handsome and well-defined species, which is well worthy of garden cultivation. 10. Jasminum smilacifolium, Griff. MS., Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 600 (1882). A large glabrous climbing shrub ; brancblets pale brown, terete. Leaves coriaceous, 3-nerved ; ovate, abruptly caudate- 263 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. acuminate at apex, obtuse or nearly cordate at base ; margins entire, recurved; 5 to 7 in. long, 3 to 4 in. broad; midrib very prominent, impressed above, much raised beneath ; two lowest main-nerves very prominent, similar to the midrib, curved upwards to form a pair of intramarginal nerves meeting at the apex ; remaining main-nerves irregular, 3 to 4 pairs, inconspicuous ; secondary nerves and reticulations raised above ; petiole '75 in. long, twisted, articulate in the middle. Inflorescence of axillary 5-20-flowered cymes ; rachis jointed, terete ; bracts spathulate, '1 to - 2 in. long ; bracteoles smaller, linear ; pedicels ■2 to '3 in. long, greatly enlarged in fruit ; flowers white, tinged with pink. Calyx campanulate, tube '15 in. long; teeth 5, '05 in. long. Corolla-tube slender, cylindrical, - 75 to 1 in. long ; lobes oblong, acute or apiculate, '75 in. long, - 2 in. broad. Stamens inserted in the throat of the tube ; filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong, '25 in. long, mucronate. Drupe didymous ; carpels ellipsoid, '1 in. long, '3 to •4 in. broad, smooth, shining. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3698 ; Maingay (K.D.) 997. 11. Jasminum xnsigne, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I. 278 (1849). An extensively climbing shrub ; branches obscurely quadrangular with pale-grey corky bark ; branchlets acutely quadrangular, glabrous, the edges pale-corky-winged. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous ; opposite, occa- sionally whorled ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute at apex, cuneate at base; glabrous on both surfaces; margins recurved; 2 to 8 in. long, 1 to 4 in. broad ; midrib slender, raised beneath ; main-nerves 6 to 7 pairs, the basal pair faint, opposite, at about 30° with the midrib, produced in an intramarginal nerve - 1 to '2 in. from the margin, looped where the others, which are at 50° to the midrib, join it ; secondary nerves and reticulations obscure ; petiole '4 to 1'2 in. long, twisted, the upper part bordered for a short distance by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers white, in compact, many-flowered, glabrous cymes from the axils of the leaves or (more usually) from the stem ; bracteoles sub- ulate, ’1 to '15 in. long, caducous ; pedicels stout, - 2 in. long, somewhat angular. Calyx-tube campanulate, '25 in. long; lobes 4 to 5, linear- subulate, unequal, '25 to - 35 in. long, points hooked. Corolla-tube slender, '75 to 1 in. long, somewhat inflated above; mouth slightly thickened ; lobes 4 to 5, spreading, ovate-oblong, apiculate, -5 in. long, ■3 to '4 in. broad. Stamens in the tube of the corolla ; filaments flattened ; anthers oblong, mucronate, '25 to '3 in. long. Ovary glabrous, rounded; style slender, clavate, obscurely cleft in 2 short stigmas; cells 2. Fruit didymous; carpels oblong, smooth, white when ripe. Miq. Bl. Ind. Bat. II. 541. J. cauliflorum, Scortechini MS. in Herb. Calcutta. 264 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak : at Theripay Taipay, Scortechini ; Wray 2840 ; Gantley 23 ; King's Collector 2890, 3398, 7069. — Distrib. Sumatra, Forbes 2906. A very fine species of well-marked characters. 12. Jasminum Scortechinii, King & Gamble, n. sp. A slender climbing shrub, reaching 60 feet in length ; branchlets dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves thin when young, almost coriaceous when old, 3- sometimes 1-foliolate, opposite or sub-opposite ; terminal leaflet ovate or lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, upper surface shining, nearly black when dry, lower surface dull, reddish when dry; 2-5 to 4 in. long, 1 to P5 in. broad; lateral leaflets similar but slightly smaller and often lanceolate ; midrib slender, raised beneath ; main-nerves very indistinct, apparently 6 to 8 pairs ; petiole -75 in. long, petiolule of end leaflet '5, of side leaflets -3 in. long, all grooved, slender, articulate below the leaflet. Flowers white, in axillary or terminal trichotomous cymes, terminal ones often panicu- late ; peduncles '6 to 1 in. long ; bracts ovate-acute or subulate, ‘1 in. long ; cymes sparsely scaly ; braeteoles at the base of the calyx minute ; pedicels -1 to ‘2 in. long, very much enlarged in fruit and then reaching •5 to - 7 in. in length and -3 in. in diam. at top. Calyx-tube campanulate, •125 in. long ; teeth 5, very short, triangular. Corolla-tube slender, en- larged above, -4 to -6 in. long ; lobes 5, ovate-cordate, obtuse, -3 to -4 in. long, spreading. Stamens included in the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers oblong, mucronate, -15 in. long, connective broad. Ovary cylindrical, glabrous, 2-celled ; style slender, as long as the corolla-tube ; stigma clavate. Fruit didymous; carpels ellipsoid, -75 to 1 in. long, •5 in. broad ; pericarp thin, crustaceous, blackish-brown. Seed nearly filling the cavity ; testa thin, fragile ; cotyledons oblong-obtuse, slightly auricled at base, -5 to -6 in. long by -25 in. broad, plano-convex. Penang : Curtis 1227, 2031. Perak : Scortechini 383, 479 ; Ridley 10679 ; King’s Collector 7006, 7009 ; Curtis 169. The description is largely after Scortechini MS. The species comes very near J. lanceolaria, Roxb., but differs in its more slender habit, thinner leaves, and large ellipsoid carpels. Ridley’s No. 8325 from Lankawi Island, Kedah, is a twiggy, apparently erect shrub with trifoliolate leaves, the leaflets all obovate-orbicular emarginate, the end one reaching 1-7 in. long and 1-3 in. broad, the side ones only about -6 in. long and broad. The fruits are of one carpel about the size of a small pea, and the flowers are unknown. It may possibly not be a Jasminum (Herb. Kew). The following species from Borneo is of interest, and may perhaps be found later on in the Peninsula : — Jasminum sakawacense, King & Gamble, n. sp. A climbing shrub ; branchlets pale brown, terete ; internodes rather long. Leaves opposite, chartaceous ; elliptic- 265 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. oblong, long-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; both surfaces glabrous ; margins recurved ; 4 to 7 in. long, 175 to 2-75 in. broad; midrib strong, impressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves 4 pairs, the lowest pair near the margin at an angle of about 30° with the midrib, the remaining pairs at about 50°, curving upwards to meet in an intramarginal looped nerve, which is also met by secondary nerves above the fourth pair ; reticulations irregular, not prominent ; petiole -5 to -75 in. long, twisted in the middle. Inflorescence of axillary, long-peduncled, trichotomous, pubescent, corymbose cymes, about 1 in. broad at top, usually 1 pair from each node ; peduncle terete, 2 to 3 in. long, sometimes branched, minutely pubescent; branches very short, •2 in. long ; pedicels clavate, -1 to -15 in. long ; bracts and bracteoles linear-subulate, •25 in. long, one pair of bracteoles to each terminal fascicle of 3 flowers ; flowers white, buds clavate, 1 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate, '15 in. long ; lobes 6, linear-oblong, applicately infolded at the middle inwards, ’15 to - 2 in. long, pubescent. Corolla-tube cylindrical, 1 in. long ; lobes 6, spreading, oblong, rounded at top, -4 to •5 in. long, prominently 3-5-nerved. Stamens 2, inserted at about the middle of the tube within ; filaments short, decurrent within the tube ; anthers linear-oblong, -2 in. long. Ovary cylindric, truncate and depressed at top, 2-celled; style very slender; stigma clavate. Fruit not known. Bobneo : near Kuching in Sarawak, Haviland & Hose 3489. 2. Osmanthus, Lour. Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves opposite, evergreen, entire or dentate. Flowers small, axillary or terminal, fascicled or in very short racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx short, 4-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube short or long ; lobes 4, broad, obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 2, more rarely 4, inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate, sub-extrorsely dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, pendu- lous from its apex; style short or cylindric, 2-lobed or sub-entire. Drupe ovoid or globose ; exocarp fleshy, endocarp bony or crustaceous. Seeds usually solitary, pendulous ; testa thin ; albumen fleshy ; coty- ledons flat ; radicle short, superior. — Distrib. N.W. Himalaya and eastwards to China and Japan, also in Western North America; about 8 to 10 species. Osmanthus Scortechinii, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree, reaching 40 to 50 feet in height, and 10 to 15 in. in diam. of stem ; branchlets terete with pale grey, somewhat corky, bark. Leaves coriaceous; lanceolate, shortly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; both surfaces glabrous; margins entire, recurved ; 2 to 4 in. long, - 75 to 1'25 in. broad ; midrib thick, impressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves very obscure, about 5 to 6 pairs ; petiole broad, -3 to -6 in. long, channelled above and bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers in very short, close, axillary racemes, reaching -5 in. long in fruit, supported by a pair of ovate, acute, coriaceous bracts ; pedicels slender, - 05 in. long. Calyx membranous, '06 in. long; lobes 4, slightly serrate. Corolla campanu- late, tube -05 in. long; lobes T in. long, oblong, obtuse, margins incurved. 266 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Stamens 4, slightly exsert, inserted between the corolla-lobes at the top of the tube ; filaments slender ; anthers small, ovate, cells dehiscing on the margins or somewhat extrorsely. Ovary conical, glabrous ; style slender, subulate, -04 in. long ; cells 2, ovules in each cell apparently 2. Drupe globose, - 2 to -3 in. in diam. ; dark greenish-blue when ripe, exocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp crustaceous. Seed 1, testa membranous ; albumen fleshy, ruminate ; cotyledons oblong, flat, narrow ; radicle superior. Perak : Scortechini 414 — at Thaipeng ; Wray 682 ; King's Collector 5029, 6978. The structure of the wood, so far as the examination of a very small branch goes, confirms the placing of this plant in the genus Osmanthus. To this species seems also to belong King’s Collector 3663, which has a bright red drupe reaching -5 in. in length, slightly ribbed and with a spathulate embryo having the radicle nearly as long as the cotyledons, each -1 in. It may be called Vak. ohlonga. 3. Linociera, Swartz. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers small, in axillary or extra-axillary, rarely terminal, panicles or cymes ; bracts generally small, sometimes rather enlarged and leafy ; bracteoles very small. Calyx small, 4-fid or -toothed. Corolla of 4 petals, long or short, nearly free or cohering by pairs or very shortly connate, induplicate- valvate in bud. Stamens 2, rarely 4, inserted at the base of the petals and usually between the two cohering ones ; filaments short ; anthers elliptic or oblong, dehiscing on the margin or slightly extrorse ; connective broad, often apiculate. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous from its apex ; style short ; stigma bifid or entire. Drupe globose or ellip- soid; exocarp fleshy, thin, endocarp bony or crustaceous. Seed usually solitary, pendulous ; testa thin ; albumen fleshy or 0, if fleshy the coty- ledons flattened, radicle superior. — Distrib. Tropics of both hemi- spheres, species about 40. Leaves over 4 in. long, main-nerves prominent beneath : — Panicles 4 to 6 in. long, drupe -75 in. long . . . . 1. L. pauciflora. Panicles 2 to 4 in. long, drupe 1-7 in. long . . . . 2. L. macrocarpa. Panicles 1'5 to 2 in. long, drupe not known . . . . 3. L. paludosa. Leaves under 4 in. long, main-nerves obscure beneath, cymes scarcely 1 in. long . . .. .. .. .. 4 . L. caudata. 1. Linociera pauciflora, Clarke in Hook. f. PL Br. Ind. III. 609 (1882). A small tree, reaching 30 to 40 feet in height and L5 to 2 feet in diam. of stem; branches moderately stout, pale grey, smooth, swollen at the nodes, internodes slightly angular; branchlets darker coloured, 267 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. slender; leaf-buds linear-lanceolate. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong, rounded or shortly obtusely acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, but with prominent raised glandular papillae ; 4 to 9 in. long, 2 to 4 in. broad ; midrib stout, slightly impressed above, pro- minently raised beneath ; main-nerves 11 to 13 pairs, fairly prominent and regular, curving upwards to and along the margin near which they anastomose ; secondary nerves and reticulations obscure ; petiole '7 to 1'3 in. long, thickened at base. Floivers pale yellow or white, in com- pound axillary panicles, 4 to 6 in. long ; main branches 1 to 2 in. long ; rachis slender, glabrous, somewhat angular; bracts leafy, ovate or spathulate, -5 to 1 in. or sometimes longer; bracteoles ovate-acute, very small ; pedicels slender, -05 to 1-5 in. long, much thickened and pale in fruit even when quite young. Calyx-tube short ; teeth 4, ovate-acute, ■05 in. long. Corolla-lobes in two pairs, oblong, -1 to -15 in. long, slightly hairy within. Stamens '05 in. long ; filaments short, broad, anthers elliptic, emarginate, with a gland on the front of the connective. Drupe ellipsoid, -75 in. long, -3 to -4 in. broad, blueish-black when ripe ; ■exocarp fleshy, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed 1, testa pergamaceous ; albumen none ; cotyledons fleshy, "55 in. long ; radicle very small, superior. Olea (?) paucijlora, Wall. Cat. 2812 ; A.DC. Prod. VIII. 288. Chionanthus palembanica, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 558 ; Kurz For. FI. II. 159, and Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 243. Kedah : Curtis. Penang : Wallich 2812a, b ; G. King ; Curtis 695, 2773 ; King’s Collector 1693 ; Bidley 10178. Pebak : Ridley 7160 ; Scortechini 952 ; King’s Collector 4172, 4834. Singapore : Bidley 5079. — Distrib. Tenasserim, Andamans, Borneo (Haviland 1766). 2. Linociera macrocarpa, King & Gamble. A small tree ; branchlets pale greyish-brown, stout, lenticellate ; innovations ashy- pubescent. Leaves coriaceous ; obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or very shortly and bluntly acuminate at apex, long cuneate at base; glabrous on both surfaces; margins entire or slightly recurved; 6 to 10 in. long, 2 to 3'5 in. broad; midrib very stout, broad and plane above, much raised beneath ; main-nerves 14 to 17 pairs, pro- minent beneath, curved only near the margin to meet in a faint looped intramarginal nerve ; secondary nerves and reticulations obscure , petiole 1 to 1-5 in. long, enlarged at base. Floivers in ashy-pubescent panicles, 2 to 4 in. long; bracts leafy, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, more generally spathulate ; bracteoles linear-subulate, short ; pedicels variable, often 0; rachis and pedicels much enlarged in fruit. Calyx pubescent ; tube short ; lobes ovate-acute, -05 in. long. Corolla-tuba very short ; lobes oblong-linear, -1 to -15 in. long, margins much incurved. Stamens -075 in. long ; anthers oblong ; filaments very short, 268 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. connective produced in a conical acumen. Ovary pubescent ; style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe oblong-ellipsoid, 1'7 in. long, 1 to 1-2 in. broad; exocarp thick, granular; endocarp hard, '15 in. thick, obscurely ridged outside. Seed 1, testa membranous, albumen fleshy. L. insignis, Clarke in Hook. f. PI. Br. Ind. III. 610. Ghionanthus macrocarpa, Blume Mus. Bot. I. 319 (1849) ; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. VIII. 239. C. insignis, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 559 (1862). G. mon- tanus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 243, and Por. PI. II. 159. Singapore : at Bukit Mandai, Ridley 4580. — Distrib. Tenasserim {Heifer (K.D.) 3688), Martaban {Kurz), Sumatra {Teysmann, Beccari 826), Borneo {Beccari 725). 3. Linociera paludosa, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree {Wray), large tree, 60 to 80 feet high, and 15 to 20 in. in diam. of stem {King’s Collector) ; branchlets thick, pale greyish-brown. Leaves coriaceous ; oblong, bluntly acute at apex, also at base ; glabrous on both surfaces except on the nerves which are minutely pubescent ; margins recurved ; 6 to 12 in. long, 2 to 4 in. broad ; midrib thick, prominent, slightly raised above, strongly so beneath main-nerves 11 to 15 pairs, im- pressed above, prominently raised beneath, -75 to 1 in. apart, at first straight then curving upwards to and along the margin to anastomose and form a prominent looped intramarginal nerve ; secondary nerves few ; reticulations transverse, not prominent ; petiole stout, wrinkled, •5 in. long. Flowers yellow, with a brown centre, in pubescent panicles 1'5 to 2 in. long from the branchlets between the leaf-nodes in the axils of small tubercles ; peduncles stout, grey-pubescent, -2 in. long ; bracts ovate, grey-pubescent ; bracteoles ovate-acute, recurved ; pedicels 05 in. long. Calyx-tube short, lobes ovate-acute or triangular, ciliate, •025 in. long, one lobe sometimes enlarged. Corolla-lobes in 2 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse, '2 in. long, -05 in. broad, glabrous. Stamens •05 in. long ; filaments broad, short ; anthers rounded, connective with an obscure gland. Ovary conical, glabrous ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit not known. Perak : at Sungie Larut, Wray 2424 ; on low wet ground, King’s Collector 6476. 4. Linociera caudata, King & Gamble, n. sp. A tree, reaching 30 to 40 feet in height and 5 to 7 in. in diam. of stem ; branches slender, pale grey, ultimate branchlets darker. Leaves chartaceous ; lanceolate, caudate-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margins entire, recurved; 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1'25 in. broad; midrib slender, raised above, scarcely raised beneath ; main-nerves very obscure, about 4 to 5 pairs, curving sharply upwards to meet in an intramarginal looped nerve ; petiole •! to '2 in. long, grooved above. 269 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary, few-flowered, trichotomous, pani- culate cymes about 1 in. long ; rachis glabrous, somewhat angular ; bracts and bracteoles small, ovate, acute. Calyx -05 in. long, tube short ; lobes 4, ovate, obtuse. Corolla-tube scarcely any ; lobes in 2 pairs, oblong, -1 in. long. Stamens : filaments broad ; anthers oblong, cells extrorsely dehiscing ; connective apiculate. Ovary glabrous, conical ; style very short ; stigma bifid. Drupe (immature) obovoid, •3 to '4 in. long, seed apparently albuminous. Pebak : King's Collector 3212, 6857, in dense jungle on high moun- tains at 3,500 to 4,000 feet. This Bpecies is rather near L. monticola, Bl., but the leaves are narrower and the inflorescence longer. 4. Olea, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Floivers small ; hermaphrodite, dioecious or polygamous ; in axillary, rarely terminal trichotomous panicles ; bracts small. Calyx short, 4-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 4, induplicate-valvate, sometimes 0. Stamens 2, on the corolla-tube or sub-hypogynous ; filaments short ; anthers ovate or oblong, cells dehiscing on the margin or slightly extrorse, in $ flowers sometimes introrse. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, attached laterally to the septum or sub-pendulous ; style short ; stigma obtuse, capitate or bifid. Drupe ellipsoid or sub-globose ; exocarp fleshy ; endocarp bony or crustaceous, usually 1 -seeded. Seed pendulous ; testa thin ; albumen fleshy, sometimes slightly ruminate ; cotyledons flat, radicle superior. — Distbib. South Europe and Asia, tropical and South Africa, New Zealand ; about 35 species. Inflorescence more than 3 in. long ; leaves oblong lanceolate, acute, usually over 4 in. in length .. •• .. 1. O. dentata. Inflorescence under 3 in. long ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, under 4 in. in length . . ■■ .. '2. O. maritima. Species Imperfectly Known. Leaves 8 to 14 in. long ; inflorescence extra-axillary on old wood ; drupes flattened .. .. ■■ •• ..3. O . platycarpa. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long ; inflorescence axillary or extra-axillary on young wood ; corolla-lobes linear, T in. long ; drupes not known. . 4. O. afdisioides. 1. Olea dentata, Wall. Cat. 2840 (1829). A tree, 40 to 60 feet high ; branchlets light brown, smooth, innovations minutely pubescent. Leaves coriaceous ; oblong-lanceolate, bluntly acute at apex, euneate or rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces, but when young pubescent on the nerves beneath ; margins entire or distantly dentate, slightly recurved; 3'5 to 5‘5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad; midrib slender, im- 19 270 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. pressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves obscure, 8 to 10 pairs, arching upwards to join in a looped nerve near the margin, impressed above ; petiole '4 in. long. Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary, leafy, tri-pinnate, minutely pubescent, paniculate cymes, 3 to 6 in. long, branches trichotomous, ultimate cymes umbellate ; bracts leafy, oblong or lanceolate, -5 to P5 in. long; pedicels slender, -05 to ‘1 in. long; bracteoles minute, ovate-acute. Calyx minutely pubescent, '05 in. long ; lobes 4, ovate, obtuse. Corolla tubular-campanulate, - 15 in. long; lobes 4, rounded, -05 in. long. Stamens very small, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments very short; anthers ovoid, sub-extrorsely dehiscent. Ovary ovoid ; style none ; stigma capitate ; cells 2, ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe not seen. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 286; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI. ii. 245, and For. FI. II. 157 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 613. Penang : Curtis 222, 950, 2267. — Distkib. Burma. 2. Olea makitima, Wall. Cat. 2813 (1829). A large shrub or small tree ; branchlets terete, pale brown ; innovations minutely pubescent. Leaves coriaceous ; elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, euneate or somewhat rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margins entire or distantly serrate on their upper half ; 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves obscure, 7 to 10 pairs, meeting near the margin in a looped intramarginal nerve; reticulations scanty ; petiole -2 to -3 in. long, minutely pubescent when young, finally glabrous. Flowers dull white, polygamous, in slender, minutely pubescent, trichotomous paniculate cymes -with few branches ; ultimate cymes umbellate, usually -75 to 1 in. long in flower, up to l - 5 in. long in fruit, rarely axillary, usually extra-axillary ; each pair of peduncles supported by a pair of ovate lanceolate leafy bracts •3 to -5 in. long; common peduncles -7 in. long; pedicels -05 to -1 in. long, bracteoles none. Calyx -05 in. long, minutely rusty-pubescent ; tube short ; lobes 4, ovate-acute, as long as tube. Corolla campanulate, ■1 to '15 in. long; lobes 4, obtuse, as long as tube, induplicate-valvate, apparently absent in 2 . Stamens '07 in. long, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments slender ; anthers as long as filaments, reniform, cells sub-extrorsely dehiscing. Ovary conical ; style none ; stigma capitate ; cells 2, ovules in each cell pendulous. Drupe globose, '2 in. in diam., black when ripe, wrinkled when dry ; exocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp crustaceous. Seed 1, testa very thin, albumen copious; cotyledons elliptic, nearly -1 in. long; radicle some- what thick. G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 49; A.DC. Prod. VIII. 288; 288 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 612 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 547. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 271 Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 3679 ; Maingay (K.D.) 1022 ; Cuming 2318; Ridley 3284, 10731. Pahang: a common bush on the sandy heaths, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2. III. 319. Singapore : Wallich 2813 ; Walker 183 ; Ridley 3616a, 8420 ; King's Collector 1138; Murton 62. — Distrib. Malay Islands. Species Imperfectly Known. 3. Olea platycarpa, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree with spreading branches, reaching 25 to 30 feet in height ; branchlets stout, pale brown, smooth, marked by the prominent horse-shoe- shaped scars of fallen leaves. Leaves coriaceous ; obovate - oblong or oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; glabrous on both surfaces and with scattered glands ; margins entire, slightly recurved ; 8 to 14 in. long, 3 to 5 in. broad ; midrib very stout and prominent ; main-nerves 14 to 16 pairs, curving upwards to join in a looped intramarginal nerve close to the margin ; secondary nerves few ; reticulations irregular, obscure ; petiole 1 in. long, base enlarged, wrinkled. Flowers dioecious, in extra-axillary, sessile, paniculate, trichotomous cymes, usually on old wood, 1 to 1'5 in. long, supported by a cluster of sheathing scarious bracts; bracts of panicle branches and bracteoles ovate-acute ; pedicels very short, stout, somewhat angular. Calyx short, ‘05 in. long ; teeth (in 5 flowers) ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla none in ? , g not seen. Ovary conical, rugose ; style 0 ; stigma 2-lobed, mitriform. Drupe ovate-oblong, flattened, -7 in. long, -5 in. broad ; exoearp thick, wrinkled when dry ; endocarp thick, granular; cells 2. Seed' 1, pendulous from the summit of the thin central persistent septum ; testa membranous ; albumen thick, fleshy ; cotyledons ovoid, T5 in. long, radicle rather stout. Perak: at low levels on the hills, King's Collector 5541, 7649; Hervey. The absence of male flowers renders the identification of the genus of this plant somewhat uncertain, but we consider it belongs rightly to Olea. 4. Olea ardisioides, King & Gamble, n. sp. A small tree ; branches slender, terete, with yellowish bark ; branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves coriaceous ; lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margins entire, recurved ; 2 to 3 in. long, •6 to -1 in. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above, raised beneath ; main-nerves 5 pairs, curving upwards to meet in a looped intramarginal nerve, obscure ; secondary nerves and reticulations very obscure ; petiole slender, -1 to -2 in. long. Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary 272 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. slender paniculate cymes, 1 to 2 in. long ; rachis somewhat angular, minutely pubescent ; bracts leafy, lanceolate, - 5 to 1 in. long ; bracteoles similar or sometimes subulate-spathulate ; pedicels slender, -1 in. long, reflexed. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes 4, ovate-acute, '025 in. long, ciliate. Corolla-tube '03 to '05 in. long ; lobes 4, induplicate-valvate, linear, -1 in. long. Stamens 2, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, ■05 in. long ; filaments slender ; anthers elliptic, cells dehiscing laterally, connective mucronate. Ovary conical ; style 0 ; stigma minute, bifid ; cells 2. Fruit not seen. Perak: on Gunong Bubu, 5,000 feet, Wray 3871. Pahang : Barnes 10896. We have hesitated whether to describe this species as Olea or Linodera, for the corolla-tube is not very long, and the lobes are like those of the latter genus, but the character of the leaves is distinctly that of Olea. 5. Myxopyrum, Blume. Large scandent shrubs with quadrangular branches. Leaves oppo- site, large, triplinerved, entire or denticulate. Flowers small, yellow, very numerous, in axillary and terminal trichotomous panicles. Calyx- tube short, lobes 4. Corolla fleshy ; tube urceolate ; lobes 4, concave, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments very short ; anthers rather large, ovate, cells dehiscing laterally. Ovary 2-celled ; style very short or 0, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules 1 to 2 in each cell, attached near the base at the inner angle. Fruit a 1-2-seeded sub-globose berry ; pericarp crustaeeous. Seeds 1 to 4, erect, testa membranous, albumen thick ; cotyledons flat, ovate, radicle inferior. — Distrib. India and Malaya, 3 species. Myxopyrum nervosum, Blume Bijdr. 683 (1826). A large climbing shrub ; branches with fibrous pale brown bark ; branchlets prominently quadrangular. Leaves coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong or elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate or rounded at base ; glabrous on both surfaces ; margins entire or denticulate in the upper half, promi- nently recurved ; 4 to 7 in. long, 1-5 to 3'5 in. broad ; midrib thick, pro- minent beneath, impressed above ; main-nerves 4 to 6 pairs, the lowest pair opposite, very prominent, starting a little above the base and form- ing an intramarginal nerve looped only after where it meets the rest at about two-thirds of the way up, the next pair not opposite and only starting from about half the length of the leaf ; secondary nerves few, reticulations irregular, prominent in dry specimens ; petiole ‘3 to '5 in. long, often twisted, channelled above, articulate at the base. Flowers sessile, in terminal or axillary or extra-axillary, trichotomous, minutely 273 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. pubescent panicles, P5 to 3 in. long ; rachis angular, swollen at the nodes ; bracts subulate, recurved, -1 in. long ; bracteoles triangular, minute. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes 4, triangular, acuminate. Corolla yellowish- or greenish - white, fleshy ; tube urceolate, '05 to - 1 in. long; lobes oblong, incurved, -05 in. long, induplicate- valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the corolla ; fila- ments very short, broad ; anthers ovate, rather large. Ovary ovoid ; style 0 ; stigma 2-lobed ; cells 2, ovules 2 in each cell, erect from a minute basal central placenta. Berry ovoid or globose, - 5 to '7 in. in diam., rough, surmounted by the persistent stigma, blueish-black when ripe ; cells 2. Seeds 2 to 4, erect on an enlarged placenta at the base of the central dissepiment ; albumen fleshy, testa membranous. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I. 320, t. 51; A.DC. Prod. VIII. 290; Miq. PL Ind. Bat. II. 549 ; Clarke in Hook. f. PL Br. Ind. III. 618. Penang : Curtis 2849. Perak : Wray 2139, 2834, 4179 ; Scortechini 532, 5986 ; King’s Collector 3584, 4544, 7392, 8845. Malacca : Main- gay (K.D.) 996/3 — Distrib. Sumatra (Forbes 1585, in the Lam- pongs) ; Java. LONDON PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO. HATTON GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OE BENGAL. I Vol. LXXIV., Part #f. — Extra Number, 1905. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.— By Sir George King, K.C.I.E., LL.D., E.R.S., late Superintendent of the Boyal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, and J. Sykes Gamble, O.I.E., E.R.S., late of the Indian Forest Department. No. 18. This part contains nine Natural Orders, viz., Nos. 79 Hydrophyllacece to 85 Lentibulariacece inclusive, as well as Nos. 87 Bignoniacece and 88 Pedalinece. The whole part is the work of Lieut.-Col. D. Prain, I.M.S., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, with the exception of Boraginece, which has been done by Sir George King, and Hydrophyllacece and Bignoniacece, which have been done by Mr. Gamble. The nine Orders dealt with contain 53 genera and 150 species : of the species none are here described for the first time. Natural Order No. 86 Gesneracece will follow later on with the three Orders, 75 Apocynacece, 76 Asclepiadacea, and 77 Loganiacece , the preparation of which is not yet quite complete. Order LXXIX. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Annual or perennial herbaceous plants. Leaves radical or alternate, rarely opposite, entire or dentate, simple or pinnately or palmately lobed. Flowers usually unilaterally sub-sessile on the branches of a bifid or dichotomous scorpioid cyme, or else pedunculate in the axils or on the summits of the branches ; regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 20 276 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. inferior, with 5 or occasionally many equal imbricate lobes. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel-shaped cup-shaped campanulate or rotate ; lobes S, rarely many, imbricate or sometimes twisted. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, alternate with them, usually fixed to the base of the tube, exsert or included ; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated or appendiculate at base ; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, dorsi- fixed ; cells 2, parallel, dehiscing introrsely with longitudinal clefts. Ovary superior, sometimes unilocular, with 2 free or parietal placentas, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled with fleshy placentas adnate to the septum ; styles either 1 filiform bifid or undivided, or 2 distinct from the base ; stigmas terminal, small or capitate ; ovules 2 to many in each cell. Capsule loculicidally, sometimes septicidally, bi-valved, the placentas if parietal attached to the valves, if central remaining free. Seeds usually oblong, globose or angular, 2 to many on each placenta ; testa reticulate or wrinkled, rarely smooth ; albumen fleshy, embryo small, erect ; cotyledons plano-convex or semi-terete. — Distrib. About 150 species, chiefly American, very few in the Old World. Hydrolea, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, alternate. Flowers blue, in short terminal cymes or racemes. Calyx divided nearly to the base, segments lanceolate. Corolla widely campanulate, sub-rotate, lobes imbricate. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube ; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at base ; anthers sagittate. Ovary completely 2- celled, with fleshy placentas adnate to the dissepiment ; styles 2, rarely 3, distinct, filiform ; stigmas capitellate ; ovules many in each cell, multi-seriate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidal, usually 2-, rarely 3- or 4-valved. Seeds minute, irregularly wrinkled. — Distrib. About 14 species, chiefly American, with one Chinese, one of tropical Africa, and one of India and Malaya. Hydrolea zeylanica, Vahl Symb. II. 46 (1791). An annual herb ; stems nearly glabrous below, glandular pubescent above, soft, somewhat succulent, often rooting, always straggling. Leaves membranous ; lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, attenuate above and below ; -5 to 2 in. long, -2 to -5 in. broad ; glabrous or slightly pubescent ; petiole none or very short and winged by the decurrent blade. Floivers in racemes on short lateral leafy branches. Calyx-lobes acute, glandular-pubescent, 3- nerved, about - 3 in. long. Corolla-lobes ovate, -2 in. long, many-nerved, blue. Stamens with sagittate, often twisted anthers, and filaments dilated at base. Capsule shorter than the calyx-lobes, ovoid, 2-lobed ; placentas central, adherent at their backs to the dissepiment. Seeds very many, Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 277 oblong, obtuse, testa very faintly wrinkled. Lamk 111. t. 184 ; Wall. Cat. 4398; W. & A. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. II. 193, t. 26; Wight 111. t. 167, and Ie. t. 601 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. X. 180 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. PI. 170 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 633 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 133; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 191. Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 197; Prain Beng. Plants 711. H. javanica, Blume Bijdr. 725. Nama zeylanica, Linn. Sp. PI. 226 ; Boxb. FI. Ind. II. 73. “ Tsjeru Vallel,” Bheede Hort. Mai. X. t. 28. Peeak : Wray 2571, 3336; Scortechini ; Biclley 2906 ; King's Col- lector 391, 2577. — Disteib. Throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Java, Malaya, China, the Philippines; also in Australia, tropical Africa and America, in wet places and rice-fields. Order LXXX. BOKAGINEiE. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often conspicuously hispid or scabrous. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite, ex-stipulate, usually entire, rarely in verticils. Flowers usually in scorpioid dichotomous cymes, sometimes trichotomously paniculate, rarely solitary and axillary, bracteate or not, hermaphrodite. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed (rarely 6- to 8-lobed), the lobes imbricate, rarely valvate, usually persistent in fruit. Corolla gamopetalous, of various forms, often with scales in the throat ; the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4- to 6-lobed), the lobes imbricate, rarely twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube ; anthers ovate to linear, introrse ; filaments slender, often dilated at the base. Disk under the ovary or obsolete. Ovary superior, sessile, cells 2 with 2 ovules in each, or 4 with 1 ovule in each ; style terminal or from the depression between the lobes of the ovary, long or short ; stigma entire and capitate or 2-lobed, the style rarely twice bifid ; ovules sub-erect from the basal angle of the cell. Fruit drupaceous with a hard 2- to 4-celled endocarp or dividing into 2 or 4 nutlets with thin or fleshy walls. Seeds erect or oblique, with membranous testa and fleshy albumen or ex-albuminous ; embryo curved or straight, radicle superior. — Disteib. Universal. Species about 1,500. Styles twice partite ; drupe 4-1-seeded ; trees or shrubs ; calyx enlarging in fruit .. .. .. .. .. 1 . Ooedia. Styles simple or only l)i-partite ; rarely ( Coldenia ) 2 or more and distinct ; drupe including two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded pyrenes ; calyx only slightly or not at all enlarged in fruit : — * Styles depressed-conical at the apex or with a horizontal ring below or at the stigmas : — • 278 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Styles short, shortly 2-lobed ; pyrenes two 2-seedetl ; herbs or shrubs Styles elongated, dilated at the apex ; pyrenes four 1-seeded, much resembling nutlets ; herbs Styles elongated, not dilated or annular at the apex, more or less bi-partite : — Styles 2-fid at the apex ; pyrenes two 2-seeded, or four 1-seeded ; trees or shrubs Styles more or less separate, distinct at base and apex, united but easily separable in the middle ; pyrenes four 1-seeded, much resembling nutlets ; prostrate herbs 2. Tournefortia. 3. Heliotropiusi. 4. Ehretia. 5. CoLDENIA. 1. Coedia, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely sub-opposite, petiolate. Flowers in dichotomous cymes with scorpioid branches, or corymbose or in clusters, ebracteate, polygamous, the £ fewer than the $ . Calyx tubular or campanulate, usually with short and often irregular teeth, accrescent in fruit. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped or campanulate ; the lobes of the limb 4 to 8, spreading or recurved, white or orange. Stamens as many as the lobes; anthers sagittate or hastate, shortly exserted; filaments often hairy near the base. Ovary 4-celled, gla- brous ; style terminal, long, bi-partite, the branches again bifid, linear or sub-spathulate, cells of ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, surrounded by the enlarged calyx ; the putamen bony, with 1 to 4 cells, but one only with a fertile seed. Seed exalbuminous, the cotyledons large and fleshy or thin but always plicate. — Distkib. About 280' species, all tropical. Flowers about 1-5 in. long . . . . . . .. 1. C. subcordata. Flowers less than -5 in. long : — Leaves broadly ovate, sub-acute or obtuse, the base often cordate 2. C. Myxa. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate . . 3. C. Griffithii. 1. Coedia subcordata, Lamk 111. 1899 (1792). A small tree ; young branches as thick as a goose-quill, glabrous, pale brown when dry. Leaves membranous ; broadly ovate or ovate-rotund, the apex acute, the base broadly rounded or sub-cordate ; both surfaces brown when dry, the lower paler, harshly and minutely reticulate ; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, faint on both surfaces when dry; length 3 -5 to 65 in., breadth 2'5 to 4 in. ; petiole 1'25 to 2 in. Corymbs lateral, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, glaberulous ; pedicels -25 in. long. Calyx cylindric, slightly widening towards the mouth, -4 in. long and nearly ■2 in. wide at the middle, glabrous ; the limb with 3 broad triangular teeth. Corolla about l - 3 in. long, orange or reddish, funnel-shaped ; lobes about 6, broad, spreading, as long as the tube. Stamens 6. 279 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Stigma with linear-spathulate branches. Fruit very bony, pyramidal, its apex acute, with 4 bold angles, the spaces between the angles often with large tubercles, 1 in. long and as much in breadth from angle to angle, usually with 1 or more seeds ; entirely enveloped in the much- inflated glabrous accrescent apiculate calyx. Wall. Cat. 9063 ; DC. Prod. IX. 477 ; Seem. PI. Yiti, t. 34 ; Benth. PI. Austral. IV. 385 ; Ivurz Por. PI. Burrn. II. 209 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. PL Br. Ind. IV. 140 ; Miq. PL Ind. Bat. II. 914. C. orientalis, R. Br. Prod. 498. C. cam- panulata, Roxb. Pl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. II. 336. C. Bumphii, Blume Bijdr. 843. G. hexandra, Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 799. Rumph. Herb. Amb. II. t. 75. Perak : Scortacliini 1084. Dindings : Curtis 3447 . Kedah -.Ridley 5526. Pahang : Ridley 2158. — Distrib. British India, Malay Archi- pelago, Australia, Sandwich Islands. Widely cultivated in other places. 2. Cordia Myxa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 190 (1753). A tree, 40 to 50 feet high ; young branches thinner than a goose-quill, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; broadly ovate, apex sub-acute or obtuse, the base slightly cordate ; upper surface when dry dark brown, glabrous, faintly reticu- late ; the lower paler brown, distinctly and minutely reticulate, the transverse veins very prominent, glabrous except for some pubescence on the midrib and 5 or 6 pairs of curved ascending main-nerves ; length 3 to 3'75 in., breadth 2 to 2'75 in. ; petioles '75 to 1'25 in. Cymes trichotomous, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Male and female flowers often in the same tree, mostly 5-merous. Calyx campanulate, more than - 25 in. long, glabrous, smooth outside, silky inside. Corolla with its tube included in the calyx, the lobes projecting and '15 in. long, reflexed ; style in the 2 flowers short, 4-cleft, absent in the S . Fruit ellipsoid, with acute apex and rounded base, compressed, with 3 or 4 angles (one or more of them indistinct), '75 in. long and ■4 in. broad, 2- or more-seeded ; the persistent accrescent calyx leathery with strong vertical reticulations, widely campanulate, its mouth with shallow irregular crenations, length -25 in., width '4 to ■5 in. DC. Prod. IX. 479 ; Delile PL -®gypt. t. 19, fig. 1 ; Roxb. PL Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., II. 232; Wall. Cat. 889; Wight 111. t. 169; Benth. FI. Austral. IV. 386 ; Bedd. Pl. Sylv. t. 245, fig. A ; Brandis Por. FI. 336 (in part); Kurz Por. PL Burm. II. 208; Boiss. FI. Or. IV. 124; Miq. PL Ind. Bat. II. 915; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 136 ; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 193 ; Cooke FI. Bomb. II. 199 ; Pram Beng. Plants 714. C. Myxa, var. h. minor only, Thw. Enum. PL Zeyl. 214. C. indica, Lamk Diet. VII. 49 ; DC. Prod. IX. 500. C. officinalis and C. africana, Lamk 111. II. 420, and t. 96, fig. 3. C. Sesbestena, Forsk. FI. Aeg.-Arab. LXIII. C. paniculata , Roth Nov. Spec. 124; DC. Prod. 280 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. IX. 482. Sebestena officinalis, Gaertn. Fruet. I. 364, t. 76. Eliretia glabra, Eoth Nov. Spec. 127 ; DC. Prod. IX. 510. Bcurreria glabra, G. Don Gen. Syst. 390. Malacca and Singapore : probably introduced. — Distrib. Tropics of the Old World. 3. Coedia Griffithii, Clarke in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. IY. 139 (1883). A small tree ; young branches about as thick as a crow-quill, puberulous, pale and angled when dry. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base slightly cuneate ; both surfaces brown when dry (the lower the paler), minutely reticulate, glabrous ; main- nerves 3 or 4 pairs, curved, ascending ; length 1'5 to 3 '5 in., breadth 1 to l - 75 in. ; petioles -65 to 1-25 in. Cymes slender, 2-5 to 4 in. long (including their peduncles), dichotomous, lax, few-flowered, puberu- lous. Flowers '4 in. long, almost sessile. Calyx ‘25 in. long, funnel- shaped ; the mouth wide, oblique, and with 5 irregular short teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, much longer than the calyx ; the limb longer than the tube, deeply divided into 5 narrowly elliptic reflexed lobes. Stamens 5, attached to the throat of the tube ; anthers oblong, ex- serted ; filaments unequal in length, flattened below. Ovary obovoid, smooth, 4-eelled, ovules solitary in each cell ; style thin and cylindric above, swollen in its lower half, exserted. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 5997 ; Maingay (K.D.) 1162 ; Ridley 4561. Selangor : Ridley 7373. Kedah : King’s Collector 1742. 2. Tournefortia, Linn. Trees or shrubs, sometimes almost herbs, and often sub-scandent. Leaves alternate, entire. Cymes scorpioid, dichotomous, usually ter- minal, rarely lateral or extra-axillary. Floivers small, numerous, crowded, sessile or on short pedicels, ebracteate. Calyx deeply 4- or 5-partite, the segments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla white or greenish ; the tube cylindric, naked in the throat ; the lobes of the limb 5 or 4, small, spreading. Stamens 5 or 4, included in the tube ; anthers oblong-ovate or lanceolate, apiculate or not ; filaments short. Ovary 4-celled ; style terminal, short, 2-lobed (in the Indo-Malayan species) ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous from the upper inner part of the cell. Drupe small, ovoid, slightly fleshy or leathery, indistinctly separating into two 2-seeded or into four 1-seeded pyrenes. Seeds straight or curved, pendulous, albuminous ; embryo straight or curved. — Distrib. About 130 species, in the tropics of both hemispheres. Tournefortia Wallichii, DC. Prod. IX. 527 (1845). A climber, 10 to 30 feet long ; young branches terete, twice as thick as a crow’s-quill, minutely rusty-puberulous, becoming glabrous. Leaves thickly mem- 281 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. branous ; ovate, the apex acute or shortly acuminate, the base rounded,, slightly oblique ; both surfaces when dry brown, the upper quite glabrous, the lower paler, reticulate, sometimes with a few small hairs on the nerves ; main-nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, depressed like the midrib on the upper surface, prominent on the lower ; length 2 to 3-5 in., breadth -75 to 1'75 in. ; petioles -3 to -4 in. Cymes ter- minal and lateral (extra- axillary), on long peduncles, dichotomously branched, sub-glabrous. Flowers - 3 to '4 in. long, sessile, forming crowded one-sided pseudo-spikes (scorpioid cymes) on the terminal inch or two of the branches of the cymes. Calyx about ‘05 in. long, only about a sixth or a seventh as long as the corolla, cleft nearly to the base into 4 broadly triangular acute spreading segments. Corolla-tube 4-angled ; the limb short, with 4 ovate teeth, glabrous. Anthers 4, oblong, sessile or nearly so, near the throat. Fruit broadly ovoid, •15 to ‘2 in. long, with 4 vertical grooves (2 of them deep) on the sides, and a depression on the apex. Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 147. T. tetrandra, Wall. Cat. 911 ( not of Blume). Tatrandra Wallichii, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 928. Singapore : Maingay (K.D.) 1165, 8041 ; King’s Collector 302. Perak: Wray 3536; Ridley 2431; King's Collector 3335, 5158 Scortechini 1494. — Distrib. Java, Sumatra. 3. Heliotropium, Linn. Annual or perennial herbs, very hairy or scabrous. Leaves alter- nate. Flowers small, white, or pale purple, sometimes in terminal dichotomous cymes with scorpioid branches and small or no bracts, sometimes axillary in the axils of large bracts. Calyx divided into 5 linear or lanceolate segments. Corolla with a cylindric tube and limb of various shapes, the lobes of the latter always imbricate or induplicate in bud, spreading in flower. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube by short filaments ; anthers ovate-oblong or lanceolate. Ovary com- pletely or imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovulate ; style short or long, terminal, with a depressed conical or flat disk on its apex ; stigma above the disk, none or short or elongate, entire or rarely bifid. Fruit dry, 2- to 4-grooved or -lobed, and consisting of 4 nutlets free from the beginning or finally becoming so. Seeds straight or curved ; albumen none, small or large; cotyledons plano-convex.— Distrib. Species about 225, widely distributed in both hemispheres. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1-5 to 2-5 in. long . . Leaves linear, '5 to 1 in. long . . 1. H. indie urn. 2. H. strigosum. 1. Heliotropium indioum, Linn. Sp. PL 130 (1753). Herbaceous, 282 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. but woody at the base, a foot or two in height, with few branches ; the branches, lower parts of the inflorescence, and the petioles with white stiff hairs. Leaves membranous, greenish-brown when dry ; ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly inequilateral, the apex usually acute, the base rounded, irregularly cordate, often unequally so ; both surfaces with some scattered long white hairs ; the lower surface pale and faintly reticulate when dry ; main-nerves 6 to 8 pairs, rather straight, ascending, slightly prominent on the lower surface; length 1'5 to 2-5 in., breadth -75 to 2 in. ; petioles - 4 to 1'5 in. Cymes scorpioid, terminal and lateral (extra-axillary), about 2 in. long (lengthening with age to 5 or 6 in.), on peduncles about 1 in. long ; the rachises hispid, compressed when dry. Flowers about - 15 in. long, sessile, numerous. Calyx about -05 in. long, deeply divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate sub-erect hispid segments. Corolla tubular, slightly dilated at the base; the limb with 5 broad blunt reflexed lobes ; anthers 5, included, inserted about the middle of the tube. Fruit -1 in. long, conical, with an apical beak and with 4 bold vertical ridges and 4 faint ones, glabrous naturally separating into 2 halves, each half consisting of 2 cohering pyriform pyrenes with long beaks and a single large sub-quadrate white seed. Eoxb. PI. Ind. I. 454 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1837 ; Clarke in Hook, fil. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 152 ; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 200 ; Cooke FI. Bomb. II. 207 ; Prain Beng. Plants 716. H. anisophyllum, Beauv. FI. Ow. et Ben. II. 62, t. 96. Tiaridium indicum, Lehm. Asperifol. 14 ; Wall. Cat. 913 ; Wight 111. t. 171. T. anisophyllum, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 364. Heliophyllum indicum, DC. Prod. IX. 556 ; Fresen. in Mart. FI. Brasil, fasc. 22, 48, t. 10, fig. 4 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 925. H. velutinum, DC. l.c. 557. Singapore : King's Collector 318 ; Hullctt 21. Pahang : Bulley 1547. Penang : Deschamps. Perak : Scortechini 163. — Distrib. India, Malaya, E. Asia, tropical Africa and America. 2. Heliotropium steigosum, Willd. Sp. PI. I. 743 (1797). Herbace- ous, woody at the base, erect, a foot high, the branches few, slender, long, not spreading, very strigose, like all the rest of the plant. Leaves linear, -5 to 1 in. long, very narrow, becoming smaller upwards. Flowers under -1 in. long ; their pedicels longer, sub-opposite to a linear bract or often extra-axillary. Sepals ovate-acute, enlarging in fruit. Corolla salver-shaped ; stigma narrowly conical. Fruit depressed, 4-lobed, under T in. broad, glabrous and shining, sometimes with a few small hairs. DC. Prod. IX. 546 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 151 ; Boiss. FI. Orient. IV. 143 ; Prain Beng. Plants 716. H. brevi- folium, Wall. Cat. 914 ; Wall, in Boxb. FI. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. II. 2; DC. l.c. 546. H compactum, Don Prod. 101. 283 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. In all the provinces, by waysides, not common. — D isteib. From W. Asia through India to Australia. 4. Ehbetia, Linn. Glabrous or scabrous shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or dentate. Floivers small, usually white, in axillary or terminal corymbs or panicles, rarely on 1-flowered axillary peduncles. Calyx small, 5-partite. Corolla with short cylindrie tube ; the limb with 5 obtuse imbricate spreading lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, exserted, rarely included, ovate or oblong. Ovary 2-celled, the cells bi-ovulate ; sometimes imperfectly 4-eelled and the cells with solitary ovules ; style terminal, cylindrie, bifid or bi -partite ; stigmas small, capitate or clavate. Drupe small, usually globose, 4-seeded or (by suppression) 1-3-seeded ; usually dividing into 2 bilocular or into 4 unilocular, often compressed pyrenes. Seeds straight, with little albumen and thin testa. — D isteib. About 55 species, all tropical, chiefly in the Old World. Leaves ovate to elliptie-oblong, shortly acuminate, with about 5 pairs of main-nerves . . . . . . . . . . 1. E. Icevis. Leaves obovate or obovate-elliptic, obtuse retuse or sub-aoute, with 7 or 8 pairs of main-nerves . . . . . . . . 2. E. parallela. 1. Ehretia l^ivis, Eoxb. Cor. PI. I. 42, t. 55; var. timorensis, Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. IY. 142 (1883). A small tree ; young branches rusty-puberulous, becoming ultimately glabrous, dark coloured when dry. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; ovate to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base slightly cuneate or sometimes rounded ; both sur- faces glabrous, brown when dry, the lower paler and reticulate ; main- nerves about 5 pairs, rather straight, ascending slightly, thin but prominent on the lower surface like the midrib ; length 2’5 to 5 in., breadth 1'25 to 2-25 in. ; petioles about - 4 in. Cymes axillary and ter- minal, shorter than the leaves, corymbose, puberulous ; the ultimate branches scorpioid. Floivers small, numerous, sessile. Calyx less than -1 in. long, its mouth with 5 oblong lobes. Corolla-tube '1 in. long; the lobes 5, shorter and spreading. Anthers exserted. Fruit when 4-seeded about 2 in. in diam., smaller when 2-seeded, depressed- globose, ribbed ; pyrenes 4 or 2, sometimes only 1, each with a single seed ; the persistent calyx much shorter than the fruit, its lobes acumi- nate. E. timorensis, Dene, in Nouv. Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. III. 395 ; DC. Prod. IX. 505. E. philippinensis, DC.I.c. 504. E. Icevis, Benth. FI. Austral. IV. 389. Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 1164; Bidley 3302. Peeak : Scortechini 284 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 167, 898 ; King’s Collector 7436, 8344. — Distrib. Burma, Griffith (K.D.) 6002, Malay Archipelago, Australia. 2. Ehretia parallela, Clarke in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. IV. 143 (1883). A shrub, all parts except the inflorescence glabrous ; young branches thinner than a goose-quill, pale when dry. Leaves membranous ; obovate or obovate-elliptic, obtuse, from refuse to sub-acute, cuneate at the base ; both surfaces dark brown when dry ; main-nerves 7 or 8 pairs, scarcely curved, ascending, parallel, very bold and distinct on the lower surface like the midrib (when dry), faint on the upper ; length L5 to 1-75 in., breadth -75 to 1 in. ; petiole ‘25 in. Inflorescence, flowers, and fruit as in E. Icevis, Boxb., var. timorensis, but smaller. Penang : Curtis 1572. — Distrib. Burma, Gh’iffith (K.D.) 6004. 5. Coldenia, Linn. Much-branched, diffuse or prostrate scabrous herbs. Leaves alter- nate, crisped. Floivers small, axillary, sessile or sub-sessile ; the upper sometimes in a short one-sided bracteate cyme. Calyx 4-5-partite. Corolla with short funnel-shaped tube and 4 or 5 spreading segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the tube ; anthers ovate. Ovary broadly ovoid, 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, or imperfectly 4-celled with 1 in each ; styles 2, distinct at the base but united upwards (although easily separable) ; stigmas 2, capitate. Fruit almost dry, composed of 4 sub-connate 1-seeded pyrenes ; seeds with thin testa and little if any albumen ; the cotyledons plane. — Distrib. Species 12, 10 of which are American, 1 African, and the undernoted which is cosmopolitan. Coldenia procumbens, Linn. Sp. PI. 125 (1753). A scabrous-hairy prostrate herb. Leaves elliptic-obovate, coarsely and deeply serrate, almost pinnatifid. Fruit, prior to disintegration into its component pyrenes, pyramidal. Gaertn. Eruct. I. 329, t. 68 ; Lamk 111. t. 69 ; Eoxb. FI. Ind. I. 448 ; Wall. Cat. 942 ; DC. Prod. IX. 558 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 933 ; Clarke in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 144 ; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 197 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 205 ; Prain Beng. Plants 718. Lobophyllum tetrandrum, F. Muell. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. IX. 21. Waltheria microphylla, Miq. in PL Hohenack. n. 87b ( not of Cav.). By waysides, not common. — Distrib. Everywhere in the tropics. Order LXXXI. C O N VO L V U LACEZE. [By D. Prain.] Herbs or shrubs, usually twining, occasionally erect ; very rarely trees ; sometimes parasitic. Leaves alternate or in parasitic species 285 Flora of the, Malayan Peninsula. obsolete ; stipules 0. Flowers in cymes, rarely solitary, regular, hermaphrodite ; bracts at cyme-bases or under solitary flowers oppo- site ; bracteoles at base of pedicels small, scale-like. Sepals 5, imbricate, occasionally slightly connate below, often persistent, some- times accrescent. Corolla campanulate or infundibuliform, rarely sub-rotate ; limb with 5 short or long lobes often plicate in bud, after flowering either involute or reverting to the original aestivation. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube ; anthers oblong, opening by longitu- dinal introrse or lateral slits. Carpels usually 2, very rarely 3 or more ; connate throughout in a superior ovary with its base often encircled by an annular or lobed disk, and its cells as many or, by development of accessory partitions, twice as many as the component carpels, rarely, from absorption of dissepiments, fewer than carpels ; ovules 2 in each carpel, sessile erect anatropous ; style solitary or rarely styles 2 ; stigma capitate or 2-lobed or 2-fid. Fruit an indehiscent often dry berry, or a 2-4-valved or circumscissile or irregularly opening capsule. Seeds 4 to 2, rarely solitary, erect ; albumen scanty or 0 ; cotyledons generally plicate, rarely flat. — Distkib. Species about 1,000, in all regions, but more abundant in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Corolla-tube usually uniformly enlarged from base to apex, the 5 bands or lobes rarely, except in Eryeibe, clearly defined from the intervening spaces ; pollen not spinulose : — Yellow parasitic twining leafless herbs . . Green non-parasitie leafy herbs, shrubs or trees : — Fruit indehiscent, woody or fleshy, rather large ; style short or 0 ; stigma 5-10-rayed ; corolla-lobes 2-fid, the lobules induplicate, contorted ; woody, climbing shrubs or erect trees Fruit dehiscent, or if indehiscent small, with thin fragile walls : — Flowers in racemes or panicles — Bracts not enlarged in fruit ; outer 3 or all of the sepals enlarged in fruit ; style entire or shortly 2-lobed ; capsule indehicent or rarely 2-valved Bracts in fruit much enlarged, scarious, adnate to calyx ; sepals not enlarged ; capsule 4-valved, 1-seeded Flowers in cymes or solitary ; capsule valvate or opercular, rarely dehiscing irregularly : — Styles 2, free or partially united below ; sepals not or slightly enlarging in fruit : — Capsule 4-valved, 2-1-locular, 4-2-seeded ; styles quite free, each 2-branched ; cymes few-flowered Capsule irregularly dehiscent, splitting into numerous vertical segments; styles usually partially united below, stigmas capitate ; cymes sub-capitate Style entire, stigmas usually 2 : — Ovary 1-locular; capsule 4-valved, 4-seeded ; stigmas shortly oblong ; calyx-lobes not enlarged in fruit : 1. Cuscuta. 2. Ebycibe. 3. Bolt ANA. 4. Neuboeeltis. 5. Evolvclus. 6. Bonamia. 286 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Bract enveloping the calyx ; pollen spherical . . 7. Calystegia. Bract not enveloping the calyx ; pollen polyhedral . . 8. Hewittia. Ovary 2-locular, sometimes 4-locular : — Outer 3 sepals much larger than the 2 inner, and decurrent on the peduncle ; stigmas capitate . . 9. Aniseia. Outer 3 sepals not larger than the 2 inner, and not deeurrent on the peduncle : — Stigmas elliptic ; capsule 8-valved, rarely 4-valved 10. Jacquejiontia. Stigmas globose : — Capsule 4-valved ; fruiting sepals not enlarged ; bands of corolla usually with 5 purple lines ; stems not winged . . . . . . 11. Meeeemia. Capsule with circumseissile dehiscence ; fruiting sepals considerably enlarged ; bands of corolla without lines ; stems winged .. ..12. Opebculina. Corolla-tube not uniformly enlarged from base to apex, the S bands on the lobes clearly defined by 2 prominent lines ; pollen spinulose : — Bruit dehiscent, or if indehiscent then with thin fragile walls : — Stamens arising from the backs of 5 scales attached to the corolla-tube ; flowers small urceolate, fasciculate ; fruit 4-valved . . . . . . . . . . 13. Lepistemon. Stamens arising directly from the corolla-tube : — Corolla more or less eampanulate ; calyx-lobes never aristate, inflorescence never scorpioid ; stamens not ex- serted . . . . . . . . . . 14. Ipomoea. Corolla more or less hypoerateriform ; calyx-lobes aristate, or if obtuse the inflorescence scorpioid ; stamens exserted : — Blowers rather small, pink or red, slightly irregular . . 15. Quamoolit. Flowers large white, regular . . . . . . 16. Calonyction. Fruit indehiscent, coriaceous or fleshy : — Ovary 4-celled . . .. .. .. . . 17. Aegybeia. Ovary 2-celled . . . . . . . . . . 18. Lettsomia. 1. Cuscuta, Linn. Leafless twining yellow-reddish parasitic herbs. Flowers small, white or rose-coloured, fascicled, sessile or shortly pedicelled ; bracts small or 0. Sepals 5 or 4, sub-equal; free or shortly connate at the base. Corolla ovoid or eampanulate, usually with a ring of fimbriate or lobed scales near the base or below the stamens ; lobes short, imbricate. Stamens 5 or 4, adnate near throat of corolla ; filaments short, linear ; anthers oblong, partially exserted. Ovary more or less completely 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; styles 2 or 1 ; stigmas 2. Fruit a globose or ovoid, dry or succulent, circumseissile or irregularly bursting 4-2-seeded capsule. Seeds glabrous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo slender, spiral ; cotyledons minute or obsolete. — Distbib. Species about 80, in tempe- rate and tropical regions. Cuscuta Hygbophilie, H. H. W. Pears, in Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 2704. 287 Flora of the. Malayan Peninsula. A small slender parasitic twiner. Floiuers in dense umbellate cymes, •25 in. wide. Sepals ovate obtuse, connate below, -1 in. long. Corolla •15 in. wide, campanulate; lobes ovate obtuse. Stamens 5, shortly exserted. Scales near base of corolla-tube shortly fimbriate. Ovary obtuse, more or less perfectly 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; styles 2 ; stigmas capitate. Fruit an oblate capsule, -15 in. wide. Johoee : near the town, parasitic on Hygrophila quadrivalvis, Ridley 9161 ! Closely related to C. chinensis, from which it differs in having the sepals without keels, and of which the writer believes it to be a form. 2. Ebycibe, Eoxb. Shrubs, scandent or diffuse, less often erect ; rarely trees. Leaves alternate, elliptic, entire, coriaceous. Floivers rather small ; cymes in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes ; bracts lanceolate, small. Sepals 5, small, sub-equal, orbicular, coriaceous, adpressed to base of fruit. Corolla rather small, white or yellowish, sub-rotate ; tube hirsute externally ; limb 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate, induplicate-contorted in bud, with a thicker triangular centre externally hirsute, and sub- membranous semicordate margins glabrous on both sides. Stamens 5, sub-included, adnate to throat of corolla ; filaments short ; anthers ovate-lanceolate. Ovary globose, 1-celled ; ovules 4 ; stigma large, sessile, sub-globose or conic, 5- or 10-ridged. Fruit a fleshy, leathery or woody berry, ovoid or ellipsoid. Seed solitary, glabrous ; albumen scanty, intruded between folds of fleshy cotyledons. — D istbib. Species about 30; throughout S.E. Asia. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath : — Pubescence on under surfaces of leaves persistent : — Branches angular ; bark fissured ; pubescence on under side of leaves black, closely adpressed ; leaves with acuminate tips, the lateral nerves in 5 pairs, obliquely ascending, hardly visible above . . . . . . 1. E. strigosa. Branches cylindric ; bark not fissured : pubescence on under surface of leaves not adpressed, brown or tawny ; leaves obtuse, the lateral nerves in 12 to 15 pairs, spreading not very oblique ; fruit velvety . . . . ■ ■ 2. E. magnijica. Pubescence on under surface of leaves usually disappearing, except from the midrib, as the leaves become old ; branches with fissured bark : — Blowers in pyramidal terminal panicles, the panicle branches subtended by foliaceous bracts . . ■ . . . 3. E. expansa. Flowers in axillary cymes, or if passing into' a terminal panicle the panicle branches not subtended by foliaceous bracts : — 288 Flora oj the Malayan Peninsula. Flowers often passing into a terminal panicle; corolla greenish ; fruit ellipsoid, black, -6 in. long, -35 in. wide . . Flowers all axillary; corolla white ; fruit ellipsoid, purple, with a faint apical areola, -75 in. long, '5 in. wide Leaves quite glabrous on both surfaces : — Flowers in both terminal and axillary panicles ; leaves with lateral nerves distinct, but secondary venation indistinct Flowers always axillary : — Leaves small, never exceeding 1-75 in. long, sub-bifarious ; flowers solitary, axillary . . Leaves medium to large, very rarely, and never all, less than 2 in. long, arranged spirally ; flowers never solitary : — ■ Lateral nerves of leaves distinct and secondary reticulate venation distinct on both surfaces, or at least beneath : — Lateral nerves of leaves 7 to 9 pairs Lateral nerves of leaves 6 or fewer pairs : — Fruit quite glabrous Fruit finely velvety Lateral nerves of leaves indistinct, secondary venation not visible : — Corolla rufous-pubescent internally as well as ex- ternally . . Corolla glabrous internally : — Flowers densely glomerate in leaf axils ; leaves pale waxy greenish-yellow beneath Flowers in short but open axillary cymes : — - Leaves thickly coriaceous ; fruit verrucose but not scurfy externally Leaves sub-coriaceous ; fruit scurfy but not verru- cose externally . . 4. E. Princei. 5. E. malaccensis. 6. E. angulata. 7. E. leucoxyloides. 8. E. festiva. 9. E. sapotacea. 10. E Stapjiana. 11. E. preecipua. 12. E. glomerata. 13. E. aenea. 14. E. Griffithii. 1. Ekycibe strigosa, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXY. 2. 536. A climber 40 to 60 feet long, with stems 1 to 2 in. in diam. ; branches slightly angled with fissured bark, and except along the fissures densely clothed with black adpressed tomentum ; branchlets angular with black adpressed tomentum. Leaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, base cuneate, apex rather long acuminate, with tip obtuse ; 3 to 4 in. long, 1'5 to l - 75 in. wide; thinly coriaceous; dark green, quite glabrous above, brownish-black and densely covered with black adpressed tomentum beneath ; lateral nerves 5 pairs, oblique, distinct beneath not visible above, secondary venation indistinct beneath not visible above ; petiole •75 to 1 in. long, with close adpressed black tomentum. Flowers in few-flowered cymes, '25 in. across, disposed in narrow axillary panicles 3 to 6 in. long, -5 in. wide ; main-rachis angular, densely rusty-pubescent, the peduncles of individual cymes '25 in. long or less, densely rusty- pubescent, as are the linear deciduous bracteoles '15 in. long, and the very short pedicels. Sepals orbicular, rusty-pubescent. Corolla white, •3 in. across (but not quite fully opened), the lobes spreading, glabrous 289 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. within; interlobular spaces brown tomentose externally; lobules ovate, their margins sub-entire. Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 737. Pebak : Tbaipeng, 500 to 800 feet elevation ; King’s Collector 8461 ! 2. Erycibe magnifiga, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIII. 2. 18. A strong creeper 80 to 100 feet long, stem 2 to 3 in. in diam. ; old branches '75 in. in diam. still densely tomentose, quite cylindric, with large pith ; brancblets -3 in. in diam., densely velvety with a tawny to rusty matted tomentum. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-obovate, with a narrowly tnmcate or rounded base, and an obtuse or sometimes retuse apex, the margin strongly revolute ; 8 to 10 in. long, 3-5 to 4 in. wide ; coriaceous ; upper surface quite glabrous, dark green and shining with sometimes a silvery, sometimes a rich coppery sheen ; under surface velvety, pale brownish-green, the tomentum longer, looser, and sometimes whitish on the main-nerves ; lateral nerves rather straight, spreading, 12 to 15 pairs, rather distinctly looped along the margin, prominent beneath, deeply impressed above, as is the secondary reticulate venation ; petiole - 35 in. long, densely rusty-velvety. Flowers in short axillary racemes, sometimes clustered, of close-set 2-3-flowered individual cymules ; the racemes 1 to 2 in. long ; peduncles, short pedicels and small ovate bracts and bracteoles densely rusty- velvety. Sepals orbicular, densely velvety outside, quite glabrous within, coriaceous, in fruit - 2 in. across. Corolla - 5 in. across , lobes slightly spreading, glabrous within, and waxy white or yellow, narrow and deeply divided ; interlobular spaces densely dark brown, almost black velvety-pubescent externally ; lobules very, small oblong. Fruit ellipsoid, 1-25 in. long, 1 in. in diam., densely softly velvety, of a rich brown colour. Perak: King’s Collector 3454 ! 3879! 6721! In the first of his three gatherings Kunstler has noted this as a tree 50 to 70 feet high, but in the two subsequent ones as a large creeper, which is, from the appearance of the specimens, undoubtedly the case with the first gathering also. 3. Ebycibe expansa, Wall. Cat. 1331. A large climber, branches angled, with fissured bark, glabrous ; branchlets angular, densely lusty- tomentose. Leaves elliptic or slightly obovate, apex abruptly shortly acuminate to a sharp tip, base rounded or sub-cordate ; 2 to 2-5 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. wide ; chartaceous ; dark green, quite glabrous above, paler and rusty-pubescent, especially on the nerves, beneath, the pubescence ultimately disappearing except from the nerves in old leaves , lateral nerves 2 to 3 pairs, very oblique, ascending ; secondary reticulate venation fairly visible above only ; petioles '15 in. long, densely rusty -pubescent. Flowers in rather condensed 5-9-flowered cymes disposed in pyra- 290 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. midal terminal panicles 3 to 15 in. long, 1-5 to 6 in. wide, the main rachis and branches densely rusty-tomentose, the panicle branches ■75 to 2-5 in. long, subtended by large foliaceous bracts "4 to 1 in. long, exactly like the foliage leaves but smaller ; peduncles of individual cymes rusty-tomentose, -25 in. long; pedicels bracteolate, '1 in. long or less, rusty-tomentose. Sepals orbicular, rusty-pubescent. Corolla white, or white tinged with pink, - 45 in. wide ; lobes spreading, glabrous within ; interlobular spaces densely rusty-pubescent externally ; lobules ovate acute, their margins sub-entire. G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 392; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 181 ; Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 84 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 737. E. farm- ginosa, Griff. Notul. IV. 283. E. paniculata, / 3 . expansa, Choisy Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. I. 222 ; DC. Prod. IX. 464. E. coriacea, Kurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 213 partly (not of Wall.). Kedah : Lankawi, Curtis 2128 ! — Distrib. Tenasserim. 4. Erycibe Princei, Wall. Cat. 1335. A large straggling bush with spreading branches, or a stout climber; branches glabrous, the bark more or less fissured but quite cylindric ; branchlets densely rusty- tomentose, cylindric. Leaves obovate-oblong or rarely obovate-lanceo- late, narrowed slightly to the narrowly truncate or sometimes rounded base, more abruptly to the shortly acuminate or acute apex, with an obtuse or occasionally acute tip; 2'5 to 4 in. long, 1-25 to P75 in. wide ; coriaceous, shrinking somewhat irregularly when dry ; glabrous rather pale green above, beneath at first rusty pubescent with a loose tomentum, which soon disappears except from the midrib ; lateral nerves 5 to 7 pairs, very oblique and not very prominent on either surface, with a distinct sub-marginal looping vein; secondary reticulate venation distinct but not prominent on either surface; petiole -2 to •25 in. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers in axillary cymes in the upper- most leaf axils, 5-9-flowered, -75 in. wide, the ultimate 3 to 7 passing into a terminal panicle without leaves 1*5 to 3 in. long, rarely longer ; peduncles 15 to -25 in. long, rusty-pubescent ; pedicels very short and lanceolate bracteoles, -2 in. long, rusty-pubescent. Sepals orbicular, coriaceous, rusty-pubescent. Corolla greenish, sweet-scented, -4 in. across; lobes slightly spreading; interlobular spaces shining golden silky externally ; lobules ovate, margins finely undulate. Fruit ellipsoid, black, smooth, -6 in. long, -35 in. in diam. Choisy in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. I. 224 ; DC. Prod. IX. 464 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 152 ; Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 85; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 737 (excluding the Assam and Khasia localities), 1052. E. camptobotrya, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 578. Malacca : Griffith 5883 (K.D.) ! Maingay 1155 (K.D.) ! Singa- Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 291 pore : in hedges, frequent, Kurz 2968 ! Hullett 628 ! 642 !— Distrib. Bangka, Sumatra, Borneo. 5. Erycibe malaccensis, Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 182. A stout spreading shrub with straggling branches, or a climber extend- ing to 100 feet in length ; branches glabrous, with fissured bark, but cylindric; branchlets stellately puberulous, rather distinctly angled. Leaves elliptic, oblong or obovate-oblong, narrowed from the middle or beyond to the cuneate or narrowly truncate base and more abruptly to the shortly acuminate apex with obtuse tip ; 3 to 3-5 in. long, 1-25 to l - 5 in. wide ; thickly chartaceous ; dark green, shining, quite glabrous above ; paler glaueescent beneath and at first pubescent with a deciduous tomentum which soon disappears except from the rusty midrib ; lateral nerves 5 to 6 pairs, usually very oblique, rather distinct on both surfaces as is the secondary reticulate venation ; petiole ‘25 in. long, rusty-tomentose. Flowers in axillary 5-9-flowered cymes, -5 in. wide ; peduncles -2 to 1-5 in. long, rusty-tomentose ; bracteoles elliptic, fulvous-tomentose, small ; pedicels - 15 in. long, rusty. Sepals orbicular, fulvous-tomentose. Corolla glabrous within, white, -35 in. across ; lobes slightly spreading ; interlobular spaces fulvous-tomentose exter- nally ; lobules ovate, margins slightly undulate. Fruit ellipsoid, purple, •75 in. long, - 5 in. in diam. with a faint apical areola, glabrous. Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 85 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 738. Perak: Larut, King’s Collector 3093! 3180! 3575! Scortechini 2196 ! Kota, Wray 2412 ! Penang : Maingay 1154 ! Malacca : Bukit Labukor, Bidley 3526 ! Batu Tiga, Derry 1042 ! — Distrib. Tenasserim. 6. Erycibe angubata, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 84. A robust scandent shrub or a strong climber ; stems sometimes over 100 feet long and 4 to 6 in. in diam. ; branches terete, glabrous ; ultimate branchlets angular, rusty-pubescent. Leaves obovate, base cuneate or rounded, apex shortly acuminate or rounded or sometimes deeply emarginate (normally shortly acuminate) ; 4 to 8 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide ; coriaceous, quite glabrous ; lateral nerves 5 to 8 pairs, visible above, distinctly raised beneath; secondary venation indistinct; petioles '5 in. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers in few-flowered cymes disposed in axillary and terminal panicles with angular rachis clothed with dark- red tomentum ; axillary inflorescences 1 to 6 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. wide, terminal 7 to 10 in. long, with sometimes floral leaves intermixed ; pedicels braeteolate, -25 to -5 in. long. Sepals orbicular, outer stellately rusty-tomentose, inner ciliate. Corolla white, -5 in. wide; lobes spreading ; interlobular spaces hirsute externally ; lobules glabrous, ovate-oblong, with slightly undulate margins. Hallier f. Bull. Herb. 21 292 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Boiss. V. 739. E. paniculata, Miq. Elor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 248 (not of Boxb.). Perak : Larut, King’s Collector 7379 ! Dijong, Scortechini 1816 ! — Distrib. Sumatra ( Teysmann 3682). When originally describing this species the writer referred to it a Java specimen collected by Kurz ; Dr. Hallier, however, whose knowledge of Gonvolvulacece is so profound, has shown that this Java specimen, which is not a very good one, belongs in reality to a distinct species — E. macrophylla, Hallier f. 7. Erycibe leucoxyloides, King MSS. ex Bidl. in Herb. Singap. ; Prain Journ. As. Soe. Beng. LXXIII. 2. 16. A very large climber with slender cylindric branches, bark fissured and covered with a close grey pubescence ; branchlets numerous, very slender, rather distinctly angled, grey- or rusty-pubescent. Leaves sub-bifarious, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded, apex sub-acuminate or abruptly narrowed to an obtuse tip ; 1 to P75 in. long, -4 to -6 in. wide ; membranous or thinly char- taceous ; quite glabrous on both surfaces ; rather dark green above, paler beneath ; secondary nerves about 3 pairs, very oblique and hardly visible above except in young leaves, not visible beneath even when dry and even when young ; petiole - 1 in. long, grey-pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary ; pedicels -2 in. long, somewhat recurved in fruit, grey- pubescent, bracteolate under the calyx. Sepals orbicular, sparsely pubescent on the centre externally, elsewhere glabrous except the ciliate margins. Corolla white, sweet-scented, '5 in. across; interlobular spaces brown-tomentose externally ; lobules broad, semi-orbicular, entire. Fruit elliptic, black, smooth, glabrous, '6 in. long, -4 in. wide. Singapore : climbing in secondary jungle, Hallier ! Ridley 2051, 6897 1 10927 1 Selangor : Kwala Lumpar, Curtis 2402 1 Johore : Ridley t 8. Erycibe festiva, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 87. A climber, 60 to 70 feet long ( Kunstler ), or a small tree (Hullett) ; branches grooved but cylindric ; ultimate branchlets slightly angular, sparingly pubescent. Leaves elliptic or oblong, base cuneate, apex usually rather long acuminate with an obtuse tip ; 3 to 6 in. long, l - 5 to 2-5 in. wide ; glabrous ; thinly coriaceous ; lateral nerves 7 to 9 pairs, distinct on both surfaces, especially beneath, secondary venation distinct beneath ; petiole glabrous, '5 to "75 in. long. Flowers in short axillary 7-12-flowered cymes -5 to -75 in. across ; peduncles -3 to -5 in. long, rusty-pubescent ; pedicels rusty-pubescent, bracteolate, -12 in. long. Sepals orbicular, rusty-pubescent. Corolla pale greenish-white within, '75 in. across, lobes broad; interlobular spaces brown-tomentose externally ; lobules ovate, margins erose, usually rather deeply, through- Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 293 out. Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXV. 2. 536 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb Boiss. V. 739. Perak : in open forest in rooky localities, at 500 to 800 feet elevation, King's Collector 6445 ! Singapore : garden jungle, Ridley 6043 ! Hullett ! 9. Ebycibe sapotacea, Hallier f. & Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIII. 2. 16. A tree (?) ; branches slightly angled, with fissured bark, quite glabrous. Leaves elliptic, base cuneate, apex abruptly shortly acuminate with tip obtuse ; 5 in. long, 2 to 2-25 in. wide ; firmly coriaceous ; quite glabrous on both sides ; bright green and glossy above, pale beneath ; lateral nerves 6 pairs, distinct above and rather prominent beneath, secondary reticulate venation very distinct on both surfaces ; petiole -5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers in few-flowered con- gested, axillary subsessile cymes. Sepals and Corolla not seen. Fruit ovoid, quite glabrous, the epicarp very coriaceous, almost woody, wrinkled and fissured, with a rounded base and conical pointed apex, 2 in. long, 1 in. in diam. ; fruiting pedicels '3 in. long, with epidermis fissured like that on the branches. Penang : Government Hill, Curtis 772 ! A very distinct and striking species, the flowers of which are as yet unknown. In shape the fruit is most like that of E. Griffithii, but besides being about twice the size it has none of the scurfy covering of the fruit of that species. The leaves of the two are very different. 10. Erycibe Stappiana, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 87. A shrubby or slender climber, sometimes 80 to 100 feet long ; much branched ; branches and glabrous branchlets cylindric. Leaves usually oblong or elliptic, rarely narrowly lanceolate, narrowed to a cuneate or narrowly truncate base, apex shortly acuminate with a blunt tip ; 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide ; coriaceous ; glabrous ; dark green and glossy above, paler beneath ; lateral nerves 4 to 6 pairs, ascending obliquely, the lowest pairs extending more than half-way along the margin, the secondary veins reticulately raised beneath, visible but not conspicuous above ; petiole '25 in. long, glabrous. Flowers in clustered axillary cymes '5 to 2 in. long, in fascicles of 4 to 9 from a woody protuberance, each 5-20-flowered ; peduncles densely dark-brown-tomentose, as are the bracteolate pedicels, -1 to '15 in. long. Sepals orbicular, densely brown-tomentose. Corolla waxy-white within, ’5 in. across ; lobes narrow ; interlobular spaces very dark-brown-tomentose (nearly black — Kunstler ) externally ; lobules narrow, divergent, slightly crenulate along the obliquely truncate apex. Fruit ovoid, -6 to -8 in. long, -5 in. in diam., densely clothed with a fine dark-brown velvety tomentum. Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. Y. 738. 294 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak : at various elevations from 300 to 4,000 feet, King’s Collector 4015 ! 4115 ! 7784 ! Wray 3371 ! Scortechini 1793 ! — Distrib. Tenasserim {Parish). 11. Erycibe PRiECiPUA, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 86. A large climbing shrub ; branches and ultimate branchlets eylindric, glabrous. Leaves narrowly elliptic to elliptic, narrowed to the cuneate base and more abruptly to the obtuse tip ; thickly coriaceous ; quite glabrous; 1'5 to 4 in. long, - 75 to 2 in. wide; nerves about 5 pairs, curved and ascending, but all very obscure even when dry; petioles ■3 in. long, glabrous. Flowers in small, axillary, laxly 5-8-flowered cymes -5 in. across ; peduncles and bracteolate pedicels closely rusty- pubescent, pedicels -12 in. long. Sepals orbicular, the outer minutely, the inner densely closely rusty-pubescent. Corolla whitish, -5 in. wide, the lobes very narrow, spreading ; interlobular spaces rufous-pubescent internally as well as externally ; lobules small glabrous, narrowly oblong', sub-acute, divergent. Fruit ovoid, slightly rough but not verrucose, -7 to -75 in. long, ‘5 to ‘6 in. wide, pointed or rounded. Penang : Government Hill, Curtis 911 ! 1273 ! Perak : Larut, Scortechini ! Father Seortechini’s specimens from Perak have the fruit slightly smaller, not at all pointed, and not so distinctly roughened as the Penang specimens, but in all other respects the two plants agree. 12. Erycibe glomerata, Bl. Bijdr. 1047. A shrub or a small tree, 10 to 20 feet high, erect, much spreading ; branches and sparingly pubescent ultimate branchlets eylindric. Leaves elliptic or narrow- oblong, shortly or gradually narrowed to the cuneate base and to the obtuse tip ; 7 to 12 in. long, 1-75 to 5 in. wide ; coriaceous ; quite glabrous ; dark green above, waxy-pale greenish-yellow ( Kunstler ) beneath ; lateral nerves 8 to 9 pairs, visible but not raised on either surface or only faintly raised beneath ; petiole '15 to -35 in. long. Floivers in axillary very short and closely glomerate 5-8-fl.owered cymes ; peduncles •05 in. long ; individual flowers nearly sessile with 3 rusty -pubescent bracteoles at the base of the calyx. Sepals almost glabrous, pale waxy- green {Kunstler), orbicular, margins ciliate. Corolla pure white within, 1’25 in. across; lobes narrow; interlobular spaces rufous externally; lobules oblong, obtuse, slightly crenulate at the apex. Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 382, 739. E. albida, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 87. Var. typica ; leaves elliptic, 3'5 to 5 in. wide. Perak: on Gunong Bubu, 2,500 to 3,000 feet, King’s Collector 7373 ! Larut, Scortechini ! Pungah : Curtis 2947 ! — Distrib. Java. 295 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Var. longifolia, Bl. Bijdr. 1047 ; leaves cuneate-oblong, obtusely acuminate, 1-75 to 2-25 in. wide. E. angustifolia, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 524. Perak : Waterfall Hill, Wray 2580 ! Malacca : Bujong, Scortechini 1908! — Distrib. Java, Borneo. 13. Erycibe aenea, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 85. A very large climber ; stems 70 to 150 feet long, 8 to 4 in. in diam. ; branches and densely rusty-tomentose brancklets cylindric. Leaves narrowly oblong or elliptic, base cuneate, apex gradually or oftener abruptly narrowed to an obtuse tip ; thickly coriaceous ; quite glabrous ; 2-5 to 5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide ; lateral nerves 5 to 6 pairs with a distinct sub-marginal connecting nerve, impressed on both surfaces but especially beneath ; petiole -25 in. or less. B'loiuers in axillary 3-20- flowered cymes '25 to 1'2 in. long; peduncles and bracteolate pedicels minutely closely rusty-tomentose ; pedicels "12 in. long. Sepals orbi- cular, closely brown-tomentose. Corolla pale yellow, ’5 in. across, the lobes spreading ; interlobular spaces pale brown-tomentose externally ; lobules ovate-oblong, their margins undulate. Fruit elliptic, verrucose, grey, - 9 in. long, 5 to - 6 in. wide. Hallier f. Bull. Hort. Boiss. V. 739. Perak : Larut, at elevations of from 300 to 2,500 feet, King’s Collector 7337 ! 8165 ! 14. Erycibe Griffithii, Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IY. 182. A climber 60 to 80 feet long ; stem 4 to 6 in. in diam. ; branches cylindric, glabrous ; brancklets cylindric, sparingly rusty-pubescent. Leaves elliptic, rarely ovate-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, base cuneate or rarely rounded, apex usually abruptly acuminate, less often gradually narrowed to the obtuse tip; 2-75 to 6 in. long, - 75 to 2'5 in. wide; quite glabrous on both surfaces, sub-coriaceous ; lateral nerves 6 to 8 pairs, very oblique, visible but not prominent above, prominent beneath ; secondary venation very indistinct ; petiole ’25 to - 3 in. long, glabrous. Flowers in short axillary solitary or clustered 4-9-flowered cymes - 3 in. across ; peduncles rusty-pubescent, - 2 to -3 in. long ; pedicels - 25 in- long, rusty-pubescent as are the very minute ovate-lanceolate bracteoles. Sepals orbicular, rusty-pubescent externally. Corolla waxy cream- coloured and glabrous within, - 5 in. across, the lobes spreading, narrow and stellate ; interlobular spaces rusty-brown externally ; lobules narrow acute, their margins sub-entire. Fruit coriaceous, greyish-brown and closely scurfy externally, 1 to 1'5 in. long, '5 to ‘75 in. wide. Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 85 ; Hallier f. Verslag. Buitenzorg, 1895. 126 ; Bull. Herb. Boiss. Y. 738, 1052. E. Maingayi, Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 182 ; Hallier f. Bull. 'Herb. Boiss. V. 737- E. micrantha, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 524. 296 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Peeak : Larut, 200 to 300 feet elevation, King’s Collector 8191 1 Scortechini ! Malacca : Maingay. Penang : Gaudichaud 120 ; Curtis 181 ! King’s Collector 1458 ! — Distkib. Tenasserim, Sumatra, Philippines. 3. Poeana, Burm. Large climbers. Leaves petioled, ovate or cordate, entire. Flowers small ; cymes often in large panicles ; bracts persistent ; bracteoles subulate or 0. Sepals 5, small and narrow in flower; in fruit the outer 3 or all 5 much accrescent, membranous and spreading, usually spathu- late. Corolla white, campanulate or infundibuliform with a wide or narrow throat ; limb spreading plicate, sub-entire or 5-lobed. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube, sub-included ; filaments linear or filiform. Ovary 2-celled or 1-celled ; ovules 4 or 2 ; style long or short, entire or 2-fid ; stigma solitary 2-lobed, or stigmas 2, capitate. Fruit globose oblong or obconic, 1-seeded, membranous, indehiscent or opening by 2 valves. Seed glabrous ; cotyledons plicate. — Distkib. Species about 10, throughout S.B. Asia. Pobana volubilis, Burm. FI. Ind. 51. t. 21. f. 1. A large climber ; stems and warted branches glabrous, young shoots pubescent. Leaves glabrous, ovate sub-cordate, or sometimes base rounded, apex shortly acuminate, quite glabrous, 2-5 in. long, P5 in. wide; petiole •6 in. long. Floivers white, small, in sub-ebracteate cymes disposed in panicles 12 to 15 in. long, minutely tawny-pubescent ; pedicels - 1 to ■25 in. long. Sepals 5, minutely pubescent, in flower -2 in. long, oblong ; in fruit -35 in. long, sub-spatbulate, all equal. Corolla - 3 in. long; tube narrow ; limb rather distinctly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; style 2-partite ; stigmas small, capitate. Fruit a globose capsule, enclosed in the accrescent 5-7-nerved calyx-lobes, •15 in. in diam. Seed solitary. Lamk 111. t. 186 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 40; ed. orig. I. 465; Blume Bijdr. 723; Wall. Cat. 1327 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 106, and in DC. Prod. IX. 436 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 222. Malacca : Griffith ! King ! — Disteib. Indo-China, Malay Archi- pelago. King’s examples are from a cultivated plant ; whether those of Griffith be from wild plants is unknown. 4. Neuropeltis, Wall. Large scandent, tomentose shrubs. Leaves ovate or oblong, firm, petioled. Flowers many, small, in axillary racemes or terminal panicles ; pedicels distinct, beset by solitary ovate-lanceolate bracteoles under the calyx, in flower inconspicuous, in fruit greatly accrescent. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 297 Sepals 5, sub-orbicular, hardly altered in fruit. Corolla small, white ; tube wide-campanulate ; limb deeply 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate- valvate in bud. Stamens 5, exserted or included, adnate to corolla- tube ; filaments filiform. Ovary imperfectly or perfectly 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; styles 2, free throughout, stigmas sub-capitate wavy or obscurely lobed. Fruit a globose, 4-valved, 1-seeded capsule sessile near the centre of the flat,. much-accrescent bracteole. Seed globose, glabrous, albuminous; cotyledons plicate. — D istrib. Species 2, in tropics of Eastern Hemisphere. Neuropeltis kacemosa, Wall. Cat. 1322. A robust climber ; branehlets pubescent, lenticellate, rather dark. Leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acuminate with a narrow longish thickened mucro ; lamina 2-5 to 5 in. long, 1-25 to 2 - 25 in. wide ; firmly papery ; glabrous except along the midrib above, slightly rusty with a sub-persistent pubescence beneath ; lateral nerves about 7-paired, somewhat curved forward, rather prominent and pubescent beneath. Flowers in axillary racemes 2 to 5 in. long, peduncle - 5 to 1 in. and rachis rusty - tomentose ; bracts small ovate; pedicels ’12 to - 2 in. long, tomentose, slender, with an ovate-lanceolate bracteole under the calyx. Sepals 5, somewhat connate below, small, orbicular, rufous-villous. Corolla small, campanulate, white, tube rufous-villous externally ; limb ‘25 to -3 in. across, 5-lobed, lobes ovate nearly as long as the tube. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube, exserted; filaments thickened at base. Ovary imperfectly or perfectly 2-celled, rufous- villous at base ; ovules 2 in each cell ; styles 2, glabrous ; stigmas large globose wavy. Capsule -25 in. long, ovoid, glabrescent, sessile in the centre of the accrescent, orbicular, scarious, reticulate bract 1 to 1'75 in. wide with rounded or cordate base. Seed globose, glabrous, albuminous ; cotyledons plicate. Eoxb. Elor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 44 ; Deless. Ic. Select. V. t. 96 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 109, t. 2. f. 12, and in DC. Prod. IX. 437 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 291 ; Kurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 222 ; Clarke in Hook f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 225. N. ovata, Wall. Cat. 1323 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 110, t. 2, f. 13, and in DC. Prod. IX. 437. N. bracteata, Griff. Notul. IY. 285. N. intermedia, Griff. Notul. IV. 285. Perak : Larut, Scortechini 1483 ! 1489 ! 2071 ! King’s Collector 3544 ! 3792 ! 4370 ! 6809 ! Penang : Wallich ! Malacca : Maingay 1152 ! 1153 ! Singapore : Wallich ! — Distbib. Malabar, Borneo. 5. Evolvulus, Linn. Small prostrate or erect herbs or undershrubs, never climbing. Leaves small, entire, often distichous. Flowers small, blueish or white, 298 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. in axillary few-flowered peduncled or sub-sessile cymes. Sepals 5, small, sub-equal, not enlarged in fruit. Corolla small, funnel-shaped or sub-rotate ; limb plicate, sub-entire. Stamens 5, included or exserted ; filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled or, rarely, 1-celled ; ovules 4 ; styles 2, free from the base, each cleft into 2 linear or sub-clavate stigmas, papillose on the inner face. Fruit a 4-valved, less often a 2-valved capsule, 2-celled or 1-celled. Seeds 4 or 2, rarely solitary, glabrous; cotyledons twice plicate. — Distrib. Species about 80, mostly tropical American ; the present the only Asiatic. Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. II. 392. A small peren- nial herb ; annual branches numerous, wiry, often prostrate. Leaves variable in shape from lanceolate to ovate, and in pubescence from sparingly silky to densely tawny or rufous-tomentose ; '25 to 1 in. or occasionally 1-5 in. long, -2 to -5 in. wide ; petiole absent or short, rarely - 2 in. long. Flowers 1 to 3, on peduncles '1 in. to 1 or 1-5 in. long ; bracts small, linear, hirsute, persistent ; pedicels -05 to -5 in. long. Sepals 5, lanceolate, hirsute, -1 to -15 in. long. Corolla pale blue or white, transparent, -25 to -3 in. long. Capsule globose, -15 in. in diam., 4-valved. Seeds 4, glabrous. Burm. FI. Zeyl. 9, t. 6, f. 1 ; Wall. Cat. 1317 ; Boxb. Flor. Ind. II. 105 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 447 ; Clarke in Hook f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 220. E. linifolius, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. II. 392 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 449. E. angustifolius, Boxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 107. E. hirsutus, Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 538 ; 111. t. 216, f. 2 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 447, excl. syn. Boxb. E. sericeus, Wall. Cat. 1315. Convolvulus valerianoides, Blanco FI Filip. 90. Nicobars : Kamorta, Kurz ! Singapore : Changi, Ridley ! — Distrib. Cosmopolitan in the tropics. Ihe form recorded from the Nicobars and Singapore is the narrow-leaved form, which is E. linifolius Linn. In both localities it is probably an introduced weed. 6. Bonamia, Thouars. Large climbing shrubs. Leaves large ovate-cordate, entire, firm. Flowers medium, in axillary peduncled cymes ; bracts small. Sepals 5, sub-equal, firm, ovate. Corolla infundibuliform, tube hirsute externally except opposite the sepals ; limb 5-lobed, plicate. Stamens, 5, included, adnate to corolla-tube; filaments filiform, at least in upper part. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 4 ; style 2-fid to the middle; stigmas 2, capitate. Fruit a globose or ovoid capsule ; valves thin, splitting irregularly at their apices. Seeds normally 4, glabrous or nearly so. Distrib. Species about 30, throughout the tropics. 299 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Bonamia semidigyna, Hallier f. Engl. Bot.- Jahrb. XYI. 528. A large twining shrub; stems and leaves rusty-tomentose. Leaves ovate-cordate, entire, apex acute ; length 4 in., width 2-5 in. ; petiole 1-5 in. long. Flowers medium, in axillary sub-capitate 2-5-flowered cymes ; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long, rusty- villous as are the pedicels and sepals ; bracts -25 in. long, oblong, rusty-villous. Sepals -35 to -5 in. long, ovate-oblong, sub-acute, sub-equal. Corolla yellowish, wide- infundibuliform, P5 in. long; tube hirsute externally; limb sub-entire. Style - 6 in. long. Capsule sub-globose, glabrous, - 5 in. in diam., split- ting into many vertical segments, hardly covered by the slightly accrescent, ovate fruiting sepals. Seeds sub-glabrous. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 1814. Convolvulus semidigynus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13 ; Plor. Ind. I. 468 ; Wall. Cat. 1405. Breiveria cordata, Bl. Bijdr. 722 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 438 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 223. B. Boxburghii, Choisy Convolv. Or. III., and in DC. Prod. IX. 438 ; Wight, Ic. 1. 1370 ; Dalz & Gibs. Bomb. El. 162. B. madagas- cariensis, Choisy Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 493. Pkov. Wellesley: at Kubang Ulu, Curtis! Penang: on the coast, Porter! Curtis 1703! Perak: Ipoh, Curtis 3166 !-— Distrib. S.E. Asia generally, Mascarenes. 7. Calystegia, R. Br. Prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaves entire or lobed, glabrous or nearly so. Flowers medium, axillary solitary or rarely in few-flowered cymes ; bracts 2, large, leafy, embracing the calyx, persistent. Sepals 5, ovate or oblong, the innermost 2 rather the smallest. Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate; tube glabrous ex- ternally with 5 bands in centre of component petals, each with 5 pellucid lines at the base ; limb sub-entire plicate. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube, included ; filaments sub-equal. Ovary 1-eelled or imperfectly 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform, entire ; stigma of 2 oblong lobes. Fruit a globose, 1-celled, 4-valved, 4-seeded capsule. Seeds black, glabrous or verrucose. — Distrib. Species 16 to 20, in warm and temperate regions. Calystegia hederacea Wall. Cat. 1328. A prostrate or climbing weed of cultivated places and hedges. Leaves somewhat irregular, cordate or sagittate, lobed or rarely entire, 1 to 3 in. long, '75 to 1 in. wide ; petiole 1 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary ; peduncles 1 in. long; bracts 2 ovate, -3 in. across, persistent, enclosing the calyx. Sepals 5, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, outer -3 in. long, inner rather smaller. Corolla sub-campanulate, pinkish purple, tube 1 in. long; limb plicate, sub-entire. Capsule ovoid, sub-acute, glabrous, '3 in. long. 300 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Seeds glabrous. Eoxb. Flor. Inch ed. Carey & Wall. II. 94 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 103, and in DC. Prod. IX. 434 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 217. Convolvulus Wallichianus, Spreng. Syst. cur. post. 61. Penang : Porter, fide Wallich. — Distkib. Northern India, Afghani- stan, Eastern Asia. Possibly only a casual weed in our area. 8. Hewittia, W. & A. A pubescent twining herb. Leaves cordate, entire angled or lobed. Flowers axillary solitary, or in few-flowered cymes ; bracts below the calyx 2, linear-lanceolate. Sepals 5, acute ; outer 3 wide-ovate, accres- cent in fruit, inner 2 narrow-lanceolate. Corolla medium, yellow or white with a purple eye ; tube campanulate ; limb plicate. Stamens 5, included, adnate to corolla-tube ; filaments linear with dilated bases. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma of 2 ovate-oblong lobes. Fruit a globose, 4-valved, 1-celled, normally 4-seeded capsule. Seeds black, glabrous. — Distkib. A single species, throughout the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere and Polynesia. Hewittia bicolok, Wight Ie. t. 835. A pubescent perennial herb ; stems twining. Leaves cordate, entire angled or lobed, pubescent,, 2 to 4 in. long ; petiole • 5 in. long. Flowers on axillary 1-few-flowered peduncles - 5 to 4 in. long ; bracts 2, narrow-lanceolate, '25 to ’5 in. long, situated a short distance below the calyx. Sepals 5, the outer ovate, accrescent ; the inner narrowly lanceolate, -3 to -5 in. long. Corolla yellow or whitish with a purple patch in lower part of tube, rather widely campanulate, 1 in. long ; tube externally hirsute ; lobes 5, very short. Stamens 5, included ; filaments linear with dilated bases. Ovary hirsute, more or less perfectly 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigmas 2, ovate-oblong. Fruit a globose capsule, '25 in. in diam., 1-celled, opening by 4 valves. Seeds 4, black, glabrous. Wight 111. t. 168 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 216. Convolvulus bicolor, Vahl. Symb. III. 25 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2205 ; Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 14 ; Flor. Ind. I. 475 ; Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 57 ; Wall. Cat. 1410, C. bracteatus, Vahl Symb. III. 25. C. involucratus, Ker in Bot. Eeg. t. 318 {not of Spreng.). Ipomoea bicolor, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 372. I. bracteata, Bl. Bijdr. 711 {not of Willd. nor of Wight). I. Weinmanni Eoem. & Schult. Syst. Nat. IV. 243. Calystegia Keriana, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 370. Palmia bicolor, Endl. ex Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 163. Shuteria bicolor, Choisy Convolv. Or. 104, and in DC. Prod. IX. 435 ; Flor. des Serres t. 421. Aniseia Afzelii, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 295. A. bracteata, Hassk. PL Jav. Ear. 516. 301 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Pebak : Larut, Scortechini !— Distbib. Tropical Africa, S.E. Asia generally, Polynesia. 9. Aniseia, Choisy. Twining herbs. Leaves elliptic, mucronulate or lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Sepals 5, herbaceous, acuminate ; outer 3 the larger, ovate, decurrent on the peduncle and accrescent in fruit ; inner 2 smaller, lanceolate, unaltered in fruit. Corolla wide-infundibiliform ; tube hirsute externally except on spaces opposite the sepals, with 5 distinct vertical bands ; limb sub-entire. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube, included ; filaments filiform. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma 2-globose. Ft wit a 2-celled, 4-valved capsule. Seeds 4, large, black, smooth. — Distbib. Species about 5, all confined to America but one, which is cosmopolitan in the tropics. Aniseia mabtinicensis, Choisy Convolv. Ear. 144. A slender herb creeping in wet places or climbing, glabrous or with a few adpressed hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse with a mucro, base cuneate ; glabrescent ; ‘75 to 3 in. long, '5 to 1 in. wide; petiole '6 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary ; peduncles 1 in. long, with 2 minute, per- sistent bracts about the middle. Sepals unequal, the outer ovate-acute •6 in. long, the inner narrower, green, glabrescent ; in fruit accrescent at length -75 to 1 in. long, the 2 outer then sub-cordate-ovate scarious, strongly nerved, decurrent on the peduncle ; the inner lanceolate. Corolla white, campanulate, tube 1 in. long, pubescent outside , limb 1 in. across. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, - 5 in. long. Seeds with minutely strigose margins. Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 430 ; Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII. 96, and Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 382. A. uniflora, Choisy Convolv. Or. 101, t. 2, f. 9, and in DC. Prod. IX. 431 ; Wight Ic. t. 850. Convolvulus martinicensis, Jacq. Am. 20, t. 17. C. uniflorus, Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 544 ; Burm. El. Ind. 47, t. 21. C. emarginatus, Vabl Symb. III. 23. C. Rheedei, Wall. Cat. 1358 ; Eoxb. Elor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 70. Ipomcea martinicensis, Mez Prim. El. Esseq. 98. I. imiflora, Eoem. & Schult. Symb. IV. 247 ; Clarke in Hook. f. I lor. Brit. Ind. IV. 201. I. lanceolata, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 282. Perak : Kwala Dipong, Scortechini 1780 ! Kota Bahru, King s Collector 1075 ! Malacca : Griffith /—Distbib. Tropics generally. 10. Jacquemontia, Choisy. Climbing or twining herbs or undersbrubs ; stems and leaves usually pubescent. Leaves usually cordate or elliptic, entire or rarely toothed or lobed. Flowers axillary, in compound umbellate or capitate 302 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. cymes, very rarely solitary ; bracts small, rarely leafy. Sepals 5, equal or unequal. Corolla usually small ; tube infundibuliform with a wide or narrow throat, and with 5 vertical bands each ending in 2 distinct nerves ; limb plicate. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube, included. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled ; ovules 4;. style filiform; stigmas 2, linear or elliptic-oblong. Fruit a globose 2-celled capsule, usually 8-valved, rarely 4-valved. Seeds normally 4, usually glabrous, often slightly winged along the margins. — Disteib. Species 60 to 70, mostly in Brazil ; 2 to 3 in S.E. Asia. Jacquemontia paniculata, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 541 ; XVIII. 95. A slender climber ; stems twining, puberulous. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, entire, pubescent beneath, puberulous at length glabrescent above, 1-5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide ; petiole '5 to 1 in. long. Flowers axillary, in small dense many-flowered sub-capitate cymes; peduncles puberulous, 1 to P5 in. long; bracts inconspicuous. Sepals 5, ovate-cordate, pubescent, - 25 in. long, not altered in fruit. Corolla tubular, - 5 in. long ; mouth narrow, limb pink or white, shortly acutely 5-lobed. Capsule globose, glabrous, -2 in. in diam. Seeds glabrous. Convolvulus parviflorus, Vahl. Symb. III. 29 ; Boxb. Plor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 51 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 98, and in DC. Prod. IX. 413; Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 220. C. asclepiadeus , Wall. Cat. 1396. Ipomcea paniculata, Burm. Flor. Ind. 50, t. 21, f. 3. I. parviflora, Pers. Synops. I. 183 {not of Vahl.). Peeak : Kampong Kota, Wray 3337 ! — Disteib. Tropical Africa, S.E. Asia generally, Australia. 11. Mekremia, Dennst. Shrubs or herbs, usually climbing, rarely erect or prostrate ; stems very rarely winged. Leaves entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers axillary, usually long-peduncled, solitary or in few-flowered, rarely many-flowered cymes ; bracts small. Sepals 5, sub-equal, elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, rarely rounded or truncate, convex, usually slightly accrescent in fruit. Corolla campanulate, white, less often yellow or orange, the tube with 5 vertical bands each usually marked by 5 dark- violet lines; limb plicate, margin slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, unequal, included or exserted ; filaments filiform ; anthers usually twisted ; pollen never spinulose. Ovary 2-celled or occasionally 4-celled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma 2-globose. Fruit a 4-valved capsule, 1-4-locular, sometimes the style separating with a small stopple. Seeds 4, rarely fewer, dull, glabrous, rarely puberulous. — Distrib. Species about 40, in all warm countries. 303 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Corolla glabrous externally : — Leaves not peltate : — Leaves deeply 5-lobed ; flowers large Leaves entire or very slightly lobed ; flowers small : — Sepals acuminate ; flowers yellow with a pink or purple eye:— Leaves acute at apex Leaves obtuse, truncate, or 3-toothed at apex Sepals obtuse : flowers without a distinct eye : — Leaves narrow-oblong, the lower often ovate-oblong ; flowers white with pinkish tinge or yellowish-white or pale yellow Leaves ovate-cordate, margin often crenate or toothed ; flowers clear yellow Leaves peltate ; flowers large Corolla somewhat hirsute or shaggy externally : — Leaves more or less hirsute ; flowers in compact corymbose or umbellate cymes . . . . Leaves quite glabrous ; flowers in lax cymes 1. HI. vitifolia. 2. HI. hastata. 3. M. tridentata. 4. HI. ctespitosa. 5. M. convolvulacea. 6. M. nymphaeifolia. 7. M. umbellata. 8. M. crispatula. 1. Merremia vitifolia, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 552. A large climber with slender hispidly hairy branches. Leaves cordate, palmately 5-lobed, 2 to 6 in. across; lobes triangular acute, often toothed or again acutely lobed ; petiole -5 to 2 in. long, hispidly hairy. Flowers in axillary 1-7 -flowered cymes ; peduncles hispidly hairy, 1 to 4 in. long, pedicels hispidly hairy, -2 to '5 in. long. Sepals ovate- acute, hispid, -5 in. long, in fruit somewhat enlarged, -75 in. long. Corolla campanulate, clear yellow, glabrous, 1'5 in. long and nearly as wide, slightly irregular. Capsule depressed-globose, membranous, 2-celled, normally 4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. Verslag. Buitenzorg, 1895, 127, and Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 379. Convolvulus vitifolius, Burm. FI. Ind. 45, t. 18, f. 1 ; Linn. Mantiss. 203 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14 ; Flor. Ind. I. 476, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 61; Wall. Cat. 1348. C. angularis, Burm. FI. Ind. 46, t. 19, f. 2 ; Linn. Mantiss. 203 ; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 519. Ipomoea vitifolia, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. II. 372; Blume Bijdr. 709 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 72, and in DC. Prod. IX. 361 ; Kurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 219 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 213. I. angularis, Choisy Convolv. Or. 72. Perak : Larut, Scortechini ! Andamans : Port Mouat, Kurz ! Narcondam, Prain ! Nicobars : Nancowry, Prain’s Collector ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia generally. 2. Merremia hastata, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 552. A diffuse twining biennial herb, stem angular. Leaves glabrous, hastate- lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, -3 to '5 in. wide, apex acute ; petiole very short. Flowers 1 to 3 on wiry axillary peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves; bracts very small, lanceolate. Sepals narrow. 304 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. acuminate, '3 to -5 in. long, glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped, -6 in. long, pale yellow with a purple eye ; limb slightly lobed. Stamens 5 ; filaments slightly hairy at the base ; anthers straight. Ovary and style glabrous ; ovary 2-celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Capsule ovoid, papery, glabrous, 2-celled. Seeds glabrous. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII. 117. Con- volvulus hastatus, Desr. in Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 547. C. filicaulis, Vabl Symb. III. 24. C. denticulatus , Spreng. Syst. I. 603. C. medius, Roxb. Flor. Ind. I. 474, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 56; Wall. Cat. 1346 (not o/Linn.). C. Bhimei, Dietr. Syn. PL I. 675. Ipomcea denticulata, R. Br. Prod. I. 485; Bot. Reg. t. 317 ( not of Choisy). I. filicaulis, Bl. Bijdr. 721; Choisy Convolv. Or. 66; DC. Prod. IX. 353. I. Blumei, Steud. Nomencl. I. 815. I. angustifolia, Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 205 ( not of Jacq., nor of Choisy). Rheede Hort. Malab. XI. t. 55. Perak: Larut, Scortechini 138! 1833! Kwala, &e., Wray 859! 1751 ! Sungah Ryah, King’s Collector 996 ! Penang : Batu Gaja, &c., Deschamps ! Malacca : Griffith ! Tanjong Kling and Bukit Bruang, Eervey ! Pahang: Pekan, Ridley! Katapang, Ridley 1236! Singa- pore : Hullett 69 ! 232 ! King’s Collector 1174 ! King ! — Distrib. Throughout S.E. Asia, Tropical Africa, and Australia. 3. Merremia tridentata, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 552. A diffuse glabrous herb with a woody rootstock giving off many closely decumbent elongated stems. Leaves glabrous, hastate-oblong, or spathulate-linear, or sub-quadrate, '5 to '8 in. long, T5 to -5 in. wide, apex obtuse truncate or 3-toothed ; petiole 0. Flowers 1 to 3 on wiry axillary peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves ; bracts very small, lanceolate. Sepals ovate, acuminate, -25 to -35 in. long. Corolla funnel-shaped, - 4 to '5 in. long, yellow with pink eye ; limb slightly lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule ovoid, papery, glabrous, 2-celled. Seeds glabrous. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII. 116. Convolvulus tridentatus, Linn. Sp. PI. 157 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. I. 475, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 56 ; Wall. Cat. 1347. Evolvulus tridentatus, Linn. Sp. PL ed. II. 392. Ipomcea tridentata, Roth Cat. Bot. II. 19; Choisy Convolv. Or. 65, and in DC. Prod. IX. 353 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 205. Malacca : Griffith 5861/1 (K.D.) ! Maingay 1147 (KD.) ! Johore : Batu Pahat, Ridley 11,114 ! — Distrib. India generally, Africa, Bangka. 4. Merremia crsspitosa, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 552. A sparsely hairy or glabrescent annual or biennial slender twining or creeping herb. Leaves narrowly oblong, the lower often sub-cordate and ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hastately lobed, 1-5 to 2-5 in. long, •5 in. wide ; petiole - 25 to • 5 in. long. Floivers cymose, few or many on slender peduncles 1 to 3 in. long ; bracts minute, persistent. Sepals elliptic-obtuse, -25 in. long, margins when dry often indexed above. 305 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Corolla sub-eampanulate, '75 in. long, white with a pinkish tinge or yellowish-white or yellow. Ovary 2-celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Capsule ovoid, ‘25 in. long, papery, 1-celled, with only a trace of the original dissepiment near the base. Seeds glabrous. Bull. Herb. Boiss. Y. 382. Convolvulus ccespitosus, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Flor. Ind. I. 483, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 70; Wall. Cat. 1357. C. Benthamii, Wall. Cat. 1393. Hewittia ccespitosa, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. II. i. 757. Skinneria ccespitosa, Choisy Convolv. Or. 105, t. 6, and in DC. Prod. IV. 435. Ipomcea linifolia, Bl. Bijdr. 721 ; Choisy DC. Prod. IX. 369 ; Benth. PI. Austr. IV. 423 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 205. I. setulosa, Zoll. & Mor. Syst. Verzeichn. 51. Perak: Larut, King’s Collector 2486! Malacca: Griffith! Singapore : Kurz 2976 ! Hullett 127 ! 387 ! King ! King’s Collector 1193 !— Distrib. E. Himalaya, Indo-China, Malay Archipelago, Australia. 5. Merremia convolvulacea, Dennst. Schl. Hort. Malab. 39. A much-twining glabrous or casually hirsute often muricated herb. Leaves ovate -cordate, acute, glabrous, margin usually erenate or toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, 1 to 2 in. long, - 5 to 1 in. wide ; petiole ■5 to 2 in. long. Flowers numerous, rather densely cymose, on axillary peduncles -5 to 3 in. long; bracts small, caducous. Sepals elliptic, glabrous, '2 in. long, ultimately sub-patent, margins often at length sub-involute. Corolla funnel-shaped, externally glabrous, yellow, ’5 to ■6 in. long. Capsule ovoid, sub-angular, at the apex rather thicker than elsewhere and often depressed, - 25 in. long ; cells 2. Seeds puberulous. M. hedcracea, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII. 168, and Verslag. Buitenzorg 1895, 126. Evolvulus hedcraceus, Burm. FI. Ind. 77, t. 30, f. 2. Convolvulus flavus, Willd. Sp. PL 852. C. strictus, Vahl Symb. III. 28. C. dentatus, Vahl Symb. III. 25 ; Boxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 62; Wall. Cat. 1349. Ipomcea striata, Poir. in. Lamk Encyc. Meth. Suppl. IV. 632 ( not of Both). I. dentata, Willd. ex Boem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 789. I. sub- triflora, Zoll. & Mor. Verzeichn. 51. Perak : Durian, King’s Collector 397 ! Larut, Scortechini 1832 ! Pahang: Khol, Ridley 2168! Johore: Serom , Ridley ! Singapore: Forward ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia, Africa, Australia. 6. Merremia nymph^ifolia, Hallier f. Verslag. Buitenzorg, 1895, 127. A large woody climber. Leaves orbicular-ovate, shortly acuminate, entire, glabrous on both surfaces, peltate with a rounded or slightly retuse base, 6 to 10 in. long, 5 to 8 in. wide, the floral leaves more deeply cut and at times cordate with a narrow sinus. Floivers large, in loose 4-15-flowered cymes on a common peduncle sometimes shorter 306 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. than the petioles, sometimes longer than the leaves. Sepals broad, obtuse, coriaceous, nearly equal, in flower -75 in., in fruit nearly 1 in. long. Corolla wide-campanulate, 2 to 2-5 in. long, glabrous externally, yellow or white or purplish. Stamens 5 ; anthers hirsute. Capsule sub-globose, 1 in. in diam. Seeds pilose. Ipomcea nympheeifolia, Bl. Bijdr. 719; Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 107. I. Rumphii, Miq. Elor. Ind. Bat. II. 605. I. peltata, Choisy, Convolv. Or. 70, and in DC. Prod. IX. 359; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 605; Benth. Elor. Austral. IV. 408; Bak. Elor. Maurit. 208. Convolvulus peltatus, Linn. Sp. PI. 1194. Spiranthera peltata, Boj. Hort. Maurit. 226. Operculina peltata, Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 549; XVIII. 119. Chironia lanosantliera, Nav. & Fernand. Vill. in. Blanco Elor. Eil. ed. III. Ic. II t. 261, f. 1. Perak: Pangkor, Scortechini 1074! Ridley 7158! — Distrib. Masca- renes, S.E. Asia, Australia, Polynesia. 7. Merremia umbeleata, Hallier f. Eng. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 552 ; var. orientalis, Verslag. Buitenzorg, 1895, 132, and Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 381. A climbing softly hairy or almost glabrous shrub, stems often 15 to 20 feet long. Leaves cordate or hastate, elliptic or oblong, obtuse or shortly acute, entire or very rarely sinuate or angled, nerves rather distinct, softly hairy on both surfaces, or only beneath and glabrous except the nerves above, rarely quite glabrous above and only hairy on the nerves beneath ; length 1-5 to 4 in., width 1 to 3 in. ; petioles often softly hairy, '2 to '6 in. long. Flowers in compact corym- bose cymes on axillary usually softly hairy peduncles -5 to 1 in. long ; pedicels 2 to 1 in. long; bracts caducous. Sepals elliptic, obtuse, entire or mucronate, hairy or glabrous, -25 to -3 in. long. Cmolla tubular- campanulate, white, or white with a yellow tinge, 1 to 1-5 in. long, lobes short, at first hirsute externally. Capsule globose, glabrous, "3 in. wide. Seeds patently hirsute with blackish hairs. Convolvulus blandus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13 ; Flor. Ind. I. 470, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 50, 70 ; Wall. Cat. 1342. C. cymosus, Lamk Encyel. Meth. III. 556. C. penta- gons, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Plor. Ind. I. 485, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 72 ; Wall. Cat. 1343. C. Rothii, Spreng. Syst. I. 600. Ipomcea cymosa , Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 241 ; Blume Cat. Gewachs. Buitenz. 50 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 79, and in DC. Prod. IX. 371 ; Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 24 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. VI. 211. I. bifida, Roth Nov. Sp! 118. I. Heynei, Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 237. I. Rothii, Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 241. I. Olanda, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. II. 372. I. caliginosa, Choisy Convolv. Or. 79, and in DC. Prod. IX 370. Perak : Thaipeng, Scortechini ! Krian, Scortechini ! Larut, King’s Collector ! Penang : Wallich ! King ! Deschamps I Selangor : 307 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Ridley! Andamans: very common. Nicobabs : Eurz ! Prain ! — - Disteib. E. and S.E. Asia, Tropical Africa. Vae. occidentalis , Hallier f. Verslag. Buitenzorg 1895, 127. Leaves wide-cordate, softly hairy on both sides, 4 in. long, 3-5 in. wide ; cymes umbellate ; corolla yellow. Convolvulus umbellatus, Wall. Cat. 2329. Ipomcea umbellata, Mez Prim. Elor. Esseq. 99. I. cymosa, var. culta, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 108. Peeak: Sungah Ryah, Eunstler 912\ — Disteib. Bengal, naturalised; Tropical America. 8. Meeeemia ceispatula, Prain Beng. PI. II. 730; vae. anda- manica, Prain. A large glabrous scandent herb. Leaves ovate-cor- date, acuminate, margins entire or faintly undulate, glabrous on both surfaces, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 - 5 to 4 in. wide ; petiole 1 to 1’5 in. long. Flowers in axillary few-flowered cymes, peduncles l - 5 to 2 in. long, pedicels '75 to l - 25 in. long, thickened upwards. Sepals orbicular, ■5 in. long, in fruit -75 in. long. Corolla campanulate, limb hardly lobed, tube hirsute externally, yellow, 1*25 in. long. Capsule sub- orbicular, -75 in. across. Seeds minutely velvety, margins somewhat shaggy. Ipomcea petaloidea, var. andamanica, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 110. Andamans : S. Andaman, common. This is in all probability specifically distinct from Merremia crispatula ( Ipomcea petaloidea, Choisy), but it seems preferable to treat it for the moment as a variety of that species and not as a new species, because of its remarkable resemblance to Merremia Riedeliana, Hallier f. (Ipomcea Riedeliana, Oliv.), and Merremia mammosa, Hallier f. (Ipomcea mammosa, Choisy). From the former, as described and figured by Oliver, this differs in having a 4-celled ovary with 1 ovule in each cell, whereas M. Riedeliana has a 2-celled ovary with 4, sometimes 5, ovules in each cell. From M. mammosa , as figured by Eumphius, this differs in having obtuse calyx-lobes and a shaggy corolla ; Bumphius’ figure shows the sepals acute and the corolla glabrous. This plant appears to be the same thing as Convolvulus platypeltis, Span., from Timor, and if it proves to be distinct alike from M. Riedeliana and M. mammosa, which last is cited by Dr. Hallier as an Andaman plant, though we have no authentic example of M. mammosa from the Andamans at Calcutta, the name it should bear will be Merremia platypeltis. 12. Opeeculina, Manso. Large herbaceous climbers ; stems, peduncles and petioles usually winged. Leaves large, entire or lobed, rarely peltate. Flowers large, showy, axillary, solitary or often in few-flowered cymes. Sepals 5, large, ovoid, glabrous, accrescent in fruit and ultimately irregularly splitting from the tip. Corolla infundibuliform, rarely campanulate ; tube with 5 vertical smooth bands. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform ; anthers large, at length contorted ; pollen never spinulose. ' Ovary 2-celled, glabrous ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma 2-globose. Fruit a capsule, not 22 308 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. opening by valves ; the epicarp eircumscissile above the middle, the cap in separating carrying away the style ; the endocarp at first entire, at length rupturing irregularly. Seeds usually solitary, rarely more than one, black, smooth or furred, usually large. — Distrib. Species 15, tropics generally. Stems winged ; bracts large, coloured ; flowers white or pale yellow ; leaves softly pubescent, not palmate . . . . . . 1. 0. Turpethum. Stems not winged ; bracts small : flowers brilliant yellow ; leaves glabrous, deeply palmately lobed .. .. ..2. O.tuberosa. 1. Operculina Turpethum, Manso En. PI. Bras. 16, n. 49. A stout softly pubescent climber, with strong twining 4-angled or com- pressed less often sub-cylindric winged stems, wings membranous. Leaves large, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, 2 to 5 in. long, 1 to 3 in. wide, base cordate or truncate ; petiole 1 in. long. Floivers axillary, in few-flowered cymes ; peduncles 1 to 4 in. long ; bracts oblong, 1 in. long, sometimes pinkish-purple, caducous. Sepals 5, ovate, softly pubescent, •5 in. long; in fruit accrescent orbicular, concave, scarious and fissile, 1 in. long. Corolla white or pale yellow, tubular-campanulate, l - 5 in. long. Stamens 5, included, anthers at length contorted. Capsule globose, ■5 to -75 in. across. Seeds 4 or fewer, glabrous. Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII. 120, and Verslag. Buitenzorg, 1895, 128. Convolvulus Turpethum, Linn. Sp. PI. 155 ; Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Elor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 57, and Elor. Ind. I. 476 ; Wall. Cat. 1371 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2093 ; Hassk. PL Jav. Ear. 518. C. anceps, Linn. Mantiss. 43. C. triqueter, Vahl Symb. III. 30. Ipomcea Turpethum, E. Br. Prod. I. 485 ; Bot. Eeg. t. 279 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 68, and in DC. Prod. IX. 360 ; Kurz Bor. Flor. Burm. II. 218 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 212. J. anceps, Eoem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 231 ; Bl. Bijdr. 714 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 68, and in DC. Prod. IX. 360. I. triquetra, Eoem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 231. Spiranthera Turpethum, Boj. Hort. Maurit. 226. Argyreia alulata, Miq. Elor. Ind. Bat. II. 587. Andamans: Narcondam, Prain ! Nicobars: Kamorta, Kurz! Malacca : Griffith ! — Distrib. E. Africa, S.E. Asia, Australia, Polynesia. 2. Operculina tubeeosa, Meissn. in Mart. El. Bras. VII. 212. A stout glabrous climber with strong twining smooth or muricate stems. Leaves large, ovate, deeply palmately lobed ; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 3 to 5 in. across ; petiole 2 to 5 in. long. Flowers axillary in many-flowered cymes ; peduncles 2 to 6 in. long ; bracts deciduous ; pedicels -25 to 1 in. long. Sepals 5, elliptic-oblong, obtuse ; accrescent in fruit and spreading, ultimately 2 in. long, 1 to 1'5 in. wide. Corolla yellow, tubular-campanulate, 2 in. long. Stamens 5, included, 309 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. anthers twisted. Capsule globose, -3 in. wide; peduncle somewhat thickened. Seeds furred along the angles. Hallier f., in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 476, 549; XVIII. 119; Verslag. Buitenzorg 1895, 128, and Bull. Herb. Boiss. VII. 410. Ipomcea tuberosa, Linn. Sp. PL 160 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 362 {partly ). Singapore: Hullett 645, in cultivation. — Distrib. America, Africa, India, Malaya, New Caledonia. Lepistemon, Bl. Stout climbing herbs, with villous stems. Leaves cordate, often more or less lobed. Flowers in very dense axillary cymes; bracts narrow, deciduous. Sepals 5, sub-equal, herbaceous, hispid or glabrous, acute or obtuse. Corolla small, yellowish-white ; tube hirsute ex- ternally, narrowed and shortly cylindric at base, urceolate above ; limb shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included ; filaments dilated at their bases into 5 sub-equal, concave scales arched over the ovary; disk large .cupular. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 4 ; style very short ; stigma 2-partite, sub-capitate. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Seeds glabrous. — Distrib. Bpecies 3, S.E. Asiatic and African. Lepistemon flavescens, Bl. Bijdr. 722. A climber with stout fulvous-villous stems. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, entire or often •distinctly 3-lobed, densely tawny-tomentose on both surfaces; 3 to 5 in. wide ; petiole 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers yellowish-white in closely 10- 30-flowered axillary cymes, sessile or on short peduncles -25 to -5 in. long; bracts tawny-hirsute, -2 in. long, deciduous. Sepals 5, rather narrowly ovate to lanceolate, sub-acute to rather finely acuminate, densely patently sub-strigose, -35 to -4 in. long. Corolla narrow and hyaline at the base, membranous and from slightly to widely urceolate above ; tube hirsute externally ; limb widely infundibuliform. Stamens 5, the basal processes papillose or hirsute, included in the lower part of ithe corolla-tube and overarching the short style ; filaments glabrous, included in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 4; style very short ; stigma 2-lobed, lobes sub-globose. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, 2-celled, 4-valved, -25 in. long, normally 4-seeded. Seeds .glabrous. Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 629 ; Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 111 ; Wight Ic. t. 1362 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 348. L. Wallichii, Choisy Convolv. Or. 61, and in DC. Prod. IX. 348 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 216. Convolvulus cephalanthus , Wall. Cat. 1402. C. binectariferus, Wall, in Roxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 47. Vallaris controversa , Spreng. Syst. cur. post. 65. Ipomcea Wallichii, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. Nemodon sp., Griff. Notul. IV. 286. 310 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak : Larut, Scortechini n. 1544 ! Goping, King’s Collector 987 1 1059! — Distrib. Assam, Tenasserim, Chittagong, Java, Borneo,. Philippines. The three gatherings from Perak agree with each other in every respect. They differ from the plant as it occurs in Tenasserim, in having a more widely urceolate- corolla and even longer and more lanceolate sepals ; at the same time they differ from the plant as it occurs in the Malay Archipelago, in having the sepals narrowly lanceolate and acuminate, instead of ovate and sub-acute. As regards corolla, however, they are exactly like the species as it occurs elsewhere in Malaya. Since the Perak plant combines the characters of the two previously recognised species — L. Wallichii with long acuminate sepals and L. flavescens with wide-urceolate corolla — it appears to afford conclusive proof of the suggestion already made by Clarke, l.c., that the Assamese and the Malayan plants are no more than forms of one somewhat variable species. An Indian form occurs in Travancore ; this has been characterised by Stapf as a distinct species, L. leiocalyx, probably quite justly, since the Travancore plant has quite glabrous and obtuse sepals : the same form occurs in Chittagong otherwise, however, the Indian plant agrees with the forms reported from Indo-China and Malaya. Ipomcea, Linn. Herbs, rarely shrubs, twining or prostrate, less often sub- erect or erect. Leaves alternate, entire lobed or divided. Floivers axillary, solitary or in cymes, the cymes rarely paniculate, or in terminal spikes ; bracts various. Sepals 5, ovate or linear, equal or unequal. Corolla campanulate or infundibuliform ; limb plicate, very slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included or very rarely exserted ; filaments filiform or dilated at the base, often somewhat unequal ; anthers straight or con- torted ; pollen spinulose. Ovary 1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled ; ovules 4,. rarely 6 ; style filiform ; stigma capitate, entire or 2-3-globose, rarely stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a 4-6-valved capsule, rarely indehiscent. Seeds 4, less often 6, rarely solitary, glabrous, bearded, or uniformly velvety or woolly. — Distrib. Species about 300, throughout the tropics. Leaves softly pubescent or densely hirsute on both surfaces : — Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed ; flowers densely capitate with a whorl of involucrant bracts Leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed ; flowers in congested cymes, with often one of the bracts foliaceous Leaves glabrous or only slightly hirsute or pubescent Leaves all deeply 5- or more-lobed, glabrous : — Leaves digitately 5-lobed, lobes nearly if not quite distinct at the base ; flowers more or less white Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes not as a rule more than three-fourths cut to the base ; flowers purplish- pink Leaves entire or slightly obed or if (rarely) deeply lobed the lobes only 2 : — Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes : — Cymes corymbose and lax or flowers 2 or solitary : — 1. I. Pes-Tigridis. 2. I. Lean. 3. I. pulcliella. 4. I. paniculata.. 311 Flora of the. Malayan Peninsula. Terrestrial, firm-stemmed plants : — Flowers purple : — Leaves ovate-eordate, acute or acuminate, entire or more or less lobed : — Cultivated species with tuberous edible roots, often without flowers, rarely with seeds Wild plants or if grown in gardens with the roots not edible : — Large stout climbers on bushes near sea- coasts ; flowers large, 4 in. long ; sepals obtuse . . Slender climbers ; flowers never more than l - 5 in. long ; sepals acute or acuminate : — Climbing or trailing herbs on sea-beaches ; flowers 1‘5 in. long Climbing herbs in gardens, or garden escapes ; flowers -5 in. long Leaves oblong, obtuse or 2-lobed ; littoral sand- binding creepers Flowers white or yellowish-white ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, emarginate, sometimes lobed, occa- sionally lyrate ; littoral sand-binding creepers Aquatic or palustrine herbs ; stems soft, thick and spongy, trailing and rooting on wet mud or floating in ponds and ditches ; flowers purple Cymes subumbellate, dense ; flowers pale purple, or white with a darker purple eye Flowers in many-flowered rather condensed axillary r 13. panicles ; flowers white, slightly tinged with pink . . \ 5. I. Batatas. 6. I. illustris. 7. I. denticulata. 8. I. triloba. 9. J. Pes-Caprce. 10. I. littoralis. 11. Z. reptans. 12 . I. sagittafolia. I. staphylina, vab. malayana. 1. Ipomxea Pes-Tigridis, Linn. Sp. PI. 162. A hirsute twining herb; ■stems patently hirsute. Leaves hirsute on both surfaces, deeply 5-9-lobed, lobes elliptic, acuminate, narrowed at the base ; length 1 to 5 in., width 1 to 4 in. ; petiole 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers densely capitate, on axillary hirsute peduncles - 5 to 3 in. long ; the heads surrounded by a whorl of fulvous-hirsute bracts, the outer ovate or elliptic-oblong with cuneate or rounded bases 1 in. long, the inner narrower acute - 5 to - 75 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, acute, tawny- hirsute, '3 to - 5 in. long, scarcely altered in fruit. Corolla 1'25 in. long, sparsely strigose externally, infundibuliform with rather narrow tube and abruptly widened mouth, pink. Capsule ovoid, -25 in. long, glabrous, chartaceous. Seeds minutely velvety. Eoxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 93; Bl. Bijdr. 709; Wight Ic. t. 836; Choisy Convolv. Or. 73, and in DC. Prod. IX. 363 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 204 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 379. Convolvulus Pes-Tigridis, Spreng. Syst. I. 592 ; Wall. Cat. 1374. C. bryoniafolius Salisb. Prod. 125. Convolvuloides palmata, Moench. Meth. 452. Rheede Hort. Malab. XI. t. 59. 312 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Malacca: Griffith! — Distrib. Tropical Africa, S.E. Asia generally. 2. Ipomcea Leari, Paxt. Bot. Mag. YI. 267. A large hirsute climber, with perennial root. Leaves widely or deeply cordate, acute, entire or slightly 3-lobed, softly sparingly hirsute above, more densely beneath ; length 3 to 6 in., width 2 to 5 in.; petiole hirsute, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers in congested 3-7-flowered cymes on axillary softly pubescent peduncles 3 to 7 in. long ; bracts linear acuminate -3 to -4 in. long, with casually a foliaceous bract 1-5 in. long, -3 to -5 in. wide, with a cuneate,. less often sub-cordate base, close to the flowers. Sepals lanceolate,, acuminate, -75 in. long, pubescent. Corolla abruptly campanulate from a narrow cylindric base, tube 2-75 to 3 in. long, purple-blue or mixed red and blue, changing with age. Fruit not seen. I. congesta, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 104 (not of R. Br.). Pharbitis Learii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3928 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 343. Singapore : Hullett ! — Distrib. Cultivated throughout the tropics, native of America. Mr. Hullett, whose plant was probably an escape, notes on his specimen (Hullett 646) : “ January, 1885 : blue convolvulus, wild ? Have never seen it in seed.” 3. Ipomcea pulchella, Roth Nov. Sp. 115. A glabrous twining herb. Leaves glabrous, digitate, 5-lobed, lobes ovate-acute, base cuneate, central largest 1-25 to 1-5 in. long, -5 to -75 in. wide, basal smallest ■5 to - 75 in. long, '3 to '5 in. wide; petiole glabrous, '75 to 2 in. long. Flowers in axillary 1-3-flowered cymes ; peduncles - 25 to 1'25 in. long; bracts minute, deciduous ; pedicels -5 in. long, with small ovate sub- persistent bracteoles below the middle. Sepals ovate, glabrous, '2 to ■25 in. long, the inner obtuse, the outer sub-acute. Corolla campanu- late, 2 in. long, white or with a tinge of rose. Capsule globose,, glabrous, - 5 in. wide. Seeds villous. Wight Ic. 158 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 386. I. palmata Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 386 in part (not I. palmata, Porsk = I. cairica, Sweet). Malacca : Maingay. Singapore : Tanglin, Bidlcy 5817 ! — Distrib. India, Indo- China. Mr. Bidley’s specimens may be from plants escaped from cultivation ; they are noted as “from behind the stable, Tanglin.” This is one of two species often cultivated in India under the name of the “Bailway Creeper”; the other species so termed is the American Merremia quinquefolia, Hallier f. ; the latter we have not yet received from the Malay peninsula, though it has already escaped and become domesticated near Port Blair in the Andamans. 4. Ipomcea paniculata, B. Br. Prod. I. 486. A large scandent perennial climber with a tuberous root ; stems glabrous. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, glabrous, the lobes sometimes cut almost to 313 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. the base, lanceolate or elliptic, often spathulate ; length 3 to 7 in., width 2-5 to 6 in. ; petiole 2 to 5 in. long. Flowers in many-flowered axillary cymes, on peduncles 2 to 6 in. long; pedicels "25 to ‘75 in. long ; bracts deciduous. Sepals elliptic, shortly acute, glabrous, ■25 to -3 in. long, enlarged and concave in fruit, - 4 to -5 in. long. Corolla 1-5 to 2-25 in. long, glabrous externally, wide-campanulate, purplish-pink. Stamens 5, anthers straight. Ovary 4-celled for three- fourths of its height or throughout. Capsule ovoid, '3 in. long, 4-celled throughout, 4-valved. Seeds woolly with long hairs which protrude from the chinks of the capsule. Bl. Bijdr. 709 ; Bot. Beg. t. 62 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 379. Convolvulus paniculatus, Linn. Sp. PI. 223 ; Boxb. Flor. Ind. I. 478, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 63 ; Wall. Cat. 1350; Spreng. Syst. I. 591. C. platensis, Spreng. Syst. 1.591. C. insignis, Spreng. Syst. I. 592. C. roseus, Kunth in Humb. & Bonpl. III. 108 {not of Miller). Ipomaa digitata, Linn. Syst. ed. X. 924 ; Meissn. in Mart. PI. Brasil. VII. 278 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 389 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 202. I. mauritiana, Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. II. 39, t. 200. I. gossypifolia, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 208. I. eriosperma, Beauv. PL Owar. & Benin II. 73, t. 105. I. insignis, Andr. Bot. Bep. t. 665; Bot. Beg. t. 75; Bot. Mag. t. 1790. I. tuberosa, G. P. W. Mey. Prim. PI. Esseq. 102. I. platensis, Ker-Gawl. Bot. Reg. t. 333 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3685 ; Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 387. Batatas paniculata, Choisy Convolv. Or. 54, t. 1, f. 2, and in DC. Prod. IX. 339 ; Wight Madr. Journ. Lit. IV. t. 11. B. edulis, var. y, Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 339. Perak: Scortechini ! Penang: T Vallich 1350! Deschamps ! Singa- pore : Chan-chu-kang, Ridley 3909 !— Distrib. Cosmopolitan in the tropics. 5. Ipomcea Batatas, Lamk Encycl. Meth. VI. 14. A trailing or twining glabrous or sparingly hairy herb with tuberous roots ; tubers red, white, or occasionally yellow. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, entile or angular or somewhat lobed ; 2 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3'5 in. wide ; petiole 2 to 5 in. long. Floivers in few-flowered cymes, very often none pro- duced, on axillary peduncles 1 to 4 in. long ; pedicels - 25 to - 5 in. long ; bracts small, lanceolate, deciduous. Sepals narrowly oblong, acute, the outer shorter, '5 to '6 in. long. Corolla 1 to 2 in. long, purplish, glabrous externally, campanulate. Stamens 5, filaments slightly hirsute at the base. Ovary 4-celled, glabrous, half-enveloped by the undulate disk. Capsule 4-celled, or casually 3— 1-celled by sup- pression. Seeds glabrous. Bl. Bijdr. 712 ; Meissn. in Mart. PI. Brasil. VII. 282 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 202 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 380. I. Catesbcei, G. P. W. Mey. Prim. PL 314 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Esseq. 103. Convolvulus Batatas, Linn. Sp. PI. 154 ; Eoxb. Plor. Ind. I. 483, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 69 ; Wall. Cat. 1356. C. indicus, Moris. Hist. II. sect. I. t. 3, f. 4. C. edulis, Thunb. El. Japon. 84. C. esculentus, Salisb. Prod. 123. Batatas edulis, Choisy Convolv. Or. 53, and in DC. Prod. IX. 338. B. xanthorhiza Boj. Hort. Maurit. 225. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. V. t. 130. Rheede Hort. Malab. VII. t. 50. Perak : Larut ; Scortechini 1836 ! but doubtless also present in other provinces, cultivated. The Sweet Potato ; very rarely seen in flower, still more rarely in fruit. A native of America, but now grown throughout the tropics. 6. IPOMiEA illustris, Prain Beng. PI. II. 735. A glabrous climber. Leaves ovate or oblong, cordate or hastate, entire, glabrous, apex acuminate; nerves rather prominent; 4 to 6 in. long, 35 to 5 in. wide; petiole P5 to 2 in. long. Flowers in axillary cymes ; peduncles 1 to 1 "5 in. long, usually 2-3-flowered, often 1-flowered; bracts caducous; pedicels ’5 to P5 in. long. Sepals orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, '3 to ■4 in. long. Corolla rather wide-campanulate, purple, 4 to 4‘5 in. l° n g> glabrous, limb 3 in. wide. Capsule -5 in. wide, globose. Seeds with long silky hairs. J. campanulata var. illustris, Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 211. Andamans : on the coasts, everywhere. Penang : Pulo Boetong, Curtis 1970! — Distrib. Coasts of Ceylon, Sunderbuns, Indo-China, and Malay Archipelago. This is very nearly allied to I. campanulata, Linn., which appears, however, to be always an inland species, whereas this is always a littoral plant. I. illustris differs further in having flowers at least one-half larger, sepals quite glabrous, and fewer flowers to the cyme. 7. Ipomcea denticulata, Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 379 ( not of R. Br.). A glabrous trailing or twining littoral herb. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, entire denticulate angled or sub-lobate, base rather deep- cordate with an obtuse sinus, firm in texture but hardly fleshy; 1 to 2 5 in. long, - 75 to l - 75 in. wide ; petiole l - 5 in. long. Flowers axillary on short 1-3-flowered peduncles, never more than 1-5 in. long; pedicels (often only one) 1 to P25 in. long; bracts -2 in. long, linear. Sepals elliptic, abruptly acute, sub-scarious, -4 in. long. Corolla 1-5 in. long, tube funnel-shaped, abruptly widening at the mouth, purple. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule globose, -3 in. in diam., glabrous. Seeds smooth. Benth. PI. Austr. IV. 421 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 298; Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 554. I. littoralis, Bl. Bijdr. 713 Thw. Enum. 211 (not of Boiss.). I. subdentata, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. II. 614. I. cymosa, Bak. PI. Maurit. 208 (not of Roem. & Schult.). J. 315 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nicobarioa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. XLY. 2, 111. Convolvulus denticu- latus, Lamk Encyol. Meth. III. 540. Perak : Dindings, Scortechini 1066 ! Curtis 3449 ! Penang : Bagian Jumal, Curtis 1974 ! Pahang : Rumpin, Bidley ! Nicobars : ■common. Andamans : very common. — Distrib. Coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Seychelles to Polynesia. This species, in the writer’s experience, prefers shingle beaches, though occasionally it is to be met with on sandy beaches along with I. biloba. 8. Ipomcea triloba, Linn. Sp. PI. 229. A twining or prostrate herb with glabrous slightly angular stem. Leaves cordate, acuminate to an often rounded tip, entire or toothed or occasionally 3-lobed ; P5 to 2 in. long, P25 to l - 75 in. wide ; petiole slender, 1'75 to 2 in. loDg. Flowers in axillary 1-4-flowered cymes ; peduncles 1 to 1'5 in. long ; bracts lanceolate, -2 in. long, deciduous ; pedicels - 25 to ‘35 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate with spreading yellowish hairs, •35 in. long. Corolla tubular, purple, ‘5 in. long. Capsule pilose. Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 383. Singapore : Hullett ! — Distrib. Cultivated in the tropics ; native of America. Under his n. 68, Mr. Hullett sent to Calcutta, in 1884, as Ipomcea coccinea, a mixture of two species, one of which is Quamoelit plmnicea, the other being Ipomcea triloba; as they are not noted as cultivated it seems possible that I. triloba may at least casually occur as an escape at Singapore. For the detection of this mixture, which had not been observed by the writer when arranging the Calcutta Con- volvulaceee in 1894 ( see Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 83 et seq.), we are indebted to Dr. H. Hallier. 9. Ipomcea Pes-Caprjs, Roth Nov. Sp. 109. A glabrous extensive sand-binding creeper. Leaves orbicular or oblong, obtuse emarginate or 2-lobed ; 1 to 4 in. long and sometimes wider than long ; thick, fleshy, when dry distinctly nerved ; petiole 1 to 4 in. long. Floivers in axillary 1-3-flowered cymes ; peduncles 1 to 4 in. long ; bracts •2 in. long, lanceolate, deciduous ; pedicels -75 to l - 5 in. long. Sepals ovate, obtuse, glabrous, ’5 to -6 in. long, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-eampanulate, glabrous, 2 in. long, purple. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, -5 in. long. Seeds villous. Choisy Convolv. Or. 63, and in DC. Prod. IX. 349 ; Meissn. in Mart. PI. Brasil. VII. 256 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 381. I. biloba, Porsk. Plor. iEgypt.-Arab. 44 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 212. I. maritima, R. Br. Prod. 486; Bl. Bijdr. 720; Bot. Reg. t. 319. Convolvulus Pes-Capra, Linn. Sp. PI. 159 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Plor. Ind. I. 486, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 74; Wall. Cat. 1360. C. maritimus, Lamk Encyc. Meth. 316 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. III. 550. C. bilobatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Flor. Ind. I. 485, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 73 ; Wall. Cat. 1359. Batatas maritima, Boj. Hort. Maurit. 225. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. V. t. 159, f. 1. Rheede Hort. Malab. XI. t. 57. Penang : on the coast, Deschamps ! — Distrib. Sea-shores of all tropical countries. 10. Ipomcea littoralis, Boiss. PI. Orient. IV. 112. A glabrous or slightly puberulous sand-binding creeper. Leaves oblong, emarginate or lobed, often deeply so, and sometimes linear-oblong or linear or sub-lyrate, nerves very obscure ; length 1-25 to 1'5 in., width ‘25 to •75 in. ; petiole 1 in. long. Flowers in axillary 1-3-flowered cymes ; peduncles 1 in. long ; bracts -2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, sub-per- sistent ; pedicels in fruit slightly clavate, '75 to 1 in. long. Sepals ovate-obtuse or ovate-lanceolate, - 6 in. long, obtuse with or without a terminal mucro. Corolla white or yellowish-white, 1'75 to 2 in. long, campanulate. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, - 4 in. long. Seeds villous. Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 555. I. carnosa, R. Br. Prod. 485 ; Benth. PI. Austral. IV. 419; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 213. I. acetoscefoiia, Roem. & Sch. Syst. IV. 246; Meissn. in Mart. PI. Brasil. VII. 255, t. 94. I. longifolia, Benth. PI. Hartweg. 16 ; Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 21. Convolvulus littoralis, Linn. Sp. PI. 227. C. acetoscefolius, Vahl Eclog. I. 18. C. arenarius, Vahl Symb. I. 18. C. carnosus, Spreng. Syst. I. 609. C. stoloniferus, Cyril. PI. Rar. I. t. 5. Batatas littoralis, Choisy Convolv. Or. 124, and in DC. Prod. IX. 337. B. acetoscefoiia, Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 338. Malacca : Griffith. Pahang : Rumpin, Ridley ! — Distrib. Sea- shores of all tropical countries. 11. Ipomcea reptans, Poir. Encyc. Meth. Suppl. III. 460. An annual glabrous aquatic, stems prostrate on mud or floating on the surface of ditches and pools, hollow and spongy, rooting at the nodes below. Leaves elliptic-oblong, or cordate or hastate or oblong or lanceolate, entire or angular or sub-lobate ; 3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 2'5 in. wide; petiole 1 to 6 in. long. Flowers in axillary 1-5-flowered cymes ; peduncles 2 to 7 in. long ; bracts inconspicuous ; pedicels 1 to 2 in. long. Sepals ovate, obtuse, glabrous or faintly puberulous, -4 in. long. Corolla 2 in. long, purple, infundibuliform-campanulate. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, '3 in. long, 2-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous or very minutely closely silky. Bl. Bijdr. 714; Choisy Convolv. Or. 62, and in DC. Prod. IX. 349 ; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 380. I. aquatiea, Porsk. Plor. iEgypt.-Arab. 44 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 210. I. repens, Roth Nov. Sp. 110 ; Bl. Bijdr. 713. I. subdentata, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 614. Convolvulus reptans, Linn. Sp. PI. 158; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14. C. repens. 317 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Vahl Symb. I. 17 ; Eoxb. FI. Ind. I. 432, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 68 ; Wall. Cat. 1355 (not of Linn.). C. Adansonii, Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 560. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. Y. t. 155, f. 1. Rheede Hort. Malab. XI. t. 52. Andamans : Port Blair, Prain ! and probably in some of the other provinces. — Distrib. Tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. 12. Ipomcea SAGiTTiEFOLiA, Burm. Flor. Ind. 50. A perennial glabrous or at times pubescent or hirsute twining herb. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, entire or sinuate, rarely lobed, basal lobes usually rounded; length 1 to 2’5 in., width '75-2 in. ; petiole 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers in axillary peduncled sub-umbellate cymes ; peduncles '5 to 7 in. long ; bracts small, lanceolate, caducous ; pedicels '3 to ■ 5 in. long, in fruit thickened and clavate. Sepals ovate, sub-obtuse, slightly puberulous, '2 in. long, when dry slightly muriculate externally. Corolla pale purple or white with a purple eye, 1’5 to 2 in. long; tube cylindric, limb abruptly explanate. Capsidc ’25 to ’3 in. long, ovoid, 2-4-seeded. Seeds furred. I. sepiaria, Koen. ex Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Flor. Ind. I. 500, and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 90 ; Choisy Convolv. Or. 82, and in DC. Prod. IX. 370, Wight Ic. t. 838; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 209. I. striata, Roth Nov. Sp. 111. I. Heynei, Wall. Cat. 1387. Convolvulus maximus, Vahl Symb. III. 26. C. strictus, Vahl Symb III. 27. C. marginatus, Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 558. C. sepiarius, Wall. Cat. 1384. C. incrassatus, Wall. Cat. 1386. Rheede Hort. Malab. XI. t. 53. Kedah : at 100 feet elevation, King’s Collector 1705 ! Malacca : Merliman Road, Derry 353 ! Singapore : Bidley 6660 ! 11261 ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia generally. 13. Ipomcea staphylina, Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 249; var. malayana, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2. 106. A glabrous scandent shrub over 90 feet long. Leaves glabrous, rather thick, dull green on both surfaces, sub-acute rather prominently veined ; 2-5 to 4 in. long ; petiole 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers numerous in rather dense panicles, 2 - 5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; peduncles '5 to 1'5 in. long , bracts small, caducous; pedicels - 1 to - 25 in. long, mostly short. Sepals ovate, obtuse, glabrous, '2 in. long. Corolla white, slightly tinged with pink ; tube narrowly funnel-shaped throughout, 1 to 1'25 in. long, hardly -3 in. wide at the throat, limb rather narrow, abruptly explanate. Capsule ovoid, sub-acute, - 3 in. long, 4-seeded. Seeds with long silky hairs. Convolvulus polyanthus, Wall. Cat. 1378. Lettsomia sumatrana, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 560. Penang: Porter (Wallich 1378)1 Perak: Larut, Scortechini ! King’s Collector 1119 1 2538 ! 5091 !— Distrib. Sumatra. 318 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. This is very like typical I. staphylina, a species widespread in India, but differs considerably in the shape and size of the corolla, that of true Z. staphylina being wide- campanulate from a very short, narrow-cylindric base, usually -5 to '75, very rarely 1 in. long, and -5 to "75 sometimes 1 in. wide at the limb. 15. Quamoclit, Moench. Annual twining glabrous herbs. Leaves cordate and angled or lobed, occasionally divided. Flowers axillary, in few-flowered cymes ; bracts small. Sepals 5, sub-equal or the outer rather the smaller ; their apices often sub-aristate. Corolla pink or red, hypocrateriform, slightly irre- gular ; tube slender or slightly infundibuliform ; limb very slightly 5-lobed, spreading. Stamens 5, resupinate, much exserted; filaments unequal. Ovary glabrous 4-celled ; ovules 4 ; style rather longer than the stamens ; stigma 2-globose. Fruit a 4-celled 1-valved capsule, the septa thin, persistent. Seeds 4, black, dull, puberulous or glabrous. — Distrib. Species 7, mainly American, 2 now widely spread in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. Leaves ovate-cordate, entire or lobed . . . . . . 1. Q. phcenicea. Leaves ovate, deeply pinnately divided into numerous linear segments 2. Q. pinnata. 1. Quamoclit phcenicea, Chois. Convolv. Or. 51, t. 1, f. 1. A weak climbing or sub-scandent herb. Leaves ovate-cordate acute, glabrous, entire or lobed; 2 to 3 in. long, 2 to 2 - 5 in. wide; petiole 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers in axillary lax few-flowered cymes ; peduncles slender, 2 to 6 in. long ; pedicels erect ; bracts minute. Sepals 5, elliptic, abruptly acumi- nate, - 25 in. long, unchanged in fruit. Corolla dark-red, or variously in cultivated forms orange or yellow ; tube slender, 1 in. long ; limb salver-shaped, somewhat oblique, '75 in. across. Stamens 5, exserted. Capsule smooth, ovoid, "3 in. long, completely 4-celled with membranous persistent septa. Seeds pubescent. Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 336; Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. Y. 1042. Convolvulus phceniceus, Spreng. Syst. I. 596 ; Wall. Cat. 1372. Ipomcea phcenicea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Plor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 92, and Plor. Ind. I. 502. I. coccinea, Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 199. Singapore : Hullett ! — Distrib. Widely naturalised throughout S.E. Asia, native of America. This, as Dr. Hallier notes on a sheet in Herb. Calcutta, is much larger and moie vigorous in all its parts than is Z. coccinea, with which it is usually confounded in Eastern collections ; it differs besides in having erect and not nodding pedicels. Z. coccinea is not, so far as is known, semi-spontaneous anywhere in S.E. Asia ; the present species is now very widespread there in a wild condition. 2. Quamoclit pinnata, Boj. Hort. Maurit. 224. A slender glabrous twining herb. Leaves ovate in outline, deeply pinnately divided into Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 319' numerous distant linear segments, glabrous ; 3 to 5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide ; petioles 1 to 3 in. long. Floivers in axillary lax few-flowered cymes ; peduncles slender, 2 to 4 in. long ; pedicels erect, if more than one virgate ; bracts minute. Sepals 5, elliptic, -25 in. long, hardly changed in fruit. Corolla dark red, occasionally in cultivated varieties white ; tube slender, 1 in. long ; limb salver-shaped, somewhat oblique, -75 in. across. Stamens 5, exserted. Capsule smooth, ovoid, - 3 in. long, com- pletely 4-celled with membranous persistent septa. Seeds puberulous. Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII. 154. Q. vulgaris, Choisy Convolv. Or. 52, and in DC. Prod. IX. 336. Convolvulus pinnatus, Desr. in Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 567. C. Quamoclit, Spreng. Syst. I. 591 ; Wall. Cat- 1375. Ipomcea Quamoclit, Linn. Sp. PI. 159 ; Bot. Mag. t. 244 ; Bl. Bijdr. 708 ; Boxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Elor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 93, and Elor. Ind. I. 502 ; Clarke in Hook f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 199. Penang : Batu Gaja jungles, Dcschamps ! — Distrib. Widely naturalised in S.E. Asia, native of America. 16. Calonyction, Choisy. Large herbaceous climbers, stems usually muricate. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angled. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered axillary cymes ; bracts caducous. Sepals 5, herbaceous, smooth, usually aristate, sub-equal or the outer smaller. Corolla large, salver-shaped,, white or rose-purple ; tube narrow-cylindric ; limb plicate. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla-tube, considerably exserted. Ovary glabrous, 2- locular ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma 2-globose. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Seeds 4, dull, glabrous. — Species 6 to 7, all tropical American,. 2 now widespread and sub-spontaneous in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. Calonyction bona-nox, Boj. Hort. Maurit. 227. A large climber,, stems smooth or muricate, glabrous. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute, glabrous, entire or casually lobed; 3 to 8 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petiole 3 to 6 in. long. Floivers on axillary 1-5-flowered peduncles, 2 to 6 in. long ; bracts caducous. Sepals 5, usually ovate, obtuse with a mucro, very slightly enlarged in fruit, glabrous ; - 5 in. long. Corolla 3 in- long ; tube linear, -2 in. wide ; limb salver-shaped, 3 to 5 in. wide, white. Stamens 5, slightly unequal, distinctly exserted. Capsule ovoid-oblong, narrowed upwards, 1 in. long ; peduncle in fruit slightly thickened. Seeds glabrous. Hallier f. Bull. Herb. Boiss. V. 1028. C. noctilucum, Don in Sw. Hort. Brit. ed. III. 482. C. speciosum, Choisy Mem. Soc. Gen. VI. 441, t. 1, f. 4, and in DC. Prod. IX. 345 ; Hallier f. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVI. 556 ; XVIII. 153. C. Roxburgliii, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 263. Convolvulus aculeatus, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. I. 155. C. bona-nox 320 Flora of the Malayan Peninsxda. Spreng. Syst. I. 600. G. grandiflorus, Linn. f. Suppl. 136; Willd. Sp. PI. I. 2. 859; Pers. Synops. I. 179; Wall. Cat. 1370. G. latiflorus, Desr. in Lamk Encyc. Meth. III. 561. Ipomcea bona-nox, Linn. Sp. PL ed. II. 228 ; Eoem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 217 ; Bl. Bijdr. II. 712 ; Kurz Eor. FI. Burm. II. 217 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 197. I. grandiflora, Lamk 111. I. 467, and Encyc. Meth. III. 16; Eoem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 240 ; Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 14, Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 87, and Flor. Ind. I. 497. I. Boxburghii, Steud. Nomencl. ed. II. 1, 819. I. noctiflora , Griff. Not. IV. 286. Penang: cultivated, Hallier. Singapore: S. Mayer 211. — Distrib. Throughout the tropics ; possibly not truly wild in our area. 17. Argyreia, Lour. Climbing rarely sub-erect shrubs. Leaves cordate to lanceolate, pubescent or silky. Flowers axillary, usually in many-flowered cymes, often sub-capitate ; bracts often conspicuous. Sepals 5, herbaceous in flower ; in fruit leathery but little enlarged ; often red within. Gorolla funnel-shaped, rose-purple, tube more or less hirsute externally ; limb plicate, shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included ; anthers oblong, straight. Disk annular. Ovary 4-celled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma 2-globose. Fruit a hard dry berry. Seeds 4 or fewer, embedded in a mealy pulp. — Distrib. Species about 30, in the tropics of the Old World chiefly, and mostly in S.E. Asia and Polynesia. Argyreia obtusifolia, Lour. Flor. Cochin-Chin. 135. A large climber. Leaves elliptic or oblong, acute or obtuse, with or without a sub-mucronate tip, base cuneate or occasionally rounded, upper surface pilose, under surface silky strigose, nerves 9 to 11 pairs, often rather distinct beneath, very oblique even in wide-leaved plants ; length 5 in., breadth 1-5 to 3 in. ; petiole '6 to - 8 in., very rarely 1 to 1-5 in. long. Flowers axillary; peduncles usually short, -6 to 1 in., but occasionally 1-5 to 3 in. long ; cymes sub-capitate, the pedicels -1 to -2 in. long ; bracts ovate, '15 to '2 in. long, caducous. Sepals 5, ovate-obtuse, -25 in. long, densely silky-strigose externally, sub-patent in fruit, pale red within. Corolla 1‘5 in. long, tubular-campanulate, densely uniformly hirsute externally. Capsule - 4 in. in diam., globose, pericarp char- taceous, pink. Seeds finely grey-velvety, hemispheric, -2 in. in diam. Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 333. Convolvulus obtectus, Wall. Cat. 1416. Bivea ? obtecta, Choisy, Convolv. Or. 28, and in DC. Prod. IX. 326. Argyreia Championi, Benth. FI. Hongkong, 236. A. obtecta, Clarke in Hook f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 186. Lettsomia Championi, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. II. 869. Perak : Scortechini 1384 ! Kedah : Langkawi, Curtis 2852 ! — - Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 321 Distbib. Indo-China, from the Andamans and Tenasserim to Cochin China, Hongkong. The two varieties distinguished in the Flora of British India can no longer be maintained in view of the large suites of specimens reported of late years from the Andamans, where the species is exceedingly common. 18. Lettsomia, Roxb. Scandent, more or less hirsute or strigose shrubs. Leaves cordate rounded or truncate. Flowers in axillary, peduncled, corymbose or capitate cymes ; bracts conspicuous. Sepals 5, orbicular or elliptic ; somewhat thickened and coriaceous in fruit. Corolla usually pink ; tube infundibuliform-campanulate ; limb plicate, very shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted or included; anthers oblong or linear, straight. Disk annular or cupular. Ovary 2-eelled ; ovules 4 ; style filiform ; stigma 2-globose. Fruit a dry berry. Seeds 4 or fewer, embedded in a mealy pulp. — Distbib. Species about 40, in tropical Africa and S.E. Asia. There is not, as the writer has already explained (Journ. As. Soc. Bmg. LXIII. 2, 91), any very good reason for retaining Lettsomia as a genus apart from Argyreia. In Argyreia the ovary is completely 4-celled ; in Lettsomia it is 2-celled, but not infre- quently a partial dissepiment of smaller or larger size is to be found at the base of, sometimes half-way up, the cell. Capsule chartaceous ; seeds usually 4, only casually fewer ; leaves cordate, softly hairy; cymes capitate; bracts large, elliptic-oblong, sub-persistent . . . . .. 1. L. peguensis. Capsule coriaceous or sometimes somewhat fleshy ; seeds usually 1, only casually 2 : — Cymes compact ; bracts large, persistent : — Cymes capitate, globose ; bracts purple, large, orbicular- obtuse; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly adpressed-hirsute 2. L. sphcerocepliala. Cymes sub-capitate, hardly globose ; bracts ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute ; leaves ovate or elliptic, base rounded or shortly cuneate : — Corolla 2-25 in. long; leaves chartaceous, glabrous and shining above, a few hairs on petiole and midrib beneath . . . . . . ■ • .. 3. L. Maingayi. Corolla 1-25 in. long ; leaves firmer, glabrous not shining above, hirsute beneath : — Leaves hirsute, more especially on the nerves, beneath ; petioles sparingly hairy .. .. ..4. L. Ridley i. Leaves densely hirsute beneath throughout; petioles f 4a. L. Ridleyi. densely hairy . . . • • • • • I var. velutina . Cymes lax ; bracts small, rarely with a casual foliaceous bract in a cyme, and usually caducous : — Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, spreading or sub- reflexed in fruit ; bracts lanceolate, occasionally one large and leaf-like ; leaves elliptic, softly hairy on both surfaces .. .. •• •• .. 5. L. adpressa. 322 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Sepals ovate or orbicular, obtuse or rarely some of them emarginate ; bracts minute, usually caducous ; leaves glabrous above : — Sepals irregular, the three outer entire rounded, sparingly hairy, the two inner wider deeply emarginate, all closely embracing the base of the fruit ; leaves elliptic shortly acuminate, sparingly adpressed-pubescent beneath . . . . . . . . . . 6. L. Curtisii. Sepals regular or nearly so, all entire : — Corolla 1-5 to l - 75 in. long : — Sepals sub-equal, at length almost glabrous and somewhat spreading in fruit ; leaves elliptic-oblong, chartaceous, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent beneath .. .. .. ..7. L. penangiana. Sepals persistently adpressed grey-pubescent out- side, the inner rather larger than the outer, closely embracing the base of the fruit ; leaves ovate-acute, firm, sparsely hirsute with rusty hairs beneath . . 8 . L. Scortechinii. Corolla -5 to '75 in. long ; leaves elliptic acuminate ; sepals closely embracing the base of the fruit : — Leaves densely tawny-tomentose beneath ; sepals all softly tawny-velvety, the inner rather the smaller ; corolla -75 in. long . . . . 9. L. rubicunda. Leaves sparingly strigose-hirsute beneath ; sepals sub-equal, the outer pubescent, the inner at length almost glabrous . . . . . . . . 10. L. Kunstleri. 1. Lettsomia peguensis, Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 193. A large climber, sometimes 50 feet long, with villous stems and branches. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or sub-orbicular, apex acute, base cordate ; both surfaces densely softly hairy, tomentum fulvous but not acicular ; length 4 to 6 in., width P5 to 3'5, rarely 5 to 6 in. ; petiole 1'5 to 4 in. long. Flowers in axillary capitate cymes ; peduncles 5 to 9 in. long; bracts sub-persistent, densely softly hairy, elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long. Sepals 5, the outer elliptic acute, rather larger than the inner lanceolate, densely hispid ; - 5 to '7 in. long. Corolla infundi- buliform-campanulate, softly sparsely hairy externally, 2 in. long ; limb and upper two-thirds of tube bright pink, base of tube nearly or quite white. Berry when ripe glossy brown, sub-globose, thin-walled, -25 in. across. Seeds usually 2 or 4. Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 94. L. strigosa, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 13, ex Wall. Cat. sub. n. 1404. L. capitata, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 591. Argyreia capitata, Choisy in DC. Prod. IX. 332, partly and excluding var. (3. conferta : Kurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 216 mainly. Convolvulus strigosus, Wall. Cat. 1365/2, 1365/c, and 1365/e partly. C. barbiger, Wall. Cat. 1404/1, 1404/2 in part. Argyreia barbigera, Choisy Convolv. Or. 42, and in DC. Prod. IX. 332. 323 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak : Batu Kuran, Scortcchini 1628 ! near Goping, King’s Collector 1077 ! Larut, King’s Collector 2622 ! near Ulu Kerling, King’s Collector 8627 ! Penang : Bateh Pulo, Deschamps ! Selangor : Woods at Gua Batu, Ridley 8210 ! 8227 ! 10194 !— Distrib. Burma, Tenas- serim, Sumatra, Java. Probably only a geographical form of Lettsomia strigosa , Roxb., which is widespread in Indo-China and extends to S. China. 2. Lettsomia specerocephala, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIII. 2, 19. A shrubby climber ; branches irregularly angled, with ridged bark brownish on young shoots, pale straw-coloured on older twigs, sparingly beset with adpressed acicular hairs. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, apex acute, base rounded, purplish beneath, very sparingly beset on both surfaces with adpressed hairs ; length 4 to 5 in., width 1*5 to 2 in. ; petiole 1 to 1-25 in., sparsely pubescent above with adpressed hairs. Floivers in compact capitate globose cymes 1'5 to 2 in. across, on long slender peduncles 2 to 12 in. long, sparingly adpressed-pubescent, surrounded by large orbicular purple involucrant sessile bracts 1'5 in. across, sparsely hirsute externally, quite glabrous internally, the indi- vidual flowers enveloped in similar but smaller sub-orbicular to spathu- late bracteoles -5 in. long, -25 to -5 in. wide ; pedicels short adpressed- setose. Sepals glabrous externally except at their setose apices, the outer sub-acute, the inner wider obtuse -25 in. long. Corolla -75 to 1 in. long, infundibuliform-campanulate, pink, softly adpressed-hirsute exter- nally. Berry not seen. Argyreia splicer ocephala, Prain MSS. Perak : Krian, Abu Salama, Gunong Haran Ryah, Scortechini ! A very striking and remarkable species. The corollas do not appear to be full- sized. Scortechini, on the ticket of his Gunong Haran Ryah specimens, has written “ fruit from Maxwell’s Hill,” but unfortunately the fruiting specimens alluded to are not at Calcutta. 3. Lettsomia Maingayi, Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 195. A large slender climber ; branches slender or stoutish, with spreading setulose hairs. Leaves ovate or elliptic, base rounded or very shortly cuneate, apex acute or shortly caudate-acuminate, papery, glabrous and shining on both surfaces except for a few hairs on the midrib beneath; length 5 to 7 in., width 3 to 4 in. ; lateral nerves o to 7 , petioles -5 to 1 in. long, very sparsely setulose. Floivers in axillary few-flowered cymes 2 to 3 in. wide ; peduncles *25 to 2 in. long, rather closely hirsute with tawny spreading hairs ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1'5 in. long, -6 in. wide, rather strongly parallel-nerved, sparingly hirsute externally, glabrous and dark purple within ; bracteoles similar but smaller, -3 in. long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, -75 in. 23 324 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. long, beset with long setulose hairs. Corolla tubular-campanulate, purple with whitish folds, 2-25 in. long ; hairy externally. Stamens with filaments glandular-hairy at the thickened base. Berry ellipsoid, succulent, -75 in. long, -5 in. wide. Seed solitary. Malacca : Griffith, Maingay, Berry 318 ! Goodenough 1432 ! Peeak: Scortechini 297 ! A very distinct species. There is no fruiting specimen in Herb. Calcutta ; the above description of the berry is taken from the Flora of British India. 4. Lettsomia Eidleyi, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 98. A large climber; branches sparingly hirsute. Leaves elliptic-acuminate, quite glabrous above, hirsute especially on the nerves beneath ; 5-5 in. long, 3-5 in. wide ; petiole 1 to 3 in. long, sparsely hirsute. Flowers in compact sub-capitate 8-10-flowered cymes 1-5 in. across, surrounded by large ovate-acute sessile foliaeeous persistent bracts hirsute below, quite glabrous above, -8 in. long, -25 in. wide ; braeteoles similar but smaller, •3 in. long ; peduncles 2 to 6 in. long, hirsute. Sepals sub-equal, ovate- lanceolate, externally pubescent, -3 in. long. Corolla pink, infundi- Duliform-campanulate, 1-25 in. long, tube hirsute externally. Berry ovoid, -5 in. long, -3 in. in diam., the sepals spreading from its base. Johoee : Kota Tinggi, Bidley 4214 ! Chin-chin, Lake & Kelsall ! Singapoee : Bukit Mandai, Bidley ! Vab. velutina, Prain l.c. Leaves beneath densely hirsute, as are the petioles, pedicels, and bracts externally. Singapoee : Bukit Mandai, Bidley ! Nearest to L. sphcerocephala, but distinguished by the acute bracts and braeteoles, nd to L. Maingayi, from which it differs by the smaller flowers and shorter bracts and sepals. Yak. velutina in foliage and tomentum remarkably resembles L. rubicunda, but the acute sepals and large persistent bracts and braeteoles amply distinguish it. 5. Lettsomia adpeessa, Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 591. A scandent shrub; branches hirsute; stems 10 to 30 feet long. Leaves elliptic, softly hirsute on both surfaces ; base rounded or cuneate, apex acute ; length 4 to 5 in. ; width 2 to 2'5 in. ; petiole 1'5 in. long, softly hirsute. Flowers in axillary few-flowered, somewhat open cymes 2 in. across ; peduncles '5 to 1'5 in. long, hirsute ; bracts lanceolate, hirsute, -3 in. long, -15 in. wide, with an occasional longer leaf-like bract ; braeteoles small. Sepals -3 to '5 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, sparingly hirsute, spreading or sub-reflexed in fruit. Corolla tubular-campanulate, dull claret, or pale pink and white, or white with claret stripes, externally hairy ; tube l - 25 in. long. Berry ellipsoid, “5 in. long, '3 in. wide, at first green with a reddish tint, becoming bright pink, and at length, when quite ripe, reddish-brown. Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 196. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 325 Convolvulus adpressus, Wall. Cat. 1424. Moorcroftia adprcssa, Choisy Convolv. Or. 49, and in DC. Prod. IX. 334. Penang : Porter ! Kunstler 1324 ! 5271 ! Curtis 318 1 Malacca : Maingay ! Perak : Scortechini 1280 ! King’s Collector 2457 ! 5400 ! Wray 1914 ! 3298 ! 3961 ! 6. Lettsomia Curtisii, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 100. A climber with brown glabrous branches. Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate, glabrous except for a few hairs on the midrib above, sparingly adpressed-hirsute beneath ; length 4 to 5 in., width 2 - 5 to 3 in. ; petiole 2 to 3 in. long, glabrous. Flowers in axillary compound sub-umbellate cymes, 3 in. wide, 12-16-flowered ; peduncles 4 to 10 in. long, brown, glabrous ; bracts deciduous. Sepals coriaceous, - 25 in. long, the three outer sparingly hirsute, rounded, entire, the two inner wider, deeply emarginate, glabrous. Corolla not seen. Berry ovoid, succulent, '75 in. long, -5 in. wide, lower third closely embraced by the sepals. Selangor : Kwala Lampar, Curtis 2158 ! A very distinct species, easily differentiated by its emarginate inner sepals. 7. Lettsomia penangiana, Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. III. 592. A climber with very slender stems sometimes 100 feet long, young branches thin, fulvous-tomentose, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves elliptic- oblong, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute or sub-acute, papery, medium green glabrous above, very light green and glabrous or sparingly adpressed-pubescent and more closely hairy on the midrib beneath ; 6 in. long, 2-5 in. wide ; petiole - 5 to 1 in., glabrous. Floivers in lax axillary cymes 2 to 3 in. across, the terminal flower usually longer than the others ; peduncles slender, 2 to 6 in. long, very sparsely hirsute, soon glabrous ; pedicels - 3 to -7 in. long, slender, hirsute ; bracts minute. Sepals ovate-obtuse, sparingly hairy and at length glabrescent, •2 in. long, at length spreading or sub-reflexed. Corolla tubular- campanulate, externally hirsute, bright claret or purple within, paler without, 1‘5 to 1'75 in. long. Berry ovoid, -6 in. long, -3 in. wide, rose- pink, reddish-blue, or purple. Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IY. 196; Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 99. Convolvulus penangianus , Wall. Cat. 1425. Moorcroftia penangiana, Choisy Convolv. Or. 50, t. 4., and in DC. Prod. IX. 335. Penang : 'Porter ! Curtis 1586 ! Peraii : very common ; Scorte- chini 1147 ! Wray 2061 ! 2095 ! 2334 ! 2733 ! Curtis 2034 ! Derry ! King’s Collector 1936 ! 2048 ! 2574 ! 3223 ! 5339 ! Var. reticulata, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 100. Leaves thicker, secondary nerves beneath very distinct. 326 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Pekak : Larut, King's Collector 8544 ! The leaves of this species are very characteristically glandular-punctate beneath. The peduncles and pedicels of vae. reticulata are rather shorter than in the type and the corolla, described by Ivunstler as “waxy white, pale blue inside,” is only two- thirds the length and only half the width of that of L. penangiana proper. But the leaves have the same characteristic glandular punetulation and are similarly sparingly adpressed-pubescent beneath, while the fruit, described by Kunstler as a rich pink, is indistinguishable from that of L. penangiana. This form, therefore, though very distinct, cannot yet be more than varietally separated. 8. Lettsomia Scobtechinii, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 98. A strong climber ; stems rusty-brown, very sparingly pubescent. Leaves ovate-acute, base rounded, firmly sub-coriaceous, very sparsely hirsute with scattered rusty hams beneath, glabrous above ; length 2 to 3 in., width 1 to 2 in. ; petiole -5 to 1 in., minutely sparingly rusty- pubescent. Floivers in open 3-8-flowered corymbose cymes 1 to 1-5 in. across ; peduncles minutely sparingly rusty-pubescent, 2 to 5 in. long ; bracts caducous. Sepals orbicular, minutely adpressed-grey-tomentose externally, in flower -25 in., in fruit -3 in. across, the inner larger than the outer. Corolla P5 in. long, infundibuliform-campanulate, pink, densely adpressed-fulvous-tomentose on tube and bands of limb externally. Berry sub-spherical to ellipsoid, -5 in. wide, -5 to -75 in. long, the base closely embraced by the sepals. Pekak: Canfield’s Hill, 4,000 feet, Scortechini 381! Birch’s Hill, Ridley 10681 ! Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley 5559 ! As in the case of L. rubicunda, one or two bracts remain on the specimens ; they are small, orbicular, -2 in. across, but it does not follow that the fallen bracts were so small. The corollas on Scorteehini’s specimens, on which the original description was based, are about -6 in. long, but subsequent material communicated by Mr. Bidley (Ridley 5559) shows that the flowers originally described were not fully expanded. Another of Mr. Bidley’s specimens (10681) proves that the berry is not always sub- spherical. The species is obviously closely allied to L. rubicunda, but besides the very different degree of tomentum, L. Scortechini differs from L. rubicunda in having the inner sepals distinctly larger, instead of smaller, than the outer. 9. Lettsomia rubicunda, Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 195. An extensive climber ; stems fulvous-tomentose. Leaves elliptic, shortly abruptly acuminate or acute, base rounded, sub-coriaceous, densely tawny-tomentose beneath, glabrous above ; length 5 to 7 in., width 2 to 4 in. ; petiole tawny-tomentose, 1 to 2 in. long. Floivers in open many-flowered corymbose cymes, 2 to 4 in. across; peduncles tawny-tomentose, 3-5 to 7 in. long ; bracts caducous. Sepals orbicular, obtuse, softly tawny-velvety, in flower - 2 in., in fruit - 3 in. across, the inner rather smaller. Corolla ’75 in. long, infundibuliform-campanu- late, pink, densely tawny-tomentose externally. Berry ellipsoid, obtuse, 327 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. smooth, dry, -75 in. long, -3 to '5 in. wide, the base closely embraced by the sepals. Convolvulus rubicundus, Wall. Cat. 1409. Argyreia rubi- cunda, Choisy Convolv. Or. 44, and in DC. Prod. IX. 333. Malacca: Griffith! Mamgay. — Distrib. Burma. The above description is taken from Griffith’s Malacca plant ; the writer has seen no other specimens. One or two bracts remain ; they are small, -2 in. across, and orbicular, but it does not follow that the fallen bracts were so small. There is no perfect corolla on the specimens at Calcutta ; the length of the tube given above is derived from Mr. C. B. Clarke’s description. 10. Lettsomia Kunstleri, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIII. 2, 100. A slender climber, 50 to 80 feet long, young branches densely hirsute. Leaves elliptic-acuminate, glabrous and shining above, sparingly strigose-hirsute beneath, especially on the nerves, occasionally the midrib above sparsely hairy ; length 3'5 to 4'5 in., width 2 to 2 - 5 in.; petioles densely hirsute, 1 to 1'5 in. long. Flowers in lax axillary 12-20-flowered cymes, 2 to 3 in. across ; peduncles 5 to 8 in. long, densely hirsute ; bracts hirsute, 3 in. wide ; pedicels hirsute, slender, •5 to - 75 in. long. Sepals orbicular, sub-equal, the three outer pubescent, the others at length almost glabrous, '15 in. long. Corolla white externally, bright pink or red within, externally hirsute, tubular- campanulate, '5 in. long. Barry ovoid, - 5 in. long, -3 in. wide, deep glossy red. Perak : Larut ; Kota, Wray 2856 ! Ulu Salama, Scortechini ! Goping, Chanderiang, &e., King’s Collector, 732 ! 2307 ! 2726 ! 5672 ! Campon Boad, Bidley 9704 ! Selangor : Batu Caves, Bidley 8220 ! — Distrib. Sumatra. Order LXXXII. SOLANACEJE. [By D. Prain.] Herbs or shrubs, sometimes becoming small soft-wooded trees. Leaves alternate or at times in unequal pairs, rarely clustered, never truly opposite, entire, lobed or pinnate ; stipules 0. Inflorescence of terminal or oftener lateral axillary or extra-axillary cymes, or of solitary or clustered pedicels, without bracts or bracteoles. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, lobes or teeth usually 5, rare 4 or 6 to 10 ; usually persistent, sometimes enlarged in fruit. Corolla gamosepalous 5-lobed or rarely ( Datura ) 10-lobed or with limb sub-entire ; narrow-campanulate to rotate. Stamens 5, epipetalous ; anthers oblong or narrow-ovate ; cells parallel, dehiscing by apical pores or longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled or imperfectly 328 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1-celled by abortion, or 4-celled by subsequent development of accessory dissepiments ; style linear ; stigma capitate or shortly lobed ; ovules indefinite, on peltate intruded placentas. Fruit indehiscent, berry-like or capsular and opening by valvular or circumscissile dehiscence ; usually 2-eelled, rarely 4-celled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, disc-like or sub-reniform with embryo peripheric ; occasionally ( Nico - liana ) hardly compressed and with embryo straight. — D istrib. Species about 1,300, throughout tropical and sub-tropical countries. Fruits berry-like, 2-celled, indehiscent; seeds compressed and em- bedded in pulp : — Anthers opening by 2 small pores at the tips ; fruits globular (in S. Melongena sometimes elongated) .. .. ..1. Solanum. Anthers dehiscing throughout longitudinally : — Calyx in fruit small, fruits usually elongated . . . . 2. Capsicum. Calyx in fruit enlarging and enveloping the globose berry . . 3. Physalis. Fruits capsular : — Capsules 4-celled and 4-valved, or sometimes hardly dehiscing ; seeds compressed ; flowers solitary . . . . . . 4. Datura. Capsules 2-celled, dehiscing freely ; seeds hardly compressed ; flowers in panicles . . . . . . . . . . 5. Nicotiana. 1. Solanum, Linn. Armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alternate or sub-opposed in unequal pairs, entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Cymes dichotomous or racemose, lateral or terminal. Calyx usually 5-lobed, rarely 10-lobed or sub-entire, sometimes enlarging in fruit. Corolla- tube short, rotate or very shortly campanulate ; limb 5-lobed, plicate in bud. Stamens 5, with short filaments, adnate to throat of corolla ; anthers oblong, narrowed upwards so that the two cells form a cone opening at the tip by terminal pores. Ovary 2-celled (in cultivated forms sometimes 3-4-celled) ; style columnar, stigma small. Fruit berry-like but with calyx at base, rarely overtopping it, globose or (larely) elongated. Seeds very numerous, disk-like; embryo peripheric. Distrib. Species 750, mostly tropical American, but spread throughout all tropical and sub-tropical regions. Unarmed herbs or shrubs : — Flowers in extra-axillary peduncled cymes or racemes : — Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; cymes sub-um- bellate ; calyx-teeth obtuse, 5 ; corolla and ovary glabrous ; berry red or black, rarely yellow . . . . . . 1 . S. nigrum. Leaves densely stellately woolly ; cymes corymbose ; calyx- teeth triangular, 5 ; corolla and ovary hairy ; berry yellow 2. S. verbasci/olium. Flowers axillary, pedicels fascicled or solitary ; corolla glabrous 329 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Calyx with a sub-entire margin ; flowers white ; leaves glabrous ; epiphytic . . . . . . . . 3. S. parasiticum. Calyx with a distinctly 10-toothed margin ; terrestrial : — Leaves glabrous ; calyx with 5 long teeth and 5 very short intermediate toothlets ; corolla-lobes purplish ; berry dark blue . . . . . . . . 4. S. Blumei. Leaves usually puberulous to pubescent, rarely almost glabrous ; calyx with 10 long teeth ; corolla white ; berry yellow . . . . . . . . . . 5. S. Uflorum. Armed herbs with prickly stems and usually prickly leaves ; corolla pubescent externally : — Densely stellate-tomentose throughout Calyx not overtopping the berry ; erect herbs or shrubs : — Flowers white : — Leaves very prickly especially on the nerves beneath ; ovary hirsute ; fruit hispid with acicular hairs . . 6. S. ferox. Leaves with very few prickles ; ovary and fruit glabrous . . . . . . . . 7. S. torvum. Flowers blue Bacemes many-flowered ; berry small, yellow, globose 8. S. indicum. Bacemes few-flowered ; berry large, purple, rarely white or yellow, often in cultivation ellipsoid or elongate . . 9. S. Melongena. Calyx overtopping the berry ; a spreading shrub . . 10. S. sarmentosum. Thinly beset with minute hairs ; berry large, smooth ; calyx very prickly . . . . . . . . . . 11. S. aculeatissimuin. 1. Solanum nigrum, Linn. Sp. PL 186. A herb or undershrub, 1 to 3 feet high ; all parts sparingly pubescent or glabrous. Leaves petioled, membranous, ovate or oblong, narrowed towards apex and base, sinuate-toothed or -lobed ; 3 to 4 in. long, 2 in. across ; green on both surfaces ; petioles '75 in. long. Flowers small, sub-umbellately clustered on stoutish extra-axillary peduncles ’35 to '75 in. long; pedicels 5 to 8 together, slender, -35 in. long. Calyx sparsely puberulous, 5-toothed ; teeth small, ovate-oblong, -05 in. long, in fruit hardly noticeable. Corolla white, rarely purplish, externally glabrous, - 5 in. wide, rotate, 5-lobed. Ovary glabrous ; style hairy at base. Fruit red or black, rarely yellow, globose, -25 in. across, supported by the saucer-shaped calyx. Seeds -05 in. in diam., almost smooth. Bl. Bijdr. 694 ; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 150 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 636 ; Kurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 224 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. IY. 229. S. rub- rum, Boxb. Flor. Ind. I. 565. S. triangulare, Lamk 111. II. 18. S. uliginosum, Bl. Bijdr. 695. S. Rwmphti, Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 57. S. rhinocerotis , Bl. Bijdr. 695. Singapore : Ridley 8084 ! Perak : Kota Bahru, King’s Collector 566 ! Andamans : King's Collectors ! Nicobaes : Kurz ! — Distrib. Tropics generally. 2. Solanum veebascifolium, Linn. Sp. PL 184. An erect unarmed shrub, 8 to 20 feet high ; all parts thickly stellate-tomentose, the 330 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. tomentum often scurfy. Leaves petioled, thickly herbaceous, ovate- lanceolate to lanceolate, acute ; base usually truncate or rounded, rarely cuneate ; 4 to 7 in. long, 3 in. across ; green above, white to yellowish- brown beneath from the scurfy tomentum ; petioles '5 to 1'5 in. long. Flowers small, on thick tomentose pedicels, densely clustered in a small tomentose corymb-like cyme on an erect sub-terminal stout peduncle 1 to 3 in. long. Calyx densely tomentose, 5-toothed ; teeth triangular, acute, ’1 in. long in flower. -3 in. long in fruit; tube short. Corolla white, externally stellate-tomentose, '6 in. across, rotate, 5-lobed ; lobes short, ovate-oblong. Ovary hairy ; style glabrous. Fruit yellow, globose, •4 in. wide, the lower portion embraced by the calyx-lobes. Seeds - 12 in. in diam., minutely dotted. Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 114; Lour. Flor. Cochin-Chin. 128 ; Wall. Cat. 2616 ; Kurz For. Flor. II. 225 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 230 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 640. S. pubescens, Bl. Bijdr. 698 ; Roxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 244 (not of Willd.). Selangor : Kwala Lampar, Goodenough ! Perak : King’s Collector 2069 ! 7177 ! Wray 2357 ! Penang : Deschamps ! Kedah : King's Collector 1704 ! Nicobars : Kamorta, Jelinek ! Teressa, King's Collectors ! — Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres. 3. Solanum parasiticum, Bl. Bijdr. 697. An erect almost glabrous epiphytic shrub, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, rather firmly membranous, lanceolate-acuminate, narrowed towards apex and base, entire ; 6 to 8 in. long, P5 to 2 in. wide ; green on both surfaces, minutely setulose above when young, glabrous beneath ; petiole '25 to -35 in. long. Flowers small, clustered in an axillary fascicle of 2 to 7 together or sometimes solitary, on slender somewhat rigid glabrous pedicels *6 to 8 in. long. Calyx glabrous, small, the margin in flower sinuate representing either 5 or 10 teeth at most only T in. long ; in fruit slightly enlarged, saucer-shaped, the margin quite entire. Corolla white, glabrous externally, 5-lobed, rotate ; "25 in. across. Ovary and styie glabrous. Fruit yellow, globose, '25 in. in diam., resting on the saucer-shaped calyx. Seeds '06 in. in diam., smooth. Nees Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 45 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 641. Perak: Larut, on trees, rather plentiful, Wray ! Scortechini! King’s Collector ! — Distrib. Sumatra, Java. tsear S. subtruncatum but always epiphytic, and with an even more markedly truncate calyx-limb than in that species. 4. Solanum Blumei Nees ex Bl. in Bijdr. 696. An erect quite glabrous shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves towards top in pairs from one node, usually one smaller, elliptic- acuminate at both ends, bases unequal ; 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide ; 331 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. rather firmly membranous ; lateral nerves 6 to 7 pairs ; petiole '3 in. long. Flowers in clusters of 2 to 9, rarely solitary, axillary ; pedicels slender, in flower deflexed, in fruit spreading, -75 in. long, thickened upwards. Calyx glabrous, limb sub-truncate with 5 subulate, and S intervening minute teeth, the longer series *2 to *25 in. long. Corolla with white tube and 5 purplish narrow-ovate lobes, '3 in. across. Ovary and style glabrous. Fruit globose, dark blue, - 25 in. in diam., resting on the saucer-shaped calyx with persisting teeth. Seeds '09 in. in diam., almost smooth. Nees Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 45; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 180 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 642. Selangoe : Ridley ! Pebak : Larut, King’s Collector ! Wray ! Curtis ! Ridley ! Scortechini ! Gunong Panti, Kunstler ! — Distbib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. The commonest Solatium of its group in our area. It has been suggested by Clarke that there is little to separate this form specifically from S. subtruncatmn ; this is true, but there seems equally little to separate it specifically from S. bifloruin. Its glabrous condition, however, at once distinguishes it from both as, if not a species, at least a very marked form. 5. Solanum biflobum, Lour. Flor. Cochin-Chin. 129. An erect more or less pubescent shrub, 3 to 6 feet high ; the young shoots often flocculose. Leaves membranous, elliptic or oblong, acuminate, base narrow-euneate, entire; 3 to 5 in. long, 1'5 to l - 75 in. wide; green on both sides, setulose-pubescent, rarely glabrescent with age; petiole -7 in. long. Flowers small, clustered in axillary fascicles of 2 to 6 together, or solitary ; pedicels slender, '65 in. long. Calyx setulose-pubescent, the margin usually 10-toothed rarely 7—9-toothed ; teeth narrowly lanceolate, setulose, -15 in. long. Corolla white, externally glabrous, rotate, 5-lobed, '25 in. across. Ovary and style glabrous. Fruit globose, yellow, *25 in. in diam., resting on the saucer-shaped calyx with persisting teeth. Seeds *1 in. in diam., almost smooth. Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 178 ; Kurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 224 ; Clarke in Hook f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 232. S. decemdentatum, Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 16, and Flor. Ind. I. 565 ; Wall. Cat. 2614 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 643. S. mollissimum, Bl. Bijdr. 698. S. decemfidum, Nees Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 43. S. Zollingeri, Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 176. Malacca : Griffith ! Singapoee : Wallich (fide Clarke). Distbib. Throughout Indo-China and the Malay Archipelago. Though so plentiful in the countries both south and north of the Malay Peninsula, this seems very rare in our area where S . Blumei appears to replace it. 6. Solanum FEBOX, Linn. Sp. PI. ed.' II. 267. An erect prickly shrub, 3 to 10 feet high, with a short soft-wooded trunk 2 to 3 in. thick ; 332 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. all the younger parts thickly covered with a brownish soft tomentum intermixed with many sharp compressed brownish prickles of unequal size. Leaves usually sub-opposite, membranous, ovate to nearly orbicular with irregular short triangular acute or blunt lobes ; 5 to 9 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide, the lobes often 1 in. deep ; green above, brownish from the tawny tomentum beneath, sparingly beset on midrib and nerves with long compressed prickles ; petioles -5 to 2’5 in. long, prickly. Flowers large, on thickish pedicels clustered in few-flowered sub- umbellate short-peduncled racemes set close below the leaves; peduncles and pedicels densely stellate-tomentose and beset with long acicular hairs. Calyx shortly funnel-shaped, densely hirsute, some- times prickly ; lobes ovate-acute, -25 in. long. Corolla white, densely tomentose externally, nearly 1 in. across ; lobes oblong-acute. Ovary hairy. Fruit yellow, globose, 1 in. in diam., hispid with acicular hairs, much exceeding the hardly altered calyx. Seeds -12 in. in diam., very slightly scrobieulate. Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 255; Kurz For. PI. Bunn. II. 226 ( excl . var. /I) ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 646 ; Clarke in Ilook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 233. S. lasiocarpum, Bl. Bijdr. 701; Wall. Cat. 2623; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 252. S. hirsutum, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 17, and FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 253. S. stramom folium, Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 252 (not of Jacq., nor of Wall., nor o/Boxb.). Penang : Wallioh ! Perak : Sungah Byah, Kunstlcr 1022 ! Gunong Mesah, King s Collector 1026 ! Singapore : Wallich! Andamans : Port Blair, plentiful. Nicobars : Naneowry, King’s Collector ! — Distrib. India, Indo-China, S. China, Sumatra, Java. 7. Solanum torvum, Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 47. An erect sparingly armed shrubby perennial, 3 to 6, or at times even 8 to 12 feet high , all parts shortly and sparsely stellate-pubescent, with but few compressed sharp scattered prickles. Leaves usually sub-opposite, membranous, ovate, shortly acuminate, sinuate or lobed, the lobes obtuse or acute, the base truncate very unequal ; 2 to 4 in. long, P5 to 3 m. across ; rather sparingly pubescent above, more closely sometimes scuifily pubescent beneath; petioles '5 to 1 in. long. Floivers medium, in lateral usually extra-axillary corymbose cymes with short pubescent peduncles; pedicels slender, -3 to -4 in. long, pubescent. Calyx sparsely pubescent, 5-toothed, -25 in. long, without prickles, the teeth ovate-lanceolate acute, -1 in. long, not enlarging in fruit. Corolla white, externally stellate-pubescent, -5 in. across, rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes -3 in. long, lanceolate-acuminate. Ovary glabrous. Fruit yellow, supported by the calyx which becomes glabrous in fruit, globular, -4 in. across. Seeds -2 in. in diam., compressed, minutely granular. Dun. m DC. Prod. XIII. 260 ; Wight Ic. t. 345 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 333 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 648 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 234. S. stramonifolium, Boxb, Flor. Ind. I. 572. Penang : Wallich ! Deschamps ! Ridley ! Malacca : Griffith ! Pekak : King's Collector 1085 ! Scortechini 60 ! Singapore : Schom- burgk! Hullett ! Kunstler 99! Ridley! Andamans: very common. — Distbib. Malayan Archipelago, Indo-China, Philippines, China, India, Tropical America. This is often exceedingly like the next species, S. indicum, but is easily dis- tinguished by its white flowers and its considerably larger fruits. 8. Solanum indicum, Linn. Sp. PI. 187 partly ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 55. An erect, armed, branching shrub, 4 to 8 feet high ; all young parts thickly covered with a short stellate tomentum, with broad, compressed, sharp, slightly recurved prickles. Leaves membranous or thinly herbaceous, ovate, sinuately lobed, the lobes obtuse or acute, the base obliquely truncate; l - 5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide ; above minutely tomentose, green ; grey from the denser tomentum beneath ; petioles -5 to 1 in. long. Flowers medium, in lateral or spuriously terminal racemes about 2‘5 to 3 in. long ; pedicels •2 to '3 in. long, sometimes prickly and grey stellate-pubescent, as are the peduncles. Calyx grey stellate-pubescent, 5-toothed, •25 in. long, prickly or not ; the teeth lanceolate-acute, hardly enlarging in fruit. Corolla blue, externally stellate -pubescent, •5 in across, rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes ’35 in. long. Ovary glabrous. Fruit yellow or orange, small, supported by the hai’dly altered calyx, globose, - 25 in. in diam. Seeds T5 in. in diam., minutely dotted. Lour. Flor. Cochin-Chin. 131 ; Roxb. Flor. Ind. I. 570 ; Wall. Cat. 2626; Wight, Ic. t. 346; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 309; Miq. Flor Ind. Bat. II. 651; Kurz For. FI. Burm. II. 226; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 234. S. violaceum, Jacq. Fragm. 82, t. 133, f. 1 (not of R. Br.). S. cuneatum, Moench Meth. n. 476 ; Poir. Suppl. III. 743. S. canescens, Bl. Bijdr. 701. S. Junghuhnii, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 649. Penang : Wallich ! Selangor : King’s Collector 363 ! Perak : Wray 3077 ! Andamans : Prain ! — Distrib. Throughout S.E. Asia. This species often is very like S. torvum; it is readily distinguished by its usually, though not invariably, more numerous prickles, by its blue flowers, and its smaller fruits. 9. Solanum Melongena, Linn. Sp. PI. 186. A stout erect, sparingly armed herb, 2 to 8 feet high ; all the younger parts covered with a grey soft tomentum. Leaves membranous, ovate or oblong, irregularly sinuately lobed ; 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide ; green above, stellately pubescent beneath with a few prickles on the nerves or sometimes 334 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. quite unarmed ; petiole 1 in. long. Flowers large, on extra-axillary often paired peduncles, one peduncle with a solitary perfect flower the other with a few-flowered raceme of male flowers ; peduncles stellate- tomentose, very rarely prickly. Calyx shortly funnel-shaped, densely pubescent; lobes oblong-acute ; -25 to -35 in. long, enlarging slightly in fruit, usually armed. Corolla blue, externally pubescent, 1 to 1-25 in. across, o-lobed, lobes oblong-acute, short. Ovary glabrous ; style stellate-pubescent or at times glabrous. Fruit large, ovoid, obovoid, ellipsoid, or cylindric ; usually dark purple, often with white spots or streaks, sometimes uniformly white or yellowish, always glabrous, sometimes as much as 6 in. long and always much longer than the calyx. Seeds -12 in. in diam., slightly scrobiculate. Lour. Flor. Cochin- Chin. 130 ; Eoxb. Flor. Ind. I. 566 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 653 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 235. S. insanum, Boxb. Flor. Ind. I. 568. S. undatum, Lamk Encyc. IV. 301 ; Bl. Bijdr. 700. S. longum, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 16, and Flor. Ind. I. 567. S. pseudo-undatum, Bl. Bijdr. 699. S. ovigerum, Bl. Bijdr. 698. S. Trongum, Lamk Encyc. IV. 308. S. ferox var. Trongum, Ivurz For. Flor. Burm. II. 226. In all the provinces, cultivated ; occasionally also as an escape from cultivation or sub-feral ( e.g ., at Trang, King's Collector 1416!) The Egg-Plant, or Brinjal, largely cultivated in all warm countries ; originally American. As an escape this species tends to become more prickly and to have 3 to 4 fruits on the peduncle, owing to the males being replaced by perfect flowers. In such cases the fruits are much smaller and often approach, or sometimes even attain a globose form. 10. Solanum sarmentosum, Nees Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 58. A straggling prickly shrub with procumbent zigzag branches, 2 to 3 feet long; all parts sparsely hairy and covered with long, straight, sharp prickles. Leaves membranous, broadly elliptic, sub-pinnatifid, lobes obtuse, sub-glabrescent above, sparsely stellately pubescent and prickly beneath ; 4 in. long, 2 in. across, the lobes -75 in. deep ; green on both sui faces; petioles -6 in. long. Flowers large, with thickish pedicels on 1-2-flowered, extra-axillary peduncles about 1 in. long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Calyx with very shortly funnel-shaped tube, lobes ovate-acuminate -2 in. long, sparsely hairy and prickly, much enlarged m fruit. Corolla blue, externally pubescent, -7 in. across; lobes oblong-acute. Ovary glabrous. Fruit yellow, globose, glabrous, -5 in. across, overtopped by the enlarged caudate-acuminate, adpressed, armed calyx-lobes, -75 in. long and -35 in. wide. Seeds -12 in. in diam., scrobiculate. Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 357 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 236. S. Mclongena, Wall. Cat. 2628 (F. only— wot of Linn.). S. Jacquini, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 651 ( not of Willd.). Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 335 Penang : Wallich ! Perak : Scortechini ! Malacca : Griffith. Pahang : Ridley ! — Distrib. Malay Archipelago. 11. Solanum aculeatissimum, Jacq. Col. I. 100. An armed slender undershrub, 2 to 3 feet high, with glabrous stems covered with very many long, straight, slender prickles. Leaves only on the upper part of the stems, membranous, ovate, lobed, sparsely hairy; 3 to 5 in. long. Floivers on 1-7-flowered peduncles, that are usually only 1-fruited ; peduncles in fruit '75 in. long. Calyx even in fruit small, under -25 in. long, very prickly. Fruit globose, P25 in. across, smooth. Seeds •2 in. in diam., extremely compressed, almost winged. Jacq. Icon. I. t. 41 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 237. S. aculeatissimum var. ? denudatum, Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 244. Singapore : G. Thomson. This is not in Herb. Calcutta. The above meagre description is taken from the accounts of Dunal in the Pradromus, and of Clarke in the Flora of British India. The specimen to which Clarke refers is one of the “ varieties ” of Dunal, not the true S. aculeatissimum of Jacquin, and Dunal himself was not satisfied that it is to Jacquin’s species of this name that the variety should be referred. As it has not again been reported, it is possible we may have here to deal with an unusual state of some casually introduced and perhaps well-known American species. 2. Capsicum, Linn. Unarmed annual or perennial, glabrous or glabreseent herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or repand. Floivers axillary, solitary or several together. Calyx campanulate, minutely 5-toothed, not enlarging in fruit. Corolla-tuke short, rotate, limb 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, adnate near base of corolla; anthers oblong, not longer than filaments, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled ; style columnar, stigma small. Fruit resembling a berry, but with the calyx at its base ; elongated or (rarely) globose. Seeds very numerous, disk-like ; embryo peripheric.— Distrib. Species 2 or more, natives of America. The number of species is doubtful, and depends on the point of view of the reviewer with regard to the many more or less distinct forms assumed by the plants under cultivation ; some writers recognise as many as 80, others claim only about 20 ; more recent authors insist only on 2 species — a perennial ( C . frutescens), and an annual (C. annuum), both very variable. Possibly, however, there is but a single very variable species, for in the tropics the forms of C. annuum are often not truly annual, and in temperate regions the perennial tropical forms rarely persist for more than a season. Pedicels solitary, variously erect or reflexed ; fruits erect or spread- ing or pendent, at least as long as, usually longer than, the pedicels ; plants annual or biennial : — Flowers white ; berries at first green, afterwards becoming red, orange or yellow : — Fruit not globular : — 336 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Berries tapering, much longer than broad : — Fruit stout, flesh thick, usually mildly pungent ; calyx not enclosing base of berry .. .. ..1. C. annuum. Fruit slender, flesh thin, keenly pungent; calyx enclosing (annuum, base of berry . . . . . . . . ( vab. acuminata. Berries not much if at all longer than broad, usually obtuse ; calyx not enclosing base of berry : — Berries circular in section, sub-conical, ovate or oblong, J annuum, flesh thin, pungent .. .. .. . . ( var. abbreviata. Berries swollen, irregularly angled in section, prismatic, f annuum, quadrate or oblate, flesh very thick, hardly at all pungent | vab. grossa. Fruit globular, extremely pungent .. .. (annuum, 1 vab. cerasiformis. Flowers purple ; berries at first dark-purple, afterwards becoming orange-red, much longer than broad, only slightly pungent ; calyx | annuum, hardly enclosing base of berry . . . . . . j vab. nigra. Pedicels 2 or more, erect ; fruit always erect, red, shorter than the pedicels, pungent ; plants perennial ; flowers always white or yellowish- white : — Berries elongated, tapering ; base embraced by the calyx . . 2. C. frutescens. Berries globose or sub-globose ; base seated on the calyx . . (f nltescens i (vab. baccata. 1. Capsicum annuum, Linn. Sp. PI. 188. An erect branching or rarely simple robust herb 2 to 3 feet high, with slightly ridged branches; glabrous throughout. Leaves membranous, elliptic or ovate, rather long-acuminate, base long-cuneate, prolonged as a wing on upper part of petiole, margin entire ; lamina 3 in. long, -75 to 1 in. wide, rarely 1-5 in. wide, green on both surfaces ; petiole -25 to -6 in. long. Flowers white or rarely (var. nigra ) purple ; pedicels almost always solitary, though casually there may be more than one in a leaf-axil, always drooping in flower, in fruit rigid, slightly thickened under the enlarging calyx and variously erect, or spreading or recurved and pendent, then -75 to 1 in. long. Calyx glabrous, campanulate, with sinuate-dentate limb, -2 in. across ; in fruit enlarging into a shallow cup embracing the lower part of fruit, or saucer-shaped with the base of the fruit resting on it, then often -5 in. across. Corolla rotate, - 4 in. across ; 5-lobed. Ovary glabrous. Fruit erect, straight, very variable in shape, colour, fleshiness and pungency. Irish Miss. Bot. Gard Rep IX. 65. Var. typica. Fruit much longer than broad, stout, tapering to the usually narrow apex ; flesh thick, mildly pungent ; berry resting on the saucer-shaped fruiting calyx ; colour variable. In gardens, occasionally, usually raised from seed imported from Europe. This variety includes the many mild chillies which do not keep true to their characters when their seed is collected in the tropics. 337 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Var. acuminata, Fingerhuth. Fruit much longer than broad, slender, rarely straight, always tapering to an acute or sub-acute apex ; flesh thin, keenly pungent ; berry enclosed at the base by the cupular calyx ; colour red or orange, or yellow. C. longum, DC. Hort. Monsp. 86 ; Fingerhuth, Caps. 23, t. 6, 7 ; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 424. C. frutescens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 17; Flor. Ind. I. 574; Bl. Bijdr. 704 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 239. Cultivated in most of the provinces. Some of the forms of this variety seem to have been evolved since the introduction of Capsicum annuurn to the Eastern Hemisphere. Var. abbreviata, Fingerhuth. Fruit conoid, ovate or oblong, not much longer than broad, apex usually blunt ; flesh thin, pungent ; berry resting on the saucer-shaped fruiting calyx ; colour variable. C. annuum, Boxb. Flor. Ind. I. 573. C. frutescens, Dun. in DC. Prod. I. 413. Capo Molago, Rheede Hort. Malab. II. 109, t. 56. Occasionally cultivated. Var. grossa, Sendt. Fruit swollen, somewhat angular, prismatic or quadrate or oblate, obtuse, hardly longer than broad; flesh thick, hardly pungent ; berry resting on the saucer-shaped fruiting calyx ; colour red. C. grossum, Linn. Mant. 47 ; Willd. Sp. PL I. 1051 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 17 ; Flor. Ind. I. 574 ; Fingerhuth, Caps. 21 ; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 422 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 659 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 239. Occasionally cultivated. Var. cerasiformis, Mill. Fruit globular, red, flesh thin, very pungent. C. cerasiforme, Roxb. Flor. Ind. I. 574. C. grossum, var. cerasiformis, Clarke in Plook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 239. Sometimes grown in gardens by European residents. Var .nigra. Fruit much longer than broad; flesh thin, only slightly pungent ; calyx hardly enclosing base of fruit ; berry at first dark purple, at length becoming orange-red. C. purpureum, Roxb. Flor. Ind. IV. 239. Occasionally cultivated. 2. Capsicum frutescens, Linn. Sp. PI. 189. An erect, much-branch- ing undershrub, 2 to 4 feet high, branches angled, the smaller ones puberulous but soon, like the leaves, becoming quite glabrous. Leaves petioled, membranous, ovate-acute, the base short-euneate, truncate or rarely sub-cordate, the margins entire ; lamina usually 2\5 to 4 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, green on both surfaces ; petiole '5 to ‘75 in. long. Flowers small, white or yellowish-white ; pedicels usually 2 to 3, sometimes 4 or more together in leaf-axils, never all of the same age, drooping in 338 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. flower and erect, thickened, rigid and somewhat elongated in fruit, 1 to 1'25 in. long. Calyx glabrous ; limb truncate with 5 shortly pro- jecting, spreading teeth -12 in. in diam. Corolla - 2 in. in diam., rotate, 5-toothed. Ovary glabrous. Fruit erect, narrow to globose, bright red, •2 to - 25 in. in diam. Irish Miss. Bot. Gard. Rep. IX. 97. Var. typica. Fruits ovate or sub-cylindric, acute, -75 in. long, -2 in. in diam. C. frutescens, Wall. Cat. 2642 B.C. C. minimum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 17, Flor. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. II. 261, and ed. propr. I. 574 ; Wall. Cat. 2641 ; Blanco, Flor. Filip. 133 ; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 415 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 659 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IY. 239. C. fastigiatum, Bl. Bijdr. 705 ; Nees Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 64; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 416; Wight Ic. t. 1617; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 659 ; Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. t. 188. In all the provinces, cultivated and as an escape. Var. baccata, Irish l.c. 99. Fruit elliptic-obtuse or globose, '25 to •3 in. long, '25 in. in diam. Capsicum baccatum, Linn. Ment. 46 ; Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2644. C. angustifolium, Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 420. Nicobars : cultivated, Jetinek 137 ! 138 ! 3. Physalis, Linn. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire sinuate or shortly lobed. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-partite in flower, the tube much enlarged and inflated in fruit, loosely enclosing the berry; teeth small, connivent. Corolla campanulate, yellow. Stamens 5, attached near base of corolla ; anthers oblong, shorter than filaments, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style columnar ; stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit berry-like, globose. Seeds few or many, disk-like ; embryo peripheric.— Distrib. Species about 34, mostly tropical American. Physalis minima, Linn. A herbaceous pubescent or glabrescent annual, erect or with procumbent straggling branches, 6 to 15 in. high. Leaves petioled, ovate, sinuate angular or hardly lobed ; 2 in. long, ■75 in. wide, green on both surfaces ; petioles 1 in. Flowers small, axillary, solitary ; pedicels - 25 to - 5 in. Calyx hirsute or glab- rescent ; in flower '1 to - 2 in., with lanceolate lobes as long as tube, in fruit -75 to 1 in., ovoid or sub-globose, 5-10-ribbed, the teeth sub- connivent and little altered. Corolla yellow, - 25 in. across, glabrous, campanulate, 5-toothed. Ovary glabrous. Fruits yellow, globose, '5 in. across, completely enveloped by the accrescent calyx. Seeds very many, •1 in. in diam., discoid, reticulated, hardly scabrous. Var. typica; calyx not distinctly angled, all parts more or less pubescent. P. minima, Linn. Sp. PI. 183 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. 339 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. XVII. 69 ; Roxb. Flor. Ind. I. 563 ; Dun. in DO. Prod. XIII. 445 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 238 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 664. P. parviflora, R. Br. Prod. 447. P. divaricata, Don Prod. 97. P. villosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 122. P. Bothiana, Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 677. P. Hermanni, Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 444. Perak : Scortechini ! Malacca : Griffith ! Andamans : common in waste places. — Distrib. A cosmopolitan tropical weed. Var. indica, Clarke Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 238; calyx distinctly ■5-angled, all parts nearly glabrous. C. indica, Lamk Encyc. Meth. II. 102; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 70; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 443 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 662. P. pseudoangulata, Bl. Bijdr. 706 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 663. P. angulata, Griff. Notul. IV. 96. Nicandra indica, Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV. 632. Perak : Kota Bahru, Kunstler, 568 ! Ipoh, Curtis 3190 ! Penang : Dcschamps ! common. Selangor: Bidley 10548! Nicobars: coasts, common. — Distrib. India generally. The Cape Gooseberry, or Winter Cherry ( Physalis peruviana), is cultivated in European gardens in the cold weather. 4. Datura, Linn. Suffruticose, rank-smelling, glabrous or minutely pubescent herbs. Leaves large, entire, sinuate or deeply toothed. Pedicels solitary, flowers very large, purple or white. Calyx long-tubular, herbaceous, apex 5-toothed ; in fruit circumscissile above the base. Corolla nar- rowly tubular-funnel-shaped ; throat widened, limb plaited, entire or shortly lobed. Stamens attached near base of tube, filaments fili- form ; anthers included, linear, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, or 4-celled by the formation of spurious dissepiments; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, ellipsoid, 4-eelled, spinous, more or less completely 4-valved. Seeds very many, com- pressed, rugose ; embryo peripheric. — Distrib. Species 10, temperate .and tropical. Datura fastuosa, Linn. Syst. ed. X. 932. A coarse annual, 3 to 8 feet high, all parts glabrescent or very faintly puberulous. Leaves petioled, membranous, ovate, entire or deeply toothed, glabrous, green ; 6 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4 in. across, base unequal ; petioles 1 in. Flowers very large, solitary, pedicels '25 to '5 in., erect in flower, recurved in fruit. Calyx tubular, 2'5 to 3 in. long, - 5 in. wide, lobes lanceolate, •25 in. long. Corolla purple or white, 7 in. long, base ‘5, throat 1'5, limb 3 to 5 in. in diam., shortly 5-6-toothed. Ovary glabrous. Capsules sub-globose, 4-celled, equally spinous on all sides, irregularly dehiscent 24 340 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. near apex, supported by the persistent base of calyx ; 1'25 to 1'5 in. in diam. Seeds -25 in. diam. Var. typica; corolla purple. D. fastuosa, Linn. Syst. ed. X. 932; Eoxb. Flor. Ind. I. 561; Wall. Cat. 2638; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 74; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 542; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 669 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 242. D. Hummatu, Bernh. in Linn. Litteraturber. (1883) 141. Var. alba, Clarke in Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 243 ; corolla white or cream-coloured. D. alba, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 73 ; Wight Ic. t. 852 ; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 542 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 667. D. Metel, Eoxb. Flor. Ind. I. 561 ; Wall. Cat. 2639 ( not of Linn.). Perak : Larut, Scortechini ! Ulu Bubong, King's Collector ! Singa- pore : Hullett ! — Distrib. Tropical Africa, S.E. Asia. The purple-flowered variety has not been sent to Calcutta from any of the provinces. Kunstler says that the white one is “ not native ” in Perak. 5. Nicotiana, Linn. Erect, viscid-pubescent herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire or sinuate. Racemes paniculate, terminal or sub-terminal. Calyx tubular or ovoid, 5-fid. Corolla funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, induplicate in bud. Stamens attached to lower part of corolla-tube, filaments filiform ; anthers ovate, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma shortly 2-fid. Fruit a capsule, 2-celled, or rarely spuriously almost 4-celled ; valves separating to their middle, often again splitting. Seeds very many, small, scarcely compressed ; embryo nearly straight. ■ — Distrib. Species about 35 ; American, Australian, Polynesian. Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn. Sp. PI. 180. A herb 2 to 3 feet high branching upwards, all parts glandular-pubescent. Leaves large, sessile or sub-amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the lower decurrent ; 4 to 8 in. (the lower sometimes 12 to 15 in. long) by 2 to 3 in. across ; tapering to the cuneate base. Flowers large, in compound corymbs with short ultimate bracteate branchlets. Calyx campanulate, '5 in. long, •3 in. wide, teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, • 2 in. long. Corolla pink or pale-rose, linear-funnel-shaped, 1-75 to 2 in. long, limb 1 in. across, lobes spreading ovate, sub-acuminate. Capsule ovate, -75 in. long, •5 in. in diam., slightly exceeding calyx. Seeds small. Gaertn. Fruct. I. 264, t. 55 ; Lamk 111. t. 113 ; Dun. in DC. Prod. XIII. 557 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 670 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 245. In all the provinces, cultivated. A native of America, cultivated in all warm countries. The common Tobacco. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 341 Order LXXXIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE. [By D. Pbain.] Herbs or shrubs, occasionally epiphytic, sometimes semi-parasitic. Leaves all or only the lower opposite, rarely all alternate or whorled, occasionally all radical, sub-rosulate ; stipules 0. Flowers hermaphro- dite, usually irregular ; inflorescence centripetal or composite. Calyx inferior, 5-, rarely 4-lobed or -partite. Corolla hypogynous, more or less 2-lipped or occasionally personate ; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. Stamens epipetalous, usually 4, didynamous or rarely sub-equal, occasionally only 2, very rarely 5 ; anthers 2-celled, cells distinct or apically or entirely confluent, or 1-celled by abortion, often when stamens didynamous with anthers connivent and sometimes with their apices connate in a posterior and an anterior pair. Disk annular, cupular, or glandular. Ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules usually numerous in each cell, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple ; stigma capitate or dilated, simple ; occasionally 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit usually a capsule, rarely a berry ; placentas sometimes persistent on a central axis, at others attached to margins of valves. Seeds small with a lateral or ventral hilum ; albumen fleshy, rarely absent ; embryo straight or curved.— Distbib. Species 2,000 or more, in all regions. Angelonia grandiflora, C. Morr., an American species, has become naturalised as an escape from gardens in Selangor (Goodenough in Herb. Eidley 10486) ; it has long been similarly naturalised in Tenasserim and the Irawadi Delta, and has more recently become established in the Gangetic Delta. Corolla with upper lip or two upper lobes outmost in bud : — Stamens 4, fertile : — All 4 filaments inserted within corolla-tube Trees or epiphytes Herbs : — Throat of corolla plicate, forming a 2-lobed palate ; anther- cells contiguous, divaricate Throat of corolla not plicate : — Anther-cells discrete, stipitate; corolla distinctly 2- lipped : — Upper lobe of calyx distinctly exceeding the others ; 2 or sometimes all the anthers with one cell imperfect Upper lobe of calyx hardly if at all exceeding the others ; all 4 stamens with perfect anthers Anther-cells contiguous; lateral calyx-lobes much narrower than the other three ; corolla sub-equally 5-lobed Only 2 posterior filaments inserted within . corolla-tube ; the anterior pair inserted on corolla-throat : — Calyx with 3 to 5 distinct ridges or wings 1. WlGHTIA. 2. Mazcs. 3. Adenosma. 4. Lisinophila. 5. Herpestis. 6. Torenia. 342 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Calyx without wings or ridges : — Calyx-segments narrow . . . . . . 7. Calyx-segments broad . . . . . . 8. Stamens only 2 posterior fertile, inserted within corolla-tube ; anterior pair reduced to staminodes on corolla-throat : — Calyx 4-lobed, the outer lobes very broad . . . . 9. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes all narrow . . . . . . 10. Corolla with upper lip or 2 upper lobes inmost in bud; rarely lobes imbnicate : — Corolla-tube very short ; lobes 4, sub-equal, imbricate ; stamens 4, sub-equal Corolla-tube elongated; lobes 5, 2-labiate: — Calyx tubular, 5-lobed Calyx spathaceous, split in front .. 11 . .. 12 . .. 13. Vandellia. Artanema. C drang a. Bonnaya. SCOP ARIA. Striga. Centranthera. 1. Wightia, Wall. Large epiphytic climbers, eventually becoming trees. Leaves mostly or all opposite, quite entire, coriaceous. Flowers in usually axillary, often thyrsoid racemes ; large, rosy or purple, pubescent. Calyx cam- panulate, irregularly 3-5-lobed. Corolla-tube incurved, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower spreading, 3-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, exserted ; anthers oblong, sagittate, cells parallel. Style long, tip incurved ; stigma simple. Capsule oblong-ovoid, septicidal, many- seeded, valves long, separating from the placentiferous axis, which is 2-partite or entire. Seeds linear, ascending, nucleus slender, testa membranous, broadly winged all round ; albumen 0 ; embryo straight. — Distrib. Species 3, all S.B. Asiatic. The species of this genus exhibit the primarily epiphytic but subsequently arboreal habit characteristic of many species of Ficus. Though often loosely spoken of as parasites, and though, as a matter of fact, they frequently strangle the trees on which they become established, epiphytes of this class are not parasites in the physiological sense. Wightia borneensis, Hook. f. in Ic. Plant. XY. 35, t. 1444 (1883). A tree, 20 feet in height and upwards, commencing life as an epiphyte and flowering most freely in that condition. Leaves opposite, thinly coriaceous, glabrous as are the lenticellate branchlets, drying brown, margin entire, outline elliptic, apex obtusely acuminate, base euneate, narrowed to the petiole, main-nerves 2-3-jugate ; length 3 to 4 in., breadth 1-25 to 1'75 in. ; petiole -75 in. long. Flowers opposite or whorled on the rachis of axillary or terminal racemes, pedicels slender, rigid, spreading, -5 in. long ; rachis stout, glabrous, erect, 6-10-flowered, 3 to 6 in. long. Calyx campanulate, margin entire, '4 in. across. Corolla trumpet-shaped, incurved, purple, densely beset with a fine stellate tomentum, 2 in. long, lobes rounded, throat slightly enlarged. Stamens inserted near base of corolla ; filaments slender, far-exserted ; Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 343 anthers sagittate. Ovary glabrous ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Fruit not seen. Perak : Larut Hill at 3,000 feet, Derry (Herb. Curtis, n. 3710) ! — Distrib. Borneo. The solitary Perak specimen agrees well with a specimen from Borneo in Herb. Kew ; as our Perak example is destitute of leaves the description of these is based on a second Bornean example of the plant. The species is most readily distinguished from the other two known species by its entire calyx-limb. 2. Mazus, Lour. Small herbs, often surculose. Leaves rosulate or opposite below, opposite or alternate above. Flowers in terminal, sub-secund racemes ; bracts minute or 0 ; bracteoles 0. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid ; lobes large, leafy. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube short, upper lip erect, ovate, 2-fid; lower longer, spreading, 3-fid ; throat with a 2-lobed palate. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anther-cells contiguous, divaricate. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigma 2-lamellate ; ovules numerous. Capsule globose or compressed, loculicidal, 2-valved, included. Seeds many, ovoid, very minute. — Distrib. Species about 5, Asiatic and Australian. Mazus rugosus, Lour. Flor. Cochin-Chin. 385. A small annual glabrous or sparingly hirsute herb. Leaves many, radical, obovate- spathulate, irregularly coarsely crenate, narrowed to a short petiole, •75 to 3 in. long. Scapes numerous from the root, 2 to 10 in. long, leafless or with a few alternate spatbulate leaves, with terminal racemes 1 to 6 in. long, the pedicels slender, -25 to -5 in. long, usually without bracteoles. Calyx campanulate, - 25 in. long, lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, half as long as tube, spreading in fruit. Corolla pale blue, '3 in. long. Capsule -2 in. long, included in the calyx ; calyx-mouth in front ■3 to ‘5 in. across. Seeds very minute ; testa pale straw-coloured. Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 375 ; Boiss. FI. Orient. IV. 424 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 677 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 259. M. bicolor, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3913. M. vandellioides, Hance in Walp. Ann. III. 193. Lindernia japonica, Thunb. Flor. Japon. 253. Hornemannia bicolor, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 654 ; Reichb. Icon. Exot. 25, t. 37. Colum- nea tomentosa, Roxb. Flor. Ind. III. 98. Stemodia tomentosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. Gard. IV. 842. Tittmannia obovata, Bunge Enum. PI. Chin. 279. Vandellia obovata, Walp. Act. Acad. Leopold. XIX., Suppl. I. 394. Gratiola goodenicefolia, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. Singapore : a garden weed, Ridley ! — Distrib. E. and S.E. Asia generally. 3. Adenosma, R. Br. Annual, villous or glandular aromatic herbs. Leaves opposite, rugose, crenulate. Flowers axillary or id leafy spikes, racemes or 344 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. heads ; braeteoles conspicuous or absent. Calyx deeply 5-lobed ; lobes imbricate, the upper the largest; sometimes in fruit all enlarged. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire or notched, outmost in bud ; lower 3-lobed, spreading ; throat not plicate ; tube cylindrie. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells discrete, stipitate, one cell of each anterior stamen or of all four stamens empty. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style filiform below, winged upwards under the entire or 2-lamellate stigma. Fruit an ovoid, ellipsoid, or lanceolate 2-grooved and 4-valved capsule, opening both loculicidally and septicidally. Seeds many, minute, reticulate. — Distrib. Species about 10, in S.E. Asia and Australia. Flowers axillary ; outer fruiting sepals enlarged : — ■ Leaves ovate-obtuse, erenate-serrate Leaves ovate-acute, serrate . . Flowers in terminal heads, spikes or racemes ; sepals little altered : — Bracts linear, hardly exceeding the calyx : — Spikes short, dense, cylindrie or capitate Spikes long, slender . . . . . . . . Bracts leafy, elliptic, acute, longer than calyx 1. A. ovatum. 2. A. inopinatum. 3. A. capitation. 4. A. coeruleum. 5. A. hirsutum. 1. Adenosma ovatum, Benth. in Hook. fil. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 263. A puberulous or glabrate herb, branched from the base ; branches root- ing below, prostrate or ascending, 6 to 18 in. long. Leaves ovate- obtuse, erenate-serrate, base wide-cuneate, rounded or truncate ; blade •75 in. long, ’5 in. wide ; petiole - 3 in. Flowers axillary, sessile ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx of 5 almost free sepals ; in flower herbaceous, sub-equal; in fruit membranous, reticulate, pubescent, the 3 outer enlarged, -35 in. wide, ovate-cordate, the 2 inner un- altered, narrow lanceolate, all - 25 in. long. Corolla blue. Capsule lanceolate, about as long as the sepals but hidden by the enlarged outer ones. Herpestis ovata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30 ; Wall. Cat. 3896. H. javanica, Bl. Bijdr. 748. Pterostigma ovatum, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 380 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 678. Perak : Gunong Tundul, Ridley 9444 ! Penang : Waterfall, Curtis ! Malacca: Ghriffith ! Singapore: Bukit Timah, Ridley 6894! “a garden weed,” Ridley 8910 ! — Distrib. Indo-China, Malay Archi- pelago. 2. Adenosma inopinatum, Prain Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXII. 2, 16. A pubescent herb, branched from the base; branches rooting below, ascending, 6 to 18 in. long. Leaves ovate-acute, serrate, base cuneate; blade 1 to 1‘5 in. long, -75 to 1 in. wide; petiole -3 in. Floivers axillary, sessile ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than calyx. Calyx 345 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. of 5 almost free sepals ; in flower herbaceous, sub-equal ; in fruit mem- branous, reticulate, the 3 outer enlarged, -25 in. wide, ovate-lanceolate with truncate bases, the 2 inner unaltered, narrow lanceolate, all -25 in. long. Corolla blue. Capsule lanceolate, about as long as the sepals but hidden by the enlarged outer ones. Malacca : Griffith ! Singapore : Anderson ! King’s Collector ! Very nearly allied to A. ovatum, Benth., and A. subrepens, Benth. It differs from both by its acute leaves, but except in this respect and as regards its distribution it is hardly separable from A. subrepens of Ceylon. From A. ovatum of Tenasserim, with ■which it has been confused, it further differs in its larger size, coarser habit of growth, and much narrower outer sepals. It has also been confused with A. cceruleum, from which it differs by its flowers being all axillary and by its enlarged fruiting sepals. 3. Adenosma capitatum, Benth. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IY. 264. A stout, erect, glandular-villous herb, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong, sub-acute, serrate, often reflexed ; base cuneate ; blade 1 to 2 in. long, -5 to -75 in. wide ; petiole very short. Floivers in dense cylin- dric or globose terminal or axillary heads, with basal involucres of floral leaves ; peduncles 1 in. or less, sometimes in the lower clusters sub- obsolete and the flowers in axillary whorls ; heads usually -5 in. across, sometimes longer up to 4 in. long ; bracts linear, hardly exceeding the sepals. Calyx of 5 almost free sepals, villous with long hairs, - 25 in. long, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate, broader than the other lanceolate 4. Corolla blue. Capsule ovoid, '2 in. long. Stemodia capitata, Benth. in Bot. Beg. under t. 1470 ; Wall. Cat. 3926. Ptcrostigma spicatum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 21. P. capitatum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 31, and in DC. Prod. X. 380. Erinus bilabiatus, Boxb. FI. Ind. III. 92. Prov. Wellesley: King! King’s Collector. Penang: Wallich; Deschamps ! Curtis ! Singapore : King ! Bidley ! Malacca : Cuming ! Ayer Keroh, Ridley! Griffith; Wallich. Negri Sembilan : Kwala Pedas, Bidley ! Pahang : Bidley !— Distrib. Throughout S.E. Asia. 4. Adenosma cosruleum, B. Br. Prod. 443. An erect herb, 1 to 2 feet high, viseidly pubescent. Leaves ovate-acute, crenate, base rounded or cordate ; blade 1'5 to 2'5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide ; petiole ■5 to 1 in. long. Flowers in long slender strict spikes ; bracts lanceo- late, about as long as calyx. Calyx of 5 almost free sepals, the upper lanceolate the rest linear, not very greatly altered in fruit. Corolla blue. Cajjsule lanceolate, rather longer than the sepals. Benth. Flor. Austral. IV. 484; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IY. 263. Pterostigma villosum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 21, and in DC. Prod. X. 380 partly ; Miq Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 678. P. strictum, Griff. Not. IV. 96 ; Ic. PL Asiat. t. 417, f. 3. Stemodia ccerulea, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 381. Herpestis lanuginosa, Bl. Bijdr. 747. 346 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Selangor : Ridley ! Perak : Scortechini ! Wray ! Malacca - Griffith ! Cuming ! Maingay ; Hervey ! Singapore : Cuming ! Wallich. — Distrib. Indo-China, Malaya, Australia. Scortechini notes on this, “ aromatic ; most likely introduced.” It appears, how- ever, to be native. 6. Adenosma hirsutum, Kurz Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLV. 2. 143. A stout, erect, villous herb, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, sub-acute, serrate, base cuneate; blade 1 to 2 in. long, - 5 to - 75 in- wide ; petiole very short or 0. Floivers in dense cylindric or oblong heads, often ternate, usually peduncled, with closely imbricate hirsute leafy bracts ; peduncles sometimes 1-5 in. long ; heads 1 to 3 in. long, ■75 to 1 in. wide ; bracts ovate-acute, serrate, ‘4 to ‘6 in. long. Calyx of 5 almost free villous linear sepals, -25 in. long. Corolla blue. Cap- sule ovate, abruptly beaked, as long as calyx. Pterostigma hirsutum, Miq. Elor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 562. P. villosum, Miq. l.c. ( not of Benth.). Province Wellesley: Curtis 2238! Ridley 6977! Nicobars : Kamorta, Kurz ! — Distrib. Sumatra ( Teysmann 1157), Bangka ( Toys - mann 3429), Borneo ( Motley , n. 215). A coarser plant than A. capitatum, with leafy bracts throughout the spikes. 4. Limnophila, B. Br. Herbs of marshes and pools, glabrous or pubescent, aromatic. Leaves with transparent dots, opposite or whorled, toothed or cut, when submerged frequently laciniate-multifid. Flowers solitary axillary, sessile or pedicelled, or passing into terminal spikes or racemes ; bracts leafy ; bracteoles small or obsolete. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes narrow, imbricate, all equal or the upper largest. Corolla 2-labiate upper lip outmost, sub-erect, entire or 2-fid ; lower spreading, 3-lobed ; throat not plicate ; tube cylindric. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-cells all perfect, usually discrete, stipitate, occasionally con- tiguous. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style slender,, with deflexed tip and 2-lamellate stigma. Fruit an ovoid or oblong capsule, with both septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence, the placenti- ferous septum separating from the valves. Seeds many, minute, angular and truncate, reticulate. — Distrib. Species about 25, in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere and Australia. Leaves never pinnatifid above, very rarely so even on lower portion of stem : — Flowers sessile : — Leaves at least 1 in. long : — Leaves petioled, 2 to 3 in. long, pubescent or glabrous .. 1. L. Roxiurghii. 347 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Leaves sessile, 1 to 2 in. long, softly pubescent Leaves glabrous, never exceeding 5 in. long Flowers pedicelled : — Leaves hirsute : — Leaves usually opposite, rarely 3-nate, never more than •75 in. long ; flowers always axillary, solitary Leaves usually 3-4-nately whorled, rarely opposite, never less than 1-5 in. long ; flowers usually cymose or panicu- late, rarely axillary, solitary Leaves glabrous : — Leaves euneate at base, always opposite ; flowers axillary, solitary : — Stems creeping ; branches many, divaricate ; pedicels in fruit erect Stems erect, usually simple ; pedicels in fruit recurved. . Leaves half-amplexicaul at base, often 3-4-nately whorled, flowers usually in many-flowered racemes, rarely axillary, solitary Leaves mostly or all lobulate or pinnatisect, or capillary multi- 2. L. balsamea. 3. L. micrantha. 4. L. villosa. 5. L. hirsuta. 6. L. pygmcea. 7. L. erecta. 8. L. gratissima. fid:— Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled ; uppermost Flowers all solitary Flowers passing into a terminal spike leaves entire: — . . 9. L. sessiliflora. j 10. L. heterophylla, ' ■ \ vab. reflexa. Flowers all pedicelled, the pedicels exceeding the calyx ; all the leaves capillary multifid .. .. •• -.11. L. Griffithii. 1. Limnophila Roxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. IY. 543 (not, of Benth.). A stout glabrous or pubescent aromatic herb, with a creeping rootstock and with decumbent rooting base, giving off numerous erect stems 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, petioled, elliptic or ovate, obtuse or sub-acute, margin crenulate, base euneate, punctate beneath, nerves distinct, 8 to 10 pairs ; length up to 4 in, width to 2 in. ; petiole •75 in. Flowers sessile, in axillary peduncled heads, rarely solitary. Calyx hirsute, -2 in. long ; lobes lanceolate, finely acuminate in fruit, not striate. Corolla -35 in. long, purplish-blue with a yellow throat. Capsule -2 in. long, elliptic, sub-acute. Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 265. L. Menthastrum, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 386 ; Maxim. Mel. Biol. IX. 406. Herpestis rugosa, Both Nov. Sp. 290. Capraria gratissima, Roxb. PI. Ind. III. 92 (in part). Stemodia Menthastrum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 3927. Adenosma triflora, Seem. FI. Vit. 184 (not of Nees). Echpta scabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 3212. Kedah : Langkawi, at Coah, Curtis 2556 ! — Distrib. Himalaya, from Chamba eastward, N. and C. India, Indo-China, Philippines, China. The bases of the stems are often submerged, and besides the fibrous roots then emitted the lower nodes at times have multifid submerged leaves. The plant smells strongly* of Aniseed. 348 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 2. Limnophila balsamea, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 386. A stoutish, softly pubescent herb ; stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, elliptic, sub-acute, narrowed from the middle to the base with margin entire, beyond the middle obscurely crenulate, punctate beneath, nerves slender, 3 to 5 pairs ; length up to 2 in., width to 1 in. ; petiole 0. Flowers in short peduncled axillary heads or spikes. Calyx hirsute, ■15 in. long ; lobes lanceolate, finely acuminate ; in fruit striate. Corolla -35 in. long. Capsule -2 in. long, broadly elliptic, obtuse. Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 266. Stemodia balsamea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 3928. Perak : King’s Collector 1027 ! — Distrib. Indo-China. 3. Limnophila micrantha, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 387. A small, stoutish, glabrous herb, creeping below ; stem 3 to 6 in. long, branching from the base. Leaves all opposite, crowded, thick, "25 to ‘45 in. long, margin entire or very sparingly sub-serrate, punctate beneath ; nerves obscure ; petiole 0. Flowers axillary, sub-sessile, small. Calyx '06 in. long, glabrous ; lobes subulate, in fruit striate. Corolla reddish-purple, ■12 in. long. Capsule ovate, '08 in. long. Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 267. Stemodia micrantha, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 3936. Herpestris pygmcea, Griff. Notul. IV. 104. Pahang : Ridley ! — Distrib. Indo-China, Bengal. 4. Limnophila villosa, Bl. Bijdr. 750. An erect or spreading, sub- simple, stoutish or slender, pubescent herb ; stems 4 to 6 in. high. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, sub-crenate, '5 to '75 in. long, punctate beneath, nerves obscure; petiole 0. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short pubescent pedicels, -15 in. long, erect in fruit. Calyx hirsute, •15 in. long, lobes lanceolate, acuminate-subulate, in fruit striate. Corolla -2 in. long. Capsule 15 in. long, ovate. Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 388 ; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 681. L. laxa, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 388 partly. L. pulcherrima, Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 267. Her- pestis pulclierrima, Griff. Notul. IV. 104. Perak: Wray 788! Malacca: Griffith! Cuming! Maingay ! Ridley ! Hervey ! Penang : Tulloh Bahang, Curtis ! Ridley 7104 ! Pahang : Ridley ! Singapore : King’s Collector ! Hullett ! Deschamps ! Kurz ! Ridley ! Province Wellesley : King ! Salama : Scortechini ! — Distrib. Sumatra, Java. 5. Limnophila hirsuta, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 388. An erect hirsute herb ; stem 6 to 8 in. high. Leaves opposite or 3-4-nately whorled, elliptic, linear-oblong or sub-spathulate, 1‘5 to 2'5 in. long, apex obtuse, margin serrulate, punctate beneath, nerves few, very indistinct ; petiole short or obsolete. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose or paniculate at the apex of the stem; pedicels - 2 to '75 in. 349 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. bracteoles minute. Calyx '3 in. long, hirsute; lobes lanceolate, finely acuminate, in fruit striate. Corolla -5 in. long. Capsule sub-orbicular, -25 in. long. Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 268. L. javanica, A. DC. in DC. Prod. X. 594. Stemodia hirsuta, Heyne, ex Wall, in Cat. 3930 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 24. Ambulia ebracteata, Ham. ex Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 268. Nicobars : Kurz ! Perak : Scortechini ! Kunstler ! Malacca : Ridley ! — Distrib. India, Indo-China, Malay Archipelago, China. 6. Limnophila pygmaia, Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 268. A very small, glabrous, much-branched creeping herb ; branches 4 to 6 in. long, divaricate. Leaves opposite, - 3 to - 4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, margin sub-serrate ; punctate beneath, nerves very obscure ; petiole 0. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedicels slender, -15 to -2 in. long, erect in fruit. Calyx '15 in. long, hirsute, lobes subulate-lanceolate, striate in fruit. Corolla -2 in. long. Capsule '15 in., ovate. Herpestis pygmcea, Griff. Notul. IV. 104. Stemodia diffusa, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3937. Malacca : Griffith ! Cuming ! — Distrib. Tenasserim. 7. Limnophila erecta, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 388. An erect, sub-simple or branched, stoutish glabrous herb ; stems 4 to 8 in. high. Leaves all opposite, linear-oblong, -5 to 1 in. long, apex acute, margin sub-serrate except the narrow cuneate base, punctate beneath, nerves obscure ; petiole very short or obsolete. Flowers white, axillary, soli- tary, on short pedicels, -1 in. long, recurved in fruit. Calyx glabrous, •15 in. long, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit striate. Corolla -2 in. long. Capsule '15 in. long, ovate. Maxim. Mel. Biol. IX. 406 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 267. Stemodia gratioloides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25; Wall. Cat. 3938. Perak : Scortechini ! Wray ! King's Collector ! Negri Sembilan : Ridley ! Selangor : Ridley ! Pahang : Ridley ! — Distrib. Indo- China, Bengal, S. China. 8. Limnophila gratissima, Bl. Bijdr. 749. An erect, glabrous herb with a stout stem, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or occasionally branched above. Leaves opposite and ternate, half-amplexieaul, linear-oblong, 1‘5 to 2'5 in. long, apex sub-acute, margin serrulate, punctate beneath, nerves few, indistinct ; petiole 0. Flowers in axillary and terminal many-flowered racemes, rarely flowers axillary solitary, sometimes the racemes 12 in. long and paniculately branched with the flowers whorled, at others the racemes reduced; pedicels -5 to 1 in. long, glandular; bracteoles minute. Calyx -3 in. long, glabrate, lobes lanceolate-acumi- nate; in fruit calyx hemispherical with lobes striate. Corolla -5 in. long. Capsule oblong, acute, -3 in. long. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 26 ; 350 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Wall. Cat. 3906 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 268. L. punctata, Bl. Bijdr. 750 ; Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 388 ; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 682 ; Maxim. Mel. Biol. IX. 406. Gratiola aromatica, Pers. Synops. I. 14. Ambulia aromatica, Lamk Encycl. Metk. I. 128. Rheede Hort. Malab. X. 6. Malacca : Griffith. Perak : King’s Collector ! Wray ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia generally, N. Australia. 9. Limnophila sessiflora, Blume Bijdr. 750. A hirsute or rarely glabrate herb ; stem stoutish, 4 to 8 in. long. Leaves 3 to 6 in a whorl throughout all lobulate or pinnatisect, or the uppermost very rarely opposite entire, usually about - 4 to - 5 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx - 3 in. long, lobes ovate-aeuminate, tube in fruit membranous, hemispheric, not striate. Corolla -5 in. long. Capsule orbicular, turgid, -2 in. across. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25; Wall. Cat. 3902 ; DC. Prod. X. 389 ; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 683 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 270. Hottonia sessiliflora, Vahl Symb. II. 36. Kedah : Langkawi, in swamps, Curtis ! — Distrib. Throughout S.E. Asia. 10. Limnophila heterophylla, Benth. ; var. rcflexa, Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 270. A glabrous herb with a very slender elongated stem, 1 to 1-5 feet long. Leaves towards apex of stem usually opposite, small, rarely over -25 in. long, sessile, half-amplexicaul, oblong, margin crenulate ; followed by pinnatifid leaves 4 to 6 in a whorl, -5 in. long ; with below these submerged whorled and very finely capillary-multifid leaves, -5 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary, the upper sub-sessile passing into a short leafy spike, the lower pedicelled, with pedicels recurved in fruit and longer than the calyx. Calyx '25 in. long, lobes ovate, very shortly acuminate, in fruit not at all striate ; tube in fruit hemispheric, membranous. Corolla '4 in. long. Capsule sub-globose, ■3 in. long. L. reflexa, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25 ; DC. Prod. X. 389 ; Wall. Cat. 3904. Malacca : Cuming. Kedah : Curtis 2103 1 — Distrib. (of variety,) Tenasserim : (of type,) throughout S.E. Asia. This variety differs from the type in having distinctly shorter submerged leaves, and distinctly longer pedicels to the lower flowers. 11. Limnophila Griffithii, Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 271. A very small herb with creeping tufted stems, sending down long rigid roots and emitting many erect branches, 1 to 2 in. long, sometimes stout and stiff, sometimes slender and flaccid. Leaves -25 to - 35 in. long, usually densely whorled and imbricated, multifid. Flowers axillary solitary, on slender pedicels, - 35 to '5 in. long, that are deflexed Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 351 in fruit. Calyx -1 in. long, teeth short. Corolla pure white, -4 in. long. L. sessiliflora, Griff. Notul. IV. 99, t. 418, f. 5 ( not of Bl.). L. gratio- loides var. myriophylloides, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 389 partly. Quin- quclobus glaher, Benj. in Linnaea XX. 316. Benjaminea glabra, Benj. in Linnaea XX. 761. Malacca: Griffith! Leman, Cuming! Maingay ! Perak: King’s Collector ! Griffith’s specimens have slightly larger leaf-segments and shorter pedicels than those of Maingay, Cuming, and Kunstler, where the leaf-segments are finely capillary. But Griffith’s plant evidently grew on mud, while that of Kunstler was floating in water, and the difference of habitat probably sufficiently explains the difference in foliage. The flowers of the two forms are the same. 5. Herpestis, Gaertn. f. Herbs, glabrous. Leaves often dotted, entire or toothed, or below submerged and multifid. Flowers axillary or racemose ; bracteoles small or obsolete. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes imbricate, the upper largest, the two lateral inmost often very narrow. Corolla indistinctly 2-lipped; upper lip outmost spreading, 2-lobed or only emarginate, lower 3-lobed ; tube cylindric. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers sometimes approximate in pairs ; cells contiguous, parallel, not confluent. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style dilated at the top ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a globose or ovoid 2-celled capsule ; valves 2 or 4, separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, very minute.- — Distrib. Species about 50, throughout the tropics. Herpestis Monnieria, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. II. 366. A glabrous, rather succulent creeping herb, rooting at the nodes ; branches 4 to 10 in. long. Leaves obovate-oblong, spathulate, sessile, obtuse, entire, - 5 to -75 in. long. Flowers axillary, peduncles usually •75 to 1 in. long ; bracteoles 2. Calyx of 5 nearly free sepals, -2 to •3 in. long, the upper sepal ovate. Corolla white, faintly tinged with blue, - 4 to '6 in. long, lobes sub-equal. Capsule ovoid, acute, hidden by the sepals, '15 to - 25 in. long. Seeds minute, irregular ; testa pale. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30, and in DC. Prod. X. 410 ; Wall. Cat. 3900 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 178 ; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 685 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2557 ; Boiss. Plor. Orient. IV. 426 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 272. H. spathulata, Bl. Bijdr. 748. Gratiola Monnieria, Linn. Cent. PI. II. n. 120; Roxb. Cor. PI. II. 41, t. 178, and Plor. Ind. I. 141. Septis repens, Lour. Plor. Cochin-Chin. 392. Bramia indica, Lamk Encyc. I. 459. Rheede Hort. Malab. X. t. 14. Malacca: Hervey ! Johore : Hullett ! Singapore: Kurz ! Bid- ley ! — Distrib. Throughout the tropics. 352 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 6. Torenia, Linn. Herbs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, entire or crenate or serrate. Floivers often showy, axillary, or in terminal or pseudo-axillary racemes or umbels ; bracteoles 0. Calyx 2-lipped or 3-5-toothed, 3-5-keeled or -winged or -folded. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip outmost erect, concave or pinched, notched or 2-fid ; lower larger spreading, 3-lobed; tube cylindric, somewhat curved, dilated upwards. Stamens 4, didynamous ; upper pair included inserted on corolla-tube ; lower inserted on throat, appendaged or not at base, and connivent under upper lip ; anthers contiguous or connate in pairs, cells often confluent. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style slender ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a linear or oblong, included septicidal capsule ; valves separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, rugose or cancellate. — Distrib. Species 20, Tropical Asiatic and African, one American. Calyx very distinctly winged : — Fruiting calyx sub-orbicular, as broad as long ; stems prostrate and rooting .. .. .. .. 1. polygonoides. Fruiting calyx longer than broad ; stems erect : — Wings broad distinctly decurrent on the pedicels ; corolla very little exserted ; bracteoles very small ; pedicels shorter than the calyx . . . . . . . . 2. T. pedimcularis. Wings narrow hardly decurrent on the pedicels ; corolla distinctly exserted ; bracteoles large ; pedicels as long as or longer than the calyx .. .. .. ..3. T. ciliata. Calyx hardly or not at all winged : — Flowers all axillary : — Stems and leaves glabrous ; calyx deeply lobed, faintly winged . . . . . . . . . . 4. T. asiatica. Stems and leaves hirsute ; calyx wingless, shortly lobed . . 5. T. Bentliamiana. Flowers in terminal racemes ; stems and leaves hirsute ; calyx wingless, shortly lobed . . . . . . . . 6. T. flava. 1. Torenia polygonoides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 39. A slender strag- gling herb ; branches 6 to 12 in. long, decumbent and often rooting at the nodes ; all parts glabrous. Leaves orbicular-ovate, serrate ; lamina ■4 to '5 in. long, -35 to -45 in. wide, apex acute or sub-acute, base cuneate ; petiole slender, '25 in. long. Flowers axillary on 2-4-flowered peduncles ; pedicels -25 in. long, slender ; bracteoles minute. Calyx tubular with very wide wings, in fruit sub-orbicular - 3 in. in diam. Corolla -35 in. long, white or white and pink, distinctly exserted. DC. Prod. X. 409 ; Miq. PI or. Ind. Bat. II. 688 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 276. T. cardiosepala, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 409. Ilerpestis polygonoides, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3897. 35a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Singapore : Wallich 3897 ! King's Collector ! Hullett ! Murton, Kuntze ! Schomburgk ! Anderson ! Kurz ! Malacca : Maingay ! Griffith ! Goodenough ! Penang : Bouton ; Deschamps ! Perak : Gapis Pass, Curtis 2683 ! 2. Torenia peduncularis, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3956. An erect annual herb 1 to 2 feet high ; branches acutely 4-gonous, uniformly hairy upwards, below ciliate only on the angles with recurved hairs. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, base cordate, apex acuminate, margin serrate ; lamina membranous 1 to 2 in. long, -5 to 1 in. wide, sparingly hairy on both surfaces ; petiole slender, sparsely hirsute, -5 to -75 in. long. Floivers axillary solitary, or the uppermost in a sub-umbellate corymb or a terminal raceme, the lowest in the raceme leaf-opposed ; pedicels -3 in., in fruit -5 in. long, thickened upwards, shorter than the calyx ; brac- teoles linear-subulate small. Calyx-tube narrow-ovate, -6 in., in fruit ■85 in. long, wings broad, decurrent on the pedicel, the margins ciliate. Corolla -75 in. long, little exserted, tube yellow below, pale blue above, lateral lobes of lip with darker blotches. Stamens with glabrous filaments not appendaged. Disk cupular. Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 276. T. edentula, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 410 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4229. Penang : Schomburgk ! Malacca : Goodenough ! Perak : Scorte- cliini ! Ridley 9457 ! 9758 ! Ipoh, Curtis ! Nicobars : Kamorta, Kurz ! — Distrib. Indo-China, Java, Timor. 3. Torenia ciliata, Sm. in Bees Cyclop. V. 36. An erect annual herb, 1 to 2 feet high, branches acutely 4-gonous, uniformly hairy up- wards, below ciliate only on the angles. Leaves ovate, base wide cuneate, apex obtuse or sub-acute, margin entire or crenate ; lamina membranous 1-5 to 2-5 in. long, ‘75 to 1'25 in. wide, sparingly hairy on both surfaces ; petiole winged above -25 to -5 in. long, sometimes shorter. Floivers in distant pairs, racemed at the ends of the branches ; pedicels -3 in., in fruit -4 in. long, thickened upwards, as long as or longer than the calyx ; bracteoles -3 in. long, linear, hirsute, as long as the flowering pedicels. Calyx very narrow-tubular, -4 in., in fruit •6 in. long, wings distinct but narrow, the margins ciliate. Corolla •75 in. long, distinctly exserted, light blue. Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 411 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 689 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 279. T. racemosa, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 38 ( not of Griff.). T. ccerulea, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 562. T. flava, Wall. Cat. 3957 (in part) ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 562 ( not of Ham). Penang : Wallich ! Deschamps ! Perak : King’s Collector ! Scor- techini ! Ridley ! — Distrib. Sumatra, Timor. Very near to T. peduncularis, and really only separable by its smaller more winged calyx. It may be remarked that Kurz in Herb. Calcutta has suggested that T. ciliata 354 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. is = T. peduncvlaris, while in the field Scortechini has named T. peduncularis, T. ciliata." 4. Torenia asiatxca, Linn. Sp. PI. 619. A sub-erect or spreading slightly branching herb, stems quadrangular glabrous. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, base cuneate, margin finely serrate ; lamina 1’5 to 2 - 5 in. long, 1 to l - 5 in. wide, membranous, glabrous; petiole slender, glabrous, •5 in. long. Flowers axillary, pedicels '5 in. long ; braeteoles minute subulate. Calyx -5 in. long, deeply 5-partite, lobes narrow-lanceolate, with a prominent midrib. Corolla 1-5 in. long, tube narrow- cylindric at base, infundibuliform above, dark violet on both sides, upper lobe erect, lip 3-lobed spreading, all yellowish. Stamens with appendages on anterior filaments. Disk cupular waved. Wight Ic. t. 862; Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 410 ; Wall. Cat. 3953 A. B. ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 689 ; Gaertn. Fruct. III. 29, t. 184 ; Larnk 111. t. 523 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4249 ; Lem. 111. Hortic. t. 199 ; Flore des Serres II. t. 157 ; XIII. t. 1342; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 277. Treisteria cordata, Griff. Notul. IV. 109. Rheede Hort. Malab. IX. t. 53. Perak : Scortechini 2212 ! Ridley 5307 I 9756 ! King’s Collector 1816 ! Curtis ! Selangor : Ridley 8533 ! — Distrib. India, Sumatra, Java, Indo-China, China. 5. Torenia Benthamiana, Hance Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4. XVIII. 226. A slender straggling herb ; branches 6 to 10 in. long, decumbent and often rooting at the nodes, all parts sparingly hirsute. Leaves ovate, acute, margin serrate; lamina -5 to -75 in. long, -3 to -4 in. wide, base truncate or cuneate ; petiole - 25 in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedicels •75 to P25 in. long, slender ; braeteoles minute. Calyx very narrow- tubular, -35 in. long, in fruit -5 in. long, keeled and channelled but not winged, hirsute with sparse spreading hairs. Corolla P25 in. long, distinctly exserted ; tube violet purple, limb yellow. T. Bailloni Godef. in 111. Hortic. XXV. t. 324 ; E. Morr. in Belg. Hortic. XXIX. t. 9, f. 2. T. flava, Bot. Mag. t. 6700 ( not of Ham.). Johore : Ridley 4160! — Distrib. Siam, Cochin-China, S. China. 6. Torenia flava, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3957. An erect annual herb, 1 to 2 feet high ; branches acutely 4-gonous, uniformly hairy upwards, below ciliate only on the angles with spreading hairs. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, base wide-cuneate, margin entire or crenate; lamina membranous 1 to l - 5 in. long, -7 to 1 in. wide, hairy on both surfaces ; petiole winged above, often very short. Flowers racemed at the ends of the branches; pedicels -2 in., in fruit -3 in. long, thickened upwards, shorter than the calyx ; braeteoles '4 in. long linear, hirsute, rather longer than the fruiting pedicels. Calyx very narrow-tubular -35 in., in fruit -5 in. long, keeled and channelled but not winged, hirsute 355 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. throughout with sparse spreading hairs. Corolla ‘75 in. long, distinctly exserted, bright yellow. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 38, and in DC. Prod. X. 414 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 689 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 278. Pentsteira racemosa, Griff. Notul. IV. 120. Mimulus hirsutus, Bl. Bijdr. 756. Pebak : Kunstler 904 ! — Distbib. Indo-China, Malaya. 7. Vandellia, Linn. Herbs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, often toothed, usually penninerved. Flowers small, axillary or racemose ; bracteoles 0. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, or oftener deeply 5-partite, neither keeled nor winged. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip outmost, erect, concave, emarginate or 2-lid ; lower wider, spreading, 3-lobed ; tube cylindric. Stamens 4, didynamous ; the posterior pair inserted in corolla-tube, usually included, the anterior pair inserted on corolla- throat, with arched filaments appendaged near the base ; anthers contiguous or connate in pairs under upper lip, cells divaricate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules in each cell numerous; style slender; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a globose or ovoid, or long cylindric, septicidal capsule ; valves separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, small, rugose. — Distbib. Species about 30, mostly S.E. Asiatic. Capsule about equalling or shorter than the calyx : — Calyx very shortly 5-lobed . . Calyx divided almost to the base in 5 sepals : — Sepals longer than the capsule : — Stems erect ; all parts sparsely beset with spreading hairs ; leaves entire or sinuate Stems procumbent ; all parts softly villous ; leaves crenate- serrate Sepals not longer than the capsule : — Leaves sessile Leaves petioled Capsule much longer than the calyx 1. V. Crustacea. 2. V. hirsuta. 3. V. mollis. i. V. scabra. 5. V. elata. 6. V. pedunculata. 1. Vandellia cbustacea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 35. A diffusely trichotomously branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy herb ; branches mostly from near the root ; stems 4 to 18 in. high. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, entire or serrate; lamina '5 to 1 in. long, '25 to '5 in. wide; petioles short. Floivers axillary or sub-racemose ; pedicels slender, strict, - 5 to 1'5 in. long. Calyx shortly 5-lobed, in flower - 1 in., in fruit -15 in. long. Corolla pale purple or white. Capsule ovate-oblong, obtuse, '12 in. long. DC. Prod. X. 413; Wight Ic. t. 863; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 690 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 279. V. alba, Benth. 25 356 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Scroph. Ind. 35. Torenia varians, Eoxb. FI. Ind. III. 96. T. lucida. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3962. T. alba, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3961 partly. T. flaccida, E. Br. Prod. 440. Gratiola lucida, Vahl Enum. I. 95 ; Eoxb. Cor. PI. II. 2, t. 202, and Flor. Ind. 1. 138. G. aspera, Eotli Nov. PL II. Peristeira paniculata, Griff. Notul. IV. 119. Gapraria Crustacea, Linn. Mant. 87. Morgania lucida, Spreng. Syst. II. 802. M. aspera, Spreng. Syst. II. 803. Mirnulus javanicus, Bl. Bijdr. 283. Hornemannia ovata, Link & Otto Io. PI. Sel. I. 9, t. 3. Tittmannia ovata, Eeichb. Icon. Exot. I. 27. Antirrhinum hexandrum, Forsk. Flor. iEgypt.-Arab. 43. Eumph. Herb. Amb. V. t. 170, f. 3. Penang : Curtis 1 Prov. Wellesley : King ! Perak : Curtis ! Singapore : Wallicli ! Schomburgk ! Ridley ! Hullett ! Kunstler ! Des- champs ! Ettrz ! Pahang : Ridley ! Malacca : Hervey ! — Distrib. Cosmopolitan in the tropics. 2. Vandellia hirsuta, Bentb. Scroph. Ind. 36. An erect succulent trichotomously branched herb, 4 to 6 in. high, sparsely clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, entire or sinuate, 1 to 3 in. long ; upper sessile '5 to 1 in. wide, lower petioled, -4 to -75 in. wide. Floivers minute in many- flowered racemes; pedicels slender, •15 to - 2 in. long. Sepals lanceolate - 08 in., in fruit -1 in. long. Corolla blueish-white. Capsule orbicular '08 in. in diam. DC. Prod. X. 414 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 280. Tittmannia ovata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3942. T. viscosa, Eeichb. Ic. Exot. I. 26, t. 38. Horncmannia prostrata, Jacq. Eel. t. 150. Perak : Kunstler ! Pahang : Ridley ! Singapore : Ridley 2701 / — Distrib. S.E. Asia generally. 3. Vandellia mollis, Benth. Scorph. Ind. 37. A procumbent herb ; stems creeping below, 6 to 18 in. long, slender or stoutish, softly villous with spreading white hairs. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, margin crenate-serrate ; both surfaces softly villous with white glistening hairs ; nerves 3 to 4 pairs, oblique, ascending ; length 1 to 1'5 in., width -5 to -75 in. ; petiole short, ’2 in. long or less. Flowers on axillary pedicels or in axillary or terminal racemes, the pedicels slender, softly villous, -25 to -75 in. long. Sepals subulate- lanceolate, softly villous with white hairs, -4 to -5 in. long. Corolla •5 to -6 in. long, tube white, upper lip brown and lower lip yellow. Stamens with filaments hirsute below, the upper pair with orbicular basal processes. Capsule oblong, -2 in. in diam. DC. Prod. X. 414 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 281. Tittmannia hirta, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3948. Selangor : Rawang, Ridley 7605 ! — Distrib. Eastern Himalaya, S. China, Indo-China, Sumatra, Java. 357 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 4. Vandellia scabra, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 36. A slender diffusely branched herb with rather rigid stems and branches, the latter 2 to 4 in. long ; more or less clothed everywhere with long white spreading hairs. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, or orbicular, serrate or entire, acute or obtuse; lamina - 3 to -6 in. long, -3 in. wide. Flowers axillary or terminal, on slender capillary pedicels -5 to 1-5 in. long, strict, spreading in fruit, much longer than calyx. Sepals lanceolate, hirsute or glabrous, -1 in. long. Corolla - 3 in. long. Capsule orbicular ■1 in. long. DO. Prod. X. 414 ; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 692 ; Griff. Notul. IV. 122, and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 418, f. 4 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 281. V. monnierioides, Ham. ex Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 281. Torenia hirta, Cham. & Schlecht! Linnsea II. 571. T. globosa, Ham. ex Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 281. Gratiola pusilla, Willd. Sp. PL I. 105. Columnea minuta, Eoxb. Plor. Ind. III. 98. Tittmannia pusilla,. Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3945 partly. T. sulcata, Wight in Wall. Cat. 3946 partly. Bonnaya Vahlii, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 538. Stemodia minuta, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 542. Selago pusilla, Thunb. Prod. PL Cap. 99. Malacca: Griffith! Prov. Wellesley : King ! Negri Sembilan : Serembam, Bidley 10090! Singapore: King's Collector! Ridley ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia generally, Africa, Madagascar. 5. Vandellia elata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 36. A slender, sub-erect or diffuse, glabrous or sparingly hirsute herb ; stems simple or dichoto- mously branched, sometimes rooting near the base ; branches slender, 6 to 8 in. long or longer. Leaves ovate, coarsely crenate-toothed, acute, base cuneate entire passing into the petiole ; lamina ’3 to -5 in. long, ■25 to 3 in. wide ; petiole '15 to '25 in. Flotvers axillary or terminal, on slender capillary pedicels -3 to -5 in. long, strict, somewhat spreading in fruit, much longer than calyx. Sepals narrow-lanceolate, sparingly hirsute, ‘09 in. long. Corolla very small, pale blue, - 1 in. long. Capsule broadly oblong, -12 in. long, as long as the fruiting sepals. DC. Prod. X. 414; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 280. Tittmannia elata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3944. Singapore : Bidley ! — Distrib. Tenasserim, Borneo. 6. Vandellia pedunculata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 37. A slender glabrous herb, stem sometimes creeping at the base ; branches slender, 4 to 10 in. long, prostrate. Leaves ovate, obtuse or sub-acute, obscurely crenate-toothed, -5 to 1 in. long, -4 in. wide, shortly petioled. Flowers axillary and in terminal racemes; pedicels slender 1-5 in. long, usually twice as long as leaves or longer. Sepals 5, narrowly lanceolate, free almost to the base, -25 in. long. Corolla white, or pale blue with a white spot. Capsule linear-lanceolate, m 5 in. long. DC. Prod. X. 416 ;. 358 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Griff. Notul. IY. 120; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 418, f. 2; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 282. V. Boxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. IV. 549. V. cordifolia, G. Don. Gen. Syst. IV. 549. Gratiola cordifolia, Vahl Enum. I. 97 ; Don Prod. 85. Bonnaya cordifolia, Spreng. Syst. I. 42. Tittmannia grandiflora, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3949. Torcnia diffusa, Roxb. FI. Ind. II. 95. T. varians, Griff. Notul. IV. 125 {not of Roxb.). Malacca : Harvey ! Singapore : King’s Collector ! Thomson ! Ridley! Johore : Ridley! Perak: Wray! Scortechini ! Ridley ! Penang: Curtis /— Distrib. S.E. Asia generally. 8. Artanema, Don. Herbs with rather tall, erect, angled stems. Leaves opposite, entire or serrate, scabrid above as are the stem-angles. Flowers large, blue, pink or white, in terminal racemes ; bracts leafy ; bracteoles obsolete. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes acuminate, smooth, much dilated. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip outmost, erect, broad, emarginate ; lower 3-lobed, spreading ; throat not plicate ; tube wide-cylindric. Stamens 4, didy- namous ; posterior pair short included, anterior pair long with arching filaments dilated at the base ; anther-cells confluent at their tips. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style slender ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a globose septicidal capsule ; valves 2, separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, small, rugose. — Distrib. Species 3 to 4, in tropics of Eastern Hemisphere and Australia. Leaves shortly petioled ; flowers over -5 in. long .. 1. A. sesamoides. Leaves sessile, narrower ; flowers under "5 in. long. . .. 2. A. angustifolium. 1. Artanema sesamoides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 39. A herb, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves shortly petioled, lanceolate-acuminate, entire or serrate, 2 to 4 in. long, -75 to 1-25 in. wide. Flowers in racemes 6 to 9 in. long ; pedicels -3 to '5 in. long, usually slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx of 5 sub-equal lobes, - 25 to - 3 in. long. Corolla blue, •75 in. long. Capsule globose, '3 in. in diam. DC. Prod. X. 408 ; Wight Ic. t. 1410 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 686 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 274. Columnea longifolia, Linn. Mant. 90. Achimanes sesa- moides, Vahl Symb. II. 71. Diceros longifolius, Pers. Synops. II. 164 ; Bl. Bijdr. 751 ; Wall. Cat. 3884. Penang : Pulo Boutong, Curtis ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia generally. 2. Artanema angustifolium, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 39. A herb, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 4 in. long, - 25 to '75 in. wide. Flowers in racemes 6 to 9 in. long ; pedicels •15 in. long, always shorter than the calyx. Calyx of 5 sub-equal sepals, •2 in. long. Corolla pale blue and white, or pink or white, "3 to ’4 in. 359 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. long. Capsule globose, '2 in. in diam. DC. Prod. X. 408 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 275. Diceros angustifolius , Wall. Cat. 3885. Penang : J. Scott ! Ridley 9412 ! Perak : Scortechini ! Wray 2246! 2721 ! King's Collector 3045 ! Pahang : Ridley 2165a ! Singapore : Wallich 3885 / Selangor: Sepang, Ridley 7604! Johore: Serom, Ridley 11134! Very nearly related to A. sesamoides, which differs chiefly by its larger blue flowers and larger capsules. 9. CuRANGA, Juss. Herbs, creeping or diffuse. Leaves opposite, ovate, crenate. Floivers in short terminal or pseudo-axillary racemes ; bracts small, leafy ; bracteoles 0. Calyx deeply 4-partite ; upper and lower lobes very large, lateral small and narrow. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip outmost, wide-arched, emarginate ; lower longer, spreading, 3-lobed ; tube short. Stamens 2, only the upper pair perfect, included, inserted on corolla- tube ; anthers connate with divaricate cells ; lower pair of stamens replaced by 2 clavate staminodes on corolla-throat. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style slender ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit an orbicular septicidal capsule, covered by the accrescent calyx- lobes, valves separating from the broad placentiferous septum. Seeds many, rugose. — Distrib. Species 2, S.E. Asiatic. Curanga amara, Juss. Ann. Mus. IX. 320. An annual glabrous herb, with slender straggling divaricate branches, 2 to 3 feet long, root- ing at the lower nodes. Leaves very bitter, ovate, crenate, obtuse or acute, base truncate rounded or cuneate, entire ; blade 2 to 2-5 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. wide; petiole very slender, - 5 to -75 in. long. Floivers in short, few-flowered racemes, 2 to 2’5 in. long ; pedicels '25 to p 3 in., in fruit -5 in. long. Calyx with the outer sepals broadly ovate-cordate, membranous, reticulate, in flower -25 in., in fruit -5 in. long. Corolla brownish-red. Capsule small, compressed, -15 in. across. Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 408 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 275. Caranga amara, Vahl Symb. I. 100. G-ratiola amara, Boxb. Flor. Ind. I. 136. Her- pestis amara, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30. Symphillium torenioides, Grifi. in Madr. Journ. Nat. Sc. IV. 1, t. 11. Treisteria assamica, Griff. Notul. IV. 111. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. V. t. 170, f. 1. Perak: Scortechini 499b! Ridley 9742! Pahang: Ridley 1346! Selangor : Ridley 8214 ! — Distrib. Bast Himalaya, Indo-China, Malaya, Philippines. 10. Bonnaya, Link & Otto. Herbs, annual, glabrous. Leaves opposite, serrate or entire. Floivers solitary axillary, often passing into terminal racemes ; bracteoles 0. 360 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Calyx 5-partite ; segments narrow, faintly imbricate. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip outmost, erect, concave, 2-fid ; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed ; tube cylindric. Stamens 2 ; upper pair alone perfect, sub- included; anthers contiguous, the cells divaricate ; lower pair represented by 2 obtuse, glandular, entire staminodes on corolla-throat. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style slender ; stigma 2- lamellate. Fruit a narrow, exserted, septicidal capsule; valves separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, small, rugose. — Distrib. Species about 10, in tropics of Eastern Hemisphere. Leaves sharply, closely, deeply serrate : — Leaves sessile ; flowers white or pink ; stems green .. 1. B. brachiata. Leaves petioled ; flowers purple ; stems reddish . . . . 2. B. reptans. Leaves remotely, shallowly serrate, or sub-entire; flowers violet- purple Leaves narrow-oblong .. .. .. ..3. B. veronicafolia. Leaves lanceolate .. .. .. veronicafolia , l vae. verbenafolia. 1. Bonnaya brachiata, Link & Otto, Ic. PI. Sel. I. 25, t. 11. An erect rather rigid herb, 4 to 10 in. high ; branches diffuse divaricate, the lowest decumbent below. Leaves oblong, obtuse or acute, margins thickened and sharply closely deeply serrate with teeth mucronate ; lamina -5 to 1-5 in. long; pedicels rigid about -25 in long ; bracts small. Calyx of 5 nearly free sepals -25 in. long. Corolla white or pink, -25 in. long. Capsule slender, spreading or erect, -5 to -6 in. long. Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3855, Scroph. Ind. 32, and DC. Prod. X. 420; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 695 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IY. 284. B. serrata, Griff. Notul. IV. 108. B. pusilla, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 33 ; Wall. Cat. 3861. G-ratiola serrata, Eoxb. Flor. Ind. I. 139, and ed. Carey & Wall. I. 140. Bheede, Hort. Malab. IX. t. 59. Singapore: Wallich ! Pahang: Ridley! — Distrib. India, Indo- China, China, Malaya, Philippines. Wallieh’s Singapore specimen and one of Eidley’s from Pahang belong to the form distinguished by Bentham as IS. pusilla ; another Pahang gathering (Ridley 21G3) consists of genuine />’. brachiata, from which, however, IS. pusilla, though separable as a marked form, is hardly separable as a variety. Bonnaya reptans, Spreng. Syst. I. 41. A prostrate creeping slender herb with reddish stem, branches and leaves beneath ; branches diffuse spreading often 12 in. long. Leaves in distant pairs, obovate- oblong, obtuse, margins thickened and sharply serrate with mucronate teeth ; base narrow-cuneate passing into a petiole -25 in. long ; blade •75 to 1-25 in. long, -5 in. wide. Flowers opposite in terminal racemes sometimes 3 to 4 in. long ; pedicels rigid, -25 in. long ; bracts small. 361 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals, '3 in. long. Corolla purple, -75 in. long. Capsule very slender, spreading, 1 in. long. Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 420 ; Wall. Cat. 3856 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 284. B. ruelloides, Spreng. Syst. I. 41. B. ciliata, Spreng. Syst. I. 41. Gratiola ciliata, Koenig in Vahl Symb. I. 97. G. ruelloides, Koenig in Vabl Symb. I. 99. G. reptans, Boxb. Plor. Ind. I. 140. Ilcuckelia Boxburghiana, Dietr. Sp. PI. I. 572. Penang: Curtis! Perak: Scortechini ! Wray! Province Wel- lesley : Ridley 6985 ! Pahang : Ridley ! Singapore : Sullett ! Ridley /— Distrib. E. Himalaya, India, Indo-Cbina, Malaya, Philippines. 3. Bonnaya veronic^folia, Spreng. Syst. I. 41. A flaccid decum- bent or creeping herb, with ascending branches 4 to 8 in. long. Leaves sub-sessile or narrowed into a short petiole, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or obovate, or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, margin distantly serrate or sub-serrate or sub-entire. Flowers opposite, in terminal leafy ox naked racemes sometimes up to 6 in. long usually much shorter, pedicels rather flaccid, -25 in. to -35 in. long ; bracts leafy or small. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals -2 in. long. Corolla violet-purple, -25 to -35 in. long. Capsule slender, sub-erect or spreading, - 5 to - 6 in. long. Var. typica. Leaves usually obtuse, sometimes acute, always distantly serrate, 1 to 2 in. long, -5 in. wide; racemes usually with leafy bracts; corolla -25 in. long. B. veroniccefolia, Wall. Cat. 3857 ; Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 421 ; Wight Ic. t. 1411 ; Miq. Plor. Ind. Bat. II. 696 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 285. B. marginata, Spreng. Syst. I. 41. B. rigida, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3859. B. procumbens, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3860. B. Rothii, Dietr. Sp. PI. I. 556. B. bracteata, Griff. Notul. IV. 107. ,, Gratiola veroniccefolia, Ketz Obs. IV. 8 ; Boxb. PI. Corom. II. 30, t. 154; PL Ind. I. 138; ed. Carey & Wall. I. 139. G. marginata, Colsm. in Vahl Enum. I. 98. G. racemosa, Both Nov. Sp. 9. Penang : Balli Pulo, George Town, &c. Deschamps ! Singapore : King' s Collector ! Pahang : Ridley ! Malacca : Ilervey ! Selangor . Ridley ! Johore : Serom, Ridley ! — Distrib. Throughout S.E. Asia. Var. verbencefolia, Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 285. Leaves acute or sub-acute, distantly shallowly serrate or sub-entire, 1 to 1 5 in. long, -2 to -25 in. wide ; racemes usually marked with minute bracts ; corolla -35 in. long. B. verbencefolia, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 421; Wall. Cat. 3858 ; Wight, Ic. t. 1412. B. Boxburghiana, Dietr. Sp. PL I. 559. B. cyanea, Griff. Notul. IV. 107. Gratiola verbencefolia, Colsm. in Vahl Enum. I. 96. G. ciliata, Colsm. in Vahl Enum. I. 97. G. racemosa, Boxb. PL Ind. I. 138, and ed. Carey & Wall. I 139. G. 362 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Roxburghiana, Roem. & Schult. Syst. I. 123. Tittmannia Colsmanni, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3950. Torenia gracilis, Benth. in “Wall. Cat. 3952. Malacca : Harvey ! Penang : Curtis ! Perak : Ridley ! Scorte- chini ! — Distrib. Throughout S.B. Asia. 11. Scopabia, Linn. Undershrubs or herbs with twiggy branches. Leaves opposite or whorled, glabrous or pubescent, entire or toothed, punctate. Flowers small, white or yellow, axillary, solitary or 2-nate ; bracteoles 0. Calyx small, 4-5-partite ; lobes imbricate. Corolla small, rotate, 4-lobed ; lobes imbricate, sub-equal, obtuse ; throat densely bearded ; tube very short, Stamens 4, sub-equal ; filaments filiform ; anthers sub-sagittate, cells diverging or parallel, discrete. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style sub-clavate ; stigma truncate or emarginate. Fruit a small, ovoid or globose, septicidal capsule ; valves membranous, with indexed margins, separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, small, obovoid, angular, scrobiculate. — Distbib. Species about 6, all American. Scopabia dulcis, Linn. Sp. PI. 116. A glabrous much-branched erect or ascending leafy undershrub with a strong perennial woody lootstock ; stems 6 in. to 3 ft. high. Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, - 5 to 1'5 in. wide, serrate, acute or obtuse, narrowed to a short petiole. Flowers many minute in terminal panicles ; pedicles slender, strict, - 25 to '4 in. long. Sepals 4, oblong. Corolla white, T2 in. in diam., tube very short. Stamens sub-equal. Capsule globose, T5 in. in diam. Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 507 ; Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 431 ; Gaertn. Fruct. I. 251, t. 53, f. 10; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. II. 699; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 289. Penang . Kampai, Batu Gaja, &c., King ! Deschamps ! Curtis ! Selangor: Ridley! Perak: Scortechini ! Singapore: Hullett ! Kuig! Kings Collector! Deschamps! — Distrib. Everywhere in the tropics ; originally American. 12. Stbiga, Lour. Heibs, semiparasitie on roots, usually scabrid, discoloured when dry. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, linear, entire or rarely toothed sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers axillary, or the upper in biacteate spikes ; bracteoles usually 2. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-fid, 5- or 10- or 15-ribbed, tubular. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip inner in bud, 363 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. usually shortly 2-fid or emarginate, lower 3-lobed; limb spreading; tube slender abruptly incurved at or above the middle. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, included ; anthers 1-eelled, vertical, dorsifixed, bases obtuse ; connective sometimes mucronate. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style thickened upwards ; stigma entire. Fruit an oblong or globose loculicidal capsule ; valves entire, firm, septiferous, separating from the placentas. Seeds many, small, ovoid or oblong, reticulated. — Distrib. Species 20, in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. Striga lutea, Lour. Flor. Cochin-Chin. 22. A slender, erect, simple or fastigiately branched herb, 6 to 18 in. high ; leaves and stems scabrid or villous. Leaves linear, -5 to 1-5 in. long, -12 in. wide. Flowers in elongated, usually interrupted spikes, 2 to 6 in. long ; bracts usually exceeding the calyx, linear-lanceolate, scabrid. Calyx 10- ribbed, -25 in. long, teeth 5, sub-equal. Corolla white or yellow or pink or purple, '5 in. long, glabrous, incurved; upper lip emarginate reflexed; lower lip 3-lobed spreading. Capsule oblong, grooved, shorter than the calyx. Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I. 363 ; Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IY. 299. S. hirsuta, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 502 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Elor. 181. S. coccinea, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 364. S.phcenicea, Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 364. Buchnera asiatica, Linn. Sp. PI. 630 partly ; Boxb. FI. Ind. III. 31 ; Benth. Seroph. Ind. 40. B. coccinea, Benth. Seroph. Ind. 40 , Wall. Cat. 3870. B. phcenicea, Benth. Seroph. Ind. 40 ; Wall. Cat. 3874. Campuleia coccinea, Hook. Flor. Exot. t. 203. Rheede Hort. Malab. IX. t. 66. Penang : Curtis 1840 ! Pahang : Bidley ! Singapore : Bidley 139 ; Kurz ! Andamans : Port Blair, King ! Prain ! — Distrib. Throughout S.E. Asia, Arabia, Madagascar, Africa. 13. Centranthera, R. Br. Herbs, semiparasitic, annual, rigid, scabrous. Leaves opposite throughout, or opposite below alternate above, oblong or linear, obtuse, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary, or in braeteate spikes or racemes ; bracteoles 2. Calyx compressed, spathaeeous, split on one side, acuminate entire, or shortly 3-5-lobed on the other. Corolla 5-lobed ; lobes sub-equal, spreading, the 2 upper inmost in bud ; limb oblique ; tube long, incurved. Sta?nei is 4, didynamous, included ; anthers con- tiguous in pairs ; cells transverse, spurred or mucronate at base, one cell often sterile. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell numerous ; style simple, dilated above ; stigma acute, linguiform. Fruit an ovoid or sub-globose loculicidal capsule ; valves entire, carrying away the 364 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. placentas. Seeds many, small, oblong-cuneate ; testa lax, reticulate. — Disteib. Species 4-5, E. Asiatic and Australian. Centbanthera humifusa, Wall. Oat. 3883. A dwarf herb, diffusely branching from the base, hispid or glabrous, branches 3 to 6 in. long. Leaves linear, entire, ‘5 to -75 in. long. Flowers in terminal spikes, sub-sessile ; bracts small. Calyx ovoid, sub-acute, -15 in. long. Corolla yellow, - 3 to '5 in. long, incurved. Capsule sub-globose, -15 in. wide. Benth. in DC. Prod. X. 525; Hook. f. Dior. Brit. Ind. IV. 301. Bazumovia tranquebarica, Spreng. Syst. II. 812. Torenia lepidota, Both Nov. Sp. 281. Malacca : Griffith ! Singapore : Kurz ! — Distrib. China, Indo- China, India, Malaya. Order LXXXIV. OBOBANCHACE2E. [By D. Prain.] Boot-parasites, annual, white or reddish. Stem simple or branched, stout or slender, clothed with leaf-scales. Leaves proper 0. Floivers solitary or in spikes or racemes, irregular. Sepals 4-5, usually connate in a variously toothed or spathaceous calyx, rarely free. Corolla hypogynous, 2-lipped ; upper lip vaulted, lower lip 3-lobed ; throat often with 2 villous folds ; tube curved. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on corolla-tube ; anthers 1-2-celled ; cells spurred at the base, dehiscence by slits or basal pores ; one cell sometimes imperfect. Disk unilateral or glandular or obsolete. Ovary of 2 connate carpels, usually 1-celled ; style long, tip curved ; stigma 2-lobed, sub-capitate ; ovules usually numerous on generally 2 pairs of free or confluent parietal placentas which sometimes meet in the axis of the ovary. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; seeds usually many, minute, with a pitted or tubercled, rarely reticulate and lax testa ; albumen fleshy ; embryo ovoid, entire or 2-fid. JEginetia, Linn. Leafless parasitic herbs with simple or branched naked or scaly stems or scapes. Floivers few, large, solitary or corymbose ; brac- teoles 0. Calyx spathaceous, split in front almost to the base. Corolla incurved, campanulate-tubular ; limb obscurely 2-lipped, lobes somewhat spreading, the two upper lobes (upper-lip) connate. Stamens included ; anthers with one perfect cell adnate to filament and not spurred ; the other cell absent in upper anthers, empty clavate and deflexed in the lower. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas large, 2-lobed or multifid, filling the chamber, ovuliferous throughout ; style slender ; 365 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. stigma large peltate. Capsule partially 2-valved. Seeds many, small, crowded ; testa pitted. — Distrib. Species 3, S.B. Asiatic. JEginetia pedunculata, Wall. PL As. Ear. III. 13, t. 219. A leafless herb, 3 to 6 in. high ; stems red or yellow, parasitic on roots, buried, emitting several short stout fleshy several-flowered scapes with alternate peduncled flowers ; peduncles 1 to 4 in. long, stout, bracteate at base; bracts -25 to -35 in., ovate, obtuse. Calyx 1-5 to 2 in. long, fleshy, dull-pink at length yellowish-white, with a mucilaginous pad surrounding base of corolla, tip acute or obtuse. Corolla-tube yellow or white, the lobes violet or claret-coloured, crenate and erose. Stamens didynamous, anthers of lower pair with a large dorsal fleshy decurved horn. Ovary 1-celled, placentas 2, each of 2 plates ; stigma cordate-peltate. Capsule ovoid. Seeds brown. Eeut. in DC. Prod. XI. 43 ; Wight 111. t. 158b, f. 6 ; Ic. t. 1421 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 320. M. abbreviata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3965 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 95 ; Eeut. in DC. Prod. XI. 43. MU. acaulis, Walp. Eep. III. 481 ; Eeut. in DC. Prod. XI. 43. Orobanche pedunculata, Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 45 ; FI. Ind. iii. 29. 0. acaulis, Eoxb. Cor. PL III. 89, t. 292, and FI. Ind. III. 29. Perak : Batang Padang Valley, 2,000 feet ; Wray 1456 ! 1457 ! — Distrib. India, Indo-China, Java, Sumatra. One of Wray’s specimens is attached to the rhizome of a Kampferia. Christisonia, Gardn. Low fleshy scaly parasitic herbs, with yellow or white or rose-purple flowers ; stems simple or tufted from a short or long rootstock ; scales alternate, obtuse or acute. Flowers densely or laxly corymbose ; bracteoles 2 or 0. Calyx tubular, terete or angular, 2-5-lobed or -toothed. Corolla-tube long, inflated or funnel-shaped, slightly or distinctly curved, 5-lobed, obscurely to distinctly 2-lipped, the two upper lobes (in our species outer in bud) sub-erect, the lower spread- ing. Stamens 4, included or sub-exserted ; filaments stout; anthers with one perfect cell and one imperfect, one pair sometimes spurred or appendaged; rarely with both cells perfect. Disk 0. Ovary 1-celled with two 2-partite placentas, or 2-celled from the placentas meeting in the axis ; style long, tip incurved, stigma large, 2-lobed, the upper lobe very small or obsolete, the lower (sometimes the only one present) very large orbicular or clavate ; ovules numerous. Capsule ovoid or sub- globose, loculicidal. Seeds minute, crowded, many perfect with striate testa, others imperfect with lax testa; embryo half as long as the albumen. — Distrib. Species 12, tropical Asiatic. 366 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Christisonia Scortechinii, Prain in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. LXXIII. 2. 205. Stem short hypogaeal, covered with linear scales. Flowers 3 to 8, crowded in a dense corymb ; some shortly peduncled, others sessile, each with an oblong cucullate basal bract -75 in. long ; all parts loaded with sticky mucilage. Calyx spathaceous, rupturing into usually 2 (sometimes, fide Scortechini, into 2 to 4) lobes, in the fully opened flower with tube 1 in., lobes '25 in. long. Corolla-tube white, with a yellow line inside in front, 2 in. long, infundibuliform and curved above, the lower part narrow-cylindrie 1 in. long; limb 2-labiate, upper lip outmost in bud, erect, 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens didynamous ; anthers all conniving ; filaments glabrous, inserted below middle of corolla-tube, 1-eelled, adnate to the enlarged filament, upper pair without, lower with an empty oblong pointed cell. Dish 0. Ovary glabrous, 1 -celled, placentas 2, 2-fid, uniformly covered with ovules ; style glabrous downwards ; stigma peltate, flat, -2 in. in diam. Peeak : Scortechini, 2121 ! Order LXXXV. LENTIBULARIACEiE. [By D. Prain.] Marsh or aquatic herbs, or occasionally growing on wet rocks. Leaves radical, rosulate or when submerged capillary-multifid, some- times obsolete. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite, on 1-many-flowered simple or branched scapes ; bracts small, sometimes 0 ; bracteoles under calyx 2 or 0. Calyx inferior, 2-5-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped and spurred ; upper lip usually the smaller, entire or emarginate ; lower lip 3-6-lobed. Stamens 2, adnate to the base of the corolla, alternate with the lobes of the lower lip ; filaments widely curving, anther-cells ovate, transversely confluent ; dehiscence longitudinal. Carpels 2, connate in a superior, globose, 1-celled ovary ; ovules very many, on a free basal placenta ; style short ; stigma unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a globose 2-4-valved, or irregularly rupturing capsule. Seeds very many, minute ; albumen 0. — Distrib. Species nearly 200, in all parts of the world. Utricularia, Linn. Herbs, often very small, submerged or floating, or growing on wet rocks. Leaves in submerged or floating species multifid, with capillary segments, in erect or twining species entire, often disappearing at time of flowering, frequently with minute bladders. Flowers on simple or branched scapes, racemes few- or many-flowered ; bracts and 2 bracteoles 367 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. distinct. Calyx 2-parbite ; lobes entire or nearly so, often accrescent. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip entire or emarginate ; lower larger 3-6-lobed ; tube with a straight or curved spur. Stamens 2, adnate to base of corolla, alternate with lobes of lower lip ; filaments broad ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, or by confluence almost 1-celled. Carpels connate in a globose 1-celled ovary ; ovules many, on a central placenta ; style short ; stigma unequally 2-lobed. Capsule globose, regularly 2-1-valved, or opening irregularly. Seeds many, small; albumen 0. — Distkib. Species 150, in most countries. Leaves many, submerged, scattered, divided into numerous capil- lary segments mostly interspersed with bladders ; calyx-lobes equal or nearly so ; pedicels not winged : — Flowers yellow to pale-yellow or nearly white : — Peduncles very slender ; flowers usually two, never more than three, always under -25 in. across ; pedicels in fruit erect : sometimes the capillary leaves absent . . 1. 17. exoleta. Peduncles stout ; flowers usually more than three, and always from -35 to -5 in. across ; pedicels reflexed in fruit and thickened under the calyx .. .. ..2. TJ.flexuosa. Flowers blue or red or pink ; pedicels erect in fruit . . 3. 17. punctata. Leaves few, rosulate at base of stem : — Leaves linear or linear-spathulate, usually absent at time of flowering ; calyx-lobes equal or nearly so ; seeds not glochi- 5. U. affinis vae. Griffithii. diate : — Scales of the scape and bracts attached by their bases : — Stems erect : — Flowers yellow ; pedicels in fruit distinctly winged .. 4. U. bifida. Flowers pink, purple, or violet, rarely white with lilac markings : — Pedicels in fruit slightly winged ; sometimes a few leaves still present at time of flowering ; stems 8 to 12 in. high, stoutish Pedicels in fruit capillary, short, wingless; leaves 0 at time of flowering ; stems 2 to 3 in. high, very slender . . . . . . .. 6. U. minutissima. Stems twining ; flowers yellow : — Stems slender, leaves absent at time of flowering ; lower lip less than - 25 in. wide . . . . . . 7. Stems stouter ; leaves forming matted masses ; lower lip over -3 in. wide . . . . . . . . 8. Scales of the scape and bracts produced downward below point of attachment : — - Flowers on distinct pedicels as long as the fruiting calyx or longer ; capsule longer than fruiting calyx-lobes ; flowers pink ( Ridley ) .. .. .. . . 9. U. verticillata. Flowers almost or quite sessile ; capsule hidden by the fruiting calyx-lobes : — Flowers few, scattered on the very slender scapes ; ) 10. Z7. racemosa corolla white . . . . ... • ■ f vae. filicaulis. IJ. Wallichiana. V. involvens. 368 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Flowers many or few, congested at the ends of the stouter rigid scapes and branches ; corolla rarely pure white . . . . . . . . .. 11. U. ophirensis. Leaves orbicular or spathulate-orbicular, persistent ; calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper the larger ; seeds glochidiate ; stems very slender, lip pale-violet or white with a yellow centre . . 12. U. orbiculata. 1. Utricularia exoleta, R. Br. Prod. 430. A water-weed, some- times floating with very slender stems and submerged divided capillary leaves, the segments interspersed with Bladders ; sometimes growing in mud with capillary leaves absent and with tufted setaceous leaves. Scapes slender, naked, or with one or two scale-like bracts, 2 to 4 in. long, usually 2-flowered, occasionally 3-flowered, sometimes 1 -flowered, then often with an abortive axis or flower-bud opposite the bract ; pedicels slender, erect, the lowest ultimately -4 in. long ; bracts very small, obtuse, basifixed; bracteoles 0. Calyx 2-lobed; lobes slightly unequal, ovate-obtuse or sub-orbicular, in fruit adpressed to the capsule, •1 in. long. Corolla yellow, -2 in. across ; spur cylindric-conical, twice as long as lower calyx-lobe and slightly exceeding lower lip of corolla, which has an entire margin and embraces the base of the spur. Capsule almost globose, '15 in. in diam. Seeds sub-trapezoid-discoid, margin thin, spreading, minutely crenulate. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 7 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 329 ; Ridl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. U. diantha, Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. I. 169; Wight Ic. t. 1569; Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 175. U. diflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 4. U. biflora, Roxb. El. Ind. I. 143, nec alior. U. Boxburghii, Spreng. Syst. I. 52. U. elcgans, Wall. Cat. 1502. U.pterospenna, Edgew. Proe. Linn. Soc. I. 352. Perak : Sunga Ryah, King's Collector 891 ! 4383 ! Ridley l Singa- pore : Ridley. Prov. Wellesley : Ridley ! Johore : Parit Lombong, Ridley ! Pahang: Kwala Pahang, Ridley ! Nicobars: Kamorta, Kurz ! — Distrib. S.E. Asia, N. Australia. 2. Utricularia flexuosa, Vahl Enum. I. 198. A floating water- weed with submerged divided capillary leaves, the segments interspersed with bladders ; occasionally with narrow, oblong, floating vesicles 1 to 3 in. long, beset with capillary leaves, scattered or sometimes whorled near or occasionally above the base of the scapes. Scajies 3 to 10 in. long, 3-12-flowered ; pedicels stout, reflexed, and slightly thickened under the calyx in fruit, ultimately -3 to -5 in. long ; bracts ovate-acute, basifixed; bracteoles 0. Calyx 2-lobed, lobes sub-equal, ovate-sub-acute, in fruit patent, -25 in. long. Corolla yellow, rarely white, -3 to -5 in. across ; spur somewhat longer than lower calyx- lobe, and about as long as lower lip of corolla, stoutish, bluntish, straight or somewhat curved. Capsule compressed, sub-globose, -25 in. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 369 long. Seeds thickly discoid, margin thin, incurved towards the concave face, usually 5-6-angled. Bl. Bijdr. 739 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 24 ; Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 175 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 329 ; Eidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. U. australis, B. Br. Prod. 430 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 6. U. fasciculata, Eoxb. PI. Ind. I. 143 ; Wall. Cat. 1499; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 7; Wight Ic. t. 1568; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 246. U. confer vifolia, Don Prod. 84 ; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 8. U. incequalis, Benj. Linnasa XX. 304. U. Blumei, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 994. TJ. extensa, Hance in Walp. Ann. III. 3. Malacca : Ridley ! Pahang : Kwala Pahang, Ridley ! Perak : Scortechini ! Durian S. Batang, King's Collector 1036 ! Singapore : Ridley 5642, 9844 1 Kedah : Langkawi, Curtis ! — Distrib. S.B. Asia, N. Australia. Forma gracilis, Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 175 (= U. incequalis, Benj.) more slender in all its parts and with smaller paler yellow flowers. Singapore: King’s Collector 1165! Hullett 36! 385! Malacca: Cuming! Gooclenough 1407 ! Ridley! Prov. Wellesley: Ridley! The very similar and nearly allied U. stellaris, distinguished most easily by the presence of a cluster of oblong vesicles about the middle of the peduncle, has not been reported so far from the Malayan Peninsula. King’s Collector’s field-note on the slender form, which the writer agrees with Oliver in considering no more than a form of 17. flemiosa, is as follows : “ Herbaceous plant, in clear pools of fresh water ; colour bright green. Flowers pale yellow. I sent a similar one from Durian S. Batang, but I don’t think the same.” His field-note on genuine U. flexuom is as follows : “ Growing in muddy pools of water ; colour a dark reddish-brown, tinged with green ; flower bright yellow.” In his interesting paper on the XJtricularias of the Malay Peninsula (Journ. Bot. for 1895, pp. 10, 11) Mr. Ridley gives as localities for U. flexuom Pahang and Kedah, Langkawi, but does not differentiate the two forms. The leaves, he remarks, are used in medicine by the Malays, who call it Lumut Ekor Kuching (Cat’s Tail Moss) or Lumut Ekor Kuning (Yeflow Tail Moss) . 3. Utricularia punctata, Wall. Cat. 2121. A floating water- weed, with submerged divided capillary leaves, the segments interspersed with bladders, often with narrow, oblong, floating vesicles 1 to 3 in. long, beset with capillary leaves, near the base of the scapes. Scapes 4 to 12 in., usually many-flowered; pedicels slender, ascending or sub-erect in fruit, ultimately -5 to -6 in. long ; bracts ovate, more or less acute, slightly produced beyond base ; bracteoles 0. Calyx 2-lobed, lobes sub-equal, ovate-rotund, obtuse, -1 in. long. Corolla blue, reddish- purple or pink, -25 in. across, spur somewhat longer than lower calyx- lobe, shorter than lower lip of corolla, thick, sub-cylindric, obtuse. Capsule thin, ovate-oblong, obtuse, '2 in. long. Seeds discoid, peltate, 370 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. margin winged throughout, wing deeply, sharply toothed. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 5; Wight Io. t. 1570; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 175 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 329; Ridl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. Pahang : Chenei Lake, Fox ! — Disteib. Borneo, Tenasserim. 4. Uteicularia bifida, Linn. Sp. PI. 26. A slender erect weed of wet places ; leaves radical, linear-spathulate, disappearing before flowering, -3 to '5 in. long; roots fibrous, sometimes with a few bladders. Scapes 2 to 10 in. long, 2-many-flowered, beset with a few basifixed ovate-acute scales or empty bracts ; pedicels short, in flower -12 in., in fruit -2 in. long, recurved and distinctly winged from the decurrent calyx, with ovate-acute basal bracts. Calyx 2-lobed; lobes sub-equal, ovate-obtuse, -25 in. long. Corolla yellow, -25 in. wide; spur longer than the lower calyx-lobe and as long as the lower lip of the corolla, slightly falcate. .Capsule ovate, -2 in. long, hidden by the calyx. Seeds obovoid, testa lax, scrobiculate, obliquely striate. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 21 ; Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 182 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 332 ; Ridl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. U. biflora, Wall. Cat. 1498 (not of Roxb.). U. diantha, A. DC. Prod. VIII. 21 ( not of Boem. & Sckult.). U. Wallichiana, Ben-j. Bot. Zeit. 1845 214 (not of Wight). U. brevicaulis, Benj. Linneea XX. 303. Penang: Curtis! Selangor: Ridley! Perak : Larut, Scortechini ! Selama, growing among grass in swampy places, Wray 4263 ! Ridley ! Prov. Wellesley: in wet and swampy places, King’s Collector 1616 ! Singapore : in wet, sandy hollows, Kurz 2973 ! Ridley! Malacca : Griffith ! Hervey ! Ridley ! Pahang : Kwala Pahang, Ridley 1481 ! Kedah: Curtis.— Distrib . Throughout B. and S.B. Asia. Mr. Ridley has seen specimens of this species from the Dindings and from Penang, also from Kedah, Langkawi. He finds two rather distinct forms, a small-flowered, plain yellow one and a form with larger flowers over -25 in. long with a darker orange centre ; this latter Ridley found in Pahang growing with the common form. 5. Utricularia affinis, Wight ; var. Griffithii, Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 179. A slender erect weed of wet places. Leaves radical, lineal or linear-spathulate, obtuse, very often persisting during flowering, o to - 7 in. long ; roots fibrous, sometimes with a few bladders. Scapes 5 to 12 in. long, usually many-flowered ; beset with a few basified ovate-acute scales or empty bracts ; pedicels short, T in. long in flower, in fruit T5 in. long and slightly winged by the decurrent calyx, erect or ascending, never recurved and rarely patent, with ovate- acute basal bracts. Calyx 2-lobed ; lobes sub-equal, ovate or sub- orbicular, acute or sub-cuspidate, -25 in. long. Corolla blue with whitish lines, -25 in. wide ; spur slightly longer than the lower calyx- 371 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. lobe and the lower lip of the corolla. Capsule ovate, -2 in. long, hidden by the calyx. Seeds obovoid, reticulate, cells of the testa sub-hexa- gonal. U. Griffithii, Wight Ic. t. 1576; Eidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. U. ccerulea, Benth. FI. Hongk. 256 ( not of Linn.). Malacca : Griffith ! Ridley ! Perak : Scortechini ! Singapore : Hullett ! Ridley ! — Distrib. China, Burma, Tenasserim, Borneo. There are only shrivelled leaves on Ridley’s and Wight’s specimens, which are mostly in fruit ; Scortechini’s specimens, which are in flower, have numerous radical grassy linear-spathulate obtuse leaves, -5 in. long or rather longer. Mr. Ridley, in all probability rightly, considers that this is entitled to specific rank apart from U. affmis. 6. Utricularia minutissima, Vahl Bnum. I. 204. A very small erect weed of wet places ; leaves 0 at time of flowering and not seen ; roots fibrous, bladders not seen. Scapes capillary, rigid, branched, 2 to 3 in. long, quite glabrous, or with a few rigid scattered black hairs ; racemes 2-5-flowered, beset with a few basifixed ovate-acute empty bracts or scales; pedicels very short, in fruit only -05 in. long,, occasionally like the upper calyx-lobe with a few straight black hairs, sub-patent, with small lanceolate basifixed bracts and bracteoles, less than half as long as their pedicels. Calyx 2-lobed, lobes sub-equal wide-oblong, obtuse, in fruit -1 in. long. Corolla mauve, - 15 in. wide; spur wide-conic-cylindric, thrice as long as lower calyx-lobe and twice as long as lower lip of corolla. Capsule oblong, '07 in. long, covered by the calyx. Seeds minute, ovoid, obscurely scrobiculate. A. DO. Prod. VIII. 16 ; Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 190 ; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 334 ; Bidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 11. Perak : Larut, Scortechini 1501 ! Pahang : Kwala Pahang, Ridley 1474c in part ! Malacca : Koenig ; on Mount Ophir, Ridley, This small plant, collected by Scortechini with no note of colour, and stated by Ridley to have mauve flowers, is here identified with U. minutissima , Vahl, from description only. The branched capillary stems render it very like and very liable to be mistaken for small specimens of U. verticillata, which has, however, longer pedicels and bracts produced below their point of insertion. The presence of hairs on the stems, pedicels, and sometimes the calyx, at once suggests a reference to U. liirta , which is undoubtedly its nearest affinity. The scape, however, appears never to branch in U. liirta ; the flowers in that species are larger and fewer ; the pubescence, too, when present in U. minutissima, which is not always the case, is very different, consisting of rigid patent black bristly hairs, whereas in U. hirta the hairs are soft and grey or tawny. The seeds of the two species are very similar, but those of U. minutissima are smaller and yet have fewer- and larger-meshed sub-hexagonal reticulations. 7. Utricularia Wallichiana, Wight Ic. t. 1572, fig. 1. A very slender herb growing in wettish fields and damp 'grassy places ; stems 26 372 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. twining, thin, 6 to 8 in. long. Leaves linear-spathulate, absent at time of flowering ; bladders not seen. Flowers small, racemose or sub- spicate at ends of stems ; pedicels sometimes absent, sometimes up to -25 in. long ; bracts lanceolate, acute, basifixed. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, -15 in. long, in fruit -2 in. long. Corolla yellow; upper lip obovate, lower rounded, -2 in. wide ; spur straight or slightly incurved, ■2 in. long. Capsule sub-globose, enclosed within calyx-lobes, upraised on the sub-erect fruiting pedicels. Seeds ellipsoid, scrobiculate but not glochidiate or papillose. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 182 ; Clarke in Hook. f. Elor. Brit. Ind. IV. 332; Bidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 11. U. scandens, Benj. in Linnaia XX. 309 chiefly. U. macrolepis, Wight Ic. t. 1580, fig. 2. fide Clarke. U. capillacea, Tbw. Enum. 171 (not of Oliv.). Malacca : Mount Ophir, at 4,000 feet elevation, growing among grasses, Ridley ! — Distrib. Throughout India. 8. Utricularia involvens, Bidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 11. A tufted herb forming mats of leaves on rocks in streams ; stems twining, fairly stout, 12 in. long. Leaves thinly membranous, spathulate-linear, obtuse, 1 in. long or longer, T in. across. Flowers large, racemed at ends of stems; pedicels '5 to - 75 in. long; bracts lanceolate, acute, basifixed, -1 in. long. Calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, -25 in. long. Corolla lemon-yellow ; upper lip obovate, lower rounded, 2-lobed, -35 in. wide ; spur straight, pendulous, acute or acuminate, -25 in. long. Capsule unknown. Kedah : Kedah Peak (Gunong Jerai), at 3,000 feet elevation, in streams and wet places, Ridley ! A very fine and remarkably distinct species. 9. Utricularia verticillata, Benj. Linnsea XX. 312. A slender erect weed of wet places. Leaves 0 at time of flowering and not seen ; roots fibrous, bladders not seen. Scapes slender, sometimes capillary, rigid, branched, 3 to 10 in. long, glabrous ; beset with a few ovate scales oi empty bracts, acute at both ends and produced downwards beyond point of insertion ; pedicels capillary, puberulous, '2 in. long in flower, in fruit "25 in. long ; bracts and bracteoles produced below point of insertion. Calyx 2-lobed, lobes sub-equal, sub-orbicular, in fruit '1 in. long. Corolla (? yellow) ‘15 in. wide ; spur wide-cylindric, slightly exceeding lower lip of corolla. Capsule globose, To in. in diam., projecting beyond the closely adpressed calyx-lobes. Seeds minute, with sub-hexagonal reticulations. Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 184 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 333; Bidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. U. bifida, Wight Ic. t. 1584, f. 2 ( not of Linn.). 373 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Kedah: Langkawi, Curtis ! Malacca: Griffith! Pahang: Kwala Pahang, Bidley 1481 in part ! Oliver has suggested that the colour of the corolla in this species is yellow, and the fact that Bidley has mixed it (under his n. 1481) with U. bifida might be taken as cor- roborating Oliver’s opinion. Bidley, in his paper on the Malay Peninsula TJtricularias, says, however, that the flowers are pink. 10. Utricularia racemosa, Wall. ; var. filicaulis, Clarke in Plor. Brit. Ind. IV. 333. A slender herb of damp places. Leaves linear or spathulate, absent at time of flowering ; roots fibrous, bladders not seen. Scapes erect, very slender, 2 to 4 in. high, rarely higher, rather rigid, occasionally with a few branches, glabrous ; beset with a few ovate scales or empty bracts acute at both ends and produced below point of attachment. Flowers few scattered sessile ; bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, attached above the base. Calyx 2-lobed, lobes sub-equal, the upper slightly the longer, obtuse, '1 in. long in flower, in fruit -12 in. long. Corolla white, from -15 to - 2 in. across ; spur straight, conical [or sub-cylindric, longer than lower lip of corolla. Capsule globose, -1 in. long, hidden by the adpressed calyx-lobes. Seeds minute, obscurely scrobiculate. U . filicaulis, Wall. Cat. 1501; A. DC. Prod. VIII. 21 ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 186. U. nivea, Vahl Enum. I. 203 ; Wall, in Eoxb. FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. I. 144 ; Wight Ic. t. 1582. U. setacea, Wall. Cat. 6398 partly. U. campestris, Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 596. U. racemosa, Itidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10 {hardly of Wall.). Malacca : Ayer Keroh, Bidley 10706 ! Pahang : Kwala Pahang, Bidley 1474a ! Singapore : Changi, Bidley. Penang : Waterfall, Curtis, fide Bidley. — Distrib. Indo-China, India. This plant probably quite deserves to be considered a species distinct from U. racemosa , though except in its usually smaller size and its white instead of blue flowers, there is little to distinguish the two. 11. Utricularia ophirensis, Eidl. Journ. Bot. XXXIII. 10. A herb. Leaves linear-spathulate or spathulate, absent at time of flowering ; roots fibrous ; bladders not seen. Scapes erect 8 to 16 in. high, slender, rigid, often branching, glabrous ; beset with a few ovate scales or empty bracts acute at both ends and produced below point of attach- ment. Flowers sessile, clustered at the ends of the stems and branches in globose or oblong heads '3 to - 5 in. long, - 25 in. across; bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, attached above the base. Calyx 2-lobed, lobes sub-equal, the upper slightly the larger, obtuse, '1 in. long in flower, in fruit -12 in. long. Corolla -25 in. across, variable in colour, the lower lip rose-coloured {Bidley), both lips- blueish with a yellow 374 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. hairy gland in the centre of the lower lip inside ( Scortechini ), or white ( Curtis , Kunstler), or white with a yellow tinge ( Kunstler ) ; spur straight with an incurved tip (Ridley), or curved ascending (Scortechini), -2 in. long. Capsule globose or depressed-globose, hidden by the adpressed calyx-lobes, - 1 in. long. Seeds oblong or obovate, brown, the broad end glochidiate. Perak : Larut, King’s Collector 1931 ! 3820 ! Thaipeng, Wray 131 ! Scortechini 376! Penang: Waterfall, Curtis! Malacca: Padang Batu, Ridley 10091 ! This species, which is here sustained on the authority of Mr. Kidley, who knows well the Malayan Utricularias in the field, does not differ very greatly from 77. racemosa, Wall. , not so much indeed as does the variety Jilicaulis previously described. It matters little whether the three forms are considered specifically distinct or are treated as manifestations of one protean species. A drawing by Mr. Ridley shows pink flowers. 12. Utricueaeia orbxcueata, Wall. Cat. 1500. A slender herb growing on wet banks, rocks, or tree-trunks. Leaves all radical or on small offsets, persistent, orbicular or orbicular-spathulate, -15 in. across; petioles distinct - 15 to - 25 in. long ; roots fibrous, sometimes with bladders. Scapes erect, sub-capillary, 2 to 5 in. long; usually 2-4-flowered, sometimes 6-10-flowered ; naked or with one or two empty scales, slightly produced at the base; flowers on capillary pedicels -15 to -25 in. long, rather distant ; bracts and bracteoles minute, ovate-acute. Calyx 2-lobed, the lower lobe very much smaller than the upper, both obtuse, the upper often emarginate, ’12 in. long in fruit and about as broad as long. Corolla pale violet or white with a yellow centre, -2 to -25 in. wide, with an explanate 5-lobed lower lip and a linear sub-acute spur -2 in. long about as long as the lower lip. Capsule globose, -1 in. across, covered by the upper calyx-lobe but projecting beyond the lower. Seeds minute, obo- void, glochidiate throughout the upper thicker half. A. DC. Prod. VIII. 18 ; Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. III. 187 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb" Flon 136; Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. IV. 334; Ridl. Journ. Bot. 11- U. pusilla, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 165. U. qlochidiata Wight Ic. t. 1581. Kedah . Telayah Tujon, Curtis ! Perak : Larut, Scortechini 376 ! on Gunong Bubu, growing on steep side of hill in the sun, amongst moss, at 5,000 feet, flower pale violet ; Wray 3880 ! on Gunong Mas, at 5,000 feet, flower white with yellow centre ; Wray 4146 ! Malacca: Mount Ophir, Griffith; Ridley !— Distrib’ Throughout S.E. Asia. Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 375 Order LXXXVII. BIGNONIACEiE. Trees or climbing shrubs, more rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, entire or 1- 2- 3-pinnate or digitate ; leaflets entire or sometimes toothed. Inflorescence of terminal racemes or panicles ; bracts various ; flowers showy, usually large, hermaphro- dite, irregular or regular. Calyx gamosepalous, campanulate, truncate or spathaceous or 2-5-lobed, valvate. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular- ventricose, mouth 2-lipped ; lobes 5, sub-equal, patent or erecto-patent, bilabiately imbricate in bud. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube, 5 or more usually 4 from the fifth being absent or rudimentary ; filaments filiform, often slightly thickened and some- times hairy at the base; anthers 2 -celled, included or shortly exsert ; cells oblong or Unear, parallel or divergent, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk hypogynous, cushion-like or annular, sometimes absent. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, superior, 1-2-celled ; style long, filiform ; stigma of 2 flattened ovate or oblong lobes ; ovules numerous, usually horizontal, anatropous, inserted in 2 to many rows in vertical lines along the edges of the septum in each cell. Fruit generally an elongate capsule, loculicidally or septicidally bivalved ; the septum enlarged in fruit, deciduous together with the placentas. Seeds transverse, affixed by their margins to the septum or to enlarged placentas, vertically compressed, discoid or trigonous, often with a broad wing, embryo usually enveloped in a fine interior membrane ; exalbuminous, coty- ledons flattened, sometimes folded, radicle stout, lateral. — Distbib. Tropical regions of the world, a few in warm temperate regions ; absent from Europe, the Mediterranean region and New Zealand. Species about 50. Stamens 5 ; a tree with opposite 2-3-pinnate leaves and very large flat capsules Stamens 4 ; trees : — Anther-cells 2, both perfect : — Leaves 1-3-pinnate : — Calyx spathaceous, split on one side Calyx lobed or truncate : — Septum of the capsule cylindric, spongy : — Septum prominently pitted ; seeds trigonous, trans- versely grooved without, inner lobe fitting into the septum-pit ; ovules 2-seriate in each cell Septum only faintly pitted ; seeds flat ; ovules many- seriate in each cell Septum flat, capsule winged; a large tree with large flowers . . 1. Oroxylum. 2. Dolichandrone. 3. Stereospermum. 4. Badermachera. 5. Pajanelia. 376 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Leaves simple, often vertieillate ; calyx usually more or less bilabiate . . . . . . . . . . 6. Diplantheka. Anther-cells 1 perfect, 1 reduced to a small hook ; a tall tree with 2-3-pinnate leaves and very long narrowly-linear corolla- tube,. .. .. .. .. ..7. Millingtonia. 1. Oroxylum, Vent. A glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, large, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets entire. Flowers large, in a long, stout, terminal raceme. Calyx large, leathery, campanulate, truncate or obscurely toothed, persistent. Corolla large, fleshy ; tube campanulate-ventrieose ; lobes 5, 2 in upper, 3 in lower lip, recurved, toothed, crumpled. Stamens 5 inserted near base of tube, posterior one the shortest. Anthers 2-celled ; cells parallel, oblong. Dish large, cushion-like. Ovary sub-sessile, contracted at the base, compressed ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed ; ovules in 4 vertical rows on each placenta, very many. Capsule very large, broadly linear, compressed parallel to the septum, septifragally 2-valved. Seeds very many, flattened, surrounded by a broad hyaline wing. — Distrib. A single S.E. Asiatic species. Oroxylum indicum, Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 8 (1808). A small tree, reaching 30 to 40 feet in height, with a clean bole and few branches or often none, the head bearing leaves only ; branches thick ; bark some- what fleshy; pith large. Leaves extremely large, 1-3-pinnate, the lower 3-, middle ones 2-, upper 1-pinnate ; 3 to 5 feet long, triangular in outline ; rachis smooth, striate, stout, swollen at the base (pulvinus) and joints ; primary pinnae about 45 pairs, the lower ones 2-pinnate at base, pinnules 3- to 5-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, entire, acuminate at apex, side ones rounded and often unequal at base, terminal one cuneate at base ; 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2'5 in. broad ; main-nerves 4 to 5 pairs ; petiolules slender, -2 to - 3 in. long. Raceme branch-like, 2 to 3 feet long, very thick, lower part prominently marked with the ovate scars of fallen pedicels ; pedicels -5 in. long, stout ; bracteoles fused with pedicels. Calyx cam- panulate, 1 in. long, fleshy, truncate, with 5 short teeth. Corolla fleshy, 2-5 in. long, yellowish ; lobes much crumpled, red, villous on both sides. Stamens 5, shortly exsert ; base of filaments woolly; anthers divergent below ; connective shortly mucronate. Dish fleshy, cupular, somewhat lobed. Ovary oblong ; style slender, hollow, as long as the stamens ; stigma 2-lobed, lobes rounded. Capsule shortly stalked, concave-flat, elongate oblong, 1-5 to 2 - 5 feet long, 2 - 5 to 3 - 5 in. broad, scarcely •3 in. thick, margins somewhat incurved, back keeled, valves woody, septum flat. Seeds very many, flat, surrounded by a very thin, hyaline, shining wing, somewhat rectangular in shape, 3 in. long, 1-5 in. broad ; testa membranous ; cotyledons emarginate, oblong. Kurz For. 377 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. FI. II. 237 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 378 ; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 281 ; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. I. 66 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 327 ; Prain Beng. Plants II. 787. Bignonia indica, Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 625 ; Lamk Diet. I. 423 ; Boxb. FI. Ind. III. 110 ; Wall. Cat. 6514. B. pentandra, Lour. FI. Cochinch. 379. Spathodea indica, Pers. Syn. II. 173. Calosantlies indica, Blume Bijdr. 760; DC. Prod. IX. 177; Wight Ic. t. 1337 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 161 ; Bureau Monog. Bign. (1864) t. 9 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II. 752 ; Brandis For. FI. 347. “ Palega pajaneli,” Rheede Hort. Mai. I. t. 43. Penang : Curtis 983. Perak : Scortechini 1613 ; King’s Collector 7033. Pahang : common on the banks of the river from Pekan up, flowers dull brownish-purple (Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. III. 326). Malacca: Maingay (K.D.) 1213. — Distrib. India, Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra ( Forbes 1284), Java, and east to Cochin China. 2. Dolichandrone, Fenzl. Trees. Leaves opposite, pinnate, leaflets entire or toothed. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, few, large. Calyx spathaceous, cleft to the base down the front, caducous. Corolla-tube long or short, inflated above ; lobes 5, nearly equal, crisped on the margin. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers glabrous, the cells oblong, at first parallel, afterwards divergent. Disk annular, cushion-like. Ovary sessile ; ovules numerous, usually many-seriate. Capsule elongate, terete or somewhat compressed, straight or incurved, loculicidally 2-valved, the septum often thickened and making 4 spurious cells. Seeds 1 to oo-seriate on the margins of the septum, much compressed, the wing thickened or hyaline. — Distrib. Tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia, about 15 species. Dolichandrone Rheedii, Seem. Journ. Bot. VIII. 380 (1870). A deciduous tree reaching 40 to 50 feet in height of stem ; branchlets stout, marked with prominent leaf-scars, innovations glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 9 to 12 in. long, leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, with an end one, rachis slender ; side leaflets rhomboid, unequal at base, acuminate at apex, margin entire or with few distant serratures, glabrous on both surfaces, 3 to 4 in. long, 1-5 to 2-5 in. broad, main-nerves 6 to 7 pairs, petiolule slender, articulate at base, - 3 to - 5 in. long ; end leaflet similar, but equal at base ; all nearly black when dry. Flowers few, usually 1 to 4 in a short terminal corymbose raceme ; pedicels glabrous, 1 to 1-5 in. long. Calyx-tube closed in bud and beaked, spathaceous in flower, 1-5 in. long. Corolla white, tubular-funnel-shaped, 4 to 7 in. long ; tube slender at first, then gradually expanding ; lobes 1 in. 378 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. long, crenately crisped, recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous ; filaments curved inwards ; anther-cells large, oblong, divaricate. Ovary conical, style slender, stigma of 2 rounded lobes. Capsule 1 to 2 feet long, about 1 in. broad, flattened-eylindrical, faintly ribbed, septum thickened in the middle on both sides. Seeds very many, overlapping in many rows, rectangular (with the wings), -5 to -7 in, long, -3 in. broad, wings corky; testa membranous ; cotyledons flat, deeply emarginate, the lobes nearly orbicular ; radicle short. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 379; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 282; Koord. & Yal. Bijdr. I. 69. D. longissima, K. Sch. in Engl. & Prantl Pflanzenfam. IV. 2b. 240, fig. 92 B-D. Bignonia spathacea, Linn. f. Suppl. 283. B. longissima, Lour. FI. Cochincb. 380 ? Spathodea longiflora, Vent. Choix. n. 40. S. Rheedii, Wall. Cat 6516 ; DC. Prod. ' IX. 206 ; Wight Ic. t. 1339 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. CLXVIII. ; Kurz For. FI. II. 234 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. II- 754. S. ? Loureiriana, DC. l.c. 209? S. Diepenhorstii, Miq. l.c. “ Nir Pongelion,” Bheede Hort. Mai. VI. t. 29. Penang: Curtis 1184. Pebak : Scortechini 1098; Wray 2501. Pahang : in mangrove swamps ( Ridley l.c.). Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 4066; Maingay (K.D.) 1210. — Distrib. Malabar coast of India, Ceylon, Burma, Andaman Islands, Malay Archipelago east to New Guinea. 3. Stereospermum, Cham. Trees. Leaves opposite, 1-2-pinnate ; leaflets petiolulate, entire or sometimes toothed. Flowers in large lax terminal panicles, white pink or yellow. Calyx ovoid, open or closed in bud, truncate or shortly unequally lobed in flower. Corolla campanulate or funnel- shaped ; mouth bilabiate, upper lip 2-, lower 3-cleft ; lobes nearly equal, rounded, crisped, toothed or laciniate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included fifth rudimentary ; anthers glabrous, cells linear divergent. Ovary sessile, elongate, 2-celled ; ovules numerous, 2-seriate in each cell. Disk cupular, fleshy. Capsule elongate, terete or somewhat angled, loculicidally 2-valved ; septum thick, corky, cylindrical, pitted to receive the seeds in alternating cavities. Seeds trigonous, with a transverse groove without and a prominent ridge within, which fits into a deep pit in the septum ; wings membranous, lying flat upon the septum; cotyledons folded, 2-lobed, radicle straight. — Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa. About 12 species. Stereospermum fimbriatum, DC. Prod. IX. 211 (1844). A large deciduous tree, reaching 70 to 80 feet in height of stem and 1-5 to 3 feet in diam. ; bark grey, rough ; branchlets stout, innovations and inflores- cence viscid-pubescent. Leaves imparipinnate, 1 to 2 feet long; rachis 379 Flora of the. Malayan Peninsula. grooved, viscid-pilose ; leaflets 7-9, side ones opposite slightly unequal at base ; end one equal, oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apex, rounded at base, entire, membranous, viscid-pilose at any rate when young, afterwards glabrescent on upper surface; 4 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 1-75 in. broad ; midrib slender, main-nerves about 7 pairs, curving upwards to and along the margin, reticulations prominent, transverse ; petiolules of side leaflets - 3 to ’4 in. long, of end one 1-1-5 in., articu- late. Panicle large, very viscid-pilose, dichotomously branched, 5 to 9 in. long and broad ; peduncle short, about -5 in. long, thick, secondary peduncles 1 to 1-5 in. long ; pedicels slender, about -5 in. long ; bracteoles very small, subulate, early caducous. Flowers pale lilac, the tube rather darker. Calyx campanulate, viscid-pubescent without, glabrous within, ■5 in. long ; lobes 5, rounded, very short, long-apiculate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, -1 to -15 in. long; lobes 5, as long as tube, spreading, long-fimbriate, the lacinise -025 in. long. Stamens 4, didynamous ; fila- ments slender, glabrous; anther-cells linear-oblong, divaricate, recurved, •05 in. long. Ovary cylindric, glabrous ; style slender, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule cylindric, more or less quadrangular, torulose, 1 to 2 feet long, •5 in. in diam. ; septum thick, corky. Seeds trigonous, with rather thick wings ; 1 in. long, -3 in. broad, deeply immersed in alternate pits in the septum. Kurz For. FI. II. 231 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 383. Bignonia fimbriata, Wall. Cat. 6500. Junkseylon (Tongkah) : Curtis 2912. Pebak: Wray 3334; Scortechini 1746; King's Collector 5701. Pahang: Ridley l.c. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 1211. — Disteib. Burma. 4. Badermacheba, Zoll & Mor. Trees. Leaves opposite, 1-2-pinnate ; leaflets petiolulate, entire. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, showy. Calyx urceolate, open or closed in bud, entire or shortly lobed in flower. Corolla funnel- shaped ; tube narrow, mouth more or less 2-lipped, upper lip 2-, lower 3-lobed, the lobes spreading, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a fifth sterile one, included ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate. Disk cupular, fleshy, entire. Ovary cylindrical ; cells 2 ; ovules very numerous in many rows in each cell. Capsule slender, compressed, terete, often spirally twisted ; the septum slender, con- tinuous, cylindric or compressed, very faintly pitted and bearing on each side a double row of seeds. Seeds very small, rounded, flattened, resting on a very slight depression but not sunk in the septum ; wings hyaline, shining; cotyledons flat, not lobed ; radicle minute. — Disteib. Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Malay Archipelago. About 8 species. 380 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Leaves 1-pinnate, leaflets prominently glandular at base, capsule under 10 in. long . . . . . . . . . . 1 . R- glandulosa. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, leaflets not glandular at base, capsule over 15 in. long . . . . . . . . ..2.1?. amtena. 1. Radermachera glandulosa, K. Sch. in Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. IV. 3 b, 243 (1894). A small tree with spreading branches, reaching 15 to 30 feet in height and 6 to 12 in. in diam. of stem. ; branches stout, with pale brown, corky bark ; branchlets smooth, with prominent oblong lenticels ; innovations slightly puberulous. Leaves imparipinnate, 15 to 20 in. long ; rachis smooth, swollen at the nodes and at the base, glabrous ; leaflets 3 to 7, side ones opposite, slightly unequal at base, end one equal, all furnished with prominent large glands at the base above the petiolule, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded at base, entire, glabrous, chartaceous, 5 to 10 in. long, 3 to 5 in. broad ; midrib slender, main-nerves 9 to 11 pairs, arching upwards to and along the margin ; reticulations transverse, prominent ; petiolules - 3 to '4 in. long, end one 1 in. long. Panicles terminal and occasionally axillary, 6 to 12 in. long ; peduncle often very long, branches short, scarcely "5 in. long, few-flowered ; pedicels slender, -2 to '4 in. long ; bracteoles minute, caducous ; flowers white, shaded with pink, calyx red. Calyx campanulate, truncate, persistent, •15 in. long, glabrous, margin undulate only. Corolla-tube cylindric below for -5 in., then campanulate for nearly 1 in., '5 in. wide at mouth, glabrous without, slightly pubescent within ; lobes 5, 2 upper smaller than 3 lower, - 3 in. long, margins slightly crispate-ciliate. Stame?is 4, didynamous, included; filaments slender, anther-cells linear, -1 in. long, divaricate, sterile stamen clavate. Disk cupular, glabrous. Ovary oblong ; style slender, '75 in. long ; stigmas 2, oblong. Capsule slender, terete, 6 to 10 in. long, - 25 in. broad ; valves thin, chartaceous, flat after dehiscence, slightly keeled on back ; septum cylindric, slightly pitted, white, spongy. Seeds very many, flat, - 6 to - 8 in. long and 05 to '1 in. broad (including the hyaline often fimbriate wings) ; testa membranous ; cotyledons flat, oblong, broader than long (-05 in.) ; radicle minute. B. stricta, Zoll. ; Bureau Monog. Bign. t. 28. Spathodea glandulosa, Blume Bijdr. 762 ; DG. Prod. IX. 207 ; Miq. El. Ind. Bat. II. 755. Bignonia Porteriana, Wall. Cat. 6509 ; DC. l.c. 165. Lagaropyxis glandulosa, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I. 199. Stereo- spermum glandulosum, Miq. El. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 565 ; Clarke in Hook, f. El. Br. Ind. IV. 383 ; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. I. 74. Penang : Wallich 6509 ; Curtis 140. Perak : Wray 1346, 2143 ; Scortechini 114, 1156 ; King’s Collector 3353, 6379 ; Kunstler 981. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 1217 ; Goodenougli 1960. Selangor : Bidley 381 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 8537. Negri Sembilan : Goodenough 1860. Pahang : Bidley l.c. — Distbib. Burma ( Lohh ), Sumatra ( Foi'bcs 2663, 2693), Java, Borneo ( Beccari 811). 2. Radermachera amjsna, Seem. Journ. Bot. VIII. 146 (1870). A very tall tree, reaching 80 feet in height, all parts glabrous ; branches thick, with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, apparently 2 feet long or longer, the lower pinnae only again divided, the upper ones simply pinnate ; rachis smooth, thick, swollen and articulate at the nodes, enlarged at foot ; petiole about 6 in. long, all joints easily separating when dry : leaflets oblong-lanceolate when young, elliptic-oblong when old, shortly and abruptly blunt-acuminate at apex, rounded or attenuate at base and slightly decurrent, glabrous, entire, coriaceous, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. broad; midrib thick, impressed above, main-nerves about 10 pairs, joined at about '25 in. from the margin in a looped nerve, secondary nerves alternate with the main-nerves, reticulations obscure ; petiolules ‘4 or ’5 in. long, channelled above by the decurrent margins of the blade. Panicles much and usually triehotomously branched, rachis terete, upper branches channelled ; peduncle about 5 in. long ; pedicels slender ; bracteoles minute, rounded ; flowers white, tinted with pink outside and with yellow streaks within , the calyx dark red. Calyx in bud closed, in flower 2-lipped, the lips bluntly apiculate; tube and lobes equal, -3 in. long, glabrous, deciduous. Corolla-tube shortly cylindric at first for '2 to - 3 in. long, then cam- panulate, glabrous; lobes nearly equal, rounded, crenulate on the margins, -2 to -3 in. long. Stamens 4, with an abortive fifth ; filaments thickened and glandular-hairy below, slender and glabrous above ; anther-cells linear, curved, divaricate, the connective prominently apiculate. Disk cupular, glabrous. Ovary oblong, flattened; style slender, as long as tube ; stigma bilobed, lobes lanceolate , cells 2, ovules very many. Capsule slender, torulose, 12 to 18 in. long, 3 in. broad ; valves thin, chartaceous, flattened after dehiscence and then ■25 in. broad, keeled on the back ; septum cylindric, spongy, speedily caducous, bearing on each border a row of small seeds. Seeds (with wings) '75 in. long, *1 to '15 in. broad, wings hyaline, rounded , testa membranous ; cotyledons flat, oblong, longer than broad ; radicle minute. Ivurz Bor. FI. II. 232. 11. gigantea and B. Lobbii , Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. III. 250. Spathodea amana, DC. Prod. IX. 208. S. Lobbii, Teys. & Binn. in Nat. Tijdsclr. XXV. 413. Spathodea gigantea, Bl. Bijdr. 761 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. 755 ; DC. l.c. 207. Bignonia amcena, Wall. Cat. 6512 and PI. As. Rar. II. 78. t. 183. Lagaropyxis gigantea, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. I. 198. Stercospermum hypostictum, Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. IV. 384; Koord. & Yal. Bijdr. I. 72. 382 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak : Scortechini 1496 ; Wray. Malacca : Griffith (K.D.) 4070 ; Maingay 1212 (part). Singapore : Maingay (K.D.) 1212 (part ) ; Gantley 79,204. — Distrib. Tavoy, Java. 5. Pajanelia, DC. A large tree, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves large, impari- pinnate ; leaflets entire, numerous. Flowers large, in large terminal thyrsoid panicles, dark red. Calyx large, ovoid and closed in bud, in flower ventricose-campanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla-tube cylindric below, ventricose-campanulate above, wide at the mouth ; limb sub-bilabrate, lobes 5, spreading, recurved, unequal. Stamens 4, with a rudimentary fifth, didynamous, sub-exsert ; filaments slender ; anthers glabrous, cells oblong, divergent. Disk annular. Ovary 2-celled, ovules on each placenta numerous, oo-seriate. Fruit an elongate narrowly oblong capsule, loculieidally dehiscing, the septum contrary to the valves, the margins of the valves extended in broad wings. Seeds in several rows on the edges of the septum, compressed, with hyaline wings; cotyledons flat, radicle small. — Distrib. A single S.E. Asiatic species. Pajanelia multijuga, DC. Prod. IX. 227 (1845). A large evergreen tree, reaching 60 to 80 feet in height and 2 feet in diam. of stem ; glabrous except the corolla ; bark -25 in. thick, dark grey, rough; branches thick, lenticellate. Leaves imparipinnate, P5 to 3 feet long, glabrous ; rachis angular ; leaflets 10 to 12 pairs with a terminal one, very unequal- sided, elliptic-ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base on the upper, cuneate on the lower side, chartaceous, margins entire recurved, 4 to 8 in. long, 2-5 to 3 p 5 in. broad ; midrib slender, main-nerves 9 on upper, 7 on lower side, reticulations transverse ; petiolule stout, -2 to -3 in. long. Panicles thyrsoid, 12 to 18 in. long; rachis stout, fleshy, lenticellate; primary branches 1 to 2 in. long, similar, secondary di- tri-chotomously branched ; pedicels -5 in. long ; bracteoles minute ; flowers large, pale yellow, throat purple within. Calyx closed in bud, in flower campanulate, 1 to 1'5 in. long; tube broad at base with keel-like folds without, lobes 5, irregular, acute. Corolla 2 to 2-5 in. long, cylindric below, then somewhat constricted, then ventricose-campanulate ; lobes 5, unequal, at first parallel-sided, then broadening into a blunt rounded crispately crenulate limb ; the upper part of the tube and the lobes, especially on the margin, grey-pubescent. Stamens 4 with a rudimentary fifth, didynamous; filaments slender, glabrous; anther-cells oblong, diver- gent. Disk annular, pulvinate, glabrous. Ovary sessile, oblong ; style slender, angled, broadening upwards into a 2-lobed clavate stigma ; cells 2, ovules very numerous. Capsule flat, lanceolate, broadly winged, the wings split, glabrous, 1 to 1'5 feet long, 2 to 2-5 in. broad; septum 383 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. transverse, quadrangular in section. Seeds exceedingly numerous, in many rows and imbricating, curved; furnished at either end with a very thin hyaline wing, seeds and wing reaching 1-5 in. long and -5 in. broad ; testa membranous ; cotyledons obcordate, flat ; radicle slender. Bureau Monog. Bign. t. 20 ; Kurz For. FI. II. 237. P. Bheedii, Wight Ic. tt. 1343-4 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. III. 384 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. CLXIX. ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 333 ; Prain Beng. Plants II. 790. Bignonia indica, var. /3 Linn. Sp. PL 871 ; Lour. FI. Cochinch. 460. B. Pajanelia, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII. 316. B. longifolia, Willd. Sp. PI. III. 306; K. Sch. in Engl. & Prantl Pflanzenfam. IV. 3b, 244. B. multijuga, Wall. Cat. 6503 and PI. As. Ear. 1. 81, tt. 95, 96. “ Pajaneli,” Bheede Hort. Mai. I. 44. Penang: Jack. Perak: Scortcchini ; King’s Collector 2616,3958. — Distrib. Eastern Bengal, Burma, Andaman Islands, Malabar coast. 6. Diplanthera, Banks & Solander. Trees, more or less hairy. Leaves undivided, large, opposite or whorled. Floivers large, yellow, in short thick panicles among the uppermost leaves, the primary branches of the panicles shortly ver- ticillate and densely cyme-bearing. Calyx eampanulate, oblong and closed when young, with 2 to 5 valvate lobes connivent in flower and sometimes sub-bilabiate. Corolla tubular-ventricose ; lobes 5, rounded, sub-equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, exsert ; filaments involute in bud ; anthers glabrous ; cells linear, at first parallel, afterwards divaricate. Disk thick, pulvinate. Ovary sub-sessile, ovules densely many-seriate. Capsule oblong-fusiform, woody, loculicidally 2-valved ; septum flat, thick. Seeds many-seriate, between the margins of the septum, flattened, with a broad hyaline wing. — Distrib. From the Malay Peninsula to New Caledonia and Australia : about 6 species. Diplanthera bancana, Scheffer in Nat. Tijdschr. XXXI. 334 (1870). A lofty tree ; branches stout ; branchlets pale brown, pubescent, marked with lenticels and prominent leaf-scars. Leaves chartaceous, undivided, ovate, obtuse at apex, cordate at base; margins irregularly undulate, furnished with 1 to 2 glandular pits on the upper surface at the inser- tion of the petiole ; both surfaces slightly pubescent, especially beneath and on the nerves ; 8 to 13 in. long, 5 to 8 in. broad ; midrib stout, main-nerves 10 to 12 pairs, the lowest 3 close together and spreading more or less downwards or horizontally, the rest distant, irregular, often branched at two-thirds of their length, the branches all anasto- mosing near the margin ; reticulations prominent, transverse ; petiole stout, 2 to 4 in. long, base articulate. Panicles terminal, 4 to 5 in. in diam., tawny-villous; common peduncle 5 to 6 in. long, '25 in. thick; 384 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. branches easily disarticulating ; pedicels slender, -75 in. long ; bracts leafy, spathulate, '2 in. long ; bracteoles linear-subulate, -1 to -2 in. long ; flowers yellow. Calyx campanulate, closed in bud, 5-lobed in flower, ■7 to -8 in. long ; often 2-labiate, the upper lip with 2 divisions of 2 lobes each, the lower 1-lobed, acute ; tube puberulous without. Corolla tubular- ventricose, 1 in. long ; lobes 5, uppermost and 2 lowest acute ; side lobes broadly obtuse, margins incurved; tube glabrous except for a ring of tawny hairs at the insertion of the filaments. Stamens 4, filaments inseited a little above the base of the tube, involute in bud ; anther-cells linear, pendulous. Ovary oblong; style slender; stigmas 2, lanceolate; ovules very many. Capsule 6 in. long, 1'2 in. broad, smooth, valves boat-shaped after dehiscence. Seeds l - 5 in. long, ’75 in. broad, winged on 3 sides ; cotyledons flat, emarginate, -15 in. long, -25 in. broad. Clarke in Hook. f. Bl. Br. Ind. IV. 385. Penang : Curtis 870, 1569. Malacca : Walker 283 ; Maingay (K.D.) 1214 .— Disteib. Bangka ( Teysmann 7666). 7. Millingtonia, Linn. f. A tall tree with corky bark. Leaves opposite, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets entire or crenate. Flowers white, in terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx small, cupular, truncate or with 5 short teeth. Corolla white ; tube long, slender; limb obscurely bilabiate; lobes 5, sub-equal, sub- valvate, the 2 upper connate to near the middle. Stamens 4, didy- namous, with no rudimentary fifth, shortly exsert, inserted on the mouth of the tube; anthers 1-celled, the second cell rudimentary, hooked. Disk annular, cushion-like. Ovary sub-sessile, cylindric- conical ; style slender ; stigma bi-lobed ; ovules numerous, in about 4 rows on each placenta. Capsule linear, compressed parallel to the septum, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds very many, flattened, surrounded on 3 sides by a thin hyaline wing.— Disteib. A single S.E. Asiatic species. Millingtonia hoetensis, Linn. f. Suppl. 291 (1781). A tall erect tree reaching a height of 80 feet and a girth of 6 to 12 feet , bark corky, deeply fissured ; branches stout, drooping ; branchlets somewhat slender, flattened, lenticellate ; innovations and young leaves slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, 2-3 pinnate, about L5 to 2 feet long or longer ; rachis [angular, channelled ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, truncate at base, membranous ; glabrous when old, pubescent when young ; margins entire or (in young plants and shoots chiefly) broadly crenate ; 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 1-5 in. broad ; midrib prominent, raised on both surfaces as are the 4-5 pairs of main-nerves ; petiolules slender, in upper leaflets often none. Panicles 8 to 12 in. long, branches divaricate ; rachis somewhat angular, flattened ; peduncles 385 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1 to 3 in. long ; bracts and bracteoles very small, caducous ; pedicels slender, "3 to '4 in. long ; flowers white. Calyx cupular, -1 in. long ; lobes very shallow, rounded, recurved. Corolla-tube very slender, 1-5 to 2'5 in. long, about ’07 to - 1 in. broad, glabrous; lobes ovate- oblong, acute, pubescent within, - 5 to '6 in. long, -2 to ‘3 in. broad. Stamens inserted at the top of the tube ; filaments slender, -4 to • 5 in. long; anthers rounded, ovate. Ovary slender; style very slender, exsert, stigma-lobes ovate. Disk cushion-like, ‘05 in. high. Capsule about 12 to 15 in. long and -75 in. broad, acute at both ends ; valves woody, septum ultimately free. Seeds in several rows along the margins of the septum, much overlapping, including the wing about 1 in. by ■5 in. ; wing narrow at the apex, hyaline. DC. Prod. IX. 182 ; Wight 111. 16 bis fig. 6 ; Bureau Monog. Bign. t. 8 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. Madr. t. 249 ; Brandis For. FI. 347 ; Kurz For. FI. II. 238 ; Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Br. Ind. IY. 377 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 334 ; Prain Beng. Plants 788. Bignonia Azedarachta, Koen. Ann. Bot. I. 178. B. suberosa, Boxb. Cor. PL III. 11, t. 214 and FI. Ind. III. Ill ; Wall. Cat. 6513. Malacca : Maingay (K.D.) 1215. Singapore : Deschamps . — Distrib. India, Burma {fide Kurz), Sumatra (Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 565). Whether the specimens were gathered from really wild trees there is nothing to show, but if Kurz is right in his statement that the cork-tree, so well known in India in cultivation, is wild in tropical forests from Martaban to Tenasserim, it may well occur in a wild state further south in the Peninsula. Order LXXXVIII. PEDALINEiE. [By D. Piiain.] Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, entire toothed or lobed ; stipules 0. Flowers irregular, solitary or, rarely, clustered or racemose, usually axillary ; pedicels short ; bracts minute or 0. Sepals 4-5, slightly connate below. Petals connate in a tubular- ventricose corolla ; limb 5-lobed, obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 2. Carpels 2, connate in a 2-celled, rarely 1-celled ovary ; ovules many or few, superposed ; style filiform ; stigma shortly 2-lobed. Fruit hard, indehiscent, or a 2- (less often 3-4-) valved capsule. Seeds without wings ; albumen 0. — Distrib. Species about 40, in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Sesamum, Linn. Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, entire toothed, lobed, or divided. Floivers axillary, solitary or few and 386 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. fascicled, shortly pedicelled. Sepals connate in a small 5-partite calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube ventricose ; lobes rounded, those of the upper lip rather smaller than the others. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers sagittate, cells sub-parallel, distinct. Carpels connate in a 2-celled ovary ; cells soon divided into two chambers by a false dissepi- ment intruded between the placentas ; ovules many, 1-seriate in each chamber ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit an oblong or ovoid capsule, usually 4-angled and 4-grooved, 4-chambered, loculieidally 2-valved. Seeds many, obliquely oblong, somewhat compressed, foveolate. — Distbib. Species 10, Africa and S.E. Asia. Sesamum indicum, DC. Prod. IX. 250. An erect pubescent or puberulous herb, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves oblong or ovate, variable, the lower often lobed or pedatisect ; the middle ovate, toothed ; the upper often narrow-oblong, sub-entire ; blade 3 to 5 in. long ; petioles -5 to 2 in. Floivers axillary, solitary rarely 2-3-nate ; pedicels -5 in. long. Calyx-lobes - 25 in. long, lanceolate. Corolla pubescent, l - 25 in. long, whitish or with red, or purplish, or yellow marks. Capsule oblong, tetragonous, erect, scabrid-pilose, 1 in. long, uniformly -25 in. wide throughout ; apex usually shortly acuminate ; dehiscence usually by 2 valves half-way down, sometimes to the base, and sometimes each valve subsequently divided. Seeds brown, smooth. Wall. Cat. 6408 ; Wight 111. 163 ; Hook. f. Plor. Brit. Ind. IY. 387 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1688. S. orientale, Linn. Sp. PI. 634; Gaertn. Pruct. II. 132 t. 110; Lamk 111. t. 528 ; Boxb. Plor. Ind. III. 100. S. luteum, Betz Obs. YI. 31 ; DC. Prod. IX. 250. S. occidental, Her. &Beg., DC. Prod. IX. 250; Tbw. Enum. 442. Bumph. Herb. Amb. t. 76, f. 1. Bheede Hort. Malab. IX. tt. 54, 55. Penang : Wallich I King ! Peeak : Wray ! Scortechini ! Malacca : Derry! J ohoee : Fielding ! Singapoee : Hullett ! — Distkib. Culti- vated in all hot countries. PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.